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1 한국산업보건학회지, 제25권제2호 (2015) ISSN X(Print) ISSN (Online) Original Article 의류쇼핑센터근로자의분진및부유미생물에대한노출평가 오성업ㆍ김기연 * 부산가톨릭대학교산업보건학과 Exposure Assessment of Dust and Airborne Microorganisms among Workers in a Clothing Shopping Center Sung Eop Oh Ki Youn Kim * Department of Industrial Health, Catholic University of Pusan ABSTRACT Objectives: The purpose of this study is to assess the exposure level to dust and airborne microorganisms among employed workers in a clothing shopping center. Materials and Methods: On-site investigation of a clothing shopping center was performed between October and November The hazardous substances measured in this study are particulate matter(total dust, respirable dust) and airborne microorganisms (Total airborne bacteria, total airborne fungi). Results: The highest geometric mean levels of particulate matter(total dust, respirable dust) for personal sampling were 1.735(SD:0.883) mg / m3 for total dust and (SD:0.008) mg / m3 for respirable dust, respectively. Those for area sampling were 0.625(SD:0.091) mg / m3 for total dust and (SD:0.012) mg / m3 for respirable dust, respectively. The highest geometric averaged concentrations of airborne microorganisms(total airborne bacteria, total airborne fungi) were detected at 1,181(SD:105) cfu/ m3 for total airborne bacteria and 683(SD:114) cfu/ m3 for total airborne fungi, respectively. Concentrations of particulate matters and airborne microorganism in clothes shopping center did not correlate significantly with environmental factors such as temperature or relative humidity. Conclusions: Exposure levelshave not been established for service workers. Thus, health risk assessment for this group is very difficult. Health guidelines for service workers should be established as soon as possible. Key words: airborne microorganisms, clothing shopping center, respirable dust, total dust I. 서론현대인의실내재실시간은전체활동시간의약 80-90% 를차지하며, 이에따라실내공간의쾌적성에대한요구가증대되고있다 (Kim et al., 2008). 최근 2014년 3월 WHO에서발간된보고서에따르면, 대기오염으로인한사망은실외와실내노출을합하여전세계적으로 7백만명에이르고있으며, 그중 실내공기오염에의한사망자가 430만에달한다고한다. 우리나라가포함된서태평양지역에서실외대기오염과실내대기오염으로인한사망은각각 1.67 백만명, 1.62백만명으로보고되었다 (Wang et al., 2015). 환경부에서는유동인구가많고, 공기오염물질발생량이높을것으로판단되는다중이용시설에대해측정해야할유해인자로 16개항목을대상으로선정 *Corresponding author: Ki Youn Kim. Tel: kky@cup.ac.kr Department of Industrial Health, Catholic University of Pusan, 57 Oryundae-ro Geumjeoung-gu, Pusan Received: February 25, 2015, Revised: May 26, 2015, Accepted: June 12, 2015 This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 194

2 의류쇼핑센터근로자의분진및부유미생물에대한노출평가 195 하였으며, 총 10가지공기오염물질에대해유지및권고기준을설정하여관리하도록하고있다 (MoE, 2003). 본연구대상인의류쇼핑센터의경우도심이라는지리적조건에의해많은유동인구및주변환경적요인에의해실외오염물질이내부로유입되게되며, 유입된오염물질이의류에흡착되어다시재비산될가능성도높다. 또한의류제품가공과정에서화학처리를통해다양한오염물질발생도예상된다. 기타다중이용시설과비교시더많은실내오염원과불특정오염물질에노출될위험을가진공간으로판단된다 (Wang et al., 2015). 많은공기오염물질중발생빈도및발생량이가장높은미세먼지의경우사회적으로많은관심을받고있으며, 입경에따라인체유해성이증가한다는보고에따라최근 1μm이하의미세먼지에대한연구도수행되고있다. 그와동시에수증기나미세먼지에결합한형태로 bioaerosol을형성하여감염, 염증반응, 독소작용등을통해인체내나쁜영향을유발한다 (Koh et al., 2012). 공기오염물질에지속적으로노출되게되면천식, 폐렴등과같은호흡기관련질환및심혈관계질환, 아토피피부염, 알러지등피부질환유발요인으로도제기되고있다. 이들질환으로인한사망자수증가, 병원방문및임원율증가, 소아천식발작으로인한응급환자급증, 폐기능저하등이나타나고있다 (Lee et al., 2010). 국내에서는여러유형의실내공간을대상으로공기질을평가한연구사례는많이보고된있으나 (Lee & Kim, 1997; Lim & Kim, 2005; Kim, 2006; Jung, 2006; Jung et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2010), 의류쇼핑센터를대상으로실시한연구사례는미진한실정이다. 또한의류쇼핑센터에서근무하는근로자들을대상으로공기오염물질에대한노출수준을평가한국내연구는전혀보고된바없다. 따라서본연구의목적은국내의류쇼핑센터내근로자를대상으로의류취급에의해노출량이높을것으로추정되는분진등의입자상오염물질과부유세균등의생물학적오염물질의노출수준을현장평가를통해파악하고, 발생에영향을주는환경인자 ( 온도및습도 ) 와의상관성평가를실시하는것이다. Ⅱ. 연구대상및방법 1. 연구대상부산시에위치한의류쇼핑센터 1개소를선정하였다. 본의류쇼핑센터의경우층당면적 40 m2으로총 3층 ( 지하, 1층, 2층 ) 으로이루어져있다. 1층에는 2 층과지하로연결되는계단이설치되어있었으며, 매장으로들어오는입구가설치되어있다. 2층과지하의경우 1층으로이어지는계단및에스컬레이터이외에별다른구조적특성은없었다. 각층마다천정에평균 16개의환기구를설치, 운용하고있었다. 근무시간은총 8명의근로자가오전 (09:00~18:00), 오후 (13:00~22:00) 시간대로나누어근무를실시하며, 근무형태로는매장내청소및탈의실관리, 의류정리등을순환식으로수행하게된다. 근로자의최고노출수준을파악하기위해 2012년 10월에서 11 월사이의기간동안유동인구가가장많을것으로예상되는주말오전 13시 오후 8시사이에측정을실시하였다. 2. 측정및분석방법분진측정은개인시료와지역시료채취를병행하여수행되었다. 개인시료는각층마다담당작업자의호흡기반구 30 cm에여재를설치하여측정하였고, 지역시료의경우각층의중앙지점에서바닥으로부터 1 m 떨어진지점에샘플러를설치하여측정하였다. 총분진시료측정경우직경 37 mm 규격의 PVC 여과지 (PVC membrane Filter, Envex, U.S.A) 가장착된 3단카세트를 2.0 L/ 분의유량으로설정된공기시료채취기 (SKC XR5000, SKC Inc, U.S.A) 에연결하여 6시간이상측정을실시하였다. 호흡성분진도동일한규격의 PVC 여과지를싸이클론 (Zefon 37 mm Alu Cyclone, ZEFON, U.S.A) 에장착하여이것을 2.4 L/ 분의유량으로설정된공기시료채취기에연결하여 6시간이상측정을실시하였다. 시료채취후중량법으로분석하였고, 시간가중평균개념을적용하여총분진과호흡성분진의노출농도를제시하였다. 부유세균과진균은분진측정과동일한시간대및지점에서동시에시료채취를진행하였다. 시료채취시간은부유세균의경우 2분과 5분을, 부유진균의경우 5분을적용하였고, 각 3회씩반복측정하

3 196 오성업ㆍ김기연 Table 1. Analysis condition of airborne bacteria and fungi Airborne bacteria Airborne fungi Media Trypticase Soy Agar(TSA) - Including cycloheximide 500 mg - Lot , Becton Dickinson and Company, USA Malt Extract Agar(MEA) - Including chloramphenicol 100 mg - Lot , Becton-Dickinson and Company, USA Incubation Temperature Period 37 1~2 days 20~25 3~5 days 였다. 부유미생물시료포집에사용된장비는 28.3 l/min으로유량이설정된 1단관성충돌기 (Buck Bio-Culture, Andersen, USA) 였고, 채취된부유세균과진균의배양조건은 Table 1과같다. 배양후배지에형성된집락 (Colony) 을계수한값에채취된공기량 (m³) 으로나누는방법을통해부유세균과진균의농도 (CFU/m³) 를나타내었다. 조사대상의류쇼핑센터의환경인자로온도와상대습도는아스만통풍건습계 (SATO R-704, SATO Inc, Japan) 를이용하여시료채취기간동안 3회측정하였다. 3. 자료의분석 SAS package(sas/stat 9.1, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) 를이용하여의류쇼핑센터의층별분진과부유미생물의농도차이는이원산분산분석법 (ANOVA), 환경인자 ( 온 / 습도 ) 간의상관관계는피어슨상관분석법 (Pearson's correlation test) 을적용하여통계적유의성을검증하였다. Ⅲ. 연구결과및고찰 1. 의류쇼핑센터내분진과부유미생물의실내농도평가 1) 총분진 Table 2에서제시하는바와같이개인시료의기하평 균농도는 1층 0.695(GSD:0.091) mg/ m3, 2층은 (GSD:0.035) mg/ m3, 지하는 1.735(GSD:0.883) mg/ m3인것으로나타나지하 >1층 >2층순서로분석되었다 (p>0.05). 지역시료의경우 1층은 0.625(GSD:0.091) mg/ m3, 2층은 0.154(GSD:0.179) mg/ m3, 지하는 (GSD:0.488) mg/ m3으로개인시료와동일하게지하 >1 층 >2층순서로조사되었다 (p>0.05). 총분진의경우고용노동부에서따로규제기준치를설정하여관리하는것이아니라, 산화규소결정체함유율에따라기타분진으로서 10 mg/ m3으로현재관리되어지고있다. 본연구의경우결과에대해기하평균으로나타내었으므로해당기준치를참고수준으로측정자료와비교하여보았을때권고기준치를초과하는시료는없는것으로나타났다. 총분진을대상으로측정한선행연구자료를고찰해보면, 본연구와동일또는유사한장소에서측정한총분진자료가아직보고된바없어본데이터와의비교가불가능하나, 서울 수도권지하철역내총분진측정결과 mg/ m3로나타났으며 (Lee & Kim, 1997), 측정장소는상이하지만지하와 1층측정치에서높은수준으로조사되었다. 이는지하철역에비해적은규모의의류쇼핑센터에많은인구의밀집에따라공기순환이적절히이루어지지않아발생된결과라판단된다. 대기중총분진노출이사망자수에미치는영향을분석한선행연구결과에의하면대기중총분진 Table 2. Level of total dust in clothing shopping center Personal sample Area sample * Unit : mg/ m3 Floor N GM GSD Range p-value BF F F BF F F

4 의류쇼핑센터근로자의분진및부유미생물에대한노출평가 197 Table 3. Level of PM10 in clothing shopping center Personal sample Area sample * Unit : mg/ m3 Floor N GM GSD Range p-value BF F F BF F F 의농도가 1 mg/ m3증가시이에대한사망자는약 3% 증가한다고보고되고있다 (Kim, 2000). Choi et al.(2000) 의연구결과에따르면가을철부산지역대기중총분진측정결과 0.05 mg/ m3으로본연구결과에비해현저히낮은수준으로조사되었다. 의류쇼핑센터의외기중분진입자들이유동인구나환경적요인에의해유입되고, 실외오염물질이외부로배출되지못하여누적으로인해나타난결과로판단된다. 의류쇼핑센터의근로자들은의류정리및지속적으로활동으로일반사람들에비해상대적으로높은농도의총분진에노출될수있다는가능성을염두해두어발생되는분진농도의저감을위해공학적대책을수립하여관리해야할것으로사료된다. 2) 호흡성분진 Table 3에서제시하는바와같이호흡성분진의기하평균농도는지역시료의경우지하는 mg/ m3, 1층은 mg/ m3, 2층은 mg/ m3으로 1 층 >2층 > 지하순으로농도분포를이루고있었다 (p>0.05). 한편개인시료의경우지하는 mg/ m3, 1층은 mg/ m3, 2층은 mg/ m3인것으로측정되었으며, 지역시료와동일하게 1층 >2층 > 지하의순서로조사되었다 (p>0.05). 본측정장소가환경부관리다중이용시설에해당되지않은관계로총분진과동일하게아직호흡성분진에대한명확한노출기준이설정되어있지않은상황이다. 하지만의류쇼핑센터또한실내공간이며불특정많은사람들의빈번한출입이일어나는시설이므로환경부실내공기질관리법에의한다중이용시설 PM 10 기준 0.15 mg/ m3을적용하여본측정데이터에참고하여보았을때, 1층의개인시료한지점에서만본기준치를초과하는수준으로나타났다. 본연구의현장조사와동일한기간에부산시에위치한상대적으로오염수준이높은상업지역및공단지역의대기중 PM 10 측정결과광복동 ( 상업지역 ) mg/ m3, 녹산동 ( 공단지역 ) mg/ m3으로의료쇼핑센터에서더높은농도로조사되었다 (Jeon & Hwang, 2014). 본결과를근거로하였을때, 실외대기중 PM 10 오염수준보다실내오염수준이더높다는것으로관찰되었다. 국내다중이용시설들을대상으로수행된 PM 10 에관한선행연구결과를고찰했을때, 병원의경우 mg/ m mg/ m3으로가장낮은농도를나타내고있었고, 전철역의승강장과개찰구는평균 mg/ m3와 mg/ m3, 그리고터미널은 0.1 mg/ m mg/ m3수준인것으로조사되어다중이용시설 PM 10 실내공기유지기준인 0.15 mg/ m3을전철역승강장과개찰구두개의장소에서초과하고있는것으로보고되었다 (Kim, 2006). 선행연구결과와비교시의류쇼핑센터내호흡성분진농도는상대적으로낮은수준인것으로확인되었다. 이는측정당일의기후적요인과매장내부환경적요인에의해나타난결과라추정된다. 따라서본연구를통해낮은수준으로조사되었지만, 의류쇼핑센터내종사하는근로자및이용자들의호흡성분진노출에의한호흡기계질환예방을위해서는환기및공조시설등의저감대책이강구되고지속적으로관리되어야할것으로사료된다. 3) 부유미생물 Table 4는각층별측정된부유진균및세균의농도를보여주고있다. 부유세균측정결과, 1층의경우 1181 cfu/ m3, 2층은 781 cfu/ m3, 지하 2204 cfu/ m3로지하 >1층 >2층순서로농도가높게나타났으며, 외부와의공기순환이어렵고, 다습한지하공간이라는특수

5 198 오성업ㆍ김기연 Table 4. Level of airborne microorganism in clothing shopping center Total airborne bacteria Total airborne fungi * Unit : cfu/ m3 Floor N GM GSD Range p-value BF 3 2, F 3 1, F BF F F 한조건에따라높은농도로조사된것으로생각된다 (Chung et al., 1998). 국내환경부다중이용시설실내공기기준치인 800 cfu/ m3를참고수준으로비교한결과 1층과지하두개소에서초과하는것으로나타났다. Lee et al.(2010) 의조사결과에의하면부유세균의농도가찜질방 625 cfu/ m3, 보육시설 456 cfu/ m3, 의료기관 273 cfu/ m3, 대규모점포 180 cfu/ m3, 지하역사 112 cfu/ m3, 실내주차장 54 cfu/ m3으로보고되어, 본조사결과와비교시의류쇼핑센터내부유미생물의노출수준은상대적으로높은것으로판단된다. 부유진균의경우 1층 683 cfu/ m3, 2층 490 cfu/ m3, 지하 316 cfu/ m3로각층별농도분포는 1층 >2층 > 지하순서였으며, 1층의경우매장출입구및층별이동계단설치로다른층에비해상대적으로많은유동인구로인해가장고농도로발생된것으로판단된다. 이는선행연구결과들 (Lee & Kim, 1997; Kim, 2006; Park et al., 2006; Koh et al., 2007) 에의해서도뒷받침해준다. 부유진균의경우아직환경부에서설정된권고기준치가없으며, 고용노동부또한부유진균에대한관리기준치가설정되어있지않는상황이다. 그러나국제보건기구 (World Health Organization, WHO) 에서권고하고있는기준치인 500 cfu/ m3를참고수준으로하여결과검토시, 1층에서만본참고기준치를초과하는것으로조사되었다. Koh et al.(2007) 의연구결과를고찰해보았을때, 병원내부유진균농도 68~200 cfu/ m3이며, 도서관은 72~380 cfu/ m3, 백화점및대형마트는 36~756 cfu/ m3로서조사되었다. 병원과도서관측정결과의경우본연구결과보다낮은수준으로나타났고, 백화점및대형마트의부유진균농도는본연구결과보다높게관찰되었다. 현재부유진균에대한국내규제수준이없어측정치에대한명확한평가가어려우며, 앞으로부유진균에대한국내관리수준설정 관련연구가실시되어야한다고판단된다. 의류쇼핑센터내부유미생물의농도수준이다른다중이용시설보다현저히높게나타났으며, 실내부유미생물의농도분포는일반적으로온도, 상대습도, 환기에의한공기유속등과같은환경인자에따라좌우된다 (Nevalainen et al., 1994). 의료쇼핑센터의경우근로자보다센터내로방문하는고객들을우선시하는서비스업이라는점에서하루 12시간의영업기간동안공조시설운영에따른시설자체의유지관리가제대로시행되지않는데있다고할수있다. 또한의류매장이라는점을고려한다면이용객들이한곳에오래머물기보다선호하는의류를찾기위해계속해서이동하는특수한환경조건이부유미생물의농도수준을상승시킨한요인이라사료된다. 부가적으로다른쇼핑센터와는달리실내공간내전시되고있는물품이미생물의잠재적영양원으로작용할수있는섬유재질의의류라는사실도고려해야될점이다. 2. 실내오염물질의농도와환경요인들간의상관분석 Table 5는의류쇼핑센터내에서측정된입자상및생물학상오염물질들과환경인자인온도와상대습도간의통계적상관관계를보여주고있다. 입자상물질인분진과생물학상물질인부유미생물과의발생연관성을조사한선행연구결과들을고찰해보면, 부유미생물은공기중먼지나수증기와결합한형태로 bioaerosol을형성하여사람의호흡기계에유입되어폐렴, 천식등각종호흡기계질환들을유발하는주요유해인자로보고되고있다 (Jung et al., 2011; Koh et al, 2012). 즉, 공기중분진의농도가증가할수록일반적으로부유미생물의농도또한증가하는것이다 (Jung et al., 2011). 이러한대기및실내공기중분진과부유

6 의류쇼핑센터근로자의분진및부유미생물에대한노출평가 199 Table 5. Correlation analysis of indoor pollutants levels and environmental factors in the clothing shopping center Total dust Respirable dust Airborne bacteria Airborne fungi Temperature Relative humidity Total dust Respirable dust Airborne bacteria Airborne fungi Temperature Relative humidity 1 미생물농도간의양의상관관계는국내외많은선행연구결과들에의해이미규명된바있다 (Choi et al., 2000; Bae et al., 2005; Park et al., 2005; Chun et al., 2008; Iwasaka et al., 2009; Lee et al 2009). 그러나의류쇼핑센터를대상으로한본연구에서는낮은상관관계를보였고, 통계적유의성또한없는것으로분석되었다. 이러한결과가나타난이유로는평가대상의류쇼핑센터자체에서측정일수를제한한관계로시료채취를 3회반복만실시하였기때문에이로인한시료채취수부족으로나타난결과라사료되며이는본연구의제한점이라할수있다. 본연구를수행하면서주변요소들로인해상대적으로적은시료수를측정하여의류쇼핑센터내종사하는근로자들에대한분진및부유미생물의세밀한노출평가는어려웠다. 이러한이유로측정인자들과환경요인들간의명확한상관관계규명또한제한되었다. 그리고계절별실외온 습도로인해변화하는시기별농도가실내작업자들에게얼마만큼노출되는지를정량화하지못하였다. 아직까지의류쇼핑센터와같은서비스업근로자들을대상으로한체계적인관리기준이설정되지못해측정노출농도에대한건강유해성평가는현재로서는어려운실정이다. 의류쇼핑센터종사자들과같이서비스업에종사하시는근로자들을대상으로유해물질의노출평가를실시한국내연구사례는아직보고된바없다. 그러나본연구결과와같이의류쇼핑센터근로자들도여러공기유해인자에상당부분노출되어작업하는상황이기때문에환경성질환의발병잠재성이내포되어있다고할수있다. 의류쇼핑센터와같이실내공간에서일하는서비스작업자들에대해정확한유해인자노출수준평가를위해향후다양한서비스업종에종사하는근로자들의노출평가가실시 되어져야하며, 이에따른건강예방관리가이드라인이조속히설정되어야한다고사료되는바이다. Ⅳ. 결론 1. 총분진의각층별지역시료평균농도는지하 mg/ m3, 1층 mg/ m3, 2층 mg/ m3이었고, 개인시료평균농도는지하 mg/ m3, 1층 mg/ m3, 2층 mg/ m3이며, 국내기타분진노출기준 10 mg/ m3을초과하는시료는없었다. 2. 호흡성분진의각층별지역시료평균농도는지하 mg/ m3, 1층 mg/ m3, 2층 이었고, 개인시료평균농도는지하 mg/ m3, 1층 mg/ m3, 2층 mg/ m3이며, 환경부다중이용시설실내공기질권고기준치인 0.15 mg/ m3을초과하는시료는없었다. 3. 부유세균의각층별평균농도는지하 2,205 cfu/ m3, 1층 1,182 cfu/ m3, 2층 781 cfu/ m3였으며, 환경부다중이용시설실내공기질총부유세균권고기준치인 800 cfu/ m3를초과하는시료는지하와 1층두지점에서기준치를초과하였다. 4. 부유진균의각층별평균농도는지하 316 cfu/ m3, 1층 683 cfu/ m3, 2층 490 cfu/ m3였으며, WHO 권고기준치인 500 cfu/ m3를초과하는시료는 1층한지점에서초과하였다. 5. 측정인자들과환경요인들간의상관분석결과통계적유의성이없었다 (p>0.05). 감사의글이논문은 2013년도부산가톨릭대학교교내연구비에의하여연구되었음

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17 1 ( ) J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2007;17(1):31-42 Assessment of Indoor Air Quality in Commercial Office Buildings Jee Yeon Jeong 1 Byung

17 1 ( ) J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2007;17(1):31-42 Assessment of Indoor Air Quality in Commercial Office Buildings Jee Yeon Jeong 1 Byung 17 1 (2007 ) J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2007;17(1):1-42 Assessment of door Air Quality in Commercial Office Buildings Jee Yeon Jeong 1 Byung Kyoo Lee 1 Young Gyu Phee 1 Department of Occupational Environment