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1 J. Korean Soc. Hazard Mitig. Vol. 14, No. 6 (Dec. 2014), pp. 325~336 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) 하천방재 Poisson 방정식을이용한유속분포법의등속선작성및적용 Development and Application of Isovel Distribution in Velocity Profile Method Using Poisson Equation 차준호 * 김창완 ** 조용식 *** Cha, Jun-Ho*, Kim, Chang-Wan**, and Cho, Yong-Sik*** Abstract Recently in Korea, automatic discharge measurement system which calculates the river discharge using velocity measured by UVM(Ultrasonic Velocity Meter) and ADVM(Acoustic Doppler Velocity Meter) is actively being introduced. There are IVM(Index Velocity Method) and VPM(Velocity Profile Method) in the method of calculating river discharge. IVM is the method of calculating mean velocity of the entire cross-section by establishing the relationship between index velocity and mean velocity and VPM is the method of calculating velocity distribution of the entire cross-section by establishing the relationship between index velocity and velocity distribution. Chiu(1988)'s 2-D velocity distribution using VPM, it is necessary to adjust a lot of shape parameter and it is difficult to obtain the exact isovel distribution except for the rectangular flow cross-section. In this study, we proposed the VPM by a theoretical review of the Poisson equation in order to improve the disadvantages of Chiu's method and verified the applicability by utilizing the velocity data of the automatic discharge measurement system, Wuman, Hangangdaegyo in the Han river and Daecheon in the Mangyung river. Key words : Automatic discharge measurement system, Velocity profile method, Isovel distribution, Poisson equation 요 지 최근우리나라에서는이동시간차방식초음파유속계 (UVM; Ultrasonic Velocity Meter) 나도플러방식초음파유속계 (ADVM; Acoustic Doppler Velocity Meter) 로측정된유속을활용하여하천유량을산정하는자동유량측정시설이활발히도입되고있다. 하천유량을산정하는방법으로는측정된지표유속과평균유속의관계를통해흐름단면의평균유속을산정하는지표유속법 (IVM; Index Velocity Method), 일부영역의측정유속과유속분포의관계를통해흐름단면의유속분포를산정하는유속분포법 (VPM; Velocity Profile Method) 이있다. 유속분포법에활용되고있는 Chiu(1988) 의 2차원유속분포는형상매개변수가많고직사각형이외의흐름단면에서는정확한등속선분포를얻기가곤란한단점이있다. 본연구에서는이러한단점을개선하기위해 Poisson 방정식에의한유속분포법을이론적검토를통해제시하고, 한강수계의우만지점과한강대교지점, 만경강수계의대천지점에적용하여활용성을검토하였다. 핵심용어 : 자동유량측정시설, 유속분포법, 등속선분포, Poisson 방정식 1. 서론전통적인수위-유량관계는급격한수위변화로인한고리형관계가발생하는경우정상적인하천유량자료를생산하는데한계가있다. 최근에는초음파나전자파등으로유속을측정하고이를이용하여유량을산정하는방법이주목을받고있 다. 이방법들은구조물에의해배수또는조석영향을받는구간에도적용이가능할뿐아니라고리형수위-유량관계를재현할수있어비교적신뢰성있는유량산정방법으로평가받고있다 ( 국토해양부 ; ). 이동시간차방식초음파유속계 (UVM) 나도플러방식초음파유속계 (ADVM; Acoustic Doppler Velocity Meter) 를이용하 *** 정회원. 한양대학교대학원건설환경공학과박사과정 ( jhcha@korea.kr) ***Member. Ph.D Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University *** 정회원. 리버텍연구소소장 ***Member. Director, RiverTek Research Institute *** 교신저자. 정회원. 한양대학교공과대학건설환경공학과교수 (Tel: , Fax: , ysc59@hanyang.ac.kr) ***Corresponding Author. Member. Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University

2 여유속을측정하는방법으로일부영역의유속을측정하고지표유속법 (IVM; Index Velocity Method) 또는유속분포법 (VPM; Velocity Profile Method) 을활용하여유량을산정할수있다. 지표유속법은초음파유속계의발달과더불어널리사용되고있다 ( 김동구등 2002; Rantz et al., 1982; Laenen, 1985; Patino and Ockerman, 1997; Turnipseed, 2001; Vidmar, 2002; Ruhl and Simpson, 2005; ISO 15769, 2010). 지표유속법은유량측정을통해간단하게지표유속과단면평균유속과의관계식을수립하여적용할수있는장점이있다. 하지만, 신뢰성있는유량산정을위해서는넓은범위의수위와유량에서측정을통한경험적인관계수립이필요하기때문에적용시통제특성에따른구간분리, 외삽이필요하고초음파유속계의설치위치변경시에는관계식을재수립해야하는단점이있다. 지표유속법의단점을보완할수있는방법으로이론적인단면유속분포를이용한방법들이연구및적용되고있다. 유속분포법은특정영역이나지점에서연속적인유속을측정하고이를흐름단면전체에대한관계로환산하여유량을산정하기때문에측정영역과전체단면의유속사이에합리적이고이론적인관계를수립하는것이필요하다. Chiu et al. (1976) 은개수로에서발생하는단면 2차원유속분포를모의하기위하여등속선을도입하여 Prandtl-Karman(1935) 범용유속분포식을등속선좌표의함수로표현하여수심이비교적얕고직사각형에가까운수로에서는만족할만한결과를얻었으며, Chiu and Lin(1983) 은등속선분포식에지수함수를추가하여좀더복잡한흐름단면에적합하도록이를개선하였고, Chiu 와 Chiou(1986) 는그들이적용한직사각형수로의다양한흐름에서 Prandtl-Karman(1935) 범용유속분포식의 Karman 상수가일정하지않고수면폭과수심의비및조도계수에영향을받는다는것을알게되었다. 이에따라 Karman 상수와형상매개변수에대하여수면폭과수심의비및조도계수를독립변수로하는회귀식을제시한바있다. Chiu(1987) 는기존의결정론적인흐름방향유속분포식의한계를극복할수있는방법으로확률통계에서사용되는엔트로피개념을이용한흐름중심축에서의유속분포식을제안하였다. 그러나여전히 Prandtl-Karman 범용유속분포식형태로범용적인유속과등속선의관계를도출하지는못하였다. 이후 Chiu(1988) 는 Prandtl-Karman(1935) 범용유속분포식형태에서벗어나유속분포를등속선분포와최대유속으로표현하는범용적인단면 2차원유속분포식을제안하였다. Chiu 와 Said(1995) 는다양한유량과수심조건에대한분석을통 해흐름단면의평형상태는엔트로피매개변수 (M) 에일정하게반영된다는점을보였다. 또한최대유속지점에서의연직유속분포를이용하여유량을결정하는기법을개발하였다. Chiu와 Tung(2002) 은개수로에서평균유속과최대유속의관 계가시간과유량이변하더라도일정하게유지되는특성이있음을보였으며, Moramarco 등 (2004) 은엔트로피유속분포식의주요매개변수 (M) 가이탈리아 Tiber 강의 4개관측소에서거의일정하게나타난다는점을보였다. 또한 Chiu(1988) 가제시한엔트로피개념의단면 2차원유속분포를활용할경우연직방향유속분포를합리적으로추정할수있다는점을보여주었다. Morse et al.(2010) 은결빙시에도하천유량을측정할수있도록 Q2D라는모형을개발하였다. 이들은 Chiu(1988) 의무차원유속분포를이용하였으나등속선분포식대신에 Poisson 방정식을풀고정규화하여등속선분포를구하였다. 이와같은방법은 Chiu(1988) 가제안한등속선분포식의형상매개변수를사용하지않기때문에복잡한자연하천의단면에서도쉽게적용할수있는장점이있다. 김영성등 (2001) 은엔트로피매개변수 (M) 을이용하여간단하게유량을산정하는기법을개발하여실측자료와검토하여적용성을제시하였으며, 추태호 (2002) 는엔트로피개념을이용하여표면유속측정을통한유량산정방법을국내하천에적용하였다. 박재영등 (2006) 은 ADVM을상하로이동시켜측정영역을확대하고미측정영역의유속을통계적인외삽법에의해추정하는방법을활용하여낙동강진동지점에서유량을산정하였다. 김창완등 (2007) 은조석영향을받는한강수계의한강대교지점에 ADVM을회전체에탑재한자동유량측정시스템을남, 북단하천에각각 1대씩설치하여, 회전시켜유속을측정하고무차원유속분포에의한최대유속추정과최대유속에기반한유속분포법을활용하여유량을산정하여수동으로측정한유량과 0.73~1.01배사이에있음을보였다. 김창완등 (2008) 은무차원유속분포와최대유속추정을이용한유량산정기법을제시한바있으며, Chiu(1988) 가제시한엔트로피개념의유속분포가흐름단면이매우복잡하거나좌우의비대칭성이심한경우에는실제하천의유속분포를나타내기어려워유량산정정확도가떨어지기때문에적용하기어렵다고평가하였다. 김치영 (2010) 은엔트로피개념의이론적인 2차원유속분포식을도입한유속분포법을제안하고, 엔트로피개념의유속분포식매개변수민감도분석과실측유량자료를활용한매개변수최적화방법을개발하여적용하였다. 또한개발한유속분포법을국내하천에적용하여실측한유량자료와비교적잘일치하는것을보였다. 본연구에서는흐름단면이매우복잡하거나좌우의비대칭성이심한경우적용하기어려운유속분포법의단점을개선하기위해복잡한흐름단면에적합한 Poisson 방정식을정립하고개선정도를살펴보기위해기존 Chiu and Lin(1983) 의등속선분포및무차원유속분포와비교하였으며, Poisson 방정식에의한유속분포법을한강수계의우만지점과한강대교지점그리고만경강수계의대천지점자동유량측정시설에적용하여활용성을검증하였다. 326 한국방재학회논문집, 제 14 권 6 호 2014 년 12 월

3 2. 유속분포법의이론적검토 2.1 범용유속분포적용을위한등속선분포식 Chiu et al. (1976) 은개수로에서발생하는단면 2차원유속분포등의수리현상을모의하기위하여등속선을도입하고, Prandtl-Karman(1935) 범용유속분포를등속선좌표의함수로다음과같이표현하였다. u u = ---- * ln---- ξ κ ξ 0 여기서, u는유속, u * 는마찰속도로 grs (g는중력가속도, R 은동수반경, S는에너지경사 ), κ는 Karman 상수, ξ는동일유속을따르는등속선좌표, ξ 0 는하상을나타내는등속선좌표이다. 개수로제원을이용하여제시한등속선분포식은다음과같다. y ξ --- z = D β i B i 여기서, y와 z는각각연직과수평방형의직각좌표, D는수심, B i 는흐름단면중앙 (z=0인 y축 ) 에서측정한수면폭으로 i =1 이면좌측, i =2이면우측을나타내며, β i 는등속선분포를변화시키는형상매개변수로첨자 i는수면폭을나타내는변수의첨자에따른다. Fig. 1 변수의정의도이와동일하다. Eq. (2) 에의한등속선분포는수로중심에서아래로뾰쪽한형태를보이는데이를개선하기위하여 Chiu and Lin(1983) 은지수함수식을추가하여다음등속선분포식을제안하였다. ξ = Y( 1 Z) βi exp β i Z Y ( + 1) y+ δ 여기서, y z Y = , Z = 이고, δ y, δ i 는등유속선의형상 D+ δ y + h B i + δ i 을미세하게조정하는변수들이고, h는최대유속발생연직위치 (-D에서 ) 이다. 수심 D와수면폭 B i 의정의는 Fig. 1과같다. δ y 는수심방향분포에영향을미치며, δ y 가증가함에따라 (1) (2) (3) 흐름중앙의하상부근에서등속선 ξ 값은점차증가하지만흐름단면양안에서는비교적변화가없다. δ i 는수평방향분포에영향을미치며, δ i 가증가함에따라흐름단면양안에서의등속선 ξ 값은점차증가하지만흐름중앙의하상부근에서는비교적변화가없다. δ y 와 δ i 는 0에가까운값으로조도계수가증가함에따라점차증가하는경향이있으나, 자연하천유량산정에서는크게영향을미치지못한다. h는최대유속이발생하는횡방향축에서연직위치를나타내는값으로수면으로부터의거리이다. h =0이면수면에서, h <0이면수면아래에서그리고 h >0이면수면위의가상의지점에서최대유속이발생한다. 특히 h >0인경우에는얕은수심에비해하폭이넓은자연하천에서발생한다. Chiu(1986) 는수치실험을통해수면으로부터최대유속발생위치까지의거리와하폭수심비의관계를조도계수에따라제시하였고, 물리적으로유의미한공간에서최대유속발생위치는수면에해당한다고하였다. β i 의변화 (δ y = 0, δ 1 =0, δ 2 = 0, h =0일때 ) 에따른등속선 ξ의변화는 β i 가작아질수록광폭직사각형수로의흐름에, 커질수록삼각형수로의흐름에가까워지며흐름이중심축에집중된다. Chiu(1988) 는엔트로피개념을이용하여다음과같은단면 2차원유속분포식을도출하였다 u ln 1 e M ξ ξ = + ( 1) u max M ξ max ξ 0 여기서, u max 는흐름단면에서발생하는최대유속, ξ는 Eq. (3) 의등속선, ξ 0 는등속선의최소치, ξ max 는등속선의최대치, M 은무차원매개변수로 u max 에 Lagrangian multiplier λ 2 를곱한값이다. 엔트로피함수 H u 는 M의함수로서다음과같이표현 u max 될수있다. H u = Φ ( M ) + lnm u max 여기서, Φ(M) 은다음과같이정의된다. (4) (5) Φ( M) 1 e M Me M = + ln( 1) e M 1 (6) Fig. 1. ξ-η Coordinate System in Open Channel (Chiu and Murray, 1992). 이론적으로 M 0이면 ( 엔트로피함수는최대치 ) 하상에서최대유속발생지점으로증가하는선형유속분포를나타내며, M 이면 ( 엔트로피함수는최소치 ) 유속이일정한등유속분포를나타내며, 0<M< 이면포물선유속분포를나타낸다. 즉, M이증가할수록선형유속분포에서포물선유속분포를거쳐등유속분포로진행한다. M은등속선분포에서수리특성 ( 동수반경, Manning 조도계수, 마찰속도등 ) 에따라실제 Poisson 방정식을이용한유속분포법의등속선작성및적용 327

4 유속분포로변환해주는유속매개변수이다. Chiu(1988) 는유사가없는 (clear-water) 176개직사각형개수로흐름의유속자료를이용하여 2개의회귀식을제시하였고, 제시된식에따라 ---- u 는 Darcy-Weisbach 공식의마찰계수 u * f, Chezy 계수 C 및 Manning 조도계수 n의함수로 Eq. (7) 과같이표현된다. u ---- u * R 1/6 8 C = -- = = f g n g 2.2 Poisson 방정식을이용한등속선분포식 Morse et al. (2010) 은 Eqs. (2) and (3) 으로표현되는 Chiu 의등속선분포식대신에다음으로표현되는 Poisson 방정식 을풀고이를다시정규화하여등속선분포를구하였다. α 2 ξ 2 ξ y 2 z 2 = 1 여기서, α는등속선분포의형상을지배하는형상매개변수 (shape parameter) 로값이 1보다작아지면삼각형흐름단면에적합해지고, 1보다커지면직사각형흐름단면에적합해지는특징이있다. Eq. (8) 을수치적으로풀기위해서는하상과수면에서의경계조건이필요하다. 하상에서의경계조건은 ξ' =0이다. 그러나수면에서는물과공기가접하고있기때문에물리적으로타당한경계조건을구하기어렵다. Morse et al. (2010) 은 Fig. 2에보인바와같이수면에대칭인가상영역을설정함으로써수면에서의경계조건문제를피할수있었다. 또한가상영역의연직방향크기를조정함으로써최대유속 (7) (8) y 발생위치를조정할수있었다. 즉, F = 라고정의하면 y F=1.0이면수면에서, F>1이면수면위의가상의지점에서, F<1이면수면아래에서최대유속이발생한다. 여기서, F는 Chiu(1986) 의등유속선최대유속발생연직위치 (h) 와동등한의미를가진다. 수치적으로 ξ' 이구해지면이값의최대치 (ξ' max ) 와최소치 (ξ' min ) 를구하여다음식에보인바와같이정규화하여등속선분포를구하게된다. ξ min ξ ξ = ξ ξ max min 등속선분포식은 Eqs. (2) and (3) 이외에도여러가지형태가가능하다. 단하상경계에서 ξ 0 =0을만족해야하고흐름단면중앙의최대유속발생지점에서 ξ=ξ max =1을만족해야한다. 형상매개변수 α를수심과하폭과연관짓기위하여다음과같은 y방향으로포물선분포를가정하였다. ξ = c 2 y 2 + c 1 y+ c 0 경계조건으로 ξ(0)=0, ξ(d)=1, 다음식이구해진다. y ξ = D ---2 y D --- ξ y y= D (9) (10) = 0 을적용하면 (11) 다시다음과같은 z 방향으로포물선분포를가정할수있다. ξ = b 2 z 2 + b 1 z+ b 0 (12) 경계조건으로 ξ(b i ) = 0, ξ( 0) y, 를적용 D ---2 y D --- ξ = = 0 z z = 0 하면다음과같이포물선형태의등속선분포식이구해진다. ξ z z = y D ---2 y D --- B i B i (13) Eq. (13) 을편미분하여 y와 z에대한 2차편도함수를구하면다음과같다. 2 ξ y D 2 2 ξ = = 2 D 2 y ξ z B 2 B 2 2 = ξ = 2 i i z 2 (14) (15) Eqs. (14) and (15) 를더하면다음식과같은 Poisson 방정식이구해진다. Fig. 2. Real and Virtual Flow regime. D 2 2 ξ 2 2 ξ y 2 + B i z 2 = 4 (16) 328 한국방재학회논문집, 제 14 권 6 호 2014 년 12 월

5 여기서 B i 의정의는 Fig. 1에보인바와같으나 B i 를정확하게결정하기어려운경우에는 B i =(B 1 +B 2 )/2를적용할수있다. Eq. (16) 로부터구한 ξ max 가 1에가까운값을갖도록다음과같이수정하는것이바람직하다. D 2 2 ξ 2 2 ξ y 2 + B i = z A* R* A R (17) 여기서 A는흐름단면적, R은동수반경, A * 와 R * 는 Z축길이가 B 1 +B 2 이고 y축길이가 2D인반타원형흐름단면에서각각흐름단면적과동수반경을나타내며다음식과같다. A * = π --D ( (18) 4 B 1 + B 2 ) Fig. 3. Cartesian Coordinate System and Non-orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinate System (Thompson, 1985). R * DB ( 1 + B 2 ) = [ 8D 2 + 2( B 1 + B 2 ) 2 ] 1/2 (19) 3. 하상형상구현을위한곡선좌표계도입 좌표계는크게직각좌표계 (cartesian coordinate system), 직교곡선좌표계 (orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system), 비직교곡선좌표계 (non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system) 로분류된다. 이들좌표계간에는 ( 직각좌표계 ) ( 직교곡선좌표계 ) ( 비직교곡선좌표계 ) 의포함관계가성립한다. 지배방정식의좌표변환시곡선좌표계에서는곡률에의한추가항, 비직교좌표계에서는비직교성으로인한추가항이생기게된다. 직교곡선좌표계에서는비직교성으로인한추가항이생기지않기때문에비직교곡선좌표계보다는수식이간단해지고, 이에따라수치계산시간도단축되는장점이있다. 그러나직교곡선좌표계를이용하려면반드시직교곡선격자망을작성해야만한다. 직교곡선격자망의생성방법에대한연구는 Thompson 등 (1985) 에의해체계적으로정리된바있다. 그러나대상영역이복잡한경계로이루어진경우에는직교곡선격자망을생성시키기가쉽지않고, 많은시간과노력이요구된다. 또한직교성이부족한격자망을생성시켰을경우에는수치계산의정확성도보장받지못하게된다. 수치모형이용자측면에서도직교곡선격자망생성작업은불편한작업이될수밖에없다. 따라서본연구에서는직교곡선좌표계보다다소수식이복잡해지고계산시간이많이소요되겠지만이용의편의를도모하기위하여비직교곡선좌표계를채택하였다. Fig. 3에나타나있는직각좌표계와비직교곡선좌표계에서각좌표계의좌표는서로다른좌표계의좌표로 Eq. (20) 에보인바와같이표현할수있다. x = x( ξη, ), y = y( ξη, ) (20) ξ = ξ( xy, ), η = η( xy, ) Fig. 4. Grid of Riverbed for Represented by Curvilinear Coordinate System. Eq. (20) 의전미분하고, 행렬로나타낸뒤역변환하여 Eq. (21) 과같이표시할수있다. 여기서, J a = x y y x 이다. ξ η ξ η ξ y ξ 1 = , = y x J a η y J a η η y η 1 = -----, = x y ξ y ξ J a Fig. 5. non-orthogonal grid of riverbed. J a (21) 하상부근에서는 Fig. 4에보인바와같이직각격자망으로표현되지않는다. 하상부근의격자를확대하여표현하면 Fig. 5에보인바와같이비직교격자망이다. 4. 유속분포검토및적용 4.1 등속선및유속분포 Poisson 방정식의적용성을검토하기위하여 D=1.0 m, B L =B R =2.5 m인직사각형, 타원형및삼각형흐름단면을적용하여 Poisson 방정식을이용한유속분포법의등속선작성및적용 329

6 Fig. 6. Isovel and Non-dimensional Velocity Distribution in Rectangular Flow Cross-section. Fig. 8. Isovel and Non-dimensional Velocity Distribution in Triangular Flow Cross-section. 분석하였다. 이때에너지경사 S= , Manning의조도계수 n=0.020로가정하였다. Poisson 방정식을적용했을때직사각형, 타원형및삼각형흐름단면에서도출된등속선분포및무차원유속분포는각각 Figs. 6~8에보인바와같으며, 등속선분포는흐름단면형상과나란한분포를보이고있다. Chiu and Lin(1983) 의 Eq. (3) 을적용한 Figs. 9~11의등속선분포및무차원유속분포는조정해야할형상매개변수가많으며직사각형이외의흐름단면에서는정확한등속선분포를얻기가곤란하다. Poisson 방정식에의한등속선분포해석법은불규칙한흐름단면에서도적용이가능하며형상매개변수를필요로하지않는것을알수있다. 4.2 최대유속발생위치 Poisson 방정식에의한유속분포가최대유속발생위치를조정하여표현할수있는지를알아보기위해 4.1절과동일한흐름조건의직사각형흐름단면에서 F = 0.5, F = 1.5인경우에대해등속선및무차원유속분포를 Fig. 12에도시하였다. F =0.5인경우에는최대유속이수면아래에서발생하고, F = 1.5인경우에는최대유속이수면위에서발생함을알수있다. Fig. 7. Isovel and Non-dimensional Velocity Distribution in Elliptical Flow Cross-section. 4.3 유속분포를이용한유량산정방법흐름단면전체유속분포는 Chiu(1988) 가제안한다음의무차원유속분포를이용할수있다. 330 한국방재학회논문집, 제 14 권 6 호 2014 년 12 월

7 Fig. 9. Modified Isovel and Non-dimensional Velocity Distribution in Rectangular Flow Cross-section. Fig. 11. Modified Isovel and Non-dimensional Velocity Distribution in Triangular Flow Cross-section. Fig. 10. Modified Isovel and Non-dimensional Velocity Distribution in Elliptical Flow Cross-section. Fig. 12. Change of the Maximum Velocity Point (Isovel Distribution). Poisson 방정식을이용한유속분포법의등속선작성및적용 331

8 Fig. 13. Flow Cross-section Grid and Variable Definitions. u u ln 1 e M ξ ξ = = + ( 1) min M u max ξ max ξ min (22) 여기서 u + 는무차원유속분포, u는유속분포, u max 는최대유속이다. 또한 M은유속분포의동질성을나타내는엔트로피매개변수이며, ξ는임의의지점에서등속선값, ξ max 와 ξ min 은각각등속선의최대치와최소치이다. 흐름단면의좌표를이용하여 Fig. 13에도시한바와같이격자망을구성할수있다. 무차원유속 u + = u u 는각격자의 max 중앙에서정의되며 Eq. (22) 에의해계산된다. 최대유속을추 + 정하기위하여실측유속 ũ jk, 와무차원유속 u jk, 간의원점통과선형회귀모형을 Eq. (23) 과같이설정하였다. 4.4 유속분포법의적용 Poisson 방정식에의한유속분포법을한강홍수통제소에서운영중인한강수계의우만지점과한강대교지점그리고만경강수계의대천지점유량을산정하였다. 우만지점은하류강천보의배수영향을받으며, 한강대교지점은서해조석영향및중앙노들섬의영향으로남단과북단으로분기되어흐르는특성이있다. 대천지점은일반적인하천흐름특성지점이다. Fig. 14와같이세지점에설치된초음파유속계는모두횡방향도플러방식초음파유속계 (Horizontal Acoustic Doppler Velocity Meter) 이고, 2개의빔으로구성되는데각빔의신호강도는셀이빔에서멀어질수록지수적으로감소하며, 장애물 ( 하상, 수면, 물고기무리등 ) 을만나면급격히상승하는경향이있다. 따라서, 신호강도가지수적으로감소하다급격히상승하는셀직전까지가지표유속으로활용할수있는유효셀이되는데, 본연구에서의유효셀설정은신호강도가감소하다같아지는셀직전까지를유효셀로설정하였다. Table 1에유효셀판별예시를나타냈으며, 여기서 V x 는각셀에서빔수직방향유속으로흐름방향유속을의미하며, V y 는빔방향유속을나타낸다 (SonTek, 2001). 대천지점의 2012년 8월 13일 15:50 시각자료에대해자동유량산정과정을 Fig. 15에도시하였으며, Fig. 15와같이우만지점과한강대교지점의유량을산정하였다. 각지점에대하여자동유량산정의적절성을검토할수있 ũ jk, = û max u jk, + (23) 여기서 j, k는실측유속지점의격자번호이고, û max 는회귀상수로추정최대유속이다. 무차원유속분포에추정최대유속을곱하면 Eq. (24) 와같 * 이를구할수있다. u jk, * u jk, = û max u jk, (24) 여기서 j, k는흐름단면의모든격자번호이다. * 추정유속분포 u jk, 를흐름단면에대해적분하면산정유량 Q * 를 Eq. (25) 와같이구할수있다. * = A = u jk, j k Q * u * da y z (25) 여기서 y는격자의연직방향길이, z는격자의횡단방향길이이다. Fig. 14. H-ADVM(Hangangdaegyo, Left; Wuman and Daecheon, Right). Cell no. V x, mm/s Table 1. Example of Valid Cell V y, mm/s Signal strength of beam 1(ea) Signal strength of beam 2(ea) Valid cell valid L L L L L L valid nonvalid nonvalid L L L L L L nonvalid 332 한국방재학회논문집, 제 14 권 6 호 2014 년 12 월

9 Fig. 16. Comparison between Q VPM and Q (Wuman, Han River). Fig. 15. Automatic Flow Rate Calculation Process(Daecheon, Mangyeong River). 도록기존인력 ( 人力 ) 에의한방법으로측정된유량과비교하였다. 우만지점은 2012년 ~2013년의 53개, 한강대교지점은 2010년 ~2013년 133개그리고대천지점은 2011년 ~2013년 57개를분석자료로선정하였다. 산정된결과는 Figs. 16~18과같으며, 여기서 Q는 ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler), 부자에의해측정된실측유량이고, Q VPM 은유속분포법에의해산정된유량이다. 우만지점의경우 Q VPM 이 Q보다평균 7.9% 정도작게산정되고있으나전체적으로는실측유량을 98.6% 이상설명하고있다. 한강대교지점의경우 Q VPM 이 Q보다평균 0.1% 정도작게산정되고있으나전체적으로실측유량을 99.4% 이상설명하고있다. 대천지점의경우 Q VPM 이 Q보다평균 1.5% 정도작게산정되고있으나전체적으로는실측유량을 99.8% 이상설명하고있다. 한강대교지점의경우 Fig. 19에서유량이 (-) 로표시되는시기는조석영향으로인해흐름방향이하류에서상류로변화하였기때문이며, 특히밀물시기에차이가크게발생하였다. 한강대교지점의특성상중앙노들섬으로흐름이분기되어있고, 조석영향으로흐름방향이변화가크게발생하는시기에 Fig. 17. Comparison between Q VPM and Q (Hangangdaegyo, Han River). Fig. 18. Comparison between Q VPM and Q (Daecheon, Mangyeong River). Poisson 방정식을이용한유속분포법의등속선작성및적용 333

10 요할것으로판단되며, 고유량에서실측유량보다자동유량이작게나타나는경향을보였다. 향후실시간으로산정되는자동유량자료의특성상유속변화에따라유량의변동성이크므로수자원관리를위한의사결정에활용하기위해서는불확실도과품질등급을부여하는방안도함께강구되어야할것이다. 감사의글 Fig. 19. Comparison between Q VPM and Q for Tidal Effect(Hangangdaegyo, Han River). 는유속분포의동질성매개변수 M이 Chiu(1988) 가제안한식으로적용하기어려운것을알수있다. 또한, 세지점모두실측유량이 ADCP와부자로측정방법이변경되는구간에서서로다른차이를보이고있으며, 특히부자로측정된고유량에서 Q가 Q VPM 보다크게나타나고있다. 5. 결론 본연구에서는지금까지자동유량을산정하기위한기존유속분포법 ( 김창완등, 2008) 의단점을개선하기위하여 Poisson 방정식을이용한등속선분포를작성하고, 하상형상구현을위한곡선좌표계를도입하여실제하상형상에따른유속분포를정확하게구현하는방법을제시하였다. 또한, 한강홍수통제소에서운영중인한강수계의우만지점과한강대교지점그리고만경강수계의대천지점유량을산정하여기존인력 ( 人力 ) 에의한방법으로측정된유량과비교하였다. 본연구에서도출한결론은다음과같다. 1) Poisson 방정식을이용한등속선분포는기존 Chiu et al.(1983) 이제시한등속선이직사각형단면에제한적으로이용되고, 많은형상매개변수를정확하게조정해야만정확한등속선분포를구할수있는단점을개선하여불규칙한흐름단면에적용이가능함을보였다. 2) 실제하상형상에따른유속분포를정확하게구현하기위하여비직교곡선좌표계를도입함으로써유량산정의편의를도모하였다. 3) 개선된유속분포법을활용하여한강수계의우만지점과한강대교지점그리고만경강수계의대천지점자동유량측정시설에적용한결과실측유량과근사한유량을산정할수있었다. 4) 한강대교의경우저평수기조석영향으로상하류흐름방향이변화하는시기에는유속분포의동질성매개변수 M을적용하기위해서는추가적으로조도계수 n에따른최적화가필 본연구는 2014년도정부 ( 교육부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아수행된기초연구사업임 ( ). References Chiu, C.-L., Lin, H.-C., and Mizumura, K. (1976) Simulation of hydraulic processes in open channels, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 102, No. HY2, pp Chiu, C.-L. and Lin, G.-F. (1983) Computation of 3-D flow and shear in open channel, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 109, No. 11, pp Chiu, C.-L. and Chiou, J.-D. (1986) Structure of 3-D flow in rectangular open channels, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 112, No. 11, pp Chiu, C.-L. (1987) Entropy and probability concepts in hydraulics, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 113, No. 5, pp Chiu, C.-L. (1988) Entropy and 2-D velocity distribution in open channels, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 114, No. 7, pp Chiu, C.-L. and Murray, D.W. (1992) Variation of velocity distribution along nonuniform open-channel flow, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 118, No. 7, pp Chiu, C.-L. and Said, C.A.A. (1995) Maximum and mean velocities and entropy in open channel flow, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 121, No. 1, pp Chiu, C.-L. and Tung, N.-C. (2002) Maximum and regularities in open-channel flow, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 128, No. 4, pp Choo, T.H. (2002) The Improvement of Gate Discharge Estimation Method in Nakdong Estuary Barrage -Application of an Entropy Based Method for Determining the Discharge-, Journal of Korean Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 22, No. 4-B, pp International Organization for Standardization (2010) Hydrometry-Guidelines for the application of acoustic velocity meters using the Doppler and echo correlation methods, ISO Kim, Y.S., Yang, J.R., Choo, T.H., Ko, I.H., and Kim, W. G. (2001) Application of Discharge Measurement Method using Entropy, Proceedings of Korean Society of Civil Engineers Conference, pp Kim, D.G., Kim, W., Yoon, K.S., and Cha, J.H. (2002) Application of Ultrasonic Current Meter in Tancheon, Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference, pp 한국방재학회논문집, 제 14 권 6 호 2014 년 12 월

11 Kim, C.W., Lee, M.H., Cheong, S.H., and Kim, K.J. (2007) Development of Real-time Automatic Discharge Acquisition & Remote-control System, Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference, pp Kim, C.W., Lee, M.H., Yoo, D.H., and Jung, S.W. (2008) Discharge Computation in Natural Rivers Using Chiu's Velocity Distribution and Estimation of Maximum Velocity, Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp Kim, C.Y. (2010) Development of Velocity Profile Method for Streamflow Estimation and Its Applicability. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Inha. Incheon, Republic of Korea. Laenen, A. (1985) Acoustic velocity meter systems, USGS Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 3. Ministry of Construction and Transportation. (2007) Report of Automatic Discharge Measurement System Construction and Operation, Republic of Korea. Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime. (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012) Report of Hydrological Survey (III) Automatic Discharge Measurement System Construction and Operation, Republic of Korea. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2013) Report of Hydrological Survey (III) Automatic Discharge Measurement System Construction and Operation, Republic of Korea. Moramarco, T., Saltalippi, C., and Singh, V.P. (2004) Estimation of mean velocity in natural channels based on Chiu s velocity distribution equation, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp Morse, B., Richard, M., Hamaï, K., Godin, D., Choquette, Y., and Pelletier, G. (2010) Gauging rivers during all seasons using the Q2D velocity index method, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 136, No. 4, pp Park, J.Y., Oh, B.D., Jeon, S.M., and Kim, J.B. (2006) The Development of the Automatic Discharge Acquisition & Management System(ADAMS) using Ubiquitous Technique, Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference, pp Patino, E. and Ockerman, D. (1997) Computation of Mean Velocity in Open Channels Using Acoustic Velocity Meters, U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report Prandtl, L. (1935) The mechanics of viscous fluids, Aerodynamic Theory, 3(142). Rantz, S.E., et al. (1982b) Measurement and Computation of Streamflow : Volume 2. Computation of Discharge, Water-Supply Paper 2175, U.S. Geological Survey, pp Ruhl C.A. and Simpson M.R. (2005) Computation of Discharge Using the Index-Velocity Method on Tidally Affected Areas. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report SonTek (2001) ADP Operation Manual. Thompson, J.F. (1985) A survey of dynamicallyadaptive grids in the numerical solution of partial differential equations, Applied Numerical Mathematics, Vol. 1, pp Turnipseed, D.P. (2002) Measurement of tidal flux for the Lower Pearl River and Lake Pontchartrain estuaries of Mississippi and Louisiana using acoustic Doppler velocity technology, Mississippi Water Resources Research Institute, Mississippi State University. Vidmar, P.J. (2002) Application of acoustic Doppler flow profiling sensors to continuously monitor discharge with variable control conditions on the Snake River, Hydraulic Measurements & Experimental Methods, ASCE-IAHR Joint Conference, Estes Park, Colorado, USA(CD-ROM). Received August 4, 2014 Revised August 5, 2014 Accepted November 5, 2014 Poisson 방정식을이용한유속분포법의등속선작성및적용 335

12 Notation A B i B H F s H = H y min H : cross-sectional area : top width of cross section on one side of y-axis : width of channel : parameter calculated by equation that represents the ratio of the total depth modeled by Q2D(Morse et al., 2010) to the actual water depth : elevation of water/air or water/ice interface at the ADVM location H i : elevation of water/air or water/ice interface at location z i H s : elevation of water/air or water/ice interface at ADVM used to define the upper limit of the modeled domain by Eq. (8) h, h max : water depth along y-axis at a cross section, maximum water depth j, k, y, z : Cartesian coordinates in vertical and transverse directions of channel flow M : dimensionless variable or parameter of velocity distribution n : Manning's coeffcient Q : volume rate or flow(discharge) through a channel cross section u : (time-averaged) point velocity in longitudinal direction uu, max : (cross-sectional) mean and maximum values of u u +, û max : non-dimensional velocity in isovel y min : elevation of the river bed at the ADVM location α : parameter used in Eq. (8) that slightly modifies the shape of the ξ' distribution generated by the Poisson equation β i, δ i, δ y : parameters of isovel(ξ) equation ξ, η : curvilinear coordinates based on isovels of primary flow ξ : cumulative probability (0 ξ 1) defining an isovel [Eq. (8)] ξ' : solution (using an arbitrary scale) of the Poisson equation [Eq. (8)] ξ 0, ξ max : minimum and maximum values of ξ, respectively Φ : ratio of mean to maximum velocities in a channel cross section 336 한국방재학회논문집, 제 14 권 6 호 2014 년 12 월

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