Vocabulary Power avatar (a movable image that represents a person in a virtual reality environment or in cyberspace) Add an avatar that

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1 Part 19 Zoom In Bloodhound Car What s faster than a speeding bullet and isn t named Superman? The answer is the Bloodhound Car, or soon will be. Now being built in England, it is expected to be completed within a year. Powered by three engines, it is designed to go 1,050 miles per hour (mph), which would blast past the current land speed record of 763 mph, set in It is 13 meters long, 1.5 meters wide and 2 meters tall, and weighs 6.4 tons. Due to its enormous weight, it won t be the quickest car in the world from 0 to 100 mph, as it will take 15 seconds. But after that, it will only take 25 seconds to go from 100 to 1,000 mph! The Bloodhound Car is scheduled to make its record-breaking attempt in 2013 at the Hakskeen Pan Desert in South Africa. England 1, , Hakskeen Pan Desert Words & Phrases bullet blast record-breaking 162

2 Vocabulary Power avatar (a movable image that represents a person in a virtual reality environment or in cyberspace) Add an avatar that represents you. simulation (the activity of producing conditions which are similar to real ones, especially in order to test something, or the conditions that are produced) This is a computer simulation used to train airline pilots. transmission (the process of sending out electronic signals, messages etc, using radio, television, or other similar equipment) The transmission speed of this company s network is 144 kilobits per second. navigate (to find your way around on a particular website, or to move from one website to another) The magazine s website is easy to navigate. update (to add the most recent information to something) The official site is updated on a regular basis. download (to move information or programs from a computer network to a computer) There are some games that can be downloaded free from the Internet. user-friendly (easy to use, understand, or operate) This is the most user-friendly personal computer now on the market. anonymous (unknown by name) The relevant information was provided by an anonymous source. Review Exercise navigate anonymous simulation user-friendly transmission 1. The money was donated by a(n) benefactor. 2. Our software should be made to be as as possible. 3. The site is informative and easy to. 4. A flight contest will be held as described below. 5. There will be simultaneous of the concert on TV and radio. 163

3 Exercises 1 The robotic teddy bear Huggable, built as a companion for children and the elderly, has two thousand sensors under its fur-covered silicon skin that can measure temperature, force, and electrical fields. Embrace it, and it hugs back. Put it on your lap, and it looks up at you with video camera eyes and nuzzles into your arms. Set it on a table, and it can look around, catch your gaze, and gesture to be picked up. All the while, the robotic bear relays audio, video, and other information wirelessly to a nurse, tutor, babysitter, or parent. Is the Huggable being hit or ignored? Has the child fallen or gotten distracted? The Huggable knows, and can tell. A Huggable can strengthen family ties, enabling a soldier, business traveler, or faraway grandparent to be with a child virtually. nuzzle The Huggable: An Affectionate Robotic Companion How to Make Your First Robot: Let s Make Robots! Advantages and Disadvantages of the Use of Robots Are We Safe from Robots That Can Think for Themselves? Improve Productivity by Innovative Application of Industrial Robots 2 Unlike a printed book, (A) what / which can present only text and images, digital media can display content in many formats text, still image, sound, moving image, combinations of text on video, sound in text, video in text, and more. Compared to print and indeed, to any traditional medium this versatility is astonishing. What is most exciting is that it offers users the chance to work in a preferred medium or (B) interact / interacts with multiple media simultaneously. In a digitally equipped class studying Dr. King s I Have a Dream speech, for example, a student with reading problems, a student with a preference for visual material, and a student who loves to read could access the material as speech, video, and text, respectively. Or they could access (C) it / them as video and text or text and speech. versatility (A) (B) (C) what interact it what interacts it which interact it which interact them which interacts them 164

4 3 Many people fear that the computer will replace other valuable forms of content creation, such as writing a short story on a blank piece of paper by using a simple pencil, or painting a picture with watercolors. This concern needs to be taken seriously. The computer does not replace such traditional forms of content creation but rather adds to the long list of forms available. Of course, it is up to us to determine whether digital creativity will replace other forms. Much depends on the choices that we are making whether, for instance, we encourage our children to use paper and crayons to make their first drawings or sit them in front of our PCs and let them draw with the mouse. We should certainly be encouraging them to use a broad range of media to express themselves including low-tech media such as pens, crayons, and paper, among others. Let Your Kids Play with Computers! Benefits of Computer-aided Instruction Why Children Love Drawing with Computers Computers: Just Another Form of Content Creation Can Computers Teach Children to Write and Draw? 4 Online technology is available to monitor and track employee performance. This information is useful for identifying training needs and providing employees with feedback regarding their skill strengths and weaknesses. In call centers, (A), technology provides an ongoing assessment of performance. An employee who triggers the online system by failing to meet a defined standard, such as receiving more than five callbacks on an unresolved issue, is automatically referred to the appropriate job aid or training event. Online technology has several advantages: It provides an objective report of behaviors, the data can be quickly summarized into reports, and it does not require a trainer to observe employees. However, for online technology to be effective, managers need to ensure that the information is used to train and not to punish employees. (B), employees will feel threatened, which will contribute to employee dissatisfaction and turnover. turnover (A) (B) however As a result however On the other hand for example Nonetheless for example Otherwise in fact Instead 165

5 Part 20 Zoom In Behavioral evidence for separate types of taste receptors comes from studies of the following type: Soak your tongue for 15 seconds in a sour solution, such as unsweetened lemon juice. Then try tasting some other sour solution, such as dilute vinegar. You will find that the second solution tastes less sour than usual. Depending on the concentrations of the lemon juice and vinegar, the second solution may not taste sour at all. This phenomenon, called adaptation, reflects the fatigue of receptors sensitive to sour tastes. Now try tasting something salty, sweet, or bitter. These substances taste about the same as usual. In short, you experience little crossadaptation reduced response to one taste after exposure to another. Evidently, the sour receptors are different from the other taste receptors. Similarly, you can show that salt receptors are different from the others and so forth. The fact that the intensity of a taste is (A) after trying the same taste, but not after trying a different taste, serves as evidence for the existence of (B) receptors for different tastes. (A) (B) (A) (B) increased adaptive increased identical measured sensitive decreased distinct decreased collective Words & Phrases separate receptor soak solution dilute vinegar depending on concentration phenomenon fatigue substance cross-adaptation exposure evidently intensity 166

6 Vocabulary Power medicine (the treatment of illness and injuries by doctors and nurses; a substance that you drink or swallow in order to cure an illness) Garlic was widely used in folk medicine. treatment (medical attention given to a sick or injured person or animal) Many poor patients are not getting the medical treatment they need. ingredient (the things that are used to make something, especially all the different foods you use when you are cooking a particular dish) Get all the ingredients together before you start cooking. nutrition (the process of taking food into the body and absorbing the nutrients in those foods) There are alternative sources of nutrition to animal meat. vegetarian (someone who does not eat meat or fish) The monks stick to a strict vegetarian diet. addiction (doing something to harmful excess and being unable to stop) Internet addiction among teenagers is very serious. obesity (a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health) Obesity can increase the risk of heart disease. symptom (something wrong with your body or mind that is a sign of the illness) If the symptoms continue or get worse, consult your doctor. Review Exercise ingredient vegetarian obesity addiction nutrition 1. Milk, meat, fruits, and vegetables provide good. 2. Wit is an effective in a speech. 3. At last, he overcame his lifelong to alcohol. 4. Overeating is the main cause of. 5. Becoming a(n) can be one of the best things you can do for your body. 167

7 Exercises 1 According to the World Health Organization, a quarter of modern medicines are made from plants first used in traditional medicine. Remedies developed from wild plants are used in the treatment of malaria, diabetes, cardiac illness, HIV/AIDS, cancer, pain, and respiratory ailments. The Pacific yew, which was once burned by western logging operations, was recently found to contain in its bark a substance called paclitaxol, which can help shrink cancerous tumors. The removal of trees during logging has in some instances resulted in the scarcity or outright extinction of many important plant and animal species. Some plants long recognized as having medicinal value have only recently been analyzed in a modern laboratory. Willow bark, for instance, was used for centuries to relieve pain, but only in modern times was it discovered to contain salicylic acid, the active ingredient in aspirin. Pacific yew 2 You can get some physical and mental benefits from swimming. Swimming builds up your limbs, heart, and lungs, and improves coordination and strength. There s very little risk of injury, and it s an activity you will probably never grow too old to do. Some people enjoy swimming because when they enter a cool, wet world where there are no distractions with no one to listen to and no one to argue with, swimming gives them a feeling of peace. If you swim on an empty stomach in the morning, swimming may not be good for you, because swimming is hard work. This solitude can be the most pleasant part of swimming, a chance to let the mind relax as the body works, a time to relieve stress and work off tension. 168

8 3 When people move from one country to another, or from one area to another, their economic status may change. They will be introduced to new foods and new food customs. Although their original food customs may have been nutritionally adequate, their new environment may cause them to change their eating habits. For example, if milk was a staple (basic) food in their diet before moving and is unusually expensive in the new environment, milk may be replaced by a cheaper, nutritionally inferior beverage such as soda, coffee, or tea. Candy, possibly a luxury in their former environment, may be inexpensive. As a result, a family might increase consumption of soda or candy and reduce purchases of more nutritious foods. Someone who is not familiar with the nutritive value of foods can easily make such mistakes in food selection. impact of nutrition on eating habits environmental effects on food habits role of culture on food consumption importance of a balanced diet in nutrition relationships between food prices and nutritive values 4 Teenagers love fast food, and fortunately, some fast-food establishments are offering more nutritious choices than the standard hamburger meal. The adult, as a gatekeeper, can help the teenager choose wisely by delivering nutrition information in a way that is meaningful to the individual teen. Those who are prone to gain weight will often open their ears to news about calories in fast foods. Others attend best to information about the negative effects of an illchosen diet on sport performance. Still others are fascinated to learn of the skin s need for vitamins. Rather than dictating a list of do s and don ts, the wise gatekeeper does more listening than talking. When asked, teens often identify for themselves the factors blocking healthy behaviors, and acknowledge such factors is the first step in eliminating them. 169

9 Part 21 Zoom In Fieldwork is the hallmark of cultural anthropology. It is the way we explore and learn about the vast detailed intricacy of human culture and individual behavior. And it is, importantly, the way in which most cultural anthropologists earn and maintain their professional standing. Some of the early personal accounts of anthropologists in the field make fieldwork sound exciting, adventuresome, certainly exotic, sometimes easy. Malinowski, the classic anthropological fieldworker, describes the early stages of fieldwork as a strange, sometimes unpleasant, sometimes intensely interesting adventure which soon adopts quite a natural course. He goes on to describe his daily routine of strolling through the village observed the intimate details of family life, and as he tells it, such observations seem possible and accessible. Words & Phrases fieldwork hallmark anthropology intricacy anthropologist standing account adventuresome exotic intensely adopt go on to stroll intimate observation accessible 170

10 Vocabulary Power excavate (to remove earth that is covering very old objects buried in the ground in order to discover things about the past) The oldest known stone tools have been excavated from several sites at Gona, Ethiopia. Ethiopia Gona altruistic (thinking or behaving in a way that shows you care about other people and their interests more than you care about yourself) Chimpanzees and other animals display altruistic behavior. emancipate (to give people social or political freedom and rights) Aaron Page was born a slave in 1856 and was emancipated in Aaron Page assimilation (the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another) Under assimilation policy, new arrivals were expected to learn English and adopt existing cultural norms. centralize (to remove authority in a system, company, country, etc. from local places to one central place so that the whole system, etc. is under central control) The Tang emperors set up a strong centralized system of government. artifact(artefact) (an object that is made by a person, such as a tool or a decoration, especially one that is of historical interest) Titanic: The Artifact Exhibition opens at Indiana State Museum in Indianapolis this fall. Indianapolice Indiana Review Exercise artifact excavate altruistic centralize assimilation 1. A(n) (e)d government puts all power and responsibility in the hands of one person. 2. California designated the stone bear as the official state prehistoric in Archaeologists have recently (e)d a 1,400-year-old Lotus Temple, the first proof of flourishing of Buddhism in the region. 4. behavior is common throughout the animal kingdom, particularly in species with complex social structures. 5. theory has lost its utility for the study of contemporary immigration to the United States. 171

11 Exercises 1 Schoolteacher Carol Tateishi writes that in her Asian upbringing, she was taught that silence is a sign of self-reliance and strength. She interviewed five Asian American secondary school students from various ethnic backgrounds. Even though their families spanned 100 years of immigration, some recurrent themes emerged, such as you re not supposed to say too much and talk could cause disrespect and harsh feelings. The girls who entered U.S. schools as English language learners feared speaking up because they were self-conscious about their language skills. Another girl mentioned that girls were not supposed to speak unless spoken to. Excess in speech was valued by these students and their families, whereas speaking in class and classroom dialogue is taken as intellectual engagement and meaning-making in U.S. classrooms. 2 Nietzsche Nietzsche is one of the supreme literary artists among philosophers. Many Germans regard him as the greatest of all writers of German prose. One reason why Nietzsche has been able to speak to so many creative artists is that he was himself something of an artist among philosophers. He wrote good poetry, composed music, and the most significant friendship in his life was with the composer Wagner. But more important than any of this, his literary style was one of extraordinary brilliance; and this was almost bound to be attractive to other writers. Most of his books are not written in the same sort of extended prose as other philosophy, with arguments and counterarguments, laid out at length, but are presented in broken-up forms: aphorisms, or biblical verses, or separately numbered paragraphs. aphorism Wagner 172

12 3 have influences on the development of form in functional pottery. For example, the way that the pottery is used, and in what sort of environment, has a strong effect on the way that the bases of ceramic objects are made. In cultures that use tables, the base of the object needs to be flat or nearly flat. In other cultures that may have little use for tables, pots may be hung from branches, walls, or hooks: pots used in this way often have pointed bases. In yet other cultures, the objects may be placed directly on earth or sand floors: in this case, we often find pots with rounded bases that can be made to tip or roll easily in use. These forms would often be set on a braided fiber ring, or even a ceramic ring, to facilitate tipping. braided The kinds of raw materials used Geographic and climatic conditions The methods by which pots are carried The ways of preparing and serving food Mankind s varied customs and living habits 4 Caral Six earth-and-rock mounds rise out of the windswept desert of the Supe Valley near the coast of Peru. They appear to be natural hills in a desert region squeezed between the Pacific Ocean and the mountains of the Andean Cordillera. However, these are human-made pyramids, remains of a city called Caral. Though Caral was discovered in 1905, most archaeologists were uninterested in it because they believed the remaining structures were fairly recent. New evidence, however, indicates Caral prospered nearly 5,000 years ago. Research developed by Ruth Shady Solis, a Peruvian archaeologist, suggests that Caral, with the huge complex of pyramids, plazas, and residential buildings, was a thriving metropolis as Egypt s great pyramids were being built

13 Part 22 Zoom In (Number of Professionals) Football Pro Sports Career Earnings and Participation Rates in the U.S. in 2008 Basketball Baseball Soccer Golf Hockey (in Millions of Dollars) Median Lifetime Earnings Professionals Per 1,000 High School Participants The above graph shows the number of professionals per 1,000 high school participants and the median lifetime earnings for the given six sports in the United States in Basketball had the highest median lifetime earnings and hockey had the highest number of professionals per 1,000 high school participants. Soccer had the lowest median lifetime earnings and the lowest number of professionals per 1,000 high school participants. Golf and baseball, ranked second and third in median lifetime earnings respectively, both had median lifetime earnings above 6 million dollars. The only two sports that had median lifetime earnings less than 4 million dollars were football and soccer. Except for hockey, which had more than 4 professionals per 1,000 high school participants, the remaining five sports all had less than 1.5 professionals per 1,000 high school participants. Words & Phrases professional median earning (pl.) rank except for 174

14 Vocabulary Power outstanding (If you describe someone or something as outstanding, you think that they are very remarkable and impressive.) Daniel is an outstanding athlete and deserved to win. Daniel recognition (When you receive recognition for the things that you have done, people acknowledge the value or skill of your work.) At last, Jennifer s fitness training methods have received popular recognition. Jennifer anecdote (An anecdote is a short, amusing account of something that has happened.) It is perfectly possible to combine anecdote and research material to make a strong case. enthusiasm (An enthusiasm is an activity or subject that interests you very much and that you spend a lot of time on.) Encourage your child in her enthusiasms even if they re things that you know little about. outlet (If you have an outlet for your feelings or ideas, you have a means of expressing and releasing them.) Mrs. White had found an outlet for her ambition in her work. White accommodation (Accommodation is to refer to buildings or rooms where people live or stay.) Rates are higher for deluxe accommodations. domestic (Domestic political activities, events, and situations happen or exist within one particular country.) Over fifteen domestic flights a day to the island are available. overbook (If an organization such as an airline or a theater company overbooks, they sell more tickets than they have places for.) Airlines overbook and departures are almost never on time. Review Exercise domestic recognition accommodation outlet anecdote 1. Jackie tried to find a(n) for her artistic impulses. 2. The you receive from your colleagues gives you a lot of confidence. 3. There is on-campus for more than 8,500 students. 4. All that I can share is a personal. 5. This article discusses the policy of the George W. Bush Administration. 175

15 Exercises 1 Tom Osborne loved coaching. It was his life. But he was more. He was more than just a coach. If you would ask any of his players, they would tell you that he was a father figure, a good friend. He loved the coaching and the teaching associated with college football. But probably more than that, he loved the opportunity to help his players grow mentally and spiritually and become outstanding citizens. As Coach Osborne has said over his magnificent career, that in the end is all that counts. When the game is over, it is over. But what that young man does with his life at the end of his football career is most important; how he contributes to his community, to his family and to his nation is most important. Osborne Osborne Osborne 2 As humorist Will Rogers once said that money was all appropriated for the top in hopes that it would trickle down to the needy, we might expect tourism to generate benefits across the economy. After all, tourists are demanding: they need feeding and watering and entertaining. They need someone to grow the food, make the furniture, bottle the beer and so on. But too often, in poor countries, tourists eat imported food and sleep in rooms where nothing has been made locally. Tourists demand their cornflakes and steaks, their cheeses and crisps as if they were at home; and they want imported beers rather than local brands. All of this contributes to leakage. As a result, many tourism earnings are either retained by the tourist-sending countries or sent back to them in some way. Somehow or other, it ends up with our hosts not us picking up much of the bill. Smile Please, We re Tourists A Road to Becoming an Eco-tourist Forces Influencing the Future of Tourism Tourism: the World s Fastest-growing Industry Does Tourism Really Contribute to Local Economy? 176

16 3 Tourism services cannot be produced and stored today for consumption in the future. For example, an airline flight that has 100 empty seats on a 400-seat airplane cannot compensate for the shortfall by selling 500 seats on the next flight of that airplane. The 100 seats are irrevocably lost, along with the revenue that they would normally generate. Because some of this loss is attributable to airline passengers or hotel guests who do not take up their reservations, most businesses overbook their services on the basis of the average number of seats that have not been claimed in the past. This characteristic of tourism also helps to explain why airlines and other tourism businesses offer last-minute sales or stand-by rates at drastically reduced prices. While they will not obtain as much profit from these clients, at least some revenue can be recovered at minimal extra cost. irrevocably reasons to support tourism business development strategies to minimize irrevocable loss in tourism roles of international airlines in tourism promotion impacts of rapid tourism expansion on the economy different ways of pricing tourism products and services 4 Some runners come to realize their creative potential while running. This is when running becomes art. There is clearly a point beyond what running the exercise becomes running the art. It varies for everyone, but there is no mistaking it once creative running occurs. Such creative running occurs when the runner has become so relaxed that he is only barely aware of the physical act of running. Then, running, unlike any other activity, becomes a means toward solving problems and curing depression. Many runners report that they are able to solve the problems of their work, and that they are able to see their potential even while depressed, because of running. This usually occurs only when the runner is relaxed and doesn t carry any great expectations into the run. The apparent magic that running sometimes provides occurs almost inevitably as a surprise. 177

17 Part 23 Zoom In Since most of you are working on a word processor, it seems silly to spend too much time on spelling. Your word-processing program will spell check items for you. (A), spelling is not a completely lost art. There are words that are not in the spell checker s dictionary. Also, your spell checker will not help you if you misspell a word and mistakenly turn it into another word. (B), when you write lightening instead of lightning, the program will not recognize the error. So, get in the habit of rereading your work and looking up words that the spell checker does not pick up. You need to develop the skill of knowing when words look wrong. Never hand something in until you have checked it. (A) (B) However For example However Therefore That is Similarly In addition For example In addition Therefore Words & Phrases word processor silly spell check art spell checker misspell mistakenly turn A into B lightening lightning recognize (get) in the habit of pick up hand in 178

18 Vocabulary Power deed (an intentional act, especially a very bad or very good one) She s always helping people and doing other good deeds. enroll (to put yourself or someone else onto the official list of members of a course, college or group) They want to enroll their children in their local school. incentive(s) (something which encourages a person to do something) Tax incentives have been very effective in encouraging people to save and invest more of their income. incidental (happening in connection with or resulting from something more important) Try not to be distracted by incidental details. inspiration (someone or something that gives you ideas for doing something) The golden autumn light provided the inspiration for the painting. recess (a period of time between classes when children do not study) Our school has two hours recess at noon. reinforce (to make something stronger) The final technical report into the accident reinforced the findings of initial investigations. reward (something given in exchange for good behavior or good work, etc.) The police offered a reward for any information about the robbery. Review Exercise incentive incidental inspiration reinforced rewards 1. He went to church, perhaps seeking divine. 2. Bonus payments provide a(n) to work harder. 3. The company is now reaping the of their investments. 4. The points you make are true, but they re to the main problem. 5. The climate of political confusion has only the country s economic decline. 179

19 Exercises 1 Education is a powerful force that can speed up economic growth, improve income distribution, and reduce poverty. It can also improve the quality of life for citizens by contributing to longer life expectancy, lower infant mortality rates, and a more cohesive national identity. (A), attaining these benefits from investing in human capital through education is not automatic. All too often, higher investment in education is not associated with faster economic growth, especially when the system fails to produce the quality of skilled labor required to meet demand or when demand itself is inadequate. Similarly, poor-quality education effectively erodes its returns, leading to high dropout rates, especially among the poor. (B), rather than enhancing social cohesion, improving health outcomes, and strengthening the future development capacity of a nation, education is sometimes used by vested interest groups to advance particular causes at the expense of the broader public good. vested (A) (B) Rather Therefore Rather Finally Of course In sum However Finally However In sum 2 Parents today are pretty shocked about how neglectful parents used to be in the olden days. Now some parents think their job is to protect children from every hurt and danger. But that is not possible, and not desirable. What we need to give them instead is the strength, the confidence, the skills, and the connection with others that allows them to cope with being hurt, and even grow from it. Of course, we provide basic safety and try to keep the dangers away, though some things such as illness and injury are largely beyond our control. Why do we keep playgrounds open even though it s possible for children to break an arm or a leg? Because they have to play, even with the risk. The harsher realities of life death, homelessness, war, poverty, injustice, violence are scary to children, but we can t keep them sheltered indefinitely. 180

20 3 From the very beginning of school we make books and reading a constant source of. When children are little we make them read aloud, before the teacher and other children, so that we can be sure they know all the words they are reading. This means that when they don t know a word, they are going to make a mistake, right in front of everyone. Instantly they are made to realize that they have done something wrong. Perhaps some of the other children will begin to wave their hands and say, Ooooh! O-o-ooh! Perhaps they will just giggle or make a face. Perhaps the teacher will say, Are you sure? or ask someone else what he thinks. Or perhaps, if the teacher is kindly, she will just smile a sweet, sad smile often one of the most painful punishments a child can suffer in school. inspiration and motivation amusement for young children possible failure and public humiliation interactive cooperative learning activities goals that schoolchildren ought to achieve 4 I am not arguing here that the arts in education cannot serve various educational ends. They necessarily do. Seeing narrative at work in the visual arts expands a student s sense of what storytelling entails, just as a visual or dramatic portrayal of a historic event may make it particularly memorable. When explaining or defending the role of the arts in education, however, we should resist the temptation to package the arts as supplementary to non-arts subjects as a way to help teach math or chemistry or physics. The value of the arts in education is clear and non-negotiable and must withstand rather than respond to differing tides and winds. We need to include the arts in education not because they serve other kinds of learning, but because they offer students opportunities for learning that other subjects do not. The arts are essential to general education. 181

21 Part 24 Zoom In Edwin Armstrong Edwin Armstrong, who first discovered and developed FM radio in the 1920s and early 1930s, is often considered the most prolific and influential inventor in radio history. He alone understood the impact of De Forest s vacuum tube, and he used it to invent an amplifying system that enabled radio receivers to pick up distant signals. Armstrong s innovations rendered useless the enormous alternators used for generating power in early radio transmitters. In 1922, he sold a super version of his circuit to Radio Corporation of America (RCA) for $200,000 and sixty thousand shares of RCA stock, making him a millionaire as well as RCA s largest private stockholder. Armstrong also worked on the major problem of radio reception electrical interference. Between 1930 and 1933, the inventor filed five patents on FM. alternator 1922 RCA FM 5 Words & Phrases prolific influential vacuum tube amplify innovation render enormous generate transmitter circuit share stockholder reception electrical interference file patent 182

22 Vocabulary Power circulation (the number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are sold each time it is produced) This magazine has a circulation of 20,000. coverage (news about something on television or radio or in the newspapers) Now a special TV network gives live coverage of most races. TV subscription (to/for sth) (an amount of money that you pay regularly in order to receive copies of a magazine or newspaper) Did you renew your subscription to this magazine? press (newspapers, periodicals, and often radio and television news broadcasting) He intentionally leaked the news to the press. censorship (the censoring of books, plays, films, or reports, especially by government officials, because they are considered immoral or secret in some way) Some feel censorship is a violation of their rights. propaganda (information, often inaccurate information, which a political organization publishes or broadcasts in order to influence people) The news reports were being discounted as propaganda. editorial (an article in a newspaper which gives the opinion of the editor or owner on a topic or item of news) The Times ran a front-page editorial supporting his candidacy. broadcasting (the making and sending out of television and radio programmes) Satellite communications systems have reformed the broadcasting industries. Review Exercise circulation subscription coverage censorship propaganda 1. When does your to Medical Week expire? 2. The media played a role in the cold war; it was a tool of in the cold war. 3. of this newspaper has increased tenfold compared to when it first started. 4. The song didn t meet the criteria. 5. The story about the crime received national on the news. 183

23 Exercises 1 When I was a boy, my friends in the south of the Netherlands always ridiculed me when I came home from vacations in the north, (A) which / where I played with boys from Amsterdam. They told me that I talked funny. Unconsciously, I would return speaking a poor imitation of the harsh northern accent. The way our bodies including voice, mood, posture, and so on are influenced by surrounding bodies (B) is / are one of the mysteries of human existence, but one that provides the glue that holds entire societies together. It is also one of the most underestimated phenomena, especially in disciplines that view humans as rational decision makers. Instead of each individual independently (C) weighs / weighing the pros and cons of his or her own actions, we occupy nodes within a tight network that connects all of us in both body and mind. (A) (B) (C) which is weighs which is weighing where is weighing where are weighs where are weighing 2 Willa B. Brown Willa B. Brown was the first African American woman who got a commercial pilot license. She was born in 1906 in Glasgow, Kentucky. She received her bachelor s degree in 1927 at Indiana State Teacher s College. She taught in Indiana for a while and then moved to Chicago. Influenced by Bessie Coleman, Willa started taking flying lessons in Soon she became a member of the flying club, the Challenger Air Pilot s Association. She also purchased her own airplane. In 1937, she received her pilot s license and that same year, she received a master s degree from Northwestern University. In 1938, she and her flight instructor, Cornelius R. Coffey started the Coffey School of Aeronautics, where approximately 200 pilots were trained in the next seven years. Some of those pilots later became part of the 99th Pursuit Squadron at Tuskegee Institute. Glasgow 1934 Bessie Coleman Cornelius R. Coffey 184

24 3 In the autumn of 1939, during the slightly hysterical confusion that comes with the outbreak of war, Great Britain introduced stringent blackout regulations to thwart any murderous ambitions by the German air force. thwart (A) Worst of all, drivers had to drive around in almost perfect invisibility even dashboard lights were not allowed so they had to guess not only where the road was but at what speed they were moving. (B) For three months it was essentially illegal to show any light at night, however faint. Rulebreakers could be arrested for lighting a cigarette in a doorway or holding a match up to read a wartime poster. (C) One man was fined for not covering the glow of the heater light from his tropical fish tank. Hotels and offices spent hours every day putting up and taking down special blackout covers. (A)-(C)-(B) (B)-(C)-(A) (C)-(B)-(A) (B)-(A)-(C) (C)-(A)-(B) 4 Alice Walker In the summer of 1966, Alice Walker, who would later win a Pulitzer Prize for The Color Purple, spent her days battling racism in Mississippi. She had recently won her first writing fellowship and could have chosen to follow her dream of moving to Senegal, Africa, but instead she put herself in the heat of the civil rights movement. Born in 1944, Walker was the eighth child of Georgia farmers who earned about $300 a year. When she was 8, her brother accidentally shot her in the left eye with a BB gun. By the time her parents got her to the hospital a week later (they had no car), she was blind in that eye. Despite the counts against her, Walker has become an award-winning novelist. As Walker puts it, she writes about people who make it, who come out of nothing. People who triumph. fellowship

25 Part 25 Zoom In The green revolution was a mixed blessing. Over time farmers came to rely heavily on broadly adapted, high-yield crops to the exclusion of varieties adapted to local conditions. Monocropping vast fields with the same genetically uniform seeds helps boost yield and meet immediate hunger needs. Yet high-yield varieties are also genetically weaker crops that require expensive chemical fertilizers and toxic pesticides. The same holds true for high-yield livestock breeds, which often require expensive feed and medicinal care to survive in foreign climates. The drive to increase production is pushing out local varieties, diluting livestock s genetic diversity in the process. As a result, the world s food supply has become largely dependent on a shrinking list of breeds designed for maximum yield. In short, in our focus on increasing the amount of food we produce today, we have accidentally put ourselves at risk for food shortages in the future. Pros and Cons of Using Chemical Fertilizers Is Genetic Diversity a Blessing in Disguise? Who Will Conquer Famine, Farmers or Scientists? Livestock Diseases: A Never-ending Struggle Farming Uniform Breeds: A Double-edged Sword Words & Phrases green revolution mixed blessing adapted high-yield variety monocrop genetically fertilizer pesticide dilute 186

26 Vocabulary Power endangered (seriously at risk of extinction) Elephants are acutely endangered in East Africa. habitat (the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism) The chimpanzee s natural habitat is being destroyed over years. pollutant (a substance that makes air, water, soil, etc. dangerously dirty, and is caused by cars, factories, etc.) New regulations will reduce hazardous air pollutants. preservation (the act of keeping something in its original state or in good condition) We are working for the preservation of the environment. ecosystem (all the plants and living creatures in a particular area considered in relation to their physical environment) Humankind benefits from resources that are supplied by natural ecosystems. deforestation (the cutting or burning down of all the trees in an area) The area is also experiencing severe deforestation in its southern half. organism (an animal or plant, especially one that is so small that you cannot see it without using a microscope) Various organisms have been destroyed over large areas of the river. biodiversity (biological diversity in an environment as indicated by numbers of different species of plants and animals) Humans are increasingly posing a threat to the Earth s biodiversity. Review Exercise pollutant endangered preservation ecosystem habitat 1. They discussed balancing the development of natural resources with environmental. 2. The grassland is an important for many wild flowers. 3. It is a chemical that can be severely hazardous even in small amounts. 4. The marine of the Gulf of Mexico suffered irreparable damage. 5. California bald eagles are classed as a(n) species. 187

27 Exercises 1 Observations and general circulation models of climate trends indicate that all regions of the world will see increased warming, and this will be particularly marked in polar areas and mountainous regions. Coastal areas will experience sea level rise. By 2050, we will see higher temperatures and sea levels, changes in sea surface conditions and coastal water quality, increased weather variability, and more frequent and extreme weather events, even if global greenhouse gas emissions are stabilized at 2 C above pre-industrial levels. Already the entire energy supply chain is significantly vulnerable to climate variability and extreme events that can affect energy resources and supplies as well as seasonal demand; the projected changes will increase this vulnerability, and thus the need to adapt to changing conditions. causes of extreme weather conditions regional differences in climate change sustainable development of the environment preventive measures against global warming climate change and its impacts on energy systems 2 American alligators have no natural predators except humans. Hunters once killed large numbers of these animals to make shoes, belts and pocketbooks. Other people considered alligators to be useless and dangerous, and hunted them for sport or out of hatred. Between 1950 and 1960, hunters wiped out 90% of the alligators in Louisiana, and by the 1960s the alligator population in the Florida Everglades was also near extinction. These hunters often say So what? but they overlook. Alligators dig deep gator holes that collect fresh water during dry spells. As alligators move from gator holes to nesting places, they help keep areas of open water free of invading vegetation. Without these ecosystem services, fresh water ponds and coastal wetlands found in the alligator s habitat would be filled in by shrubs and trees, and dozens of species would disappear. alligators in danger of extinction the destruction of wildlife habitat the roles of alligators in ecosystems the adaptation of alligators to environment the harmful effects of alligators on ecosystems 188

28 3 Waste has always been intrinsic to industrial production. Because industrial cycles are never complete because there is no return there are two characteristic results of industrial enterprise: exhaustion and contamination. The energy industry, for instance, is not a cycle, but only a short arc between an empty hole and poisoned air. And farming, which is inherently cyclic, capable of regenerating and reproducing itself indefinitely, becomes similarly destructive and self-exhausting when transformed into an industry. Agricultural pollution is a growing problem and industrial agriculture is forced by its character to treat the soil itself as a raw material, which it proceeds to use up. Among the benefits of industrial agriculture have been cheap food and a release of labor from agricultural activities for employment in other sectors. It has been estimated, for instance, that at the present rate of cropland erosion Iowa s soil will be exhausted by Environmental scientists study the influence of human actions on natural processes. These scientists attempt to integrate information from many traditionally separate areas of learning such as ecology, economics, politics, and anthropology. However, more vocal and influential than environmental scientists are those members of the general public who are environmentalists. Recent polls show that 70% of the public are concerned that human actions are leading to the degradation of the planet. Environmentalists object to the degradation of our planet on aesthetic, moral, and pragmatic grounds. Their arguments may be drawn on scientific data, but they are just as likely to be based on emotional appeal or on ethical or moral criteria. Both science and environmentalism have their place in modern society, but a distinction should be maintained. It is important that testable fact as determined by scientific investigation is kept different from. degradation unconditional or blind belief heartfelt opinion or speculation accidentally disclosed information practical ideas that can be easily implemented supernatural forces beyond our understanding 189