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1 한국환경농학회지제 29 권제 1 호 (2010) Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture Vol. 29, No. 1, pp 연구보문 제주도토양인동귀통의분류및생성 송관철 * 현병근 문경환 1 전승종 1 임한철 1 강호준 2 국립농업과학원, 1 온난화대응농업연구센터, 2 제주도농업기술원 (2010 년 3 월 8 일접수, 2010 년 3 월 24 일수리 ) Taxonomical Classification and Genesis of Donggui Series in Jeju Island Kwan-Cheol Song *, Byung-Keun Hyun, Kyung-Hwan Moon 1, Seung-Jong Jeon 1, Han-Cheol Lim 1 and Ho-Jun Kang 2 (National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon , Korea, 1 Agricultural Research Center for Climate Change, RDA, Jeju , Korea and 2 Jeju Do Agricultural Research and Extention Service, Jeju, Korea) This study was conducted to reclassify Donggui series based on the second edition of Soil Taxonomy and to discuss the formation of Donggui series in Jeju Island. Morphological properties of typifying pedon of Donggui series were investigated and physico-chemical properties were analyzed according to Soil survey laboratory methods manual. The typifying pedon has very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam A horizon (0~17 cm), gravelly very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam BA horizon (17~42 cm), gravelly very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay loam Bt1 horizon (43~80 cm), brown (7.5YR 4/6) silty clay Bt2 horizon (80~105 cm), and brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay Bt3 horizon (105~150 cm). It is developed in lava plain and are derived from basalt and pyroclastic materials. The typifying pedon contains 1.3~2.1% oxalate extractable (Al + 1/2 Fe), less than 85% phosphate retention, and higher bulk density than 0.90 Mg/m 3. That can not be classified as Andisol. But it has an argillic horizon from a depth of 22 to 150 cm and a base saturation (sum of cations) of less than 35% at 125 cm below the upper boundary of the argillic horizon. That can be classified as Ultisol, not as Andisol and Inceptisol. It has udic soil moisture regime, and can be classified as Udalf. Also that meets the requirements of Typic Hapludalf. It has 18-35% clay at the particle-size control section, and have thermic soil temperature regime. Therefore Donggui series can be classified as fine loamy, mixed, thermic family of Typic Hapludalfs, not as fine silty, mixed, thermic family of Dystric Eutrudepts. Key Words: Argillic horizons, Base saturation(sum of cations), Donggui series, Typic Hapludalfs 서론 화산회, 응회암, 부석, 분석등과같은화산분출물에서유래된토양을관행적으로화산회토라고부른다. 그러나화산분출물을모재로하고있는토양일지라도기후, 식생등토양생성조건에따라서매우다양하게생성발달하기때문에화산분출쇄설물을모재로하는토양중에서다른토양과구분되는토양을화산회토라고명명한다. 이러한화산회토는 Soil Taxonomy에서 Inceptisols의아목인 Andepts로분류되었는데 (USDA, 1975), 1990년에새로운목으로설정됨으로써 * 연락저자 : Tel: Fax: kcsong@korea.kr 분류체계가전적으로바뀌게되었다 (USDA, 1990). Andepts 의중심개념은비정질물질이주가되는토양이나, Andisols의중심개념은화산회, 부석, 분석, 용암과같은화산분출물이나화산쇄설물위에서발달되고, 교질부분이알로판, 이모골라이트, 훼리하이드라이트등과같은 short- rangeorder 광물이거나 Al-유기복합체가주가되는토양이다. 어떤환경조건에서는비화산기원의모재에서유래한 1차규산염광물에서 short-range-order 광물이생성될수도있다. 이러한토양의일부는 Andisols 로분류된다 (USDA, 1999). 화산분출쇄설물을모재로하는토양일지라도습윤기후조건에서는 Andisols로분류되는토양들이생성발달되나건조한기후조건에서는층형규산염점토광물을주광물로하고있는 non-andisols 토양이주로생성발달된다. 따라서대부분의 Andisols은 udic 토양수분상을보유하고있는 20

2 제주도토양인동귀통의분류및생성 21 Udands로분류되고있다 (Parfitt and Clayden, 1991; Buol et al., 2003). 한반도의제 4기화산활동은제주도를비롯하여울릉도, 백두산일대, 길주- 명천지구대, 추가령열곡, 백령도등지에서활발하게일어났다 (Won, 1983; Won and Lee, 1988; Park and Park, 1996). 화산분출에의하여생성된철원용암류대지와백령도에서는 Andisols로분류되는토양들이보고된바없으나울릉도에서는향목, 나리통등 Andisols 이부분적으로발달되고있다 (NIAST, 2000). 화산분출에의하여생성된제주도토양의경우전형적인화산회토인 Andisols 이주로생성발달되고있으나제주도의서부와북부해안지역에는 non-andisols 토양이주로생성발달되고있다. 이와같이화산분출에의하여생성된모재에서발달된토양일지라도지역에따라그특성이다양하게나타나고있다. 1999년에 Soil Taxonomy 개정판발간 (USDA, 1999) 으로토양분류단위와분류기준이대폭적으로수정됨에따라이에대응하여우리나라에서는 2000년에 Taxonomical classification of Korean soils을발간하였다 (NIAST, 2000). 이때우리나라에분포하는화산회토를 Andisols 목으로분류하였으나, Andisols 분류기준에대한분석없이우선적으로분류명을변경하였기때문에분류기준충족여부판정에많은문제를가지고있다. 최근에 Song et al.(2009a) 은 Andisols 분류기준에따라흑색화산회토인남원통을 Andisols로분류하고처음으로학회지에논문으로보고하였다. Song et al. (2009b) 은제주도의서부와북부해안지역의용암류대지에주로분포하고있으며 Inceptisols로분류되고있는용당통을 Alfisols로재분류하였다. 또한 Song et al. (2009c) 은제주도남부해안지대의용암류대지에 Andisols로분류되는토양들과인접하여주로분포하며 Alfisols로분류되고있는용흥통을 Ultisols 로재분류하고, 그생성에대하여고찰하였다. 이와같이제주도토양에대한기존분류에문제가많기때문에본논문에서는제주도의서부와북부해안지역의용암류대지에주로분포하고현무암에서유래된화산회, 또는현무암을모재로하고있으며 Inceptisols로분류되고있는동귀통을선정하여 Andisols 분류기준에따라재분류하고, 그생성에대하여고찰하고자하였다. 재료및방법 제주도서부와북부해안지역의용암류대지에널리분포하고있으며, 현무암및현무암에서유래된화산분출쇄설물을모재로하고있는동귀통을선정하여 Andisols 분류기준에따라재분류하고, 그생성을구명하기위하여대표단면의특성을조사하고, 토양을채취하여이화학적특성을분석하였다. 토양단면조사및기술은미농무성의토양조사편람 (USDA, 1993) 을기준으로하여지형, 경사, 배수, 석력함량, 토색, 반 문, 구조, 층위경계, 공극, 식물뿌리, 점착성, 가소성, 견고도등을조사하였다. Soil Taxonomy 표준분석방법인 Soil survey laboratory methods manual(usda, 1996) 을기준으로하여토양의이화학적특성을분석하고 laboratory data sheets를작성하였다. Sodium pyrophosphate로침출되는알루미늄 (Al p), 철 (Fe p) 은토양 1 g에 0.1 M Na 4P 2O 7 용액 200 ml를가하여 16시간진탕하여침출한후, 침출액 10 ml에 1 M Na 2SO 4 25 ml를가하여원심분리시키고상징액을취하여원자흡광분광분석기로정량하였다. Dithionite-citrate로침출되는알루미늄 (Al d) 및철 (Fe d) 은토양 2 g에 sodium dithionite 2 g과 sodium citrate 20 g을가하고증류수 100 ml를가하여 24시간진탕시킨후, 증류수 100 ml를가하고원심분리시킨후상징액을취하여원자흡광분광분석기로정량하였다. Oxalate로침출되는알루미늄 (Al o), 철 (Fe o), 규소 (Si o) 는토양 0.5 g에 ph 3.5, 0.2 M NH 4-oxalate 50 ml를가하여암실에서 4시간진탕시킨후원심분리시키고상징액을취하여원자흡광분광분석기로정량하였다. 토양분류는 Keys to Soil Taxonomy(USDA, 2006) 에의하여 official series descriptions과 laboratory data sheets를작성하고분류하였다. 결과및고찰 동귀통의분류 Soil Taxonomy 에의하여토양을분류할때 Soil Taxonomy 표준방법에따른 official series descriptions 과 laboratory data sheets가요구된다. 동귀통대표단면의형태적특성을조사한 official series descriptions을아래에명기하고, laboratory data sheets를 Table 1에나타내었다. 또한동귀통의대표단면사진을 Fig. 1에나타내었다. Official series descriptions of typifying pedon Location : About 300 meters southeast of Gwagji Primary school, Gwagji Ri, Aeweol Eub, Jeju Si, Jeju Do ( , ) Eub, Jeju Si. Jeju Do ( , ) Landform: Gently sloping lava plain Slope: 2-7% Soil moisture regime: Udic Temperature regime: Thermic Permeability class: Moderately slow Drainage class: Well drained Land use: Upland crops Parent material: Basalt materials and pyroclastics derived from basalts

3 22 송관철 현병근 문경환 전승종 임한철 강호준 Table 1. Laboratory data sheets of typifying pedon Horizon (--- Total ---) (-- Clay --) (-- Silt --) ( Sand ) Clay Silt Sand Fine Coarse Fine Coarse VF F M C VC LT LT LT Pct of < 2mm (3A1) Ap BA Bt Bt BCt (- Coarse fractions(mm) -) < 2mm Orgn Total Extr Total (----- Dith -cit -----) weight Pct of C N P S extractable whole Fe Al Mn soil 6A1c 6B3a 6S3 6R3a 6C2b 6G7a 6D2a - Pct of < 75mm (3B1) - Pct < 2mm g/kg - - Pct of < 2mm Ratio/Clay Atterberg (--Bulk Density--) COLE (--- Water Content ---) WRD CEC 1500 limits Field 33 Oven whole Field whole kpa LL PI Moist kpa dry soil moist kpa kpa kpa soil 8D1 8D1 4P1 4P 4A3a 4A1d 4A1h 4D1 4B4 4B1c 4B1c 4B2a 4C1 Pct <0.4mm g/cc cm/cm -- Pct of <2mm -- cm/cm (---- NH 4OAc extractable bases ----) Acid- Extr (----- CEC -----) Al Ca Mg K Na Sum ity Al Sum NH 4- Bases sat 5B5a 5B5a 5B5a 5B5a bases cats OAc + Al 6N2e 6O2d 6Q2b 6P2b 6H5a 6G9a 5A3a 5A8b 5A3b 5G meq/100g Pct (-Base sat-) CO 3 as Res Cond ph Acid oxalate extraction Sum NH 4- CaCO 3 NaF KCl CaCl 2 H 2O Opt Al Fe Si OAc <2mm.01M den 5C3 5C1 6E1g 8E1 8I 8C1d 8C1f 8C1f 8J 6G12 6C9a 6V Pct ohms/cm ds/m 1: 1 1: 2 1: 1 - Pct of < 2mm

제주도토양인동귀통의분류및생성 23 Table 1. Laboratory data sheets of typifying pedon(continued) Pyrophos. Extr (- Phosphorus -) Al p/ Fe o/ Al/Si Al o + Allo- Ferri- Melanic Al Fe C Ret.

4 제주도토양인동귀통의분류및생성 23 Table 1. Laboratory data sheets of typifying pedon(continued) Pyrophos. Extr (- Phosphorus -) Al p/ Fe o/ Al/Si Al o + Allo- Ferri- Melanic Al Fe C Ret. Citric Bray Al o Fe d 1/2Fe o phane hydrite Index Acid No.1 6G10 6C4 6A4 6S4 6S Pct of < 2 mm ---- g/kg -- Pct of < 2 mm Fig. 1. The typifying pedon of Donggui series. Diagnostic features: An umbric epipedon from a depth of 0 to 42 cm and an argillic horizon from a depth of 42 to 130 cm Ap - 0 to 17 cm. Very dark grayish brown(10yr 3/2) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine roots; few fine pores; few very fine micas; about 12% gravels; gradual smooth boundary. BA - 17 to 42 cm. Very dark grayish brown(10yr 3/2) gravelly silt loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable, sticky and plastic, thin patch clay cutans; few fine pores; few fine roots; few very fine micas; about 20% gravels; diffuse smooth boundary. Bt1-42 to 60 cm. Very dark grayish brown(10yr 3/2) gravelly silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable, very sticky and very plastic, thin continuous clay cutans; common fine and medium pores; few fine roots; few very fine micas; about 25% gravels and few scoriae; clear smooth boundary. Bt2-60 to 85 cm. Dark brown(7.5yr 3/2) gravelly silty clay loam; common coarse reddish brown (5YR 4/3) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable, very sticky and very plastic, thin continuous clay cutans; common fine pores; few fine roots; few fine manganese mottles; few very fine micas; about 20% gravels and cobbles; few stones; abrupt wavy boundary. BCt - 85 to 130 cm. Mottled reddish brown(5yr 4/3), brown(7.5yr 4/4) and dark gray(10yr 4/1) gravelly silt loam; dark gray(10yr 4/2) when crushed; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and plastic; few very fine micas; about 25% gravels and cobbles; few stones. 제주도의서북부해안지역의용암류대지에주로분포하고있는동귀통은 Fine silty, mixed, thermic family of Dystric Eutrudepts로분류되고있다 (NIAST, 2000). Ap 층 (0~17 cm) 은농암회갈색 (10YR 3/2) 의미사질양토이고, BA층 (17~42 cm) 은농암회갈색 (10YR 3/2) 의자갈이있는미사질양토, Bt1층 (42~60 cm) 은농암회갈색 (10YR 3/2) 의자갈이있는미사질식양토, Bt2층 (60~85 cm) 은암갈색 (10YR 4/6) 의자갈이있는미사질식양토, BCt층 (85~130 cm) 은적갈색 (5YR 4/3), 갈색 (7.5YR 4/4), 또는암회색 (10YR 4/1) 의미사질식양토이다. 현무암및현무암에서유래된화산분출쇄설물을모재로하는토양으로주로밭으로이용되고있다. udic 토양수분상과 thermic 토양온도상을보유하며, 배수등급은약간양호이다. 동귀통은 0~42 cm 깊이에서 umbric 감식표층을보유하고, 42~130 cm 깊이이상에서상부층위에비하여점토함량이기준이상으로높고, 점토이동의근거인점토피막이있는 argillic층을보유하고있다. 동귀통의 andic 토양특성충족여부를검토한결과 Ap 층 ~Bt1층 (0~60 cm) 에서 oxalate 침출성 (Al + 1/2 Fe) 함량이 1.3~2.1% 로 2% 내외이나, 인산보유능이 25.1~54.1%

5 24 송관철 현병근 문경환 전승종 임한철 강호준 로 85% 미만이다. 반면에용적밀도가 1.31~1.54 Mg/m 3 으로 0.90 Mg/m 3 이상이다. 따라서동귀통은 andic 토양특성을보유하고있지않으므로 Andisols로분류할수없다. 그러나 42~130 cm 깊이에점토집적층인 argillic층을보유하고있다. 기준깊이에서의염기포화도 ( 양이온합 ) 값에의하여 Alfisols 또는 Ultisols로분류되는데, 동귀통의경우기준깊이에서뿐만아니라전토층에서염기포화도 ( 양이온합 ) 가 35% 이상으로높다. 따라서동귀통은 Inceptisols, 또는 Andisols이아니라 Alfisols로분류되어야한다. Alfisols은 Aqualfs, Cryalfs, Ustalfs, Xeralfs 및 Udalfs 의 5개아목으로분류되고있다. 이들아목은토양수분상과토양온도상에의하여결정된다. Ultisols에서는유기물함량이높은토양을 Humults라는별도의아목으로분류하고있으나, Alfisols에서는그러한토양을별도의아목으로분류하지않고있다. 동귀통은 udic 토양수분상을보유하고있으므로 Udalfs 아목으로분류될수있다. Udalfs 는 Natrudalfs, Ferrudalfs, Fraglossudalfs, Fragiudalfs 등 10개대군으로분류되고있다. 동귀통의경우 Hapludalfs의분류기준을충족시키고있다. Hapludalfs는 Lithic, Aquertic Chromic, Aquertic 등 28개아군으로분류되고있는데, 동귀통은 Typic Hapludalfs의분류기준을충족시키고있다. 토성속제어부위인 argillic층상부 50 cm 깊이, 즉무기질토양표면에서 42~92 cm 아래깊이에서직경 75 mm 미만입자중 0.1~75 mm 입자함량이 15% 이상이고, 세토중점토함량이 18~35% 이므로 fine silty 토성속이아니라 fine loamy 토성속에속한다. 토양온도속제어부위인토양표면에서 50 cm 아래깊이에서의토양온도가여름과겨울철평균온도에있어서 6 이상차이가나고, 연평균토양온도가 15~22 가되므로 thermic 토양온도상에속한다. 따라서동귀통은 Fine silty, mixed, thermic family of Dystric Eutrudepts가아니라 Fine loamy, mixed, thermic family of Typic Hapludalfs로분류할수있다. 동귀통의생성현무암에서유래된화산분출쇄설물을모재로하고있는제주도토양은주로 Andisols로생성발달되고있다. 그러나제주도서북부해안지역의용암류대지에주로분포하는동귀통의경우 andic 토양특성을보유하는 Andisols 이나 cambic 층을보유하는 Inceptisols이아니라 argillic층을보유하는 Alfisols로생성발달되고있다. 화산분출쇄설물을모재로하는토양일지라도습윤기후조건에서는 Andisols로분류되는토양들이생성발달되나건조한기후조건에서는 Andisols 토양이잘발달되지않기때문에대부분의 Andisols은 udic 토양수분상을보유하고있는 Udands로분류되고있다 (Parfitt and Clayden, 1991; Buol et al., 2003). 제주도서부해안지역인고산과북부해안지역인제주시의경우연평균강우량이각각 1,090 mm 및 1,460 mm로동부와남부해안지역인성산포와서귀포의 1,840 mm 및 1,850 mm에비하여 360~760 mm나적으며, 비교적건조한편이다 (KMA, 2001). 해발고도별기후변화를보면지대가 100 m 높아짐에따라연평균기온은 0.8 씩낮아지고, 강우량은 110 mm 많아지는경향이다. 중산간지역에서도동부와서부지역간에온도차이는거의없으나, 강우량은해안지방과마찬가지로동부지역이서부지역보다 900 mm 많다 (JARES, 1991). 이러한강우량차이는우리나라에서제주도를제외하고서강우량이가장많은지역과가장적은지역과의차이보다더크다. 같은화산분출쇄설물에서유래된토양일지라도건조한저지대에서는할로이사이트와같은층형규산염점토광물을주광물로하는토양이생성되고, 해발이높아짐에따라온도가낮아지고강우량이많아져증발산량이감소되기때문에알로판을주점토광물로하는화산회토가생성된다는것이뉴질랜드 (Parfitt and Kimble, 1989), 하와이 (Parfitt et al., 1988), 미국워싱턴주 (Hunter and Busacca, 1987), 르완다 (Mizota and Chapelle, 1988) 등의화산회토에서보고되었다. 제주도토양의경우이러한보고들처럼비교적건조한제주도서부및북부해안지방에는층형규산염점토광물을주광물로하고있는 non-andisols 토양이주로생성발달되고, 보다습윤한그외의지역에서는알로판또는 Al-유기복합체가주가되는 Andisols 토양이주로생성발달한다 (Song, 1997: Moon, 2010). 이러한보고들처럼비교적건조한제주도서부및북부해안지방의용암류대지에주로분포하는동귀통은화산분출에의하여형성된화산분출쇄설물을모재로하고있는데도 Andisols이아니라 Alfisols로생성발달되고있다. 그러나 Ap층 ~Bt1층 (0~60 cm) 에서 oxalate 침출성 (Al + 1/2 Fe) 함량이 1.3~2.1% 로 2% 내외로비교적높으며, 훼리하이드라이트함량이 3.1~5.8% 로높다. 즉동귀통은 Andisols로분류되지는않으나 Andisols 특성을부분적으로보유하고있다. 화산지역인철원용암류대지에서는 Andisols이생성발달되고있지않으며, 울릉도에서는일부지역에만 Andisols 이생성발달되고있다 (NIAST, 2000). 철원지역과울릉도해안지역의연평균기온은각각10.2 및 12.3 로제주도서북부해안지역에비하여낮으나, 연평균강수량은 1,336 mm 및 1,236 mm(kma, 2001) 로제주도서북부해안지역과유사한것으로보아동귀통의생성발달과철원용암류대지와울릉도에서비 Andisols 토양의생성과유사성이있다고생각된다. Andisols로생성발달되지않은동귀통은안정한지형인용암류대지에분포하고있으므로토양이거의침식되지않고충적물이별로퇴적되지않기때문에오랫동안토양수의하향이동에따른점토집적작용과염기용탈작용을받게된

6 제주도토양인동귀통의분류및생성 25 다. 그결과점토집적층인 argillic층이생성되고, 기준깊이에서염기포화도 ( 양이온합 ) 가 35% 이상인 Alfisols로생성발달하고있다. 요약제주도의서북부해안지역의용암류대지에주로분포하고있으며 Inceptisols로분류되고있는동귀통을재분류하고, 그생성을구명하기위하여동귀통대표단면의형태적특성을조사하고, Soil Taxonomy 의표준분석방법인 Soil survey laboratory methods manual에따라서토양을분석하여 Laboratory data sheets를작성하였다. Ap층 (0~17 cm) 은농암회갈색 (10YR 3/2) 의미사질양토이고, BA층 (17~42 cm) 은농암회갈색 (10YR 3/2) 의자갈이있는미사질양토, Bt1층 (42~60 cm) 은농암회갈색 (10YR 3/2) 의자갈이있는미사질식양토, Bt2층 (60~85 cm) 은암갈색 (10YR 4/6) 의자갈이있는미사질식양토, BCt층 (85~130 cm) 은적갈색 (5YR 4/3), 갈색 (7.5YR 4/4), 또는암회색 (10YR 4/1) 의미사질식양토이다. 현무암및현무암에서유래된화산분출쇄설물을모재로하는토양으로주로밭으로이용되고있다. udic 토양수분상과 thermic 토양온도상을보유하며, 배수등급은약간양호이다. 동귀통은 andic 토양특성을보유하고있지않으며, 42~130 cm 깊이에점토집적층인 argillic층을보유하고있고, 전토층에서염기포화도 ( 양이온합 ) 가 35% 이상으로높다. 따라서동귀통은 Inceptisols이나 Andisols이아니라 Alfisols로분류되어야한다. Udic 토양수분상을보유하고있으므로동귀통은 Udalfs 아목으로분류할수있으며, Hapludalfs의분류조건을충족시키고있다. 또한 Typic 아군의분류조건을충족시키므로 Typic Hapludalfs로분류할수있다. 토성속제어부위에서의토성속이식양질이고, 토양온도상이 mesic 온도상이기때문에동귀통은 Fine silty, mixed, thermic family of Dystric Eutrudepts가아니라 Fine loamy, mixed, thermic family of Typic Hapludalfs로분류되어야한다. 비교적건조한제주도서부및북부해안지방의용암류대지에주로분포하는동귀통은화산분출에의하여형성된화산분출쇄설물을모재로하고있는데도 Andisols이아니라 Alfisols로생성발달되고있다. Andisols로생성발달되지않은동귀통은안정한지형인용암류대지에분포하고있으므로토양이거의침식되지않고충적물이별로퇴적되지않기때문에오랫동안토양수의하향이동에따른점토집적작용과염기용탈작용을받게된다. 그결과점토집적층인 argillic층이생성되고, 기준깊이에서염기포화도 ( 양이온합 ) 가 35% 이상인 Alfisols로생성발달하고있다. 참고문헌 Buol, S.W., R.J. Southard, R.C. Graham, P.A. McDaniel Soil genesis and classification. 5th ed. Iowa State Press, Iowa. Hunter, C.R., A.J. Busacca Pedogenesis and surface charge of some Andic soil in Washington, U.S.A. Geoderma. 39, Jeju Do Agricultural Research and Extention Service (JARES) Climatological report of mid-mountaineous area in Jeju Island. Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) Climatological normals of Korea ( ). Mizota, C.J., Chapelle Characterization of some Andepts and Andic soils in Rwanda, Central Africa. Geoderma. 41, Moon, K.H Spatial analysis of soils in Jeju Island. Ph.D. Thesis, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea. National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology (NIAST) Taxonomical classification of Korean soils. Parfitt, R.L., C.W. Childs, D.N. Eden Ferrihydrite and allophane in four Andepts from Hawaii and implications for their classification. Geoderma. 41, Parfitt, R.L., J.M. Kimble Conditions for formation of allophane in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53, Parfitt, R.L., B. Clayden Andisols-the development of a new order in Soil Taxonomy. Geoderma. 49, Park, J.B., K.H. Park Petrology and petrogenesis of the Cenozoic alkali volcanic rocks in the middle part of Korean Peninsula (1): Petrography, mineral chemistry and whole rock major element chemistry. J. Geol. Soc. of Korea. 32, Song, K.C., S.H. Yoo Andic properties of major soils in Cheju Island. I. Characterization of volcanic ash soils by selective dissolution analysis. Korean J. Soc. Soil Sci. Fert. 24, Song, K.C., S.H. Yoo Andic properties of major soils in Cheju Island. III. Conditions for formation of allophane. Korean J. Soc. Soil Sci. Fert. 27, Song, K.C Distribution, and conditions for formation of allophane in soils in Cheju Island. Minerology and Industry 10(2), Song, K.C., S.J. Jung, B.K. Hyun, Y.K. Sonn, H.K.

7 26 송관철 현병근 문경환 전승종 임한철 강호준 Kwak Classification and properties of Korean soils. In NIAST. Fruits and future prospects for soil survey in Korea. pp Suwon, Korea. Song, K.C., B.K. Hyun, Y.K. Sonn, H.C. Lim, S.C. Lee. 2009a. Taxonomical classification of Namweon series, black volcanic ash soils. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 42, Song, K.C., B.K.Hyun, K.H. Moon, S.J. Jeon, H.C. Lim. 2009b. Taxonomical classification of Yongdang series. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 42, Song, K.C., B.K. Hyun, K.H.Moon, S.J. Jeon, H.C. Lim. 2009c. Taxonomical classification and genesis of Yongheung series in Jeju island. Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. 42, USDA, Soil Survey Staff Soil Taxonomy. A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Agric. Handbook 436. USDA-SCS. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. USDA, Soil Survey Staff Keys to Soil Taxonomy. SMSS Technical Monograph No. 19, 4th ed. USDA- SMSS, Blacksbury, Virginia. USDA, Soil Survey Division Staff Soil Survey Manual. Agricultural Handbook 18. USDA-NRCS, Washington. USDA, NRCS Soil survey laborarory methods manual. Soil Survey Investigation Report No.42 (revised). USDA-NRCS, Washington. USDA, Soil Survey Staff Soil Taxonomy. A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd ed. Agric. Handbook 436. USDA-NRCS. CRC Press, Boca Paton, Fla., USA. USDA, Soil Survey Staff Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 10th ed. USDA-NRCS, Blacksbury, Virginia. Weon, J.K A study on the quaternary volcanism in the Korean Peninsula - in the Choogayong rift valley. J. Geol. Soc. of Korea. 19, Weon, J.K. M.W. Lee The study on petrology for the quaternary alkali vocanic rock of the Korean Peninsula. J. Geol. Soc. of Korea. 24,

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA Taxonomical Classification and Genesis of Yongheung Series in Jeju Island Kwan-Cheol Song, * Byung-Geun Hyun, Kyung-Hwan Moon 1, Seung-Jong Jeon 1, and Han-Cheol Lim 1 National Academy of Agricultural