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1 성인간호학회지제25권제2호, 2013년 4월 Korean J Adult Nurs Vol. 25 No. 2, , April 2013 ISSN 근치적전립선적출술후요실금에대한케겔운동의효과 : 무작위대조군실험연구의체계적문헌고찰 박성희 1 조윤수 2 곽미정 3 이희선 2 강창범 4 배재대학교간호학과 1, 고려대학교안암병원간호부 2, 고려대학교안암병원적정진료관리팀 3, 한국건강증진재단연구개발팀 4 Effect of Kegel Exercise on Urinary Incontinence after Radical Prostatectomy: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Park, Seong-Hi 1 Cho, Yun Su 2 Kwack, Mi Jeong 3 Lee, Hee Seon 4 Kang, Chang-Bum 5 1 School of Nursing, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 2 Department of Nursing Service, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 3 Quality Improvement Team, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 4 Department of Nursing Service, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 5 Research Development Team, Korea Health Promotion Foundation, Seoul, Korea Purpose: This study is reviewed of the available literature to identify the evidence of the value of Kegel exercise programs as an intervention to decrease urinary incontinence and the improvement of the quality of life following a radical prostatectomy in localized prostate cancer. Methods: We searched studies of randomized controlled trials that utilized the Kegel exercise programs with patient with a radical prostatectomy. The review was conducted electronic bibliographic database of Ovid-Medline, Embase, Scopus, KoreaMed and NDSL, etc. Of 630 publications identified, seven studies that met the inclusion criteria, and all studies analyzed by meta-analysis. To ensure the quality of the studies, we used Cochrane's Risk of Bias. Results: Kegel exercise helped patient to achieve continence more quickly (after 1, 3, 6, 12 months) than men not using Kegel exercises. Especially, Kegel exercise significantly reduced the development of urinary incontinence at one month after prostatectomy. The effectiveness of Kegel exercise after prostatectomy was found to improve the quality of life at a significant level. Conclusion: Based on available evidence, Kegel exercise that nurses can teach improved the return to continence more than usual care in men with prostatectomy urinary incontinence. Key Words: Urinary incontinence, Exercise therapy, Prostatectomy, Review 서론 1. 연구의필요성우리나라의 65세이상고령인구는 2010 년 545만명 (11.0%), 2030년 1,269만명 (24.3%), 2040년 1,650만명 (32.3%) 에이 를전망으로 (Statistic Korea, 2012), 최근고령인구의증가, 식생활의서구화등과함께새로운진단법의개발에힘입어전립선암의발생빈도가현저히증가하고있다. 2011년국가암등록사업을통해확인된 2009년암발생통계분석결과, 남녀모두 5대암이전체암발생의 2/3 이상을차지하였으며남자의경우위암, 대장암, 폐암, 간암에이 주요어 : 요실금, 골반저근운동, 전립선적출술, 체계적문헌고찰 Corresponding author: Cho, Yun Su Department of Nursing Service, Korea University Anam Hospital, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: , yun0303@kumc.or.kr 투고일 : 2012년 12월 7일 / 수정일 : 2013년 4월 20일 / 게재확정일 : 2013년 4월 23일 c 2013 Korean Society of Adult Nursing
2 박성희 조윤수 곽미정등 어전립선암이 5위로나타났다. 특히, 전립선암은전국단위암발생통계발표를시작한 1999년이후 2009년까지유방암과아울러지속적으로암발생률증가 1위를기록하고있으며, 이는미국에서도마찬가지의경향을보이고있다 (Ministry of Health & Welfare, 2011). 근치적전립선적출술 (radical prostatectomy) 은초기전립선암을치료하는주된방법으로, 수술적치료와함께이에대한합병증발생이증가하고있으며, 특히, 요실금은근치적전립선적출술후나타나는대표적인합병증으로이로인한삶의질에미치는영향은매우크다고할수있다 (Yoon, Hwang, & Kim, 2008). 전립선수술후발생하는요실금은배뇨근이상, 방광출구폐색, 내인성괄약근기능부전 (Intrinsic Sphincter Deficiency, ISD) 등이주된원인으로알려져있으며 (Han & Jeong, 2008), 수술후초기에는약 90% 의환자에서발생되고, 장기적으로는 2% 에서 60% 까지발생하는것으로보고되고있다 (Glazener, 2011). 다만, 요실금발생은수술후일정기간동안회복될수있으므로수술후요실금이발생했다고해서즉시, 이에대한수술을하는것은바람직하지않다. 근치적전립선적출술의경우 1년내지 1년반동안생활습관의변화, 골반저근강화를위한케겔운동, 방광훈련및약물치료등과같은보존적치료를시행하면서요실금의정도및양상을관찰하는것이요구되어진다 (Kim, 2011). 케겔운동은경제적이고부작용위험이적으면서요실금치료효과가뛰어나기때문에 (Gormley, 2002), 수술후보존적치료방법으로가장흔하게사용되며골반저근과방광기능복원을위해우선적으로선택하게되는중재방법이다 (Kim & Cho, 2012). Florators 등 (2002) 은집중적인구두설명 (verbal instructions) 과바이오피드백 (biofeedback) 을사용한케겔운동을시행한결과 6개월후요자제율 (continence rate) 이 91% 로나타나케겔운동을위한학습도구로구두설명과바이오피드백이모두효과적이라고보고하고있으며, 근치적전립선절제술후초기골반저근바이오피드백을이용한케겔운동의장기적효과에대한무작위대조군실험연구에서는수술후 12개월에요자제율이 96.1% 로대조군에비해유의하게높은결과를보고하고있다 (Ribeiro, 2010). 그러나아직까지효과적인케겔운동방법이표준화되어있지않아다양한자세 ( 누운자세, 앉은자세, 선자세 ) 에서여러방법 ( 바이오피드백, 골반저근전기자극요법 ) 을통해골반저근의수축횟수나수축지속시간, 훈련기간이다양하게적용 되고있으며, 이에따라케겔운동의효과도다양하게나타나고있다. 전립선적출술환자들의요실금예방을위해서는효율적인골반저근운동 ( 케겔운동 ) 을할수있도록정보와교육을제공하고지속적으로운동을스스로할수있도록자가간호역량을개발해야한다 (Kim, 2007). 지금까지외국에서는근치적전립선적출술후요실금발생과케겔운동에대해서많이연구되고있으나국내에서는여성요실금에대한연구만다수진행되었을뿐남성의배뇨문제에대한연구는매우부족한실정이다. 이에근치적전립선적출술후케겔운동이요실금에얼마나효과가있는지에대해체계적인문헌고찰을함으로써수술후초기간호중재활동에대한적용가능성을제시하고자한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계본연구는근치적전립선적출술환자에게시행한케겔운동이요실금발생과삶의질에미치는효과를검증한무작위대조군실험연구들에대한체계적문헌고찰연구이다. 2. 문헌검색전략본연구는코크란연합 (Cochrane Collaboration) 의중재법에대한체계적문헌고찰핸드북및 PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) 그룹이제시한체계적문헌고찰보고지침에따라수행되었다. 1) 핵심질문 (Key Question) 연구대상 (Participants): 근치적전립선적출술환자 중재 (Interventions): 전문가에의해훈련된케겔운동 ( 바이오피드백및전기자극제외 ) 비교중재 (Comparisons): 일상간호 ( 교육자료제공및비훈련등 ) 중재결과 (Outcomes): 요실금여부및삶의질 연구유형 (Type of studies): 무작위대조군실험연구 2) 문헌검색데이터베이스문헌검색은인터넷기반전자데이터베이스 (DB) 를활용하 220 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
3 근치적전립선적출술후요실금에대한케겔운동의효과 : 무작위대조군실험연구의체계적문헌고찰 였다. 국내 DB는 KoreaMed 와국가과학기술정보센터 (NDSL) 를이용하여 2012년 6월 1일검색하였다. 또한, 관련분야를다루는학술지가포함될수있도록한국간호과학회, 성인간호학회, 여성건강간호학회와대한비뇨기과학회및대한배뇨장애요실금학회의홈페이지를통해학술지검색을추가하였다. 국외 DB는 COSI 모델 (Bidwell & Jensen, 2000) 에의거하여, Ovid-Medline 과 Embase 및 Scopus를이용하였으며, 검색일은 2012년 4월 18일이었다. 문헌검색시데이터베이스와학술지의검색범위는출판년도를제한하지않았다. 3) 검색어국내 DB는검색기능을고려하여간단한용어를사용하였다. KoreaMed 에서는 prostate and pelvic floor muscle' 을이용하였으며, NDSL에서는 골반저근육 으로검색하였다. 한국간호과학회에서는 골반, 골반저, 골반저근육 으로모두검색되지아니하여 요실금 으로, 여성건강간호학회와성인간호학회에서는 전립선 과 골반 으로각각검색하였다. 대한비뇨기과학회와대한배뇨장애요실금학회에서는 전립선과골반 (prostate and pelvic muscle) 두단어를통합하여검색하였다. 국외 DB는효율적검색을위해 PubMed에서 MeSH DB를통해 Kegel exercise 나 pelvic floor muscle exercise 등이표현되는 MeSH 용어를확인하였으나두단어모두 MeSH 용어로선정되어있지않았다. 따라서 Ovid-Medline 에서는논문제목, 초록및부주제어 (subheadings) 등의프리텍스트 (free text) 검색이가능하도록 Kegel exercise.mp, Kegel exercise$.mp 또는 pelvic floor exercise.mp 형식으로검색하였다. Embase 에서는검색용어가다르게선정될수있어 Emtree 기능을확인하였다. 검색결과 Kegel exercise 가 pelvic floor muscle training 용어로변환됨을확인하고이를활용하였다. Embase와 Scopus에서사용된검색어는 Ovid-Medline 과동일하였다. 무작위대조군실험연구에대한검색필터 (search filter) 는 SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) 에서제시한검색전략을활용하였다. 피드백이나직장전기자극요법과함께수행된경우는제외하였으며, 영어와한국어로발표된연구로제한하였다. 3. 문헌선택과정국내 DB에서는 KoreaMed 3개, NDSL 7개, 대한간호학회지 11개, 여성건강간호학회지 1개, 성인간호학회지 1개, 대한비뇨기과학회지 30개, 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지 3개로총 56개문헌이, 국외 DB는 Ovid-Medline 149개, Embase 301 개, Scopus 124개로총 574개문헌이검색되었다. 우선국내외각 DB에서검색된총 630개문헌의중복여부를확인하였다. 국내문헌은목록을프린트하여일일이대조한결과, 4개문헌이중복되었고, 국외문헌은레퍼런스매니저 (Reference Manager) 10.0 프로그램을이용하여확인한결과, 112개문헌이중복되었다. 선택및배제기준에따른문헌추출과정은정확성을기하기위해 4차례반복되었다. 중복검색여부를확인한총 514개문헌을대상으로우선초록을중심으로문헌을선택하였으며, 초록만으로문헌선정이어려운경우는전문 (full text) 을찾아확인하기까지결정을보류하였다. 배제사유는케겔운동이주중재가아닌경우가 204개로가장많았고, 연구대상이남성만아닌경우가 162개, 종설이나사설, 학회발표자료등원저가아닌경우가 72개, 케켈운동과다른중재가혼합된경우가 28 개, 무작위대조군실험연구설계가아닌문헌이 21개, 기타사유로배제된문헌이 20개이었다. 따라서중복제거된문헌 514개중 507개문헌 (98.6%) 이배제되고, 7개문헌이최종선택되었다. 문헌선택과정은초록을중심으로한 3차까지는 2명의연구자, 최종단계는 3명의연구자에의해독립적으로수행되었다. 의견불일치가있는경우는논의하여수렴하였으며, 합의되지않는경우는제3자개입의원칙을정하였으나연구자간이견없이진행되었다 (Figure 1). 4. 문헌의질평가 4) 문헌선택및배제기준검색된문헌은임상적국소전립선암 (clinically localized prostate cancer) 으로근치적전립선적출술을받은환자를대상으로케겔운동이주중재로수행된무작위대조군실험연구중요실금여부및삶의질에대한중재결과가하나이상보고된연구를선택하였다. 케겔운동이시행되었더라도바이오 문헌의질은코크란연합의 Cochrane's Risk of Bias 도구를사용하여평가하였다. 이는무작위대조군실험연구에대한질평가방법으로무작위배정순서생성, 배정순서은폐, 참여자와연구자눈가림, 결과평가자의눈가림 (blinding), 불완전한결과의처리, 선택적결과보고, 타당도를위협하는다른잠재적편중위험의 7가지영역을평가하는문항으로이 Vol. 25 No. 2,
4 박성희 조윤수 곽미정등 Identification 574 of records identified through Ovid-Medline, Embase and Scopus database searching 56 additional records identified through KoreaMed, NDSL and related Journal sources Screening Eligibility Included 630 records of abstract screened in duplicate by two investigators 514 of records screened by Abstract 16 of full-text articles assessed for eligibility by three investigators 7 studies included in qualitative and quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) 116 of records excluded because of duplication Total 507 of records excluded as follows; - Kegel exercise is not main intervention=204 - Improper subjects=162 - Non original articles=72 - Extra interventions applied=28 - Not designed RCT study=21 - Others=20 Figure 1. Study flow diagram. 루어져있다. 또한, 각문항은문헌에기술된내용에따라편중의위험이높음 (high), 낮음 (low), 불명확 (unclear) 3가지수준으로판정된다. 질평가결과, 전체적으로각영역에대해편중의위험이높음으로평가된문헌은하나도없었다. 2개의문헌 (Dubbelman, Groen, Wildhagen, Rikken, & Bosh, 2010; Filocamo, 2005) 에서는배정순서은폐와눈가림에대한언급이없어 4~5개의영역만을충족하는양상을보였으며, 이외 5개의문헌 (Centemero, 2010; Glazener, 2011; Manassero, 2007; Overgard, Angelsen, Lyndersen, & Mo rkeved, 2008; Tienforti, 2012) 에서는모두 6~7가지영역을모두충족하는고품질의문헌이었다 (Figure 2). 5. 자료분석자료분석은평가에필요한모든자료를빠짐없이추출하기위하여근거표 (evidence table) 기본서식을작성하여시범적으로서식적절성을검토한후사용되었다. 근거표는문헌에기술된결과를정확히기술하기위해 2명의연구자가각각독립적으로작성한후그결과를서로교차확인하였고, 이과 정은 3차례반복되었다. 선택된문헌총 7개를토대로 Cochrane Review Manager software 5.1 (RevMan) 을이용하여메타분석하였다. 효과추정치는이분형변수인요실금여부는통합교차비 (pooled odds ratio, OR) 로, 연속형변수인삶의질은각문헌에서측정된도구가달라표준화된평균차이 (Standardized Mean Difference, SMD) 로기술하였다. 주요결과가평균값만제시된경우는측정값의표준편차를추출할수없는제한으로인해메타분석에포함하지못하였다. 각결과변수의평균효과와 95% 신뢰구간은이분형자료인경우는멘텔-핸젤 (Mantel- Haenszel) 방법을사용한고정효과모형 (fixed-effects model) 으로, 연속형결과변수는역분산 (inverse variance) 방법을사용하여분석하였다. 문헌들간이질성 (heterogeneity) 존재여부는유의수준 5% 미만으로하여 Higgins의 I 2 동질성검사 (I-squared test) 로평가하였으며, I 2 의판단기준은 50% 를초과하는경우이질성이있다고판단하였다 (Higgins & Green, 2011). 메타분석에서이질성이있는경우는원인을조사하기위해추출된값을재확인하고특성을분석하였으며, 이를토대로세부분석을포함한추가분석을수행하였다. 출판편중 (publication bias) 은그래프 (funnel plot) 로제시하였다. 222 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
5 근치적전립선적출술후요실금에대한케겔운동의효과 : 무작위대조군실험연구의체계적문헌고찰 Figure 2. Risk of bias graph. 연구결과 1. 체계적문헌고찰대상문헌의일반적특성근치적전립선적출술후시행된케겔운동에대한근거평가에선택된문헌은총 7개로, 모두 2005년이후에출판된최근문헌이었다. 이탈리아가 4편으로가장많았고네덜란드, 노르웨이, 영국이각각 1편씩으로주로유럽을중심으로활발한연구경향을보였다. 연구대상은모두임상적국소전립선암으로진단받고근치적전립선적출술을시행한 60대환자였으며, 4편이 100명이상의대규모연구로진행된경우이었다. 케겔운동은대개비뇨기과의전문간호사나물리치료사에의해수술후또는가정방문을통해여러차례훈련되었으며, 이후추적관찰기간동안외래방문이나전화등을통해다시피드백되었다. 평균 10초수축하고 10초이완을반복하는방법으로하루에적게는 30 회에서 150회까지다양한양상으로 3개월에서 12개월동안지속적으로시행되었다. Centemero 등 (2010) 의연구를제외하고는모두 6개월이상장기간추적관찰되었으며, 케겔운동의효과를 1개월, 3개월, 6개월및 12개월시점에서반복적으로측정하였다. 그럼에도불구하고연구진행과정중대상자의탈락이없거나비교적낮은편으로, 20% 이상의탈락률을보이는연구는없었다. 요실금발생은모든문헌에서측정되었고, 이중에서중증요실금은 4개문헌 (Centemero, 2010; Dubbelman et al., 2010; Filocamo, 2005; Glazener, 2011) 에서측정되었다. 요실금에대한삶의질은 2개문헌에서보고되 었는데, Glazener 등 (2011) 의연구에서는 ICIQ-UI SF (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Urinary Incontinence Short Form) 로, Centemero 등 (2010) 의연구에서는 ICS-male SF (International Continence Societymale Short Form) 도구로측정되었다 (Table 1). 2. 케겔운동의효과크기 1) 요실금발생케겔운동후요실금발생은모든문헌에서측정되었다. 근치적전립선적출술후요실금발생의측정시기는문헌마다달랐으나해당문헌에서최종측정된시점을중심으로메타분석한결과, 통합교차비 0.45 (95% CI 0.33, 0.61) 로, 케겔운동을시행한경우그렇지않은경우보다요실금발생이더낮은것으로나타났으며, 두군간효과크기는통계학적으로유의한차이를보였으나 (Z=5.10, p<.001), 문헌들간이질성은다소높은수준이었다 (I 2 =73.0%, p=.001)(figure 3). 이질성의원인을파악하기위해측정시점에따라요실금의발생이다를것으로예상되어 1개월, 3개월, 6개월및 12개월시점에서각각측정된요실금발생여부를구분하여분석하였다. 메타분석결과, 근치적전립선적출술후측정시점에관계없이케겔운동의효과가있었으며 (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.25, 0.37), 이는통계학적으로모두유의하였다 (Z=12.00, p <.001). 시점별로살펴보면, 수술후 1개월시점의통합교차비는 0.32 (95% CI 0.20, 0.51) 였으며, 효과크기는통계학적으로유의하였고 (Z=4.76, p<.001) 문헌들간이질성은없었다 (I 2 =29.0 %, p=.23). 수술후 3개월시점의통합교차비는 0.26 (95% Vol. 25 No. 2,
6 박성희 조윤수 곽미정등 Table 1. Characteristics of Selected Studies Year of publication Authors Country Participants Inclusion criteria Total Exp. Cont. Age (year) Kegel exercise drop out n(%) Follow up (months) Outcomes measures UI Severe UI UI Sx & QoL 2012 Tienforti Italy ct1a-ct2b prostate cancer with RP ~67 Supervised training 3 sets daily of 10 min each 5 seconds contraction and relaxation none 1, 3, Glazner UK Prostate cancer with RP months training with therapist 20 (4.7) Centemero Italy ct1a-ct2a-b prostate cancer with open nerve-sparing RP ~60 Training guided by a single physiotherapist twice per week for 1 month None 1, Dubbelman Netherlands Prostate cancer with RP Therapist guided training One series of 10 contractions performed during a period of 1~3 min; 150 contractions per daily 13 (16.5) Overgard Norway clinically localized prostate cancer operated with open RP ~62 Training guided by physiotherapist for 45 min once weekly; 3 sets of 10 contractions daily 5 (5.9) 1, 3, 6, Manassero Italy clinically localized prostate cancer operated with RP ~68 Training program; 45 contractions (3 sessions of 15 per daily) 13 (12.1) 1, 3, 6, Filocamo Italy T1 or T2 prostate cancer with RP Daily 3 sets of exercises; 10 contractions lasting 5 seconds with 10 seconds of muscle relaxation 2 (0.7) 1, 3, 6, 12 RP=radical prostatectomy; Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group; UI=urinary incontinence; UI Sx & QoL=urinary incontinence symptoms and quality of life. 224 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
7 근치적전립선적출술후요실금에대한케겔운동의효과 : 무작위대조군실험연구의체계적문헌고찰 CI 0.18, 0.36) 이었으며, 효과크기는통계학적으로유의한차이가있었고 (Z=7.92, p<.001) 문헌들간이질성은증가하였다 (I 2 =76.0%, p=.003). 수술후 6개월시점의통합교차비는 0.21 (95% CI 0.14, 0.32) 이었으며, 효과크기는통계학적으로유의한차이가있었고 (Z=7.14, p<.001) 문헌들간이질성은높았다 (I 2 =74.0%, p<.001). 수술후 12개월의통합교차비는 0.48 (95% CI 0.33, 0.70) 이었으며, 효과크기는통계학적으로유의한차이가있었고 (Z=3.90, p<.001) 문헌들간이질성은높았다 (I 2 =82.0%, p<.001) (Figure 3). 2) 중증요실금발생중증요실금의발생은 4개문헌에서측정되었다 (Centemero, 2010; Dubbelman, 2010; Filocamo, 2005; Glazener, 2011). 메타분석결과, 통합교차비 0.75 (95 % CI 0.53, 1.06) 로, 케겔운동을시행한경우그렇지않은경우보다중증요실금발생이더낮은양상을보였으나두군간효과크기는통계학적으로유의한차이는없었으며 (Z=1.61, p=.11), 문헌들간이질성은중간수준이었다 (I 2 =41.0%, p=.17)(figure 3). 3) 요실금증상과삶의질케겔운동후요실금증상과삶의질에대한효과는 2개문헌에서측정되었다. 메타분석결과, 요실금증상과삶의질은평균 (95% CI -0.39, -0.04) 로케겔운동을시행한경우그렇지않은경우보다더나은양상을보였으며두군간효과크기는통계학적으로유의한차이를보였고 (Z=2.37, p=.02), 문헌들간이질성은높은수준이었다 (I 2 =75.0%, p=.05) (Figure 3). 3. 출판편중 Funnel plot을통해살펴본결과, 출판편중은없는것으로확인되었다 (Figure 4). 논의본연구는국소전립선암으로근치적전립선적출술을받은환자에있어서케겔운동이요실금과삶의질에미치는영향을규명하기위해시행되었으며, 이를위하여체계적문헌고찰을통하여연구대상자의특성과연구의중재특성에관하여고찰한후메타분석을통하여케겔운동이중증요실금을비롯한 요실금과삶의질에미치는영향을살펴보았다. 본연구에서는다음사항을고려하여분석대상문헌을결정하였다. 첫째, 요실금과관련한많은연구들에서케겔운동에더해바이오피드백이나직장전기자극요법을함께적용한후그효과를분석하고있으나, 본연구에서는독자적으로적용가능한간호중재의근거를제시하고자별도의장비와기구를사용하지않고간호사가전문가로훈련받아중재를제공할수있는순수케켈운동만을적용한연구를분석대상으로하였다. 둘째, 케겔운동이요실금에미치는효과에대한신뢰성높은결론을도출하고자근거의강도가가장높은무작위대조군실험연구만을분석대상으로하였다. 분석된총 7편의논문은모두 2005년이후에이루어졌는데, 이중이탈리아의 4편을비롯하여모두유럽에서시행된연구로근치적전립선적출술후케겔운동에따른요실금과삶의질에대한연구들이외국에서는많이보고되고있으나국내에서는매우부족한실정임을알수있다. 케겔운동은약해진골반저근을강화하고탄력성을증진시킴으로써요실금증상을치료하고부작용과합병증이없는가장안전한행동요법의하나 (Sampselle, 2000) 로근치적전립선적출술후방광기능과골반저근을복원하기위해가장일반적으로사용되는최우선의치료이며보존적인방법 (Kim & Cho, 2012) 으로경제적이고치료효과도높아많이권장되고있다 (Gormley, 2002). 그러나국내의경우남성의배뇨문제는여성의배뇨문제에비해집중을덜받은경향이있으며, 전립선절제술환자를대상으로수술후의주요간호문제를확인하고요실금에대한예방과치료를위해케겔운동을포함한자가간호증상관리기술을적용한 Kim (2007) 의연구가있을뿐이므로, 근치적전립선적출술후케겔운동을적용하고요실금에미치는효과를확인하는연구가활발히진행되어야할것이다. 분석에포함된총 7편논문의연구대상자연령은모두 60대이상이며, 연구대상자수를살펴보면최소 32명에서최대 411 명으로평균 161명을대상으로수행되었으며이중 4편은 100명이상을대상으로한대단위연구이었다. 분석된논문에서케겔운동의적용은요실금및발기부전에대한표준화된관리법을교육받고훈련된경험이많은실금전문가, 물리치료사또는비뇨기과간호사에의해시행된반면케겔운동자체에있어서는연구자마다운동방법이상이하고근육의수축과이완방법, 운동시작시점, 빈도, 1회소요시간, 반복횟수및기간에있어다양하게적용되고있었다. 케겔운동은교육을받은후에도골반저근이겉으로보이지 Vol. 25 No. 2,
8 박성희 조윤수 곽미정등 Urinary incontinence Urinary incontinence at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months Severe urinary incontinence Quality of life Figure 3. Comparison outcomes of Kegel exercise versus control. 226 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
9 근치적전립선적출술후요실금에대한케겔운동의효과 : 무작위대조군실험연구의체계적문헌고찰 A. Urinary incontinence B. Urinary incontinence at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after radical prostatectomy C. Severe urinary incontinence D. Quality of life Figure 4. Funnel plot of selected studies for effect size extraction. 않는숨겨진근육이므로자발적으로조절할수없다는생각때문에적절하게운동하지못할수있으며, 주의가부족할경우잘못시행될수있어이런경우운동의효과를기대하기어렵고요실금이악화될수있다 (Park, 2001). 즉, 케겔운동의성공여부는환자자신의지속적인노력과이행여부에달려있으며, 얼마나더정확하게근육을인식하고적절하게운동하도록교육하느냐가치료성공여부의관건이라할수있다 (Bridgeman & Roberts, 2010). 수술기법으로인해전립선수술의결과가향상되었음에도불구하고수술전, 후의전문교육자를통한골반저근운동에대한교육은요자제 (urinary continence) 에유의한영향을미치는것으로보고되고있다 (Parekh, 2003). 따라서국내에서도임상현장에서간호전문가가양성되어효과적인운동요법을교육하고적용함으로써운동의효과를높이고환자들에게만족감을줄수있도 록투자가이루어져야할것이며, 케겔운동의효과분석을위해서는표준화된중재방법에따른추후연구가반복적으로수행되어야할것이다. 케겔운동의결과변수인요실금발생은케겔운동을적용하지않은군보다낮은것으로나타났으며두군간의효과크기는통계학적으로유의한차이를보였다. 또한, 요실금에대한추적조사기간은최소 3개월에서최대 12개월까지로, 6개월이상장기적으로추적조사를실시한연구는 6편으로나타났다. 다만, 문헌간이질성이있어그결과를해석하는데제한점이있어그원인을분석하고자측정시점에따라케겔운동의효과를세부분석하였다. 근치적전립선적출술후케겔운동의효과는 1개월, 3개월, 6개월, 12개월모두시점에관계없이통계학적으로유의한차이를보여케겔운동이효과가있음을보여주고있다. 1개월시점에서만문헌들간이질성이없어케 Vol. 25 No. 2,
10 박성희 조윤수 곽미정등 겔운동의효과를검증할수있었으며, 3개월이후부터는문헌들간이질성이증가하는양상을보였다. 이는전립선암에대한근치적전립선적출술후 3주에서 6개월까지 30~50% 의초기에만요실금이발생되고, 수술후발생한요실금의비율이처음 4개월에가장높다는연구결과와아울러본연구에서선택된문헌에서도수술후시간이경과할수록요실금발생이줄어드는양상과함께비교해볼때, 수술후 3개월이후시점에서의이질성문제는여러환경과관련성이있어나타나는결과로추정해볼수있다 (Peyromaure, Ravery, & Boccon- Gibod, 2002). Dorey 등 (2004) 은케겔운동은발기부전을가진남성들에게성기능및성적만족도향상에효과적인치료이며효과를얻기위해서는정확한교육과적어도 3개월이상의지속적인실천이중요함을강조하고있다. 또한, Tibaek 등 (2007) 은경요도적전립선절제술전에케겔운동을적용함으로서수술후골반저근의힘을향상시켰다고보고하고있다. 그러므로전립선적출술전부터케겔운동을적용하여수술후의효과를향상시킬수있는중재프로그램을계획함이필요하다고할수있다. 본연구에서고찰한 4편의논문에서는케겔운동에따른중증요실금의영향을측정하였다. 케겔운동을시행한군에서중증요실금발생이보다낮은것으로나타났으나두군간의효과크기가통계학적으로유의하지않아중증요실금발생에는영향을미치지못하는것으로보고되었다. 이는케겔운동이모든근치적전립선적출술을받은환자에게적용되는것은아니며, 환자가운동을배우겠다는동기화가중요하며중증의요실금환자에게는효과가제한된다는연구 (Kim & Cho, 2012) 와일맥상통한다고할수있다. 그러나 Ju (2001) 는케겔운동에더해바이오피드백과방광훈련으로구성된여성요실금관리프로그램의효과연구에서효과가낮을것으로예상되었던중증요실금환자에서도요실금증상완화에높은효과가나타났다고보고하고있다. 이는케겔운동만을단독으로시행한연구가없어근거를제시하기에는부족한상황이나케겔운동에대한표준화와전문가에의한지속적인관리및수행이이루어진다면중증요실금에도효과가있을것으로사료되며이를확인할수있는추후연구가필요하다. 또한, 요실금증상과삶의질과의관계를언급한연구는 2 편으로케겔운동은요실금관련삶의질을높이는데효과가있는것으로나타났다. 이는 Kim (2007) 이케겔운동을포함한자가간호역량증진프로그램에참여한전립선절제술환자의삶의질이높다고보고한연구와일치하였다. 또한, Kim과 Choi (2004) 는전립선비대증환자의배뇨증상및이로인한 불편감을평가하여삶의질과의관계를보고한연구에서배뇨증상과이로인한불편감이큰문제가되며삶의만족도와는역상관관계가있으므로수술후방광기능을향상시키기위한해결방안으로케겔운동을체계적으로적용시키기위한간호중재의중요성을언급하고있다. 또한, 전립선적출술은요실금과성기능장애등을초래하고건강관련삶의질에영향을초래하므로 (Choe, Choi, Choi, Choi, & Lee, 2005; Yoon et al., 2008), 임상현장에서남성배뇨시하부요로계의불편감을증가시키게되는원인에따른증상과불편감관련삶의질의변화에대한심도있는접근이필요하며근치적전립선적출술을받은환자를대상으로다양한행동요법을적용한케겔운동이요실금및삶의질에미치는영향을살펴보는추후연구가요구된다. 마지막으로요실금증상과삶의질측정도구를살펴보면, 본연구논문들에서사용된 ICS-male SF는 Donovan 등 (2000) 이전립선질환을가진남성을대상으로하부요로계증상의발생및불편감을평가하고이들의삶에얼마나영향하는가를평가하기위해개발한총 14문항의도구로, 배뇨증상 (International Continence Society male Voiding Symptoms, ICSmaleVS) 관련 5문항, 실금증상 (International Continence Society male Incontinence Symptoms, ICSmaleIS) 관련 6문항, 빈뇨와야간빈뇨관련각 1문항을비롯하여요로계증상과관련하여나타나는삶의변화를측정하는 1문항 (International Continence Society Quality of Life, ICSQoL) 으로구성되어있다. ICSmaleVS 와 ICSmaleIS 는 0점 ( 전혀그렇지않다 ) 에서 4점 ( 항상그렇다 ) 까지의 5점척도이며빈뇨는 0점 (4시간이상 ) 에서 3점 ( 매시간마다 ) 까지의 4점척도이고야간빈뇨는 0점 ( 일어나지않는다 ) 에서 4점 (4번이상 ) 까지의 5점척도이며 ICSQoL은 0점 ( 전혀그렇지않다 ) 에서 3점 ( 매우그렇다 ) 의 4점척도로이루어져있으며, 답하기간결하면서도타당성과신뢰성있는도구로가장많이사용되고있다. 그러나이도구는배뇨증상과실금증상으로인한불편감에중점을두어개발된도구이므로요로계증상으로인한삶의변화를측정하는데에는제한점이있는것으로사료된다. 따라서하부요로증상과배뇨관련삶의질도구는특정건강문제와관련된영향만을측정하기보다는근치적전립선적출술을받은환자가겪게되는다양한신체적, 심리적, 사회적인영역및성기능장애등과관련된영향을측정할수있는표준화된도구개발이이루어져야할것으로사료된다. 이상에서케겔운동의효과크기검정시연구분석에포함된논문의이질성을확인한결과, 문헌들간이질성이높은것으 228 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
11 근치적전립선적출술후요실금에대한케겔운동의효과 : 무작위대조군실험연구의체계적문헌고찰 로확인되었다. 이는본연구에서의중재방법으로적용된케겔운동방법의상이성에서기인한것으로사료되며추후표준화되고통일화된케겔운동방법을적용한적극적인간호중재에관한연구가요구된다. 더불어객관적인측정지표를이용하여케겔운동의효과를입증할수있는연구가이루어져야할것으로보인다. 본연구는간호영역에서배뇨증상과관련된여성위주의기존연구와는달리남성의배뇨장애에초점을맞추어케겔운동이남성의요실금발생및그로인한삶의질에미치는영향을살펴보았다는점에서의의가있다. 또한, 케겔운동과함께전기적자극, 바이오피드백등의방법들이사용되고있으나일관되지않은결과들을보이고있는바다양한중재방법과케겔운동간의차이를확인하는연구를통해케겔운동은간호측면에서접근가능한중재방법임을재입증하고케겔운동의효과를극대화시킬수있는방법에대한연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 결론및제언본연구는국소전립선암으로근치적전립선적출술을받은환자에있어서케겔운동의효과에대한체계적문헌고찰을통해연구대상자의특성과연구의중재특성에관하여살펴보았고메타분석을통하여케겔운동이요실금및삶의질에미치는영향에대한효과크기를분석하였다. 그결과임상적으로널리사용되고있는케겔운동은근치적전립선적출술을받은환자들에게적용될때중증요실금을제외한측정시점별요실금및삶의질에모두효과가있는것으로나타났다. 이에간호사가케겔운동이필요한대상자들에게스스로건강을유지, 증진시킬수있도록교육적역할을담당하여동기를유발하고치료효과를나타내도록하는중추적인임상전문가로역할을다할수있을것으로사료된다. 따라서향후연구에서는전립선적출술을받은남성을대상으로한케겔운동의효과를극대화시킬수있는다양한간호중재방법및중증요실금에대한효과성을입증할수있는연구가활발히이루어져야할것이다. REFERENCES Bidwell, S., & Jensen, F. M. (2000). Etext on Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Information Resources. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved October 26, 2012, from chapter3.html#core Bridgeman, B., & Roberts, S. G. (2010). The method for Kegel exercises. American Journal of Mens Health, 4(1), Centemero, A., Rigatti, L., Giraudo, D., Lazzeri, M., Lughezzani, G., Zugna, D., (2010). Preoperative pelvic floor muscle exercise for early continence after radical prostatectomy: A randomised controlled study. European Urology, 57, Choe, J. H., Choi, Y. S., Choi, H. J., Choi, H. Y., & Lee, S. W. (2005). Quality of life and sexual outcomes: Radical prostatectomy and external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer. The Korean Journal of Urology, 46(9), Donovan, J. L., Peter, T. J., Abrams, P., Brookes, S. T., de aa Rosette, J. J., & Schafer, W. (2000). Scoring the short form ICSmaleSF questionnaire. The Journal of Urology, 164, Dorey, G., Speakman, M., Feneley, R., Swinkels, A., Dunn, C., & Ewings, P. (2004). Randomised controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle exercises and manometric biofeedback for erectile dysfunction. British Journal of General Practice, 54(58), Dubbelman, Y., Groen, J., Wildhagen, M., Rikken, B., & Bosch, R. (2010). The recovery of urinary continence after radical retropubic prostatectomy: A randomized trial comparing the effect of physiotherapist-guided pelvic floor muscle exercises with guidance by an instruction folder only. British Journal of Urology International, 106, Filocamo, M. T., Li, M., V, Del Popolo, G., Cecconi, F., Marzocco, M., Tosto, A., (2005). Effectiveness of early pelvic floor rehabilitation treatment for post-prostatectomy incontinence. European Urology, 48, Floratos, D. L., Sonke, G. S., Rapidou, C. A., Alivizatos, G. J., Deliveliotis, C., Constantinides, C. A., (2002). Biofeedback vs verbal feedback as learning tools for pelvic muscle exercises in the early management of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy. British Journal of Urology International, 89, Glazener, C., Boachie, C., Buckley, B., Cochran, C., Dorey, G., Grant, A., (2011). Urinary incontinence in men after formal one-to-one pelvic-floor muscle training following radical prostatectomy or transurethral resection of the prostate (MAPS): Two parallel randomised controlled trials. Lancet, 378, Gormley, E. A. (2002). Biofeedback & behavioral therapy for the management of female urinary incontinence. Urologic Clinics of North America, 29(3), Han, D. Y., & Jeong, H. J. (2008). Initial 4 cases experience of male sling procedure for the treatment in patients with post- Vol. 25 No. 2,
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