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7. 31 < > 33 - ii -
1.,,,.,,, ( 1997, p.185). (complexity).,,.,,,.,,, ( 1997, p.191)...,,.,,. - 1 -
(Sante Fe Institute) - 1984,,,,,. -. -,,. (NEXSUS) - NEXSUS (sustainability) (ESRC) Priority Network. - NEXSUS 2000 4, (Cranfield School of Management) (Complex System Management Center). -,. -,,,. (Center for the Study of Complex Economic Sy stems) - ( ) COE(Center of Excellence), (CCES), 1997 5. -. -,,,,. - 2 -
,., (1997), (1997),, (,,, 1999).. 2. 1) 1963,.. -. -.,, ( 1997, p.5). - 3 -
< 1> / / - (1997, p.110). -.. -.. -.. (complex system ) ( 1997, pp.73-77).,. - 4 -
... ( ). 2), ( 1997, 6 ).. -.... - (theory of computing complexity ), (frame),,,,..., - 5 -
. (1997). 3. 1),. (1997, 1-6 ).,. 1920-30,, "Degrees of Freedom (1955)" "T he T heory of Complex Phenomena(1961)". 19 Carl Menger.,. A. Marshall.. - 6 -
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,. -,... ( 1997),.,,.,. - 9 -
< 2> ( ) ( ) 19,,,,, ( ),,, (1997, p.70) ( 1995 1996; 1996),. -,. -. -,,,, - 10 -
.. -,. -. -. -.. - ( ). - ( ). - ( ). -. - (context specific),,. - 11 -
4. 1). - ( 1997, p.140),. (complexity ),.. - Boulding ( 1997, pp.143-144). - Gell- Mann ( 1997, p.20)., ( 1997, pp.108-111). -,. (, 1997, p.212).. - 12 -
( 1997, pp.108-111). -... -,,. (Garcia 1997, pp.136-137). -. -. -,. -. -. - -,. - 13 -
2). -,. -,,. ( 1997, pp.210-211). -., ( 1997, pp.195-197). -.,. -.. -.., - 14 -
... ( 1998). -. -,,. -. -. -..,. -.. - ( 1998, - 15 -
pp.136-137). -, ( 1997, p.213).,, ( ). 3),.,. < 3> (self org anization ) (ev olution ) (em erg en ce) (hierarchy ) (self sim ilarity ) (feedback ) (attract ors ) (sen sitivity ) (bifurcation ) (path depen den ce) (criticality ) (coev olution ) Garcia (1997, p.139),. - 16 -
...,.,...,,,,..,. - 17 -
...,.,..,,. 4). - 18 -
.,,..,,,,, [ 1] (1998, p.49) - 19 -
5. 1),. -,,,,, ( 1997, p.237).,.,,. -,. -.,,,.. - (tacit) (firm specific).. - 20 -
. -... -....., ( 1998). 2) (Rycroft & Kash 1999),. - 30 1970 47%(740 ) 1995 22%(5060 ), 38%(590 ) 56%(1 2850 ).,,,., - 21 -
.. -,. -. (lock in effect ) QWERT Y PC.,.... -.. - VCR VHS., - 22 -
.,. -. -.. -.. -.,.,. 3), (Nelson 1995)... -. -. -. - 23 -
.,. (Nelson 1995) -. -. -,. -,. ( 2000) -,. - 2,. -. - (bridging institution). - (,, ) (context condition), R&D, - 24 -
,,,,.. - 20 ( ) ( 2000). ( 1997) (self reinforcing),. -. -. -. -.. -. ( ).. -,. -,. - 25 -
,,.. 6. 1) (cognition failure) ( 2001) ( ) (, ) -,.. -.,,. ( 2001). - - 26 -
.,. -. -.,. -,,. (Ediquist 1999). -. -,., (Langlois & Everett 1994). -.,. -. -,., - 27 -
( 2001). 2),.,, (T eubal 2000). -,. -,.. -. - ( 2001)...,. R&D. - 28 -
. -. -.. -... ( 2001)... -,. -..,. - (monitering). - 29 -
.,.. -.. -.. - ( 2001). (Rycroft & Kash 1999, p.216) - - -,, - - - ( ) - - - - 30 -
- - 7.....,.,,,...,,.. - 31 -
. -. -.. -.. ( 2001).. -. - ( 1997).,. - 32 -
< > (1997),,,, (1997),,, 1997 11, (1998),, (2001),,,, (2000),, 3, (1997),,,, (1997),,,, (1997),, (,, ) (2001),,, (2000),, (2001),,, (2001), -,,, (1997),, 21, 10 (1997),,,, - 33 -
(1997),,,, (1997),,,, (1997),,,, (1997),,,, (1998),, (,, ) (2000),, 48 4, Arthur, B. (1994), Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy, University of Michigan Press Arthur, B. (1996), "Incr easing Returns and the T w o W orld of Busines s", Harvard Bu siness Review Garcia, A. (1997), "T he Use of Complex Adaptive Systems in Organizational Studies",,, http:// w ww.kier.kyoto- u.ac.jp/ cces.html http:// lissack.com http:// w ww.nex sus.org http:// w ww.santafe.edu Kauffman, S. & Mcready, W. (1995), "T echnological Evolution and Adaptive Organizations", (1997),, Lissack, M. (1997), "Chaos and Complexity What does it have to do with management?- A Practical Application",,, Nelson, R. (1995), "Recent Evolutionary T heorizing about Economic Change", - 34 -
Jour anl of Economic Literatur e Vol.33 Rycroft, R. & Kash, D. (1999), T he Complexity Challenge T echnological Innovation for the 21st Century, Pinter (1997a),, (1997),, (1997b ),, (,,, 1999) (1996), -, (1997),, (1995),,, 1995 (1996),, - 35 -