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1 레이더펄스압축기술의 Barker Code 에관한연구 김민수 * 구융서 * 이영철 ** A Study on Barker Code of Radar Pulse Compression Technique Min-Soo Kim * Ryung-Seo Koo * Young-Chul Rhee ** 요약 레이더에서거리분해능은정확한목표물구분을위해판단하는중요한성능파라미터이다. 기존의아날로그방식의레이더시스템의한계를극복하기위해, 현대레이더시스템설계목표는적은전송전력으로거리분해능을향상시키는것으로펄스압축기술에대한연구가활발히이루어지고있다. 수신단에서목표물구분을위해펄스압축기술에사용되는송신신호의변조방식은크게 FM방식과 PM방식으로나뉠수있다. 본논문에서는 PM방식인 Barker Code를이용하여펄스압축신호처리모듈을구현하고분석하였다. ABSTRACT Range resolution is important performance parameter to distinguish a target accurately. The destination of modern radar systems, to overcome the limitations of existing analog radar systems, is to improve the range resolution of the distance with low transmission power. For that reason, the research on pulse compression techniques is briskly studying. In the Receiver, modulation system of transmitted signal which has used in pulse compression technique is divided PM and FM to distinguish a target. In this paper, We analysed and designed the pulse compression signal processing module using the Baker Code which is the one of PM method s. 키워드 Pulse compression, Barker Code, Sidelobe Suppression, Phase modulation 펄스압축, 바커코드, 부엽억제, 위상변조 I. 서론일반적으로아날로그방식의펄스-레이더 (Pulse- Radar) 는높은거리분해능 (range resolution) 을얻기위해고출력의협대역펄스가사용되나, 협대역펄스를사용하면평균전송전력을감소시켜탐지거리가짧아지는단점이있었다 [1-2]. 현대디지털레이더시스템설계동향은적은전송전력으로거리분해능을향상시키고넓은탐지거리영역을확보하는것으로, 평균전송전력은레이더수신기의신호대잡음비 (SNR) 에직접적으로연관되기때문에충분한거리분해능을유지하면서펄스폭을증가시켜야한다 [3-4]. 반도체기술의발달과 DSP 및 FPGA와의접목이가능해짐에따라적은전송전력으로펄스-레이더와동일한높은거리분해능을확보할수있는펄스압축기술 (Pulse Compression Technique) 이각광받고있다 [5-8]. 펄스압축기술은그림 1과같이송신시신호의변조과정을통해펄스폭을확장하여전송하고, 수신시최 * 경남대학교정보통신공학과 (msigah@naver.com) 접수일자 : 심사 ( 수정 ) 일자 : 게재확정일자 :
2 한국전자통신학회논문지제 8 권제 4 호 적의 SNR을얻기위한정합필터의상관관계 (autocorela tion) 을통해출력에서펄스압축효과를얻을수있는기술이다. 일반적인아날로그펄스-레이더의평균전송전력은다음과같다. (1) 여기서 는전송전력, 는펄스폭, 는펄스의한주기이다. 이에따른거리분해능은다음과같다. (2) 그림 1. 펄스압축기술의개념 Fig. 1 Concept of pulse compression 펄스압축방식은변조기법에따라크게 FM(Frequency Modulation) 방식과 PM(Phase Modulation) 방식으로나뉜다. FM방식은주파수를시간에따라증가시켜도플러효과에강한신호수준을제공하는반면, 클러터 (clutter) 의영향을많이받기때문에부엽 (sidelobe) 추가적인가중치함수가필요로한다. 반면, PM방식은펄스내부의위상을송신시간에따라변화시키는방식으로 FM방식에비해도플러효과에민감하나, 부엽특성이우수하여속도를예측하거나도플러효과가적은목표물을추적하는데우수하다 [9-10]. 본논문에서는레이더시스템의수신단에적용하기위해추가적인가중치함수가필요없이간단히구현할수있는 PM방식중의하나인 Barker Code 를이용하여펄스압축신호처리모듈을구현하고분석하고자한다. II. 레이더신호 아날로그방식의펄스-레이더는그림 2와같이펄스를보내고반사되어돌아오는에코신호를분석하여정보를얻는다. 그림 2. 일반적인아날로그펄스 - 레이더 Fig. 2 General analog pulse-radar 여기서 c는빛의속도를나타내고 B는밴드폭을나타낸다. 대상의형태와크기를정의하기위해레이더는충분한분해능을가져야한다. 위수식 (2) 에서보이듯이높은분해능을얻기위해서는펄스폭이좁아져야하며펄스폭이좁아지면더욱정확한거리분해능을구현할수있다. 하지만수식 (1) 에서볼수있듯이펄스의최고출력과시간길이모두포함하는펄스에너지에비례한최대거리는분해능을향상시키기위하여펄스폭이좁아졌을때평균전송전력이줄어들어레이더의탐지거리가줄어드는단점이있다. 따라서평균전송전력을유지하여탐지거리를유지하게되면분해능이나빠지고거리분해능을높이기위하여펄스폭을줄여협대역펄스를사용할경우분해능은높아지나탐지거리의감소를가져올수있다. 레이더송신기기술은단일펄스의에너지혹은평균전력에미치는영향보다최대전력에제한되어있기때문이다. 레이더의정확도는레이더펄스의전송되는에너지에의하여결정된다. 정확도는평균송신전력의송신기듀티사이클에의한최대전력곱의형태로나타낼수있다. 비록최대송신전력이매 100kw 이상높더라도대부분의짧은레이더전송펄스를가지기때문에전송된평균전력은전력값의 1% 보다작게전달되어효율이낮아지게된다. 넓은수신기대역폭은레이더수신기를둔감하게하고, 감지범위가줄어들게된다. 레이더송신기는감도를보상하기위하여높은수준의첨두전력을전송하도록해야한다. 펄스압축레이더는전송기의첨두전력제한내에매우짧은펄스폭이가지는대부분의장점을가지기위해 Barker 코드와같은특정신호처리기법을이용한다. 펄스압축레이더에의해갖게되는짧은펄스의장점으로우수한분해능과넓은탐지거리를얻게된다. 542
3 나. 펄스압축의개념그림 4는펄스압축처리의개념을나타내고있다. 레이더시스템에서짧은펄스폭과큰최대전력을지닌파형을전송하려면수신단에서는높은거리분해능과양호한검파성능을갖는다. 펄스압축이란이러한파형대신에긴펄스폭과적은최대전력을지닌파형을전송하여도동일한거리분해능과검파성능을얻게하는레이더방식을말한다.[5] 펄스압축레이더는긴펄스를송신하기때문에평균전력을효과적으로사용할수있고또송신기에서높은첨두전력을만들필요가없으며, 펄스반복주파수 (PRF : Pulse Repeatition Frequency) 를높이거나레이더의탐지거리를감소시키는일이없이평균전력을높일수있다. 펄스압축을사용하는레이더는긴펄스를사용함으로서도플러 (doppler) 분해능도높일수있을뿐만아니라코딩신호를사용함으로서간섭신호에대한취약성도줄일수있다. 따라서펄스압축시스템은전송파형의대역폭을증가시키기위하여파형을변조하고, 수신된파형을압축하는시스템이다.[7] 레이더에서얻어지는거리분해능은다음의수식을따른다. 그림 3. 펄스압축처리개념구성 Fig. 3 Pulse compressing concept formation (6) 또한전송파형의전체전력은최대전력이 이고, 펄스폭이 일때, 로주어진다. 각각동일한최대전력을갖는파형을전송하고수신단에서의거리분해능도같다고할때, 펄스시스템에서전송되는전체전력에대한압축시스템에서전송되는총전력비는다음과같다 펄스압축에서전송파형의대역폭 와수신기의유 효펼스폭 와의관계는 이므로, 펄스압축비 는다음과같다. (9) (4) 식에의하여볼때, 넓은의미의펄스압축비는전송파형의펄스포과대역폭간의곱이라고할수있다. 그러므로펄스레이더인경우 은 1이고, 펄스압축레이더인경우 은 1보다큰임의의값을가지게된다. 그림 5는낮은전력의넓은에너지구간을가지는신호를펄스압축을통하여높은전력의짧은구간의전력으로변환한것이다. 레이더신호를 Barker 코드를삽입하여낮은전력의넓은구간으로신호를퍼뜨리고, 수신신호에 Barker 코드를곱하여펄스신호를압축하게되면수신된신호중 Barker Code는사라지게되고, 높은전력을갖는신호만남게된다. (7) (8) 여기서 는빛의속도이며, 는전송파형의대역폭이다. 일반적으로펄스레이더에서는전송파형의펄스폭이 일때대역폭 는 가된다. 펄스압축레이더는펄스폭이 인파형을전송하고수신단에서어떠한장치를통하여펄스폭 인압축된파형을얻음으로써결국펄스폭이 인파형을전송하는레이더시스템과같은거리분해능을가지게된다. 펄스폭 에대한전송된파형의펄스폭 의비를펄스압축비 (CR : pulse Compression Ratio) 라하며다음과같이표시한다. 그림 4. 펄스압축을사용한신호의변형 Fig. 4 Transformation of using pulse compression signal 543
4 한국전자통신학회논문지제 8 권제 4 호 다. Barker Code 표 1. 바커코드 Table 1. Barker Code Length Codes 어신호를, Tx단에서레퍼런스신호를출력한다. Rx 포트에서들어오는신호를 DSP 처리하여, MFD신호를생성하고, Ethernet 단자로 MFD신호를출력한다. 펄스압축레이더를위하여비주기상관함수의첨두부엽이주어진코드길이내에서가능한한최소가되는이진시퀀스를사용하여야한다. 자기상관함수또는영도플러응답의부엽이낮게나타나는코드가펄스압축레이더에서요구되는코드이다.[6] 표 1은 Barker 코드를나타낸다. Barker 코드는이진부호를세분화한특별한종류로서자기상관함수의최대값은 이고, 최소첨두부엽크기는 1 이다. 여기서 은부엽의수또는부호의길이를의미한다. Barker 코드는펄스압축레이더에서가장이상적인경우로서, 13보다긴 Barker 부호는없다. 그리고이 Barker 부호를사용하는펄스레이더는최대펄스압축비가 13 으로제한되어있다. III. 디지털레이더용신호처리모듈구현 그림 6. 신호처리모듈구성도 Fig. 6 Signal processing module diagram 신호처리기의구성도는그림 7과같다. 펄스생성기는수신단의펄스압축을위해펄스분산역할을하는 Barker 코드를삽입한다. 펄스코드의정보는 MFD로부터의거리정보 PRR(Pulse Repeatition Rate) 또는펄스폭에따라코드의길이는달라진다. I/Q Modulator 는 Barker 코드삽입으로인해, 실제정보신호만존재한다. Band limit 신호의생성및펄스압축의정확도를위해 Raised cosine filter를채택하였다. 그림 8의왼쪽은Digital Upconversion 후의 DAC 출력으로시뮬레이션상의 DAC 출력을보여준다. 시뮬레이션상에서 pi/2~+pi/2로나타나주파수가뒤집혀있는것처럼보인다. 오른쪽 PSA에찍힌 DAC 출력을보면시뮬레이션대로이루어졌다는것을알수있다. 0 그림 5. 신호처리모듈 Fig. 5 Signal processing module 본논문에서사용한신호처리모듈다음과같다. FPGA는 Altera 사의 Cyclone III를사용하였으며, RS485 인터페이스를사용하여 RF트랜시버와 SSPA제 Normalized Power Spectral Density (db) Frequency 그림 7. DAC 출력 ( 왼쪽 ) 시뮬레이션 ( 오른쪽 ) 실제측정 Fig. 7 DAC output (Left) simulation (Right) Measurement 544
5 그림 8은펄스압축후의신호를나타낸다. 펄스압축은 ADC로부터수신받은데이터를 Down conversion, LPF를거쳐펄스압축한데이터는신호처리과정에서의필터링으로인해시스템딜레이가나타나게된다 x 그림 8. 펄스압축후의신호딜레이 Fig. 8 Signal delay after the pulse compression IV. 시험결과 그림 10. FPGA 의신호내부의딜레이신호 Fig. 10 Delay signal of the inside of the signal of FPGA 그림 12는 2번째신호가펄스압축의최대값이며 3 번째신호가최대값이 delay를나타낸다. FPGA 내에서 684 샘플딜레이로계산이나왔고, 시스템클럭이 80MHz로동작되므로 684*0.0125us = 8.55us의시스템딜레이가계산되었다. 이를이용하여동축케이블의지연을계산하면, ( )*0.0125us = us 로계산이된다. 이는 NA가측정한 us와거의흡사한결과를보여준다. 가. 지연측정 그림 9. 테스트환경의구성 Fig. 9 Organization of the test environment 본논문에서, 디지털레이더용 DSP의송수신딜레이를측정할 RF장치및반사매개체가없으므로, 그림 10과같이디지털보드에서할수있는자체테스트를구성하였다. 200미터동축케이블을딜레이로가정하고, 디지털보드에서측정한딜레이와 NA(Network Analyzer) 의측정값과비교를하였다. NA에서측정한동축케이블딜레이는 us 였다. 디지털보드에서케이블딜레이측정은, 보드자체의시스템딜레이와케이블연결하였을때의딜레이의차를구하여계산하였다. 그림 11은 FPGA에서시스템딜레이관련한내부신호를보여준다. 그림 11. 제작한지연케이블을이용한딜레이측정결과 Fig. 11 Delay result of measurement of using the delay cable Ⅴ. 결론 본논문에서는디지털레이더에적용할수있는디지털신호처리모듈을구현하였다. 펄스압축알고리즘은 PM방식중하나인 Barker 코드를사용하였으며, Matlab을이용하여시뮬레이션을하였으며, 실제데이터와측정값을비교하였다. 송수신간의지연시간을 545
6 한국전자통신학회논문지제 8 권제 4 호 측정을하기위하여 RF장치및반사매개체대신 200m 동축케이블을사용하여테스트를하였다. 내부신호를측정하여, 구현한디지털레이더시스템에적용할수있음을확인하였다. 감사의글 본논문은교육과학기술부와한국연구재단의지역혁신인력양성사업으로수행된연구결과임 참고문헌 [1] Nadaw Levanon, Eli Mozeson, "radar signals", Wiley. pp , [2] Jerry. L. Eaves, Edward K. Reedy, Principles of Modern Radar, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, pp , [3] Kretschmer, F.F., Jr, New radar pulse compression waveforms, Radar Conference, 1988., Proceedings of the 1988 IEEE National, pp , 20-21, Apr [4] Byron Edde, Radar Principles, Technology, Applications, Prentice Hall, pp , [5] merrill skolnik, "Radae Handbook Third Edition", McGraw-Hill, pp , [6] Chen Xiao Hua, A new algorithm to optimize Barker code sidelobe suppression filters, Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on, pp , July [7] Hung-Wen Chen, High-quality pulse- compression of pre-chirped pulses in fiberamplifiers, Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), 2012 Conference on, pp. 1-2, 6-11, May, [8] Qadir, S.G., Kayani, J.K. Malik S. Digital Implementation of Pulse Compression Technique for X-band Radar, Applied Sciences & Technology, IBCAST International Bhurban Conference on / IBCAST [9] Nakagawa, K. Hanado, H. Takahashi, N. Satoh, S. Fukutani, K. Iguchi, T. Development of a C-band Polarimetric and Pulse Compression Radar in Okinawa, Japan, Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS IEEE International Conference on. July Aug. 4, [10] Hafez, A.E.S, New radar pulse compression codes by particle swarm algorithm, Aerospace Conference, 2012 IEEE, pp. 1-7, 3-10, March, [11]Hyunchul Bae. Jaekwon Kim. Jinwook Burm, The enhancement of Signal-to-Noise Ratio of SAW tags using 5-bit Barker code sequence, Microwave Conference (EuMC), 2010 European, 28-30, Sept. 2010, [12] Rihaczek, A.W, Range Sidelobe Suppression for Barker Codes, Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on, pp , Nov [13] 장연길, 이영철, 고속전송선로의신호왜곡과신호보전에관한연구, 한국전자통신학회논문지, 7 권, 2 호, pp , [14] 김태진, 이영철, 김선효, 도플러효과를이용한마이크로파센서의구현, 한국전자통신학회논문지, 4 권, 2 호, pp , [15] 김민수, 장연길, 이영철, 선박레이더용 60W X-band Cascade SSPA 구현, 한국전자통신학회논문지, 7 권, 1 호, pp. 1-7, 22, [16] 황인덕, 김창환, FMCW 레이더주파수합성기용델타 - 시그마변조기의시뮬레이션, 한국전자통신학회논문지, 7 권, 4 호, pp , [17] 김민수, 이영철, 로드 - 풀을이용한 X-Band GaN HEMT 의최적임피던스분석, 한국전자통신학회논문지, 6 권, 5 호, pp , [18] 김현태, 이근후, 박장식, 유윤식, 가우시안혼합모델과수학적형태학처리를이용한터널내에서의차량검출, 한국전자통신학회논문지, 7 권, 5 호, pp , [19] 김규영, 김재호, 박장식, 김현태, 유윤식, 유클리디안척도를이용한차량추적, 한국전자통신학회논문지, 7 권, 6 호, pp , 저자소개 김민수 (Min-Soo Kim) 2011년경남대학교대학원정보통신공학과졸업 ( 공학석사 ) 2011년 현재경남대학교대학원정보통신공학과박사과정 관심분야 : 전력증폭기, 신호처리, 레이더 546
7 구융서 (Ryung-Seo Koo) 1985년조선대학교전자공학과졸업 ( 공학사 ) 2011년경남대학교대학원정보통신공학과졸업 ( 공학석사 ) 2011년 현재경남대학교대학원정보통신공학과 ( 박사과정 ) 1989년 현재국방기술품질원연구원 관심분야 : 전력증폭기, 신호처리, 레이더 이영철 (Young-Chul rhee) 1981 현재경남대학교정보통신공학과교수 관심분야 : 능동소자설계및응용, 반도체레이더시스템 547
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