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1 213년 4월전자공학회논문지제 5 권제 4 호 Journal of The Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea Vol. 5, NO. 4, April 논문 고속신호의전파특성화를위한주파수종속전송선파라미터의실험적모델 ( Experimental Model of Frequency-Variant Transmission Line Parameter for High-Speed Signal Propagation Characterization ) 김혜원, 어영선 (Hyewon Kim and Yungseon Eo ) 요 약 본논문에서는전송선의정확한고주파특성화를위해실험적접근을기반으로한회로모델을제안한다. 측정시불가피하게발생하는공진현상으로인하여배선의길이에상응하는공진주파수에서특성임피던스및전파상수를정확히결정하기어렵다. 따라서물리적통찰및이론을바탕으로이러한공진효과가배제된전송선파라미터결정방법이제시되었다. 또한고속신호의전파특성화를위해실험적으로결정된파라미터를사용한고주파회로모델이제안되었다. 본논문에서제안한주파수종속전송선파라미터모델은측정을통해검증되었으며, 고속신호의전파특성화에유용하게적용될수있다. Abstract In this paper, an experimental circuit model for an accurate high-frequency characterization of transmission line is proposed. Inherent resonance effects during measurements make it difficult to determine characteristic impedance and propagation constant at the resonance frequencies corresponding to the line length. Thus, resonance-effect-free transmission line parameter determination technique based on the physical insight and theory is proposed. Then, by using the parameters high-frequency circuit model is proposed for high-speed signal propagation characterization. The proposed frequency-variant transmission line model is verified with measurement and it can be usefully exploited in high-speed signal propagation characterization. Keywords : 고주파, 공진, 전송선, 측정, 회로모델, S- 파라미터 Ⅰ. 서론 고속집적시스템에서회로의성능및데이터전송속도는주로배선에의해제한된다 [1]. 따라서, 최근의 학생회원, 정회원, 한양대학교전자통신공학과 (Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Hanyang University) 본연구는한국표준과학연구원의차세대전자파측정표준기술개발사업 ( 사업번호 ) 의지원을받아수행되었음. 접수일자 : 212년9월7일, 수정완료일 : 213년3월22일 고속집적회로의설계에있어데이터링크의신호무결성 (signal integrity) 검증은반드시필요하며, 설계초기단계에서수행되어야한다. 전송선 (transmission line) 으로모델되는배선의신호무결성은일반적으로시뮬레이션에근거하여검증한다. 시뮬레이션 [2] 은설계변화에매우유동적이지만, 전송선의주파수종속특성및비이상적 (non-ideal) 인효과, 예를들어공정편차, 혼합물질상수, 금속의거칠기 (roughness) 등의현상이적절히반영하지못할수있다. 이로인해발생한오차는매우심각한문제를일으킬수있기때문에실험, 즉 (833)
2 74 고속신호의전파특성화를위한주파수종속전송선파라미터의실험적모델김혜원외 측정을기반으로한특성화가수반되어야한다 [3]. 전송선의특성임피던스와전파상수는측정된 S-파라미터로부터직접결정할수있으며특성임피던스와전파상수로부터단위길이당회로모델파라미터를구할수있다 [4]. 그러나 S-파라미터로부터구한전송선파라미터는측정기준점에서불연속성에의해불가피하게발생하는공진효과에매우민감하게변화한다. 이는배선의길이에상응하는공진주파수에서정확한전송선파라미터를결정할수없게만드는원인이다. 공진효과가제거된전송선파라미터를결정하기위해현재까지제안된방법으로는두번의교정을수행하여이를비교하는복잡한과정이요구되는이중측정비교교정법 [5] (two-tier calibration comparison method), 또는유전손실이매우작다는가정하에컨덕턴스 (conductance) 를거의무시한조건에서전송선파라미터를구하는방법 [6] 등이제안되었다. 한편, 실험적인접근방법으로는커패시턴스 (capacitance) 및손실탄젠트 (loss tangent) 의데이터근사화를통해전송선을특성화하는방법이있다 [7]. 본논문에서는매우간단하면서도효율적으로공진효과가배제된주파수종속전송선파라미터를추출하여전송선회로모델을결정하는방법을제시하고자한다. 제 Ⅱ 장에서는측정에사용된테스트패턴및측정시스템에대하여설명하고, 제 Ⅲ 장에서는실제측정데이터를적용하여공진효과를제거하는방법과그결과를보였다. 마지막으로제 Ⅳ 장에서실험적회로모델에대해기술하였으며제시한주파수종속전송선파라미터모델은측정을통해검증되었다. Ⅱ. 실험본장에서는측정에사용된테스트패턴과측정시스템에대하여기술한다. 패키지공정을사용하여제작된 4층 (4 layer) 구조의테스트패턴의단면도를그림 1에보였다. 그림 1에나타낸단면도에서는총 4층구조중 2층구조만보였다. 단면도에표기된치수는공정편차가반영되지않은설계값이며일반적으로 1 % 의편차가발생한다. 그림 2에서는실제제작된테스트패턴의사진을보였다. 테스트패턴의기본구조는신호선 (signal) 양쪽에그라운드선이있는마이크로스트립 (shielded microstrip structure) 이며, 측정을위해 1 그림 1. 테스트패턴의단면구조 Fig. 1. The cross-section view of the test pattern. 그림 2. 테스트패턴의위에서본사진 Fig. 2. The photograph of the test pattern (top view). um X 1 um 크기의그라운드-시그널-그라운드 (GSG) 패드구조를사용하였다. 제작자가제공한유전체의물질상수는유전율이 4.2 이고손실탄젠트는 1 GHz에서.11이다. 테스트패턴은 5 MHz부터 5 GHz까지 5 MHz 간격으로측정되었으며 S-파라미터측정에사용된벡터네트워크분석기 (vector network analyzer, VNA) 는 Agilent Technologies 사의 E8361C 모델을사용하였다. 프로브는 Cascade Microtech 사의 I5-A-GSG-15 모델을사용하였으며임피던스표준기판 (impedance standard substrate, ISS) 을사용하여 SOLT (short, open, load, thru) 캘리브레이션을수행하였다. Ⅲ. 공진효과가제거된전송선파라미터추출본장에서는공진효과가제거된전송선파라미터추출방법 [8] 에대한설명및실제측정데이터에적용한결과를나타내었다. 서론에서언급한바와같이 S-파라미터로부터직접추출한전송선파라미터는공진효과에민감하다. 여기서부터는 [4] 의방법으로구한파라미터는아래첨자 A 를사용하여표기하고본논문에서제안하는방법을사용하여구한파라미터는아래첨자 B 를사용하여표기하도록한다. 측정데이터로부터추출한전송선파라미터의공진효과를제거하기위해서는우선배선의길이게따른공진주파수를계산하여데이터가안정적인 (stable) 주파수대역을결정해야한다. (834)
3 213 년 4 월전자공학회논문지제 5 권제 4 호 75 Journal of The Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea Vol. 5, NO. 4, April 213 왜냐하면 [4] 의방법으로구한전송선파라미터가공진효과에민감하게반응하기는하지만, 공진주파수가아닌대역에서는유의미한값을갖기때문이다. 배선의공진주파수는다음과같이계산할수있다. f resonance c 1 c 1 = = ε λ ε 2l (1) r r 여기서 c는빛의속도이며 ε r 은유전율, λ는파장, l은배선의길이다. 특히, 첫번째공진이나타나기이전의데이터는신뢰할만한 (reliable) 값으로고려된다. 예를들어그림 3의특성임피던스를보면, 배선의길이가.2 cm, 1 cm인경우, 두배선의특성임피던스는서로다른공진주파수를갖지만같은경향성을보인다. 또한비교결과, 1 cm 배선의첫번째공진주파수에서충분히떨어진주파수대역에서는.2 cm의결과와근사적으로일치한다. 본연구에서는구조가같고길이가다른배선의측정결과가 5 % ( 공정편차 ) 이내의오차범위를만족하는경우신뢰할만한데이터로가정하였다. 즉, f resonance/4 와대응하는주파수대역 (1cm 의경우약 2 GHz) 까지안정적인값을갖는다고볼수있다. 이와같이안정적인주파수대역을찾은후에는다음과같이 7 단계에걸쳐공진효과가배제된전송선파라미터를구할수있다. 1 단계 : 다음의식을사용하여측정된 S-파라미터로부터직접특성임피던스 (Z A ) 와전파상수 (γ A ) 를구한다. ( Z ) (1 + S ) S A = Zref 2 2 (1 S11) S S11 S21 ( S11 S21 1) (2 S11 ) γ A + + e = ± 2 2 S21 (2 S21) 여기서 Z ref 는측정기준임피던스이다. (2) (3) 2 단계 : 1 단계에서구한파라미터를이용하여단위길이당전송선회로모델파라미터를구한다 [4]. 3 단계 : 유전물질의유효손실탄젠트 (effective loss tangent) 를결정한다. 참고문헌 [7] 에서유도한바와같이 Z A 는다음의식 (4) 와같이표현할수있다. Characteristic Impedance [ohm] cm.2 cm f resonance (1 cm) f resonance (.2 cm) 3 그림 3. 측정 S- 파라미터로부터추출한특성임피던스. 배선의길이에따라서로다른공진주파수를갖는점을확인할수있다. Fig. 3. Characteristic impedance extracted from measured S-parameters. Note that the different resonance frequencies for those of different line lengths. Loss tangent Proposed (Eq. (6)) Averaged (.5 ~ 2 GHz) 그림 4. 1 cm 길이의배선의안정적인주파수대역의 유효손실탄젠트와그평균값 Fig. 4. The effective loss tangent of 1 cm long line and its averaged value in stable frequency range. Z A β + α tan δ α + β tan δ = ωc (1 tan δ ) ω (1 tan δ ) A A eff A A eff j 2 2 A + eff CA + eff (4) 여기서 α A 와 β A 는각각감쇄상수, 위상상수이다 ( 즉, γ A = α A + jβ A ). 위의식을사용하여 Z A 의실수부와허수부의비를구하면다음과같이유효손실탄젠트 (tan δ eff) 를결정할수있다. Re( Z ) β + α tanδ A eff = k, (5) Im( Z ) α + β tanδ A eff (835)
4 76 고속신호의전파특성화를위한주파수종속전송선파라미터의실험적모델김혜원외 tanδ eff β kα =, (6) α + kβ 여기서참고할사실은참고문헌 [9] 에서기술한바와같이일반적인인쇄회로기판 (PCB) 의손실탄젠트는수십 GHz 대역까지상수로근사할수있다는점이다. 그림 4 에는제안된방법으로구한손실탄젠트값을나타내었다. 저주파수대역에서는유전체에의한손실이매우작으므로수치계산과정에서의오류가크게나타날수있다고판단되며, 손실탄젠트는약.5 GHz부터특정값으로수렴하는양상을보이므로이를안정한주파수대역까지평균을취한값을나타내었다. 결과적으로본논문에서사용한테스트패턴의유효손실탄젠트는.9 이다. 4 단계 : 공진효과가제거된커패시턴스를찾는과정은다음식으로표현할수있다. CA( ω) f f CB ( ω) = C ( ω ) f > f stable A stable stable. (7) 즉, 길이에따라결정되는안정적인주파수 (f stable ) 까지의값을그대로사용하고그이후의주파수대역에서는안정적인주파수에서의커패시턴스값을사용하는것이다. 이와같이커패시턴스를결정할수있는근거는다음과같다. 그림 5와같이커패시턴스는상대적으로저주파수대역에서주파수종속특성을보이고고주파대역으로갈수록특정값으로수렴한다. 또한여러길이 의커패시턴스를비교한결과, 공진주파수에서의변화를제외하고근사적으로같은값을나타내고있음을알수있다. 따라서커패시턴스의경우식 (7) 과같이구한후다른길이와의비교를통해검증을하는과정을수행하여결정할수있다. 5 단계 : 이전단계에서구한유효손실탄젠트및커패시턴스를사용하여다음과같이주파수종속컨덕턴스를구한다 ( 그림 6). GB( ω) = tan δeff ωcb( ω). (8) Conductance [ms/cm] Proposed Conventional 그림 6. 공진효과가제거된컨덕턴스 Fig. 6. Resonance-effect-free conductance. 6 단계 : 공진효과가배제된저항 ( 그림 7) 과인덕턴스 ( 그림 8) 를다음과같이결정한다. Capacitance [pf/cm] Capacitance [pf/cm] cm.7 cm.5 cm proposed Resistance [ohm/cm] Proposed Conventional 1. 그림 5. 공진효과가제거된커패시턴스 Fig. 5. Resonance-effect-free capacitance. 그림 7. 공진효과가제거된저항 Fig. 7. Resonance-effect-free resistance. (836)
5 213 년 4 월전자공학회논문지제 5 권제 4 호 77 Journal of The Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea Vol. 5, NO. 4, April 213 Inductance [nh/cm] Proposed Conventional 2. 그림 8. 공진효과가제거된인덕턴스 Fig. 8. Resonance-effect-free inductance. 2 ( ), (9) R ( ω) = Re γ ( ω) G ( ω) + jωc ( ω) B A B B L ( ω) B 2 Im γ A( ω) ( GB( ω) + jωcb( ω) ) =. (1) ω 미터는아래첨자 E 로표기하기로한다. 1. 전도성손실모델 (conductive loss model) 전도성손실은크게세가지손실메커니즘을포함하는데 DC 저항, 표피효과 (skin effect), 그리고금속의거칠기효과 (metal roughness effect) 이다. 인쇄회로기판의배선의경우 DC 저항은수 mω 정도로작은값을갖지만고주파대역에서주파수종속특성을갖는전도성손실은상대적으로크게나타난다. 한편, 주파수종속특성을갖는전도성손실모델은일반적으로주파수의제곱근에비례하는모델이제시되었다 [11]. 그러나최근논문에서는전도성손실이더이상주파수의제곱근에비례하지않는다는내용이발표되었다 [12]. 이와같은주장은본논문에서제안하는실험적모델에서도확인할수있었다. 그림 9에서공진효과가제거된저항을보면, 특정주파수까지는표피효과모델과일치하지만그이후에는주파수에비례하는선형특성을갖는다. 따라서전도성손실모델은다음과같이표현할수있다. 7 단계 : 마지막으로다음식을사용하여공진효과가배제된특성임피던스와전파상수를구한다. Z ( ω) = ( R ( ω) + jωl ( ω))/( G ( ω) + jωc ( ω)) (11) B B B B B l μω Rskin ( ω) = ( ω < ω ) R ( ) w 2 E ω = σ ω Rhigh ( ω) = a + b ( ω ω ) 2π (13) γ ( ω) = ( R ( ω) + jωl ( ω))( G ( ω) + jωc ( ω)) (12) B B B B B 여기서 R skin 은표피효과모델, l 과 w은각각배선의길이와폭을의미한다. 또한 μ는투과계수, σ는전도율이다. R high 는고주파대역에서선형특성을갖는모델이 Ⅳ. 고주파전송선의실험적회로모델및검증 2 R B 회로의동작속도가빨라짐에따라고주파영역에서의여러가지손실메커니즘 ( mechanism) 을반영한모델의중요성이부각되고있으며, 주파수종속특성으로인해기존의 static 시뮬레이션툴의한계가지적되고있다 [1]. 본장에서는공진효과가배제된전송선회로모델파라미터를보다효과적으로설계에반영할수있는실험적회로모델을제안한다. 즉, 공진효과가배제된회로모델파라미터의추출결과를기존의모델과비교하여고주파특성을분석하고, 이를통하여측정주파수대역이상에서유효한회로모델을개발한다. 앞장에서사용한표기와구분하여본장에서제안하는모델파라 Resistance [ohm/cm] R skin R high R skin (ω ) = R high (ω ) 그림 9. 전도성손실모델 ( 저항 ) Fig. 9. Conductive loss model (resistance). (837)
6 78 고속신호의전파특성화를위한주파수종속전송선파라미터의실험적모델김혜원외 며, 각각 a와 b는공진효과가배제된저항 (R B) 으로부터구한상수이다. 즉, R B 로부터상수 a, b를찾은후, 다음의식과같이 R skin 과 R high 의교점으로부터 ω 를찾을수있다. R skin Rhigh ω ( ω ) = ( ). (14) 이와같은과정및결과를그림 9 에나타내었다. 2. 인덕턴스모델 (Inductance model) 인덕턴스모델의경우주파수영역을크게세부분으로나누어볼수있다. DC 부터표피효과가우세한영역, 그리고손실전송선 (lossy transmission line) 에서의특성임피던스가수렴하는고주파대역, 마지막으로그중간대역이다. 이는다음식으로요약된다. Rskin ( ω) Lskin ( ω) = L + ( ω < ω ) ω L Lskin ( ω ) Lmid ( ω) = ( ω ω ) + L ( ) ( ) skin ω LE ω = ω ω ( ω ω < ω ) Lhigh ( ω) = LR ( ω ) = L ( ω ω ) (15) 여기서 ω 는식 (14) 로부터구할수있으며 ω 는최대측정주파수이다. 즉, 측정주파수대역에서인덕턴스가수렴값 (L ) 에도달한다는가정이전제되었다. 식 (15) 에서는공진효과가제거된인덕턴스 (L B ) 로부터외부 Inductance [nh/cm] ω L skin L mid ω L high 2. 그림 1. 인덕턴스모델 Fig. 1. Inductance model. L B L E L high (external) 인덕턴스값인 L 를찾고, 표피효과가우세한영역에서는내부 (internal) 인덕턴스를고려하며, 중간영역에서는선형모델을, 마지막으로측정주파수이상의고주파대역의값을 L 로외삽 (extrapolation) 하는모델이다. 제안된인덕턴스모델의예시로서, 2 GHz의측정데이터를가정하여 ( 즉,ω =2 GHz) 그결과를그림 1에보였다. 3. 커패시턴스및컨덕턴스모델 (capacitance and conductance model) 제 Ⅱ 장에서기술한바와같이유전체의물질상수가고주파대역에서상수로근사할수있다면공진효과가제거된커패시턴스와컨덕턴스를다음과같이모델에적용할수있다. C ( ω) = C ( ω), G ( ω) = G ( ω). (16) E B E B 특히, 컨덕턴스의경우유전체분극 (dielectric polarization) 및유전체에서의전도성누전 (conductive leakage) 현상을실험적으로결정한손실탄젠트를이용하여모델에적절히반영이되어야한다. 참고로, 식 (5)-(7) 의결과를사용한식 (16) 은기본적으로유전체의물질상수를상수로가정하였기때문에이와관련된 network function relation인 Kramers-Kronig relations 를만족시키지못한다 [13]. 따라서수학적으로는 causality 에위배되는속성을가지고있으나, 본논문에서제시한실험적모델은실제측정결과에근거하므로주파수영역및물리적현상을분석하는데유용하게사용될수있다. 4. 모델검증전송선의주파수종속실험적모델은측정된 S-파라미터와이비교를통해검증할수있다. 즉, 5 GHz 대역의측정결과와비교하여그결과가일치한다면제안된모델은고속신호의전파특성화에유용하게사용될수있다. 우선제안된모델을사용하여그림 1과같은특성임피던스를구한후그림 11과 12에서각각 S11, S21의크기 (magnitude) 를보였다. 배선의특성임피던스를추정할수있는 S11의경우그크기및공진주파수가거의일치함을알수있으며, 배선의손실특성을확인할수있는 S21 또한모델과측정값이거의일치하는것을확인할수있다. (838)
7 213 년 4 월전자공학회논문지제 5 권제 4 호 79 Journal of The Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea Vol. 5, NO. 4, April 213 S11 [db] Measurement Proposed model 그림 11. 모델검증을위한 S- 파라미터비교 (S11) Fig. 11. Comparison of S-parameters for model verification (S11). S21 [db] Measurement Proposed model 그림 12. 모델검증을위한 S- 파라미터비교 (S21) Fig. 12. Comparison of S-parameters for model verification (S21). Ⅴ. 결론 본논문에서는고속신호의전파특성화를위한주파수종속전송선파라미터의실험적모델을제안하였다. 실험적으로정확한전송선파라미터를결정하기위해 S-파라미터측정시불가피하게나타나는공진현상을배제시키는방법을제시하였다. 이를통해주파수종속전송선파라미터모델을제안하였으며측정데이터와비교하여검증하였다. 따라서본논문에서제시한주파수종속전송선파라미터모델은고속신호의전파특성화에유용하게적용될수있다. 참고문헌 [1] M. Bohr, The new era of scaling in an SoC world, in Proc. ISSCC, pp , Feb. 29. [2] HSPICE Signal Integrity User Guide. Version A [3] 신승훈, 어영선, 고주파전송선회로의실험적고 찰을통한정확한시그널인테그러티검증, 대한 전자공학회 논문지, 제48권, SD편, 제7호. pp. 82-9, 211. [4] Y. Eo and W. R. Eisenstadt, High-speed VLSI interconnect modeling based on S-parameter measurements, IEEE Trans. Compon., Hybrids, Manuf. Technol., vol. 16, no. 5, pp , Aug [5] D. F. Williams, R. B. Marks and A. Davidson, "Comparison of on-wafer calibrations," in Conf. ARFTG Dig.-Winter, pp , [6] D. F. Williams and R. B. Marks, Accurate transmission line characterization, IEEE Trans. Microw. Guid. Wave Lett., vol. 3, no. 8, pp , Aug [7] R. Torres-Torres, Extracting characteristic impedance in low-loss substrates, Electronics Letters, vol. 47, no. 3, pp , Feb [8] H. Kim, S. C. Ji, and Y. Eo, A new frequency-variant transmission line parameter determination technique for very high-speed signal propagation characterization, in Proc. SPI, pp , May 212. [9] M. Cauwe, J. De Baets, "Broadband material parameter characterization for practical high-speed interconnects on printed circuit board," IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag., vol. 31, no. 3, pp , Aug. 28. [1] J. Zhang, J. L. Drewniak, D. J. Pommerenke, M. Y. Koledintseva, R. E. DuBroff, W. Cheng, Z. Yang, Q. B. Chen, and A. Orlndi, Causal RLGC(f) models for transmission lines from measured S-parameters, IEEE Trnas. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 52, no. 1, pp , Feb. 21. [11] S. H. Hall, and H. L. Heck, Advanced signal integrity for high-speed digital designs, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp , 29. [12] R. Torres-Torres, and S. C. Sejas-Garcia, Extraction of the model parameters for the attenuation in printed transmission line, IEEE Trans. Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 2, no. 12, Dec. 21. (839)
8 8 고속신호의전파특성화를위한주파수종속전송선파라미터의실험적모델김혜원외 [13] H. Johnson, and M. Graham, High-speed signal propagation, Pearson Education, Inc., pp , 23. 저자소개 김혜원 ( 학생회원 ) 29 년한양대학교전자컴퓨터공학부학사 29 년 ~ 현재한양대학교전자통신공학과석박사통합과정 어영선 ( 정회원 )- 교신저자한양대학교전자통신공학과정교수 < 주관심분야 : 고속회로설계 > < 주관심분야 : 고속회로설계 > (84)
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