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NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM 001

2003.,, 2007 2010. 2011 -Shaman --. 4. 1, 2. 2. Michael Oppitz, (CNAS) Dilli Raj Sharma Chatur Bhakta Rai.,.. 2011 9..,..,. 004 005

NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM 004 006 023 029 2010. 050 098 178 204 [] 229 231 238 255 259 266,..,. ( ) 'Gayan Bahadur Shah'. Korombi..,,,. ' Kami', ' Tamang'. 279 295 301 313 314 1, 2, 3, 2 ( ) (). 1 15. 006 007

NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM OVERVIEW OF THE NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM FIELD RESEARCH 008 009

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4 1. 2 ( ) 4,,. 1~3 (Dhakal Taranath) 2 1 2010.03.12-2010.03.29,,, (Michael Oppitz) (Baksila) (Rai) (Thulo Parsel) (Tamang) 2 2010.08.20-2010.09.03,,,,, (Charikot), (Kalingchok), (Thulo Parsel), (Narayanthan) 3 2010.12.20-2010.12.28,, (Setighat) 4 2011.03.09-2011.03.18, (Basksila), 2 1 1( ) 3 ( ) 026 027

Himalayas Sanskrit hima alaya. Indus Brahmaputra. 2,600km Everest 8,000m 47,000,000.,,,,. 2010 Federa l Democratic Republic of Nepal. 2006 Kingdom of Nepal 2007 1 2008 5.. Licchavi 5. 8 Newar 11, 12 Malla. 15 KathmanduPatan Baktapur 3 028 029

(Far Western Region), (Mid Western Region), (Western Rigion), (Central Region), (Eastern Region) http://www.nepembseoul.gov.np/kr/ nepalprofile.php. 18 Gorkha, Gurkha Narayan 1. 1814. 1923 2007. 885km, 193km 147,181km2 1.5. 5 Regions, 14 Zones, 75 Districts,,.. 6 C 37 C 2 C 28 C. 6 8. 6,500 Plate,. Ammonitida.. 27 33.. 82 Rapti Dolpo. - (m) 500 500-1,000 1,000-2,500 2,500-4,000 4,000 - - - -,,,,,,, FAR WESTERN HUMLA MID DARCHULA WESTERN BAJHANG MUGU BAITADI BAJURA DADELDHURA JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA KANCHANPUR DAILEKH MUSTANG WESTERN JAJARKOT KAILALI RUKUM SURKHET MANANG MYAGDI BARDIA SALYAN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG CENTRAL PARBAT GORKHA BANKE PYUTHAN RASUWA GULMI EASTERN DANG SYANGJA TANAHU ARGHAKHANCHI NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING KATHMANDU DOLKHA BHAKTAPUR KAPILBASTU NAWAL PARASI SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI CHITWAN SANKHUWASABHA KABRE TAPLEJUNG MAKWANPUR LALITPUR RAMECHHAP OKHALDHUNGA PARSA SINDHULI BARA KHOTANG BHOJPUR TEHRA- PANCHTHAR THUM SARLAHI RAUTHAT DHANKUTA ILAM MAHOTTARI SIRAHA UDAYAPUR DHANUSA SUNSARI SAPTARI MORANG JHAPA FAR WESTERN HUMLA MID DARCHULA WESTERN BAJHANG MUGU BAITADI BAJURA DADELDHURA JUMLA DOTI KALIKOT ACHHAM DOLPA KANCHANPUR DAILEKH MUSTANG WESTERN JAJARKOT KAILALI RUKUM SURKHET MANANG MYAGDI BARDIA SALYAN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG CENTRAL PARBAT GORKHA BANKE PYUTHAN RASUWA GULMI EASTERN DANG SYANGJA TANAHU ARGHAKHANCHI NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK PALPA DHADING KATHMANDU DOLKHA BHAKTAPUR KAPILBASTU NAWAL PARASI SOLUKHUMBU RUPANDEHI CHITWAN SANKHUWASABHA KABRE TAPLEJUNG MAKWANPUR LALITPUR RAMECHHAP OKHALDHUNGA PARSA SINDHULI BARA KHOTANG BHOJPUR TEHRA- PANCHTHAR THUM SARLAHI RAUTHAT DHANKUTA ILAM MAHOTTARI SIRAHA UDAYAPUR DHANUSA SUNSARI SAPTARI MORANG JHAPA 030 031

,,, Aryan Mongolian.,. 100 Ethnic Groups http://www.cbs.gov.np/year_book_2009/ images/final_chapters/chapter1/1.7.pdf..,,. Caste Chhetri. 15.8%. 1,000 90. http://www.cbs.gov.np/year_book_2009/ images/final_chapters/chapter1/1.8.pdf 1%. (%) 01 (Chhetri) 15.80 02 (Brahman) 12.74 03 (Magar) 7.14 04 (Tharu) 6.75 05 (Tamang) 5.64 06 (Newar) 5.48 07 (Muslim) 4.27 08 (Kami) 3.94 09 (Yadav) 3.94 10 (Rai) 2.79 11 (Gurung) 2.39 12 (Damai) / (Dholi) 1.72 13 (Limbu) 1.58 14 (Thakuri) 1.47 15 (Sarki) 1.40 16 (Teli) 1.34 17 (Chamar), (Harisan), (Ram) 1.19 18 (Koiri) 1.11 032 033

2001. http://www.cbs.gov.np/year_book_2009/ images/final_chapters/chapter1/1.1.pdf http://www.cbs.gov.np/year_book_2009/ images/final_chapters/chapter1/1.2.pdf http://www.cbs.gov.np/year_book_2009/ images/final_chapters/chapter1/1.5.pdf 2001 22,736,934 11,359,378, 11,377,556 50:50. 14 39%, 15 64 57%, 65 4% 20. 2008. 2001 80% 11%. Lumbini UNESCO. Kathmandu.,..,..,. 1970. Sanskrit Devanagari., - -. -, -. 90%, 50%. http://www.cbs.gov.np/year_book_2009/ images/final_chapters/chapter1/1.6.pdf 90., 25% 034 035

NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM FIELD CASE STUDIES 036 037

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050 051 MUGU JUMLA YAN ROLPA DANG PYUTHAN ARGHAKHANCHI PALPA GULMI BAGLUNG MYAGDI RKOT RUKUM DOLPA MUSTANG MANANG KASKI PARBAT SYANGJA NAWAL PARASI TANAHU LAMJUNG CHITWAN GORKHA DHADING NUWAKOT RASUWA SINDHUPALCHOK DOLKHA SOLUKHUMBU SANKHUWASABHA TAPLEJUNG PANCHTHAR ILAM JHAPA MORANG SUNSARI TEHRA- THUM DHANKUTA BHOJPUR KHOTANG SAPTARI SIRAHA MAHOTTARI DHANUSA UDAYAPUR SINDHULI OKHALDHUNGA RAMECHHAP KABRE MAKWANPUR PARSA BARA RAUTHAT SARLAHI BHAKTAPUR LALITPUR KATHMANDU KAPILBASTU RUPANDEHI RAI 01

Baksila Sagarmatha Zone Khotang District 86 49' 48" 27 19' 48". 20. 20.,. Dumi Rai Sundel Koyee Rai. 9 800 4,000.. 9 Sele. 75%(3,000 )., 3,996 2,084, 538, 1,324, 64, 5.. 052 053

40 Lamidanda. 10.. 1,. Tiger Stone,.. 2,000m Dut Kunda Himal.. Jhakri.. Bijuwa. Chinta. ( ) 054 055

Brikha Bahadur Rai 1951 4 11 ( 61 )......,.. 2 2.. 20 3 2 056 057

., 4 2...,...,.....,.. Mundum.. 2010 15. 2011.., 15. 15..,... 20,. 20,.. Big God.,......., 058 059

,. Copper.......,.. 30. 060 061

,,,,......... (. ) (. )..,,,.,... Janai Purnima Kukhura Goat Bakhara, Bheda Sheep, Hash Duck, Parewa Pigeon 062 063

2010 8 24 (Kalinchock).. Bakhara.... Bheda,.,,,. 10 20.. 100.,. Hash. 20... Parewa 300. 2 2 15~16.,,,.,........ Darshan Dhunga., 22.,...,................ Dharma Kaji Lama, 1998, Nepalese Shaman, the Healer, International Symposium - Discovery of Shamanic Heritage, Korea Performing Arts Center, 189. 064 065

, 2003,,., 2010,, - (1),.,.,.,... 1 Michael Oppitz. Sacrificial Animals,....... Michael Oppitz, 1975, On Sacrifice, Nepal, Past and Present, 100~116., 2010,, - (1),.. ( )., Sir Edward Burnett Tylor Gift Sir William Robertson Smith Communion....... Totem..........,,...... 066 067

. To Sacrifice.. ( ). Killing...,...,,.....,.,............. 200-500...... 2010 500 4 200. 200. :... 2 3, 2 3.. 6-7 8-9. 1. 1. 1... 068 069

...........,..,.....................,,... 070 071

1. 210cm. 20cm........,. 072 073

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.,,,........., : Dauta : 2.7-9cm( ) : 2, 3, 1, 20 : ( )Waisu : 42-57cm : 6 :. : Waisi Randu : 29-40cm : 4 : Lalasu : Rudraksha : 112.5, 138.5, 104, 114.5cm, 13-18mm : 4 : Bolem, Kelelem : : 193, 4-6.3cm : 1 :. : 8.6cm : 1 (Meharsa) : Sanka : 16 9cm : 1 : Bebaksu, Lalaksu : 68cm (Bele Chhanchho) : 1 (Silidong). (Sike) (Waiso) 20 (Sar) (Lalasu) (Khadisa) (Bichhu) 4 : Korombi, Khurumbi : 27.6, 10.3cm : 1 : : 10.8cm : 1 (Kokorambi) (Nalihar) Chitra Bahadur Rai(78 ). 59.. 2, 5.. : Bichhu : 29.5, 10.3cm : 1 : : Bichhu Buchuri / Tarawar : 65.8, 17, 6.2, 2.5cm : 1 : Yasubo : Dhol : 20, 40, 51.5-51.7cm : 1 076 077

Meharsa... 50cm......... 01 (Thani).. 02 (Jhyakri).. 03 (Radrachhi).. 04 (Sakhanchhi).. 05 (Lelechhi).. 06 (Bonchhi). 07 (Sikami). 08 (Kharuchhi). 09 (Kalorenchhi). 078 079

Mudhum....,, 4 Andzea Gzetez,.....,........ :,,,... 080 081

.................. 082 083

.....,....,... Volga Oka 18cm.......... 084 085

( )..... 7 7........,... ( )...,..., 086 087

....,.,..........,........... 10..........,.......,... 088 089

....,.. 2m......... 2,, 4..... 2010 2011... 2010, Kabiraj Rai(, 22, 3 ), Deoprad Rai(, 36, 12 ), Bikar Rai(, 25, 4 ), Mani Prasad Rai(, 47, 23 ), Asar Mani Rai(, 49, 24 ). 2011 Kabiraj Rai, Deoprad Rai, Asar Mani Rai Shuva Raj Rai(, 18, 5 ). 2011 ( )........,.... Madal. pitch. 45. 45cm, 21cm, 48cm. Shaman's Drum.. 2 Jhamtar.. 090 091

Brikha Bahadur Rai( ) Kabiraj Rai( ), Shiva Shakti... [ ]... Shuva Raj Rai( ) Asar Mani Rai( ). Chatur Bhakta Rai ( ). Horn...........,,. Claudia Müller-Ebeling Christian Rätsch Surendra Bahadur Shahi, 2002, Shamanism and Tantra in the Himalayas, Thames and Hudson Ltd, 220. 092 093

... 5. 16... (-).. ( = 81-85) ( = 85-86) ( = 89-91) ( = 96-100) 094 095

Chiurikharka Kathuwa. Bhakta, 2.,.,. 1,...,,.. 2. 2, 3. 096 097

098 099 KALIKOT DOTI KANCHANPUR KAILALI ACHHAM DAILEKH SURKHET BARDIA SALYAN ROLPA BANKE DANG PYUTHAN ARGHAKHANCHI PALPA GULMI BAGLUNG MYAGDI JAJARKOT RUKUM DOLPA MUSTANG MANANG KASKI PARBAT SYANGJA NAWAL PARASI TANAHU LAMJUNG CHITWAN GORKHA DHADING NUWAKOT RASUWA SINDHUPALCHOK DOLKHA SOLUKHUMBU SANKHUWASABHA TAPLEJ PAN I JH MORANG SUNSARI TEHRA- THUM DHANKUTA BHOJPUR KHOTANG SAPTARI SIRAHA MAHOTTARI DHANUSA UDAYAPUR SINDHULI OKHALDHUNGA RAMECHHAP KABRE MAKWANPUR PARSA BARA RAUTHAT SARLAHI BHAKTAPUR LALITPUR KATHMANDU KAPILBASTU RUPANDEHI 02

http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/ collections/nepalcensus/ Thulo Parsel Central Nepal Bagmati Kavre 85 46' 48" 27 31' 12". 9 2001 2,249. 6 1.100m 75%.,. Thulo, Par, Sel,... 100 101

2010 9 630, 3,500, 90 500. 500. 9, 1 ( ) 4, 3~4. 9 5. 4,,,. 25. 9 8. 3. 15~16. 30. 20.. Rubsan Tamang.,.., 2 2. 8.,..,,,,,..,.. 102 103

.... 15 Bonbo, Bombo. 10.,...,. 104 105

Surya Bahadur Tamang 49 3 2.....,.,,. 14,,. 13,. 106 107

........,...,...,,. 20 Lawang Tamang....... 24 2 1..... 2,200m Narayanthan Purnima.. Lathan Ri La Ta, Mohigo Lapari( ). 108 109

. 2 4-5......,..,,. 110 111

1 2010 1 (Puja Pooja).... Mantra.... Mu nd hu m. 112 113

.. (Rudraksha Mala) (Guru Mala, Gundang) (Gagra) (Feda, Dumsi) (Surdoi) (Jama) (Dhyangro) (Gajo) (Gaja) (Gaap) (Nanglo). 18. 88.. (Porcupine)......,.......,,,.. ()...... Feda, Dumsi Jama Phurba Rudraksha Mala Guru Mala Dhyangro 114 115

. 2 3. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 3. 10 3 1. ( ) (Kukhura) (Buju) (Sindur) (Dubi) (Ko Mendo) (Bursing) (Torma) (Hen)............... ( ) 116 117

(1 ) (2 )...... 1. 2.... 5.,,...,.... 7 40.... 57 ( ) 30.,..,,,......, Mantra...,... 118 119

..,...,. 30,....!!!!!!!!.!!!.. Rubsan Tamang(61, )... 120 121

..,....... Agane Dabata..,..,....,....... 122 123

.. (),,............,........ ( ) 124 125

... Mantra........,., -..,......,,... Meluan, Raage........ 126 127

Surya Bahadur Tamang.... 20 50 100... Khadko Graha... 1 5. 128 129

. 2. 2 (Denguru) Dhangro, Dhangor. (Shaman's drum)...... 36cm, 45cm, 28cm...,,. Michael Oppitz, 2007, Trommeln Der Shamanen, Völkerkundemuseum Der Zürich Universität.,.... 130 131

Recitative....... Janai Purnima Narayanthan.. 68 70 72 85 72 85 132 133

2 2010 2. 1 (2010 3 ). 2010 8 28 1....,. 7 30......,.... 134 135

. Mantra... 3m (). ( ). ( ).!??!..? 136 137

. ()... 3. 3.... 3,.............,,... 3. 138 139

. 2..... () (, ).............. 3.... 2 30 2... 4.....,,!...... 2010 8 25 1. 2010 8 25 1. 140 141

Rubsan Tamang(61 ).,,.... 4, 40. 120. 2-3. 3~4, 1 1. 5~10,.. 142 143

1, 2, 3. 1,. 2..,... 3., 3 1 1...... 1. 3~4 3,..,,.. 100 1~2..,.,. 144 145

.,...,. ( )....., 6 30 7.,. 1. 2~3,. 90, 7~8. 2. 1, 2. 146 147

,. Kalam Singh Tamang.. 3,. 2055 ( 1999 ) 12 11. 5. 9 3,.. 1., 4, 1.. 14,230mm( 14,14 0mm), 5,690mm. 2,030~2,180mm. 1, 2, 3. 2 Kalam, 3. 5,380 3,060mm,. 1. 8.. 1... 1 2, 2,. 150mm.. 148 149

UP 1 0 0.5 1 2 3m,. ( ),.,.. 1,,.. 6,370 4,600mm. (148 105mm)., 2..,.....,., 3.. 150 151

. Randa Rbanta,. ( ) 390mm 60mm, ( ) 460mm, 100mm. 45mm, 15mm. 110mm... 2, 1, 2, 1, 1. 500mm. 150mm. 2. 1.. 2. 3 2010 5. 3.,. 2,,... 1~2 3 Dhulikhel. 12. 2 6 4. 5. Banepa 6. Kabara., 1.,. 굴뚝 맷돌 (2010 년 8 월해체 ) 150 3 단장 (510 310) 선반 ( 길이 1,450) 부뚜막 2층올라가는계단벽감 530 320 ( 바닥에서 1,150 높이 ) 부엌짐승우리 150 ( 염소를지붕에묶어키움 ) ( 바닥 : 흙다짐 ) ( 바닥에서 1,060 높이 ) 기둥기둥 105 148 기둥 2,030 2,160 벽두께 500 바닥에서 440 높이 1,100 330 1 벽두께 500 벽감 600 300 벽감 530 200 벽감 420 320 1,635 420 (2 짝 ) 물동이. ( ).. ( ) 1/2., ( ).. 10 1.,. 100. 3 2. 1..... 오름 바닥에서 700 높이 기둥 150 벽감 300 0 0.5 1 2 3m 152 153

2 2..,.,.,.. 500mm. 250~300mm,....,.,.,..,.....,, 3... 1 1~2. 154 155

( ) 2 156 157

. (Lama). Cha da man (Tamang) Lama(60 ), Assare maya Lama(55 ), (90 ), 3, Pasan Lama(27 ) 7. 2, 1..,,.,,..,,,. 3. 2 ( 100 ), 5, 2 3.. 8,810mm( 8,645mm), 5,280mm. 1 1,840mm, 1780mm, 2,250mm, 1,770mm, 2 1,970mm, 1,760mm, 1,250mm, 810mm, 960mm, 1,060mm. 600mm, 520mm, 682mm... 1. 170 155mm, 155 140mm, 110 140mm 158 159

UP UP DN DN 2 0 0.5 1 2 3m 0 0.5 1 2 3m 1. 1 1,910mm, 1,730mm..,., 2..,,..,. 1,700mm, 900mm, 410mm... 480~520mm,. 2., 1.......,. 110 105mm( 115 150mm ), 127 135mm, 130 90mm, 105 125, 140 140.,... 2 1,240mm, 640mm, 700mm 160 161

1,265 595 910mm, 1,350 650 765mm,. 985 465 595mm, 660 380 270mm, 650 440 340mm.. 2, 1,. 3,. 3.. 1... 1. 2 1 ( ) 2. 2... 2.,,, 1. 250mm 250mm.,, 2~3.,.....,,., 2~3.,. 162 163

벽감 500 오름 선반 1,420 170 벽두께 520 벽감 500 선반 1,820 270 부뚜막세부그림참조 굴뚝 닭둥우리 ( 닭있음 ) 벽두께 682 기둥 140 110 짐승우리 물통 3 개 Ø290~320 수조 Ø700 기둥 170 155 침대 1,700 900 높이 410 2,250 부엌 기둥 155 140 기둥 155 140 가스레인지놓임 갈탄그릇놓임 벽두께 682 선반 벽감 260 염소묶는기둥 턱 +50 높이차이 100mm 벽감 460 230 염소있음 문상부에구멍 ( 잠금장치 ) 1,370 420(2 짝 ) 맷돌 벽두께 520 가스꼭지 상부구멍 내림 메탄가스파이프 1,015 340(2 짝 ) 소, 염소묶는기둥 계단 ( 자연석 ) Ø130 Ø80 Ø90 0 0.5 1 2 3m 지붕 ( 짚 ) 1 함석슬레이트지붕 ( 하부에흙벽 ) 1 0 0.5 1 2 3m,.,,. 370~410mm, 90~120mm.,, 1. 1 2.. 164 165

괭이걸어둠 벽감 290 280 ( 바구니안에계란보관 ) 오름 2/3 층연결사다리 235 2,630 115 궤 1,240 640 700 항아리 층고 1,820 ( 보까지높이 1,690) 그릇쌓임 방 300 700 (2 짝 ) 내림 돗자리 730 1,720 Ø70 기둥 115 150 기둥 127 235 한쪽팔각 기둥 110 105 ( 부분조각 ) 기둥상부에거울스위치있음 궤 1,265 595 91 기둥 130 90 기둥 105 125 기둥 140 140 팔각 함 985 465 595 벽감 380 270( 깊이 400) 바닥에서 870 높이 궤 1,350 650 765 함 650 440 340 660 380 270 300 1,000 (2 짝 ) 240 595 (2 짝 ) 2 0 0.5 1 2 3m,.., 15. (61 ).. 3, 4.,.,. 166 2 167

2 3 3 ( 3 ) 2 168 169

( ) ( ) 170 171

(, ),. 7,775mm, 3,960mm.. 9,530mm, 6,980mm( ), 8,670mm, 4,370mm 470~490mm. 1,580mm, 1,680mm, 2,280mm, 1,430mm, 1,450mm.. 30,.,.. 6, 1,580mm, 1,680mm, 2,280mm, 1,430mm, 1,450mm. 125 150mm, 120 160mm. 95 95mm, 350mm. 1 1 0 0.5 1 2 3m 172 173

구멍 130 100 바닥에서 850 구멍 130 100 2 층올라가는계단 벽감 470 300 바닥에서 1,340 기둥 125 150 기둥 120 160 2,280 벽감 420 300 바닥에서 1,340 벽감 450 구멍 420 벽두께 490 구멍 410 330(2짝 ) 문틀 70 70 460(2짝 ) 330(2 짝 ) 벽두께 470 기둥 95 95 흙벽 1 0 0.5 1 2 3m 1 1,960mm, 1,810mm, 130mm, 135mm. 1, 1.. ()... 1 2.... 350. 4,000. 174 175

1 ( ) 2 176 177

178 179 MUSTANG MANANG KASKI RBAT YANGJA WAL PARASI TANAHU LAMJUNG CHITWAN GORKHA DHADING NUWAKOT RASUWA SINDHUPALCHOK DOLKHA SOLUKHUMBU SANKHUWASABHA TAPLEJUNG PANCHTHAR ILAM JHAPA MORANG SUNSARI TEHRA- THUM DHANKUTA BHOJPUR KHOTANG SAPTARI SIRAHA MAHOTTARI DHANUSA UDAYAPUR SINDHULI OKHALDHUNGA RAMECHHAP KABRE MAKWANPUR PARSA BARA RAUTHAT SARLAHI BHAKTAPUR LALITPUR KATHMANDU 03

North-eastern Nepal Janakpur Zone Dolokha District. 2001 23,000. Janai Purnima Kalingchok., Kitanti.. 7 7.... 180 181

Pulapa 86 05' 07" 27 40' 37". Charikot. 3,000m 10.. 7. 3,000m. 182 183

Baliman Thami 1944 (67 ) Phulapa 500. 200. (63 ) 4 4.. ( ) 9,.... Dhup Batti Chakoman. 50.. ( ) (, 99 ).. 184 185

., 35... 186 187

Thami Guru. Pooja Lanko Man.... 9~10... 2 3. 10. Mantra..,., 500 1,500. Tipeati.. 15..... 188 189

.... 1. 190 191

192 193

(Taki), (Dongil), (Phurba) (Putu) (Jama) (Pagari) (Nirkang) (Ghanti, Ghandi) (Lulko Mala) (Rudraksha Mala).. 32cm, 30cm, 62cm. S. 54cm.. ( )............ 194 Phurba 195

Phurba Phurba Ghanti, Ghandi Phurba Putu Nirkang Rudraksha Mala ( ) Rudraksha Mala 196 197

Taki, 198 199

, 200 201

.,.. Phurba, Phurva (Phurba)....,...,. 90 64 202 203

204 205 DARCHULA BAJHANG HUMLA BAJURA MUGU JUMLA KALIKOT BAITADI DADELDHURA DOTI KANCHANPUR KAILALI ACHHAM DAILEKH SURKHET BARDIA SALYAN ROLPA BANKE DANG PYUTHAN ARGHAKHANCHI PALPA GULMI BAGLUNG MYAGDI JAJARKOT RUKUM DOLPA MUSTANG MANANG KASKI PARBAT SYANGJA NAWAL PARASI TANAHU LAMJUNG CHITWAN GORKHA DHADING NUWAKOT RASUWA SINDHUPALCHOK DOLKHA SOLUKHU KHOTA SINDHULI OKHALDHUNGA RAMECHHAP KABRE MAKWANPUR PARSA BARA RAUTHAT SARLAHI BHAKTAPUR LALITPUR KATHMANDU KAPILBASTU RUPANDEHI GURUNG 04

Shrine Setighat N 28 13'02" E 83 59'38" Pokhara. 7,000m Annapurna, Base Camp Tracker Tracking Course..... 827m 1,336m.. 198km 5 6 2 3. 28 27. 2008 12 22.3 C, 22.5 C http://www.cbs.gov.np/statis_2009_ content.html 206 207

9.5 C, 6 C 3 C.. Gandeki Kaski 2001 Central Bureau of Statics http://www.cbs.gov.np/ 156,312. 80%(125,036 http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/ nepalcensus/output.php ) 10%.. 80% 76%(119,668 ), 11% 20%(30,738 ). (Tamu). http://www.cbs.gov.np/year_book_2009/ images/final_chapters/chapter1/1.8.pdf Gurung 2001 11 (543,571, 2.39%) Kaski Lamjung. 6 Tibet. -. 70% 포카라사진. 2001 69% 29%. 1%.. Bonism. Animism.,.,,. 208 209

Western Nepal Pokhara Setighat Shrine 83 59' 38" 28 13' 02" (Arghun) Aarghun, Arghum, Argo.., 200. Pae.. 9 Navran, Kain Koba, Putpute. Chhaewar, Gunyo,. [Chhaewar] [Gunyo]... 3. 3. 210 211

., 49. (Roho-waba). 1..., 1. 3 3 Pachyu., Gyabre, Bon Lama.. Bonism,,..... Seti N 28 13' 02" E 83 59' 38". Setighat.,,. -. Ghat 212 213

.. 2010 12 22 24 3.......... 3 (Pahalman Tamu, ), (Man Kumari Tamu, ).. 3 2 2.,,. 3. 25.,. 12,,,,,,,,,,,., [12 ]..,,.,, 214 215

... 2,. (Padam Lal Gurung, 75 )...,..,...... 1 5 1, 2 2. 5 2.. 5 3 ( 1, 2 ) 2. 2. Kale Gurung(57 ) 2. 216 217

218 219

Hand Dr um Cymbals.. X (Ngha) (Siljo Chhya).... 75 120 95 182 53 182 74 95 74 74 220 221

MUGU UMLA DOLPA KOT MUSTANG RUKUM MANANG MYAGDI AN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG PARBAT PYUTHAN GULMI DANG SYANGJA TANAHU ARGHAKHANCHI PALPA KAPILBASTU RUPANDEHI NAWAL PARASI CHITWAN GORKHA RASUWA NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK DHADING KATHMANDU DOLKHA BHAKTAPUR MAKWANPUR LALITPUR KABRE RAMECHHAP SOLUKHUMBU SANKHUWASABHA TAPLEJUNG OKHALDHUNGA 222 PARSA BARA SINDHULI KHOTANG BHOJPUR TEHRA- THUM PANCHTHAR 223 SARLAHI RAUTHAT DHANKUTA ILAM MAHOTTARI SIRAHA UDAYAPUR DHANUSA SUNSARI MORANG

224 225

226 227

Himalayan Shamanistic Studies and Research Centre. 1988 Mohan Kumar Rai(1928 ).. Bhutan, 1930., 6.. 17 10 1964,. 4 4 2 6 6. 83. 3 (3 1, 4 1, 5 1 ) 2.... 2 5 228 229

..,,,,., www.himalayanshamans.com. 70. 30,000,000 (2010 ) 2.3%. 70 200..,.,,,....... 230 231

.... Gurubaba. Bishu Korki Gurubaba 44.. 29.,.,,.. 4 8. 200. 5 12 2 5 8.,,,,,,,.... Jokhana ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ).,.,.. 232 233

.... Dharma Kaji Lama, 1998, Nepalese Shaman, the Healer, International Symposium - Discovery of Shamanic Heritage, 195...,,,,,,.,.. Devi-Deuta Bhut- Dharma Kaji Lama 195. Pret..,,,.. 30.. 100............... (Sadhus, Hermits).. 234 235

DADELDHURA KANCHANPUR DOTI KAILALI KALIKOT ACHHAM DAILEKH SURKHET BARDIA BANKE JUMLA DOLPA MUSTANG JAJARKOT RUKUM MANANG MYAGDI SALYAN ROLPA BAGLUNG KASKI LAMJUNG PARBAT PYUTHAN GULMI DANG SYANGJA TANAHU ARGHAKHANCHI PALPA KAPILBASTU RUPANDEHI NAWAL PARASI CHITWAN GORKHA RASUWA NUWAKOT SINDHUPALCHOK DHADING KATHMANDU DOLKHA BHAKTAPUR MAKWANPUR LALITPUR KABRE RAMECHHAP SOLUKHUMBU SANKHUWASABHA TAPL PARSA BARA SINDHULI OKHALDHUNGA SARLAHI RAUTHAT MAHOTTARI SIRAHA DHANUSA KHOTANG BHOJPUR UDAYAPUR SAPTARI DHANKUTA TEHRA- THUM SUNSARI MORANG P 236 237

Kalingchok North-eastern Nepal Janakpur Zone 27 45 28 N 86 01 58 E Dolokha District 4,000m..., Charikot. 6~7 3,000m. 7 15 ( ) 2010 Janai Purnima 8 24. 10. 3,000m 800m. Guri Sherpa. 238 239

458 2,261 1991. Tamang, Thaugui, Guru, Kami, Sherpa. 3,000m. 45%(1,025 ). 1,722 1,597 92%.. 30% 80% 20~25%. 240 241

Purnima. Phagu Purnima ( 2010 2 28, 2010 1 15 ), Janai Purnima( 2010 8 24, 2010 7 15 ), Kojagrat Purnima( 2010 10 22, 2010 9 15 ).... 5................ Kalingchok..,., Salpa, Narayanthan. 242 243

,... Shyau( ) Bonbo(, ) Shyau( )! ( )!!.., 2010,, 26,.......... [] []. Makai Bari. 27 40 34 N, 86 00 54 E Dolokha Charikot. 3. Tamang ()... 244 245

.,.. Trident, Shiva... 2... 246 247

........ ( = 61) 248 249

. 58 -, (Gayan Bahadur Shah) - (Makai Bari) 43 -, (Lakshuman) - (Makai Bari) 22 - (Makai Bari), (Ajib Shah) -,,... 1,000m. 2010 8 24 10 8 23 Guri. 250 251

10... 8 23.,,,.. 8 24. (, ). Devi...,.,,. 252 253

,...,. Narayanthan.,,.,....... 3.. 3,,. 254 255

3... 7 8. 7.. Shyau Bonbo Shyau! ( )!!.... (Vishnu). 3.. 256 257

., Amriso,,,,, 2010 8 23 12.. Jack Fruit Rookh Katahara. Kucho..... 11. 11.. 01 02 ( ) 03 ( ) 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 258 259

,,.,,. 11... 3............,,.,. 4 X. X,..,,,,,...,,,,, 260 261

(cm) 01.. 49(78: ) 37.5 02.. 03.. 04 ( ). 21.8 2.6( ) - -. - -. - - -. 05.. 17 4.7( ),, 17 2.1(). 06. 111/114,. 3( ), 3.2( ) 07.. 159/153 08. 108. 09,,, 2~5.8...,,,,, ( ), (2 ), ( ),. 10.. 238 63 11. 190 90 12.. 37, 92, 118.6 13.. 149, 46, 65 14. (:, :), (, 36 45 :), ( ). 11, 28 8.5 15. (, :). 44 16.... 17.....,.... 12. 3, 2,... 262 263

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6... 2010 8 24 6 5.... (),. () ( ) ().. 266 267

( ) () (). X. ( ) (). (). X,.. ()..........,, 0.25.......,,.. Shyau Bonbo Shyau.. 3, ( ) () 268 269

4..... 10.,,.....,...... 500..,......,..... 1. 270 271

............,,,,,,.. 10. 272 273

274 275

NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM CONSIDERATION OF NEPALESE HIMALAYAN SHAMANISM 276 277

Shamanism - Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy.. Shamanism - Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy Mircea Eliade(1907-1986).... Shamanism - Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy... Ecstasy. 278 279

...,,, Schmidt Wilhelm(1868-1954)..,............. -,,. 280 281

.. Ecstasy.,,.. shaman... 19 20.....,. 282 283

................,,,,,. 284 285

.... Indiology Tribhuvan University CNAS: Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies,,,. Dilli Raj Sharma. Boudha Monastery Trust Dharma Kaji Lama... Claudia Müller-Ebeling Christian Rätsch Surendra Bahadur Shahi, 2002, Shamanism and Tantra in the Himalayas, Thames and Hudson Ltd. 19..,,.... Claudia Müller-Ebeling Christian Rätsch Surendra Bahadur Shahi 19. 286 287

( ) ( )..,... 1950.,,., 1 Michael Oppitz. 1959.. 288 289

. Andrea Greter 2. 2009..,,,.,,,...... 1988 5 -,. shamanika ( ) 5. 2 1988 9 18 24 [ ] 290 291

- - International Symposium, Discovery of Shamanic Heritage. Sherpa Mingmar(, 72 ), Tamang Thuli Lama(, 50 ). 2. 2011 4 1.. Rai,..., 17 Tungus Saman(). 20,,, 1998,,...,.,,, 2010, -, 182,, 8~9... 2010 3 (1 ) 8 (2 ) 12 (3 ) 2011 3 (4 ) 8, 20. 2010 8 2 4,000m Kalingchok Janai Purnima( 7 ). 1 292 293

Far Western, Mid Western, Western, Central, Eastern 5.....,.. Claudia Müller-Ebeling Christian Rätsch Surendra Bahadur Shahi, 2002, Shamanism and Tantra in the Himalayas, Thames and Hudson Ltd. 20.,..., 294 295

.................,.,.., 296 297

. mundhum.......,.............. 298 299

10 2010 3 1 (Michael Oppitz) ( )..,,,. 01. (Jajarkot) (Kami) 02., (Bhuji Khola and Nisi Khola), (Kai and Magar) 03., (Valley of the Uttar Ganga River) (Northern Magar or Kham Magar) 04. (Panchgaon) (Thakali) 05., (Lamjung and Kaski) (Gurung) 06. (Siwalik Hills) (Chepang) 07. (Dhading District) (Tamang) 08. (South Sides of the Kalingchock) (Thami or Thangmi) 09. - (Between the Dudh Kosi River (Rai) in the West and the Arun Kosi in the East) 10. (Far Eastern Part of Nepal) (Limbu) 300 301

01 Bheri. Jajarkot Kami.. Jangali Jhakri.,.. 02 Dhaulagiri Baglung Kai Magar.,... Jajarkot. Jajarkot. Bubang. 03 Dhorpatan Northern Magar Ghorahi Dang Kham Magar.. - Kham..,,,., 302 303

. 04 Kali Gandaki Panchgaon, Thakali.... 05 Pokhara Lamjung Kaski Gurung. Pachyu Khlebu,.,... Yarjung Tamu. (Gurung) (Pachyu) 06 Chepang Siwalik. Pokhara Chitwan.. Guru,. 304 305

. 07 Tamang Bombo Bonbo. Dhading,, Sindhupalchok......... Gurung,., Mundhum.. 10 Limbu,,. 2,000 Kiranti. Phedangwa, Waugpa, Yeba Bijuwa.,. 08 Thangmi, Thami Tamang Sherpa, Rai. Dolokha Kalingchok. Guru.., (dolokha) (dolkha). Dolokha Newar Temple. 09 Rai Sherpa Dudh Kosi Arun Kosi.. Thulung Rai, Khaling Rai, Kuluug Rai, Dumi Rai, Koyee Rai, Sampang Rai, Mewahang Rai, Lohorung Rai 306 307

(Full Moon). 01. (Rikeswar) (Tamang) 02. (Kumveswar) (Tamang) 03. (Dhorpatan) (Kami), (Magar) 04. (Kalingchok)* (Tamang), Thaugui(), (Guru) (Kami) 05. (Salpa) (Kuluug Rai), (Dammi Rai), (Koyee Rai) * 2 01. Gu r u Rinpoche Padmasambhava. 3 2 3 2 15 ( )... 80km.. 02 Newar Patan.,. Tamang Bonbo. Janai Purnima. (Bombo) (Bonbo). 7 15 ( ). 308 309

.. Kuluug Rai, Dammi Rai, Koyee Rai Mewahang Rai.. 03 (Jhakri), (Ramma). Utar Ganga. Magar Bhujel. 7.., Burtibang,. Kami Magar.,,.,..... 04. 4. Tamang Bonbo, Bombo, Thangmi Guru, Thami Jhakri. Charikot, Sherpa Guri. 05 Pokhari. Rai. Hanga Khola, Rawa Khola Arun Kosi. Rai 310 311

_, 2010,, 26, _, 1998,, _, 2010. -, 182, _, 2000,, _, 1998, - International Symposium, Discovery of _ Shamanic Heritage, _ Andrea Greter, 2009, Golden Bell and Golden Drum - The Efficacy of Ritual Performance in the Oral Tradition of the Koyee Rai in Eastern Nepal, Mater Thesis of Cultural Anthropology at the University of Zürich _ Claudia Müller-Ebeling Christian Rätsch Surendra Bahadur Shahi, 2002, Shamanism and Tantra in the Himalayas, Thames and Hudson Ltd. _ David Gellner, Priests, Healers, Mediums and Witches: The Context of Possession in the Kathmandu Vallay, Nepal, Man N.S. 29 _ Dharma Kaji Lama, 1998, Nepalese Shaman, the Healer, International Symposium - Discovery of Shamanic Heritage _ Gregory Maskarinec, 1995, The Rulings of the Night - An Ethnography of Nepalese Shaman Oral Texts, The University of Wisconsin Press _ J.T. Hitchcock and R.L. Jones ed, 1976, Spirit Possession in the Nepal Himalayas, Aris and Phillips Ltd. _ Larry Peters, 1987, The Tamang Shamanism of Nepal' Shirley Nicholson ed, Shamanism: An Expanded View of Reality, The Theosophical Publishing House _ Larry Peters, 1999, The Day the Deities Return: The Janai Purnima Pilgrimage of Tamang Shamans, Shaman's Drum _ Martino Nicoletti, 2006, The Ancestral Forest: Memor, Space and Ritual Among the Kulunge Rai of Eastern Nepal, Vajra Publications _ Michael Oppitz, 1971, On Sacrifice, Nepal, Past and Present _ Michael Oppitz, 1988, Shooting Shamans, Visual Anthropology _ Michael Oppitz, 1992, Drawings on Shmanic Drums, Anthropology and Aesthetics _ Michael Oppitz, 2007, Trommeln Der Shamanen, Völkerkundemuseum Der Zürich Universität. _ Mircea Eliade, 1974, Shamanism - Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy, Princeton University Press _ Mircea Eliade, 2003, A Drum in the Min Shan Mountains, Shaman Spring/Autumn _ Reinhard Greve, 1989, The Shaman and the Witch: An Analytical Approach to Shamanic Poetry in the Himalayas' Mihaly Hoppal and Otto von Sadovszky ed, Shamanism: Past and Present (Part 2), Ethnographic Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences _ http://www.cbs.gov.np _ http://www.digitalhimalaya.com _ http://www.nepembseoul.gov.np 312 313

2003 (,, ),. 2010. 2011 - Shaman --. 4, 1 2. 1 2010 3 12 3 29 18 2 2010 8 20 9 3 15 Narayanthan Janai Purnima, Kalingchok, Kathmandu. 2,,, (),,, (), ( ), ( ), Tribhuvan University Dilli Raj Sharma. 3 2010 12 20 12 28 9. 3,, (),., 4, 2011 3 2. Baksila Rai Thuloparsel Tamang. 1,,, (), (), Michael Oppitz. 4..,. 314 315

Abstract Nepalese Himalayan shamanism The National Folk Museum of Korea has been consistently involved in the discovery project on shamanism in the Asian region(tuvinians, Buryats, Altaic) since 2003. From the macroscopic point of the view, this is an example of cultural research in the area of Asia, as well as the process searching for roots of the cultural homogeneity. For the investigation, cooperation with KTV was directed and put into practice in 2010 on the theme of Himalayan Shamanism. The investigation was a part of preparation process for the special exhibition on 'Mediator between Heaven and Earth-Shaman' planned to be held in 2011 by the National Folk Museum of Korea. It was also the trial to gather integral spot examples for Asian shamanism through the combined work of the field investigation, collection of resources, and the exhibition. For the search for Nepalese Himalayan shamanism, four field investigations have been operated. During the first and the second field research trips, KTV and an investigator from the museum worked together, each taking part in the research and the video recording. The first field investigation took place for eighteen days, from 12th to 29th of March in 2010, about the shamanism rituals of the Rai in the east of Nepalese Baksila, the Tamang in the Thuloparsel. Kang, Kwon Yong / Ki, Yang / Yang, Jongsung and Wee, Cherl(the National Folk Museum of Korea), and Kim, Jung Hoon(KTV) participated as investigators and the video recorder, and Professor Michael Oppitz from Zurich university joined at the place as an advisor. The second field investigation on the Janai Purnima shamanism ritual in the Narayanthanarea of Kathmandu and Kalingchokarea of Dolakha. The shamanism research in Kathmandu city took fifteen days, from 20th of August to 3rd of September in 2010. Kang, Kwon Yong / Ki, Yang / Yang, Jongsung, and Wee, Cherl(the National Folk Museum of Korea) / Woo, Hyo Sung / Lee, Young Ho / Jung, Chul Su(KTV) / Lee, Yong-Shik(National Gugak Center), and Choi, Ho Shik(a professional photographer) participated as investigators and the video recorder, and Professor Dili Raj Sharma from Tribhuvan University participated at the location. From the 20th to 28th of December, 2010, nine days of the third field investigation trip took place focusing on the Gurung's shamanism ritual in the west Nepalese Pokhara. Ki, Yang /Kim, Changil / Wee, Cherl(the National Folk Museum of Korea) were investigators and, as an advisor, Professor Dili Raj Sharma from Tribhuvan University joined the team. Additionally, there were two weeks of additional research work done on the Rai shamanism ritual in the east Nepalese Baksila by Yang, Jongsung and Kim, Chang-Ho in March, 2011 for the International shamanism special exhibition in the National Folk Museum of Korea. Results of the above investigations on Nepalese Himalayan shamanism and cultures are acknowledged by this report. The report took a first step to have a glimpse of Nepalese shamanism, which had remained untouched by Korean researchers, and is meaningful as a combined work done by the cooperation of research activities through field investigation, collection of resources, and the exhibition. Moreover, it is the result of collaborated work with institutions like KTV and National Gugak Center, etc. 316 317

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