THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Feb.; 26(2),

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1 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Feb.; 26(2), ISSN (Print) ISSN X (Online) 6- Measurement of Noise Parameters Using 6-Port Network (Invited Paper) 염경환 압둘 라흐만 Kyung-Whan Yeom Abdule-Rahman Ahmed 요약. (Noise Figure Analyzer: NFA) (noise source),., dB, 8-, 8-. Abstract The information about noise parameters is essential in the design of low noise amplifier. In the past, the noise parameters were measured using an impedance tuner and noise figure analyzer. Recently, the authors proposed the method of measuring the noise parameters using the 8-port network without the aid of the mechanically driven impedance tuner. However, the 8-port method still requires the noise source and causes the complexity in the measurements. In this paper, a novel measurement method of the noise parameters without the noise source using 6-port network is proposed. Based on the proposed 6-port method, the noise parameters of 10 db attenuator whose noise parameters can be theoretically determined were measured and the measured noise parameters are compared with those measured using the previous 8-port network method. As a result, the accuracy of the measured noise parameters using 6-port network is found to be comparable to the previous 8-port network method. Key words: Noise Parameters, 6-Port Network. 서론 (source impedance), 4 m in, [1]. NFA(Noise Figure Analyzer)., 2- DUT(Device Under Test) (Department of Radio Science & Engineering, Chungnam University) Manuscript received January 12, 2015 ; Revised January 29, 2015 ; Accepted February 4, (ID No I) Corresponding Author: Kyung-Whan Yeom ( khyeom@cnu.ac.kr) c Copyright The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science. All Rights Reserved. 119

2 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 26, no. 2, Feb 던스 튜너를 삽입하고, 임피던스 튜너를 조정하여 최소 잡음지수 를 얻게 된다. 이때 DUT의 입력 측에서 들여다본 임피던스 튜너의 임피던스를 통해 를 결정 할 수 있고, 이외의 다른 임피던스에 대해 독립적인 잡음지수 측정을 수행할 경우, 을 결정할 수 있게 된 다. 최근에는 PNA-X 회로망 분석기와 임피던스 튜너 를 결합한 잡음 파라미터 측정 셋업이 발표된 바 있다. 그러나 임피던스 튜너 방법에 의한 잡음 파라미터 측 정장비는 상당한 고가이며, 또한 매 주파수마다 최소잡음 지수를 얻기 위해 임피던스 튜너를 조정하여야 한다. 따 라서 별도의 조정방법을 강구하지 않는다면, 넓는 주파수 영역에서 잡음 파라미터를 측정할 경우 수십 시간이 소 요된다. 또한, 임피던스 튜너로 인해 여러 가지 제약점 이 나타난다. 임피던스 튜너는 일반적으로 무겁고 상당한 부피를 차 지하여 직접 온-웨이퍼형 DUT에 연결하기 곤란하게 된 다. 따라서 프로브와 임피던스 튜너 사이에 저 손실을 갖 는 케이블을 연결하는 것이 보편적이다. 이 케이블은 임 피던스 튜너의 임피던스 조정 폭을 제한하게 된다. 이로 인해 잡음 파라미터의 측정 정확도가 떨어질 수 있다. 또 한, 이러한 단점을 차치하고라도, DUT는 임피던스 튜너 에 의해 변화된 임피던스를 보게 되고, 이는 이득이 높은 소자일 경우 발진을 야기하여 측정 자체가 불가능해질 수 있다. 저자들은 앞서 그림 1에 보인 6-포트 회로망을 확 장한 8-포트 회로망을 이용하여 동축 및 온-웨이퍼형 2포트 DUT의 잡음 파라미터 측정에 대하여 제시한 바 있 다. 잡음지수 측정기인 NFA와 잡음원(noise source)을 6포트 회로망에 적용하여 잡음 파라미터를 측정할 경우, 문제점은 잡음원을 연결할 포트가 6-포트 회로망에 나타 나지 않기 때문에, 저자들은 앞선 연구에서 8-포트 회로 망을 이용한 잡음 파라미터 측정을 보였다. 또한, 최근 chip 소자의 응용이 늘어감에 따라, chip 소자의 잡음 파 라미터 평가는 더욱 중요해지고 있는 상황이다. 저자 들은 이 방법으로 온-웨이퍼형 DUT에 대해서도 적용할 수 있음을 보였다. 이 셋업에서, 포트 1 및 4에는 포트 7 및 8에 입사된 잡 음전력의 크기를 측정하기 위한 포트이며, 포트 2 및 3에 m in [2],[3] [4] [4] [6] [8] [9],[10] [8] 120 잡음 측정 장비 그림 1. 기존의 setup[6] [8] Fig. 1. Measurement set-up for noise parameters in [6] [8]. 는 포트 7 및 8에 입력된 동위상 및 90 위상차를 갖는 두 신호의 합이 각각 나타나도록 한 것이다. 이것은 전개될 경우, 앞서 결정된 포트 1 및 4에서 결정된 잡음 전력과, 포트 7 및 8에 입력된 두 신호의 동위상 및 90 위상 곱 성분으로 전개되는데, 앞서서 포트 7 및 8에 입력된 잡음 전력 크기를 알고 있으므로, 포트 7 및 8에 입력된 두 신 호의 동위상 및 90 위상 곱을 결정할 수 있게 된다. 이를 이용하여 DUT의 잡음 상관 행렬(noise correlation matrix) 을 결정할 수 있고, 이렇게 얻어진 잡음 상관 행렬을 변환 하면 DUT의 잡음 파라미터를 결정할 수 있게 한다. 그러나 8-포트 회로망는 6-포트 회로망에 비해 상당한 불편함을 초래한다. 8-포트 회로망은 잡음원 연결을 위해 서만 필요할 뿐 측정의 복잡도를 높이는 것이 사실이다. 최근 저자들은 이러한 점을 감안, 잡음원 없이 50-Ω 부하 만 사용하여 잡음 파라미터를 측정하는 방법을 개발하였 다. NFA에는 이득 측정 없이 잡음전력만 측정하는 것이 가능한데, 이를 이용할 경우 직접 6-포트 회로망을 이용 한 잡음 파라미터를 측정할 수 있게 된다. 본 논문에서는 6-포트 회로망에 의거한 잡음 파라미터 측정을 위한 새로 운 잡음교정(noise calibration) 및 측정 결과를 본 논문에

3 포트 회로망을 이용한 잡음 파라미터 측정 6- 소개하고자 한다. Ⅱ. 측정 개요 그림 1에서 측정 포트인 포트 1 4의 잡음출력을 잡음 원(noise source)과 NFA를 이용하여 측정하는 방법은, 포 트 5와 포트 1, 2, 3, 4간 잡음지수 및 이득을 각각 및 (i=1 4)로 나타내면, 포트 5에 잡음원을 인가하였을 때 포트 1 4에 나타나는 잡음전력을 N 는 5 (1) 로 나타나게 된다. 여기서 N 는 잡음원이 상온(290 K; cold state) 상태일 때 포트 1 4에 출력되는 잡음전력이 되는 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서 그림 1의 장비 셋업에서 측 정하고자 하는 것은 실제적으로 잡음원이 상온 상태일 때 잡음전력이고, 이와 같이 측정된 잡음전력을 이용하여 잡음 파라미터를 측정하게 된다. 최근의 NFA는 Pcold를 제공하는데, 이것은 잡음원이 상온 상태일 때(즉, 잡음원 이 단순한 열잡음원으로 동작할 때) 잡음전력을 나타낸 다. Pcold는 잡음원이 상온 상태일 때 출력되는 잡음전력 이므로, 따라서 잡음원 대신에 50 Ω 부하를 연결할 경우 에도 동일한 잡음 출력 Pcold를 주게 된다. 이와 같다면, 잡음원을 연결하기 위한 방향성 결합기는 필요하지 않게 된다. 그림 2는 6-포트 회로망을 이용한 측정 장비 셋업이고, 그림 3은 6포트 회로망의 구성을 보였다. 6-포트 회로망 은 그림 2에 보인 바와 같이, 5개의 전력이분기(power divider)와 1개의 90 -하이브리드(hybrid)로 구성된다. 앞서 사실을 확인하기 위하여 포트 5에 잡음원을 연결하고, 포 트 1 3에서 측정된 Pcold 잡음 전력과 포트 5에 단순한 50 Ω 부하를 연결하고 측정된 Pcold 잡음 전력을 비교하여 그 림 4에 보였다. 그림 4에서 두 Pcold 잡음 출력은 측정 오 차 범위에서 완전히 같음을 알 수 있다. 또한, 포트 6에 잡 음원과 50 Ω 부하를 연결한 뒤 확인하여 보았다. 이것 역 시 그림에 보이지는 않았지만, 완전히 같음을 알 수 있었다. 다음으로 이와 같은 간단화 된 6-포트를 이용한 잡음파 i 잡음 측정 장비 그림 2. 6-포트 회로망 setup Fig. 2. Set-up for 6-port network noise parameter measurement. 포트 회로망의 구성 및 잡음전력 정의 그림 3. 6 Fig. 3. The definition of noise waves and the configuration of 6-port network. 라미터를 측정하기 위해서는, 삽입된 6-포트 회로망의 포 트 1 4에서의 잡음 출력 기여를 교정하는 것이 필요하 다. 이를 위해서 기존 8-포트 회로망 측정장비와 유사하 게 각 포트의 잡음 출력을 그림 3과 같이 정의하였다. DUT 내의 잡음 전원은 그림 3에 보인 바와 같이 DUT의 121

4 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 26, no. 2, Feb 입력 및 출력에 잡음이 없는 이상적인 50 Ω 부하를 연결 하였을 때 나타나는 주파수 영역에서 잡음 전압으로,, 로 나타낼 수 있다. 이때, 는 상관관계가 있기 때문에 식 (2)와 같은 잡음 상관 행렬(noise correlation matrix)로 나타낼 수 있게 된다. [11],[12] C (2) 포트 회로망의 내부 잡음도 식 (1)의 DUT 잡음 상관 행렬과 유사하게 정의될 수 있다. 6-포트 회로망의 모든 포트에 잡음이 없는 50 Ω 부하가 연결되었을 때 50 Ω 부 하에 나타나는 잡음전력으로 6-포트 회로망의 내부 잡음을 표시할 수 있게 된다. 이를 그림 3에서는 포트 1 4로 나 타나는 잡음 전압 로 정의하였으며, DUT가 연결 되는 포트 5 및 6으로 나타나는 잡음 전압을 및 로 정의하였다. 이것들은 각각 벡터 c, 및 c 로 나타낸다. 그 림 3에서 의 경우, 포트 5에 사용된 연결 케이블의 손 실 및 LNA1의 입력 잡음 전압에 기인한다. 반면, 의 경우, 점선 친 부분의 6-포트 회로망과 LNA1의 출 력잡음에 기인한다. 보통 LNA의 경우, 입력과 출력잡음 은 상관관계를 갖고 있기 때문에 및 와 는 상관관계를 갖게 된다. 6- (a) Port 1 e i (b) Port 2 Ⅲ. 6-포트 회로망 잡음교정 그림 3의 6-포트 회로망은 잡음을 포함하여 식 (3)과 같 이 나타낼 수 있다. b = S 6a + c (3) 여기서 포트 1 4는 앞서 출력 포트가 되며, 이것을 첨자 e로 나타내고, DUT 연결 포트는 포트 번호 5, 6을 할당하 였으며, 이것을 첨자 i로 나타내었다. 이와 같이 정의한 후 식 (3)의 S 을 partition하여 나타내면 식 (4)와 같다. 6 (c) Port 3 포트 1 3에서 잡음출력 비교(잡음원은 포트 5에 연결) Fig. 4. Comparison of the measured noise powers at ports 1 3(Noise source is connected to port 5). 그림 æ b e ö æ S ee ç =ç è bi ø è Sie S ei öæ a e ö æ ce ö ç + ç Sii øè ai ø è ci ø (4) 또한 2-포트 DUT에 대해서도, 유사하게 식 (5)와 같이

5 6-. bd = SDaD + c D (5) (5) (4) (6). be = Mae + Qci + ΛcD + c e (6) - ( ) 1 Λ = S I - S S ei ii D M = S + ΛS S ee D ie Q = ΛS D (7) a e SP4T 50Ω, c e c i 6-. (6) c e c i, DUT., c e c i.. 6- LNA, 6-, LNA 3.. c e c e (8). ce = co 1r1 + co2r2 + N s (8) N s 6-, c i., r 1, r 2 (4) S ei (column) (column vector) c i c e 5 open, short load, 6 50 Ω, 1 4,. b e 2 (, )., 5 6 (, ), c i c e. (, ) 3.,,, open, short offset-open. offset-open open open. (6) c i c e, b e 2 β D, β D DUT. βd = d( ΛCDDΛ ) (9). (9),. (9), (10). y = Ax ( c c c c ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 æ * * l11 l12 l11l12 l11l ö 12 ç ç 2 2 * * l21 l22 l21l22 l21l 22 A = ç ç 2 2 * * l31 l32 l31l32 l31l ç * * ç l41 l42 l41l42 l41l è 42 ø T x = (10) (10) (6) Λ (element), x (1) DUT. 2- DUT S-, NF min, R n, S opt [13].. 잡음파라미터측정, Ω,

6 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 26, no. 2, Feb 그림 5. Fig. 5. Noise calibration. (a) c 11 and c 22 (b) c 12, c 21, C (11) c 11 c 22 0 db,, ±0.2 db. c 12 c 21 0, db, 10 K... Mini Circuit 10-dB VAT-10W2. 10-dB, S-, [12].,. 10-dB. 10-dB S-parameter 6. 6 (reference) NFmin, 50-Ω. 6-., 결론 8-6-,. 1) 6 : 6-., 2 18 GHz. 2) Fluctuation : 124

7 포트 회로망을 이용한 잡음 파라미터 측정 6- (a) NFmin 가 그림 6에 보였듯이 상당한 fluctuation을 보이고 있다. 이는 다른 방법에 비하여 상당한 개선된 것이 나, 여전히 개선의 여지를 가지고 있다. 이는 실시간 측정과 측정방법의 개선으로 개선될 것으로 보인다. 3) 임피던스 튜너를 이용한 검증: 국내에는 아직 잡음 측정 장비가 보편화 되지 않고 있는 실정이다. 잡음 파라미터는 임피던스 튜너에 의하여 보편적으로 측 정되는데, 이는 임피던스 튜너를 최소 잡음점으로 구동하는 전문적인 SW가 필요하게 된다. 이것보다 는 이러한 전문적인 구동 SW 없이 임피던스 튜너를 가변하고 변화된 모든 임피던스에 대한 잡음지수를 측정할 수 있다. 또한, 도출된 잡음 파라미터를 이용 할 경우, 모든 전원 임피던스에 대한 잡음지수를 예 측할 수 있으므로, 향후 계산된 결과와 임피던스 튜 너를 이용하여 측정된 잡음지수와 비교함으로써 본 논문에서 추출된 잡음 파라미터의 정확도를 평가하 려고 한다. References (b) Rn 감쇠기 (c) Sopt 에 대해 측정된 잡음 파라미터 그림 db DUT Fig. 6. Measured noise parameters for 10 db attenuator DUT. [1] IRE Subcommittee on Noise, "IRE standards on methods of measuring noise in linear two ports 1959", Proc. IRE, vol. 48, pp , Jan [2] R. Q. Lane, "The determination of device noise parameter", Proc. IEEE, vol. 57, pp , [3] M. S. Gupta, "Determination of the noise parameters of a linear 2-port", Electron. Lett., vol. 6, no. 17, pp , Aug [4] M. Garelli, G. A. Ferrero, and S. Bonino, "A complete noise- and scattering-parameters test-set", IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 57, no. 3, pp , Mar [5] Agilent Technologies, "New ultra fast noise parameter test system", Apr [6],,, "Simplified calibration of six-port network for noise parameters measurement",, 1(1), p. 324, [7] A. -R. Ahmed, K. -W. Yeom, "An extraction of two-port 압둘 라흐만 이동현 염경환 국전자파학회하계종합학술대회논문집 년월 한 125

8 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 26, no. 2, Feb noise parameters from measured noise powers using an extended six-port network", IEEE Trans on Microwave Theory and Tech., vol. 62, no. 10, pp , Oct [8], -,,, "8- - DUT ",, 25(8), pp , [9] L. F. Tiemeijer, R. J. Havens, R. Kort, and A. J. Scholten, "Improved Y-factor method for wide-band on-wafer noise parameter measurements", IEEE Trans Microw. Theory. Tech., vol. 53, no. 9, pp , Sep [10] G. Dambrine, H. Happy, F. Danneville, and A. Cappy, "A new method for on wafer noise measurement", IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 41, no. 3, pp , Mar [11] S. W. Wedge, D. B. Rutledge, "Wave techniques for noise modeling and measurement", IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. vol. 40, no. 11, Nov [12] S. W. Wedge, "Computer-aided design of low noise microwave circuits", Ph.D. Dissertation, California Institute of Technology, [13] H. Hillbrand, P. H. Russer, "An efficient method for computer aided noise analysis of linear amplifier networks", IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol. 23, no. 4, Apr [14] Agilent Technologies, Agilent N8973A, N8974A, N89-75A, NFA Series Noise Figure Analyzers, Data Sheet, [Available on line] home.agilent.com/ [15] G. F. Engen, "The six-port reflectometer: an alternative network analyzer", IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 25, no. 12, Dec [16] D. B. Rutledge, S. W. Wedge, Microwave six-port noise parameter analyzer: US patent, US A, : ( ) : ( ) : ( ) : ( ) (MIC ) : ( ) : ( ) : ( )LTI : [ 주관심분야 ], MMIC Abdul-Rahman Ahmed : Kwame Nkrumah Univ. of Sci. & Tech., BSc. Elect. /Electro. Eng. Ghana ( ) : University of Hull, MSc. Radio Systems Eng. U.K. ( ) : : Lecturer: Kwame Nkrumah Univ. of Sci. & Tech., Ghana [ 주관심분야 ] 126

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