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Characterization of Housing Culture and its Policy Implication

2001,

2001 31 Characterization of Housing Culture and its Policy Implication

2001-31 / / 2-22 / 2001 12 28 / 2001 12 31 1591-6 (431-712) 031-380-0426() 031-380-0114() / 031-380-0474 7,000 / ISBN 89-8182- 178-X-93300 http://www.krihs.re.kr 2001,.

. 20-30.....,..,....,,.

,,,.,.,..,... 2001 12

1975 3.5% 2000 47.7% 57.5% 19.7%3. 90%.. 1.,..,,,,.. 15 5. 40, 30, 20. 1.

.,,,.,,...,,.,. 2 3.,,.,..,.,,,..

,.,,. 3. 35-44,..,.,..,...,

. 4,,,..,,...,,.. 3 35.3%...,.,.. (),

(). (67.7%) (11.2%) 8.1%. 80. (36.8%), (22.0%) (17.5%), (8.6%). (38.5%) (23.7%) (49.2%). (77.2%), (67.5%) (25.3%), (27.2%), (34.6%). 13.6%, 1-2 3-5... 5..,

.,,. 1000., 1000.,,... ++..,. + +.. ++,,.

6...,.,,.,.. 7,.,.,.

,., 3 4.

1 1. 1 2. 6 3. 6 1) 6 2) 7 2 1. 9 1) : 10 2) 15 3) 21 4) 23 2 35 1) 35

2), 38 3 1. 41 1) 41 2) 44 2. 47 1) 47 2) 51 3) 54 4) 57 3. 68 1), 68 2) 71 4. 73 1) 73 2) 79 4 1. 97 2. 105 1) 105 2) 108 3) 109 4) 110 3. 116 1) 116 2) 118

3) 123 4. 128 1) 128 2) 133 5 1. 139 2., 140 1) 140 2) 145 3) 147 4) 149 3., 157 1) 157 2) 163 3) 170 6 1. 185 1) 185 2) 189 2. 192 1) 192 2) : 193 3) 194 4) 196

7 199 203 SUMMARY 215 219

< 1-1> 4 < 2-1> 29 < 3-1> 47 < 3-2>,, 52 < 3-3> 52 < 3-4> 53 < 3-5> 55 < 3-6> 58 < 3-7> 58 < 3-8> 59 < 3-9> 60 < 3-10> 61 < 3-11> 62 < 3-12> 63 < 3-13> 63 < 3-14> 64 < 3-15> 64 < 3-16> 65

< 3-17> 65 < 3-18> 66 < 3-19> 67 < 3-20> 67 < 3-21> 68 < 3-22> 69 < 3-23> 70 < 3-24> 70 < 3-25> 81 < 3-26> 83 < 3-27> 84 < 3-28> (1998-2000) 85 < 3-30> () 87 < 3-31> ( ) 88 < 3-32> 90 < 4-1> 98 < 4-2> 100 < 4-3> 101 < 4-4> 102 < 4-5> (1) 103 < 4-6> (2) 104 < 4-7> (3) 105 < 4-8> 105 < 4-9> 106 < 4-10> - 107 < 4-11> - 107 < 4-12> - 108 < 4-13> - 109 < 4-14> - 109

< 4-15> 111 < 4-16> 116 < 4-17> 117 < 4-18> 117 < 4-19> 118 < 4-20> 118 < 4-21> 119 < 4-22> 119 < 4-23> 120 < 4-24> 120 < 4-25> 121 < 4-26> 121 < 4-27> 122 < 4-28> 123 < 4-29> 123 < 4-30> 124 < 4-31> 125 < 4-32> 128 < 4-33> 131 < 4-34> 132 < 4-35> 133 < 4-36> 134 < 4-37> :, 134 < 5-1> 141 < 5-2> 142 < 5-3> 143 < 5-4> 145 < 5-5> 146 < 5-6> 147

< 5-7> 148 < 5-8> 149 < 5-9> () 149 < 5-10> () 150 < 5-11> () 150 < 5-12> () 151 < 5-13> 154 < 5-14> 157 < 5-15> 159 < 5-16> 159 < 5-17> 160 < 5-18> 161 < 5-19> 162 < 5-20> 163 < 5-21> 164 < 5-22> 165 < 5-23> 166 < 5-24> 167 < 5-25> 167 < 5-26> 169 < 5-27> 170 < 5-28> 171 < 5-29> 172 < 5-30> 174 < 5-31> 175 < 5-32> 176 < 5-33> 177 < 5-34> 179

<1-1> 8 <2-1> 35 <2-2> 39 <3-1> 48 <3-2> ( 1997) 79 <4-1> 112 <4-2> 127 <4-3> 127 <4-4> : 1 129 <4-5> : M 130 <5-1> 140

1 C H A P T E R 1.,...,,,,,..,.,. 1 1

,... 1).,....,,.. 2) 1) 17,18..,, (, 1998). 2)..,..., (, my.netian.com/ ~starogi/ hb/ hb9.htm). 2

. " (I don't have a home)"., (Dovey, 1995, p30)....,. 112.,,,,...... 1 3

< 1-1> P.X. / :, 1994,. 3),..,,,.. (, 2000,p17).. 21 3) (, 1993, p25). 4

,. 20-30. (housing, dwelling unit) :.. (residential environment) :,,. (housing, residence) :,. 4) (apartment) :,, 5. 5) 4),. (conceptual space) (lived space).,.,.(dovey, 1985,p30-31).. (Dovey, 1985,p49). 5) 5 1 5

2...,.. 3. 1),,,,......,. 6

. 2001. 2) ( ).,,.,,,.,,.. 1 7

,,,,,,, <1-1> 8

2 C H A P T E R.,,.... 1. 3.,,.,..,. 2 9

1) :,.,. (shelter). (territory) (Porteus, 1976).,. (Werner et al, 1985).,. (1),. (Bell et al., 1978;, 1986, p142).,,.,,.,. 10

. 6).. Altman(1975) (places) (geographical areas) (ownership of places)... Becker(1978). Zeisel(1981),, -,, -... (Brown B., 1987, p518). (1986, 1988),,. (1996) 6) 1940.,,,.... 2 11

..,,..,,,.. (, 1986, p142). 1, 2, (Altman, 1975, p114). 1.. 2 (secondary territory) 1 1.. 1,., 1 (Porteus, p26)., (identity), -.,. (safe), (social system) (social stability),, 12

.,,,,.,,... 7) (2).,,. Proshansky(1970). Altman(1976) (input), (output). (1989),. 7) 1962.,. 169 15 52 8 (vandalism). 2 13

.,., (Altman, 1975).,,.,.,,.,.,.,..,. (Altman, 1975).. Brink(1976). (1989),.. (1989) 5 15. 5, 14

.. 8) 2).,. 9).. (, 2000). (Tognoli, 1982,, 1986 ). 8) 5 10 25 50-100, 15 150-300. 3 3 9 (, 1989). 9) (Maslow)... 1., 2, 3, 4 5... 2 15

. 10).,. 'identitas',,.,,,,,.. (Hayward, 1975,p7). (self) Mead. 1960 Lynch(1960). 1970 Appleyard(1979), Cooper(1974) 1980 Holahan(1982), Proshansky(1970), Rivlin(1986) Relph(1976), Buttimer(1980). Cooper (Cooper, 1974). Cooper Jung (symbol of self). Cooper,,. 10). (genius loci).. (Dovey, 1985, p37). 16

..,,, (Cooper, 1974, p131). 11) Rapoport. (Rapoport, 1981, pp10-11)...,,, (Rapoport, 1981,pp10-12).,. Appleyard. (Appleyard, 1979,p146). (shelter) (Duncan, 1981). (Duncan, 1985 ). 12) 11)., (Duncan, 1981:2). 2 17

.. (, 1995, p95).. Schultz. (loving together). (posession) (admittance) (Schultz, 1995, p100 ). Madon.,,., (Madon, 1975).,,. (Rivlin, 1987).. 12)..,..., (Duncan, 1981, pp62-76). 18

..,.,. (domestic peace) (Schultz, 1995, p100).... (Appleyard, 1979, p277).,,,,,....,. 13) -,,,,,,,. Lynch (sense of place) (sense of occasion). Proshansky 13) 7. (comfort), (diversity), (behavioral support), (identity), (temporal and spatial legitibility), (meaning) (individual development) (Lynch, 1971, pp 224-228). 2 19

(physical setting) - (place-identity). - (cognitions) - (self-identity) (memories), (ideas), (feeling), (attitudes), (values), (preferences), (meanings), (conceptions) (Proshansky, Fabian and Kaminoff, 1983, p59).,,,.. (Rivlin, 1986, p16).. (environmental identity). -. 14) (identity of).,, 14),.,,.. 20

(identity with). (, 1986) (, 1986). 3).. Cooper,,.. Porteus,, (Porteus, 1985)... TV.. (Collison, 1960: Tilly, 1961). 2 2 21

. (Clark, 1966).,.... (Keller, 1966). Wilmott Young,... Laoman & House (Laoman & House, 1970). (, 1988).. 19 (Fishman, 2000) (, 1991, pp157-158). Duncan Gans 22

. Duncan.. (Duncan and Duncan, 1980, Duncan, 1981). Gans,. Duncan.. 4) (1),,. (Rapoport, 1969,p54). (,, ),,,, 15). 15),,,,,. 2 23

(Dovey, 1985, p232).,.... ( ). 16) (2) (Porteus, 1986, p74). 17), 16)....,,,,,,,,,,.., (, 1976,35). () (), () () (), ()... (, 1977, p41),,. 17) (Wilson and Schultz, 1978: 140). 24

..... (Park,1925) 18), (Wirth,1938). Wirth,,, (segmentalization), (segeregation), (instability). (, 1990, p114). 19).,, (, 1993). 20) 18),,, (Park, 1925, p190) 19) / /,.. 20). 2 25

,,.,...., (, 2000;, 2001). 8-12(Porteus, 1985) 7-8 (, 1989). 21). 19.57, 18.61 (, 1981,, 1982). 1-20, 3-5, 1-2,, (, 1989, p43). (, 1981). (,1990). (, 1990), (, 1990), (, 1990),, (, 1989), (, 1989). 21) 2-4 51.9%, 2-10 72.2%. 2-4 51.9%. 26

(, 1979), (, 1984), (, 1985)., (, 1985, Hallman, 1984).,,, (, 1986).,,....,.... 22) 22).. Tomeh(1964) Ross(1965). (Wilson, 1971; Greer, 1956). 6 2,, (, 1989, p185). 2 27

..,,,,.. (, 1983). Festinger,, (Festinger, 1950).,. (, 1983). 35-50%. 50.7%. 20%. (,1997). 28

< 2-1> (1989) (1990) (1991) (1997) (2000)* 41.2 15.1 13.6 29.7 14.2 4.1 38.1 31.3** 34.9 50.7 28.9 45.4 12.0 20.8 22.2 10.8 25.6 19.6 4.8 7.2 15.6 0.6 6.1 6.2 0.9-5.3 - - - - 6.6 0.0 5.7 12.2 - - - 1.5 7.3-4.5 3.0 21.2 1.8 6.7 12.2 3.5 * 9.0% 100% **,.,,. (Michelson, 1977;, 1985;, 1976; Holahan, 1987)., (Michelson, 1977;, 1984,, 1992;, 1992). (, 1992; 1992)., 1990). (,1994).,,,,. 2 29

(, 1982, p357)..,,.,,,,.. 23). (, 1992) (, 1985).. 24) (,1984) (, 1992, p46,,1989).. (, 1989). 23) (Warren, 1976;, 1982, Bulmer, 1986). (Litwark and Szelenyi, 1969) (formal) (impersonal) (segmental). (Geer and Orleans, 1962; Tomeh, 1964, Smith et al., 1954). 24) (, 1985). 30

., (Shulman, 1967, Shaw and Mckay, 1969, Kasarda and Janowitz, 1974;, 1982, Bulmer, 1986).,. 2050 30-40 (, 1989). (Baldssare, 1981). (Bulmer, 1986; Hawley & Zimmer, 1970; Galle and Gove, 1978). (Mitchell, 1971; Anderson, 1972;, 1983).,..,,,,..,,,.,,, (Keller, 1968). (Holahan and Wandersman, 1987). 25) 25),, 2 31

. Cooper,. (Firey, 1945).,,, (Wilson and Schulz, 1978, p156). (, 1983).... (Wirth, 1957). (, 1982)., 60%, (50%), (36%) (, 1984) 32

. (helping behabior) (Merrens, 1973, Amata, 1981) 26) (, 1990). (Milgram, 1970)., (stimulus overloading)..... (, 1982)..,.. (segregation).. (Duncan & Duncan, 1957).. 26). 2 33

. (Walinsky, 1964).., (Feldman & Tilly, 1960).,.. Gutman(1963), Gans(1963). Gans, (, 12 ).,,,. (Keller, 1966).. 60%, 48.5% (, 1993). 34

2. 1),,. (Rapoport, 1977, p20).,,,.... (schema).,.. / / / /,, <2-1> 2 35

.. 20.......,...,,. 27)..,,,,,, (Rapoport, 1969). 27) ().. (Rapoport, 1977,p21). 36

.....,,,.,.,. (semi-public). 28). 29) 2),,.,. 28). (Rapoport, 1969,p98-100). 29) 5 5 5 5 5. 5. 2 37

,.. Rapoport.. (institution) (Rapoport, 1969). Rapoport 1 2,,. (criticality). (Altman and Chemers, 1980).,,..,....,,,..,,..,,. 38

.,,, (core element) (periphery element). < >,, < > <2-2>...,. Gordon(1964), HAW-SAN KWAN(1983), (1988) (, 1994 ).,. 2 39

(,1983;, 1986). (cultural gap)..,, 3.,.. 40

3 C H A P T E R,,.,.,. 1. 1)..,, 3 41

. (, 2000,p361). 2. 16 (casa in linea)... (Mumford, 1990, p392).. 30)..,... 30). 1801 9001750 50% 1811 14%. 1821 20% 1901 4,000 (Pawley, 1971, p11). 42

.. 20 31) 1920... 1950. 32) 1945.,,.,. 1960. 1960 31) perimeter block housing. 32).... ( ).,. (Unite d'habitation) (Le Corbusier, 1929:243, Hall, 1996, p248 ). 3 43

,.. 40.3%(1993), 7.3(199 5) 33), 20%(1990), 30%(1990), 36%(1990) 49.1%(1995) 34).. 2) 1930... (, 2000, p232)..,.. 33) 20 34) 1995 37.5% 49.1%.. 44

. 1945 1955, 1958, 1959. 1962. 35) 6 450. (, 1994, pp88-94).. 36),. 37) 35), 30. 10,.,.. 6. 1967 192 450 (, 1966, 10, 18,, 1994, p93 ). 36) 3 4, (, 1961, pp26-35). 37) 1980 3 45

,... 38).. 39)..,. 40) (, 1997).. 38) 20 1965, (, 1979, p369). 39).,. (, 1987, p167)., (, 1997). 40). (, 2000,p144). 46

2. 1) < 3-1> (:%) 1975 1985 1995 (75-95) 92.6 3.5 77.3 13.5 47.1 37.5 21.0 16.4 85.5 6.0 63.8 22.8 33.7 48.2 29.2 18.4 93.1 4.6 87.2 3.2 63.6 21.7 7.6 7.6 97.8 1.3 96.4 1.6 88.5 5.9 3.3 6.2 83.0 7.9 58.6 26.1 33.3 42.4 12.3 13.4 82.6 4.3 64.9 23.0 43.5 43.6 26.3 17.8 - - 67.8 25.3 43.5 46.4 3.2 6.0 - - 55.1 29.3 25.1 48.6 4.3 7.6 - - - - 39.0 53.8 - - - - - - 31.7 53.4 - - 93.8 0.9 73.1 14.5 32.5 45.7 6.8 10.1 90.1 0.2 81.9 5.2 61.0 27.9 6.3 9.4 97.1 0.1 89.0 5.0 58.6 31.9 8.9 11.5 96.4 0.2 90.3 4.5 73.1 16.0 3.2 6.0 96.5 0.1 90.2 4.6 64.4 28.2 7.6 10.7 96.2 0.2 90.9 5.3 74.9 19.0 3.2 6.0 94.4 1.0 90.5 4.7 67.3 23.3 6.0 9.4 95.3 0.9 83.4 10.6 54.2 37.6 5.1 8.5 96.9 2.0 93.0 1.8 68.1 14.5 10.8 12.6 : * 1990 1960 1975 3.5%. 1980 1995 37.5% ( ) 48.2%. 1990 8.3% 1995 21.6%. 1980 1990 3 47

. 1975 7.9% 1995,,,,. 1975 1995 12.3 26.3. 17.8%, 13.4%. <3-1> 1976, 11 ( 1999).. 1983 48

. 1980 35.2% 1998 86.9% 200 1989-19901991-1992.. 1970 1-2.. 1960 1970, 1970. 41) (1966-1971). 42) ( ) AID (1971-1974). 41) 1967 20., 5 8. 1968 80% 1969 1971 3 2. 1970 4 8. 42), (, 1982, p369). 3 49

(open plan),,.. 1976 (1976-1979).,,,,,,,, 12. 43). 44) 1981 1988,,. (1979-981).. 1980. 43). 60,70,. 6, 6. 44).,,.. (, 1994, p169). 50

1980 30 5. 5. 200.,. 2),.... 1987 79.3%1997 61.4% 1987 18.3%1997 35.2%. 1979 14.9%. 3 51

< 3-2>,, 87 92 97 (:%) 79.3 1.8 18.3-0.5 63.3 1.8 34.2 0.5 0.2 61.4 25.1 35.2 0.8 0.6 72.3 2.4 24.8-0.5 56.0 2.1 41.0 0.7 0.2 55.2 2.5 40.8 0.9 0.6 92.7 0.9 6.4-0.3 84.6 1.0 14.0 0.2 0.2 84.9 0.6 13.6 0.3 0.5 15-29 65.3 2.6 31.9-0.2 43.3 3.1 52.8 0.6 0.1 39.7 2.4 56.1 1.1 0.7 30-39 73.3 2.3 23.9-0.5 53.0 1.8 44.6 0.6 0.1 49.2 2.4 47.2 0.8 0.4 40-49 84.5 1.7 13.0-0.8 65.8 1.7 31.8 0.6 0.2 62.0 2.0 34.4 1.0 0.7 50-59 89.6 1.4 8.7-0.3 79.5 1.3 18.4 0.5 0.3 75.5 1.8 21.3 0.6 0.8 60 94.5 0.9 4.4-0.2 87.0 1.0 11.4 0.3 0.4 84.9 1.7 12.7 0.3 0.4 : :. 1992 30-39 54.6%. 30-39 47.2%. 30-39. 30. 60 1987 0.9% 1992 11.4%, 1997 12.7%. < 3-3> (:%) 87 92 97 79.3 1.9 18.3-0.5 63.3 1.8 34.2 0.5 0.2 61.4 2.1 35.2 0.8 0.6 83.9 1.5 14.5-0.1 68.0 1.8 29.7 0.5 0.1 69.3 1.6 28.0 0.8 0.3 65.3 7.8 26.6-0.3 57.0 4.2 38.5 0.3 0.1 51.0 8.8 38.9 1.1 0.2 40.9 1.2 57.6-0.3 40.4 0.7 58.2 0.7 0.1 39.4 0.8 59.2 0.3 0.3 - - - - - 51.2 2.6 43.1 3.2 0.0 58.9 3.1 34.2 3.5 0.2 76.0 2.2 15.8-6.1 63.0 2.1 32.3 0.2 2.5 61.6 1.0 29.9 0.8 6.6 : 52

. 1997 69.3%, 59.2%. < 3-4> 87 92 97 23.3 26.1 28.7 27.2 29.4 32.1 29.0 31.9 33.6-27.4 31.5 24.7 27.8 31.1 (: ) : 1970 17-20 1978 30.5, 1997 33.6.... 1986 1995.,. 3 53

(, 1994, p184). (, 1999, p288). 45) 3). 1960. 1970,. (, 1980). 1960. 1970 70%.. 45).. 54

< 3-5> (:%) 19 75 1985 1995 1999 (75-85) (85-99) 7.9 26.1 42.1 44.4 18.0 7.8 15.2 15.7 18.6 14.3-1.0 0.6 9.8 10.3 15.7 22.9-1.0 6.9 23.5 31.8 27.5 33.2 3.9 1.7 3.0 6.3 25.9 28.0 9.7 8.9 - - 26.0 30.2-12.1 1.0 9.8 22.2 24.2 29.2 3.9 - - 23.2 41.8-30.2 3.5 4.7 11.4 30.9 3.2 10.4 - - 17.8 20.3-48.6 1.5 8.2 56.5 63.9 22.4 20.1 - - 81.8 75.2-5.4-3.9 8.9 12.6-16.0 10.4 16.0 25.9 23.7-2.0 6.5 6.4 8.1 19.8 21.6 4.3 17.9 - - 46.1 51.2-4.0-14.8 52.6 62.5-6.4-20.4 35.4 39.6 - -0.4 - - 30.2 28.2-7.2 6.9 35.9 48.0 50.6 10.5 2.3-10.9 33.1 42.4-12.3 8.0 7.7 17.3 19.0-3.1 19.0 - - 62.2 64.6-2.8 19.4 72.7 74.8 75.5 29.5-1.4 - - 66.1 64.2-3.6-68.2 56.9 54.5 - -4.0 : 1975, 1985, 1995,, 1999 1:,,,,, 1990-1999 1995-1999 2: * 3 55

..,.,, (, 1991). < 3-2>,,. 1999 (75.5%), (54.5%), (64.2%), (86%)., 1980 50%., 1980 5-15% 1999 62-65% 20... 1971-1985 14-19 50% 1986 25-34. ( ).. 1980 56

, 1990,. 1980,. 46). 47) 4) (1). 1960. 1980. 46) 25 19, 50%. 1994 3.. (, 1995, p42-45). 47) 1960. 3 57

< 3-6> (:%) 80 95 80 95 80 95 80 95 80 95-24 5.1 4.9 3.2 1.4 4.8 2.4-2.4 7.4 3.5 25-34 23.6 21.0 39.7 25.3 35.9 24.4-30.4 28.3 21.6 35-44 27.8 23.1 34.0 39.8 31.7 32.6-32.7 32.3 31.2 45-54 22.2 19.7 14.3 19.6 16.4 22.3-19.1 19.1 23.5 55 21.3 31.3 8.8 13.9 11.2 18.3-15.5 12.8 20.3 : 1980 25-34 40% 1995 35-44 40%, 25-34 25.3%. 1995 55 31.3%. 55 1980 8.8%1995 13.9%. 1980. < 3-7> (:%) 88 93 99 185(7.8) 41(2.1) 103(5.1) 25(1.7) 128(13.7) 54(4.3) 319(13.5) 101(5.1) 275(13.7) 117(7.7) 131(14.0) 71(5.6) 991(41.8) 664(33.6) 930(46.2) 463(30.5) 460(49.0) 507(40.2) 196(8.3) 193(9.8) 162(8.1) 138(9.1) 30(3.2) 58(4.6) 681(28.7) 979(49.5) 543(27.0) 776(51.1) 189(20.2) 572(45.3) X 2 =289.724, p<.001 X 2 =246.586, p<.001 X 2 =208.671, p<.001 :,. 1988 55.3%1999 49.9% 58

1988 33.6%1999 40.2%. 1977 74-98%(, 1994, p34) 1970.. 1988 1999. 1988 7.5% 1999 12.7%. < 3-8> (: ) 88 93 99 59.3 63.7 145.7 156.8 171.5 193.4 t- test t=-3.6935, p<.001 t=-3.3480, p<.001 t=-3.7874, p<.001 :, 1988 1999. 1988 6 (58.4) 7 (67)1999 5 (174) 6 (202). 1980 1999. 3 59

< 3-9> 93 99 (:,%) 1 486(24.4) 300(19.8) 377(40.4) 408(32.3) 2 / 148(7.4) 88(5.8) 38(4.1) 59(4.7) 3 206(10.3) 100(6.6) 58(6.2) 98(7.8) 4 139(7.0) 46(3.0) 62(6.6) 48(3.8) 5 / 618(31.0) 655(43.3) 197(21.1) 441(34.9) 6 / 158(7.9) 151(10.0) 24(2.6) 58(4.6) 7 / 60(3.0) 110(7.3) 8(0.9) 20(1.6) 8 97(4.9) 34(2.3) 49(5.3) 44(3.5) 9 82(4.1) 29(1.9) 121(13.0) 87(6.9) 5+6+7 41.9 60.6 24.6 41.1 X 2 =151.156, p<.001 X 2 =88.919, p<.001 :,. 39.5%. 1960. 48) ++ 1993 60.6%1999 41.1% 19.8% 32.4%. 49) 48) 1967 10 7 4 1960, 1960. 1971 40-82% (, 1994, p 33 ). 49) 1993 28.2%, 1999 28.8% 1993 1999 (, ).. 60

,. 1980 59.4%1995 48.3%, 1980 65.5% 1995 64.1%.. < 3-10> (:%) 80 95 80 95 80 95 80 95 59.4 48.3 65.5 64.1 55.8 67.1 37.0 34.0 23.5 33.0 24.7 22.8 30.2 25.5 15.2 14.5 15.7 10.6 4.3 9.7 8.7 3.4 28.6 13.7 :,,,,.. 1980 50).,,. 50),.,,.,, (, 1994, pp37-46) 3 61

. 51) (2) < 3-11> (:%) 88 93 99 1 683(16.0) 928(40.5) 28(1.5) 66(4.6) 67(6.8) 113(8.6) 1-2 326(7.7) 528(23.1) 263(14.1) 362(25.4) 103(10.5) 142(10.8) 2-3 200(4.7) 182(8.0) 234(12.5) 279(19.6) 123(12.6) 196(14.9) 3-5 1087(25.5) 499(21.8) 463(24.8) 343(24.4) 138(14.1) 320(24.4) 5-10 913(21.4) 133(5.8) 441(23.6) 325(22.8) 213(21.8) 404(30.8) 10-20 661(15.5) 18(0.8) 331(17.7) 42(2.9) 223(22.8) 124(9.4) 20 391(9.2) 1(0.0) 107(5.7) 10(0.7) 112(11.4) 15(1.1) X 2 =1417.199, p<.001 X 2 =321.726, p<.001 X 2 =224.295, p<.001 :, : 1988 1 1.. 3.2 4.. 21.1% 6.5% 51) 16 ().. ( 2000-04-22). 62

.,. < 3-12> 92 9 7 (:%, ) 27.0 3.1 21.1 3.2 5.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 8.9 4.0 6.5 4.0 7.4 4.8 3.8 5.0 14.0 4.2 8.2 3.9 :., 17.6%, 7.6%, 11.3%. 26.1%.. < 3-13> 8 7 92 9 7 (:%) 6.5 5.8 13.8 2.4 6.2 6.5 12.6 7.9 2.7 5.2 9.2 11.3 5.6 4.8, - - - - - - - - - 1.2 1.3 2.5 2.6 0.7, 26.2 28.7 29.7 79.1 21.2 25.4 23.3 23.3 66.5 20.7 23.1 22.3 24.1 53.4, 8.4 9.7 15.7 2.6 6.9 8.4 11.5 11.5 3.1 10.6 12.8 17.6 12.0 7.5 24.1 40.4 29.8 10.9 32.1 46.7 37.7 43.4 17.3 29.6 38.4 31.1 36.6 19.4 2.4 3.9 5.1 0.2 3.2 4.0 5.5 2.1 1.1 3.8 5.5 7.6 4.3 1.3 28.1 7.2 2.4 2.8 28.0 6.5 6.4 11.2 7.9 26.1 7.7 5.1 12.4 11.7 4.3 4.2 3.6 2.0 2.4 2.5 3.0 0.7 1.3 2.8 1.9 2.6 2.4 1.3 : 3 63

1987 25%, 1997 22.5%. 24.7% 22.3% 38.4% 26.5%.. < 3-14> 8 7 92 9 7 (:%) 25.5 24.7 25.0 38.4 20.6 21.0 17.7 17.7 23.8 17.5 17.0 22.5 22.3 17.3 26.5 17.0 17.0 35.2 34.9 36.5 38.2 34.0 35.3 35.0 32.6 37.2 37.9 38.0 36.7 36.4 37.4 37.5 38.6 35.7 39.3 40.3 38.5 23.4 35.4 43.7 44.0 49.7 38.9 44.6 45.0 40.8 41.4 45.3 36.0 44.4 43.3 : < 3-15> 92 9 7 (:%) 25.6 25.4 23.3 29.4 25.6 22.0 28.7 27.6 23.2 36.2 70.6 25.3 42.1 42.9 41.7 37.7 38.9 41.2 42.6 43.8 43.8 38.0 40.7 44.5 32.3 31.7 35.0 32.8 35.5 36.8 28.6 28.6 32.9 25.8 35.5 30.2 : 1992 29.4%1997 36.2% 25.4%27.6%.. 64

< 3-16> (:%) 8 7 92 9 7 4.0 8.6 4.4 7.3 6.1 11.5 3.0 14.5 7.1 9.9 9.7 2.6 12.5 9.5 28.5 13.6 12.9 9.5 25.9 20.9 16.1 10.9 12.1 28.3 19.3 21.5 12.6 19.1 27.3 39.2 58.2 32.8 22.4 39.8 56.1 44.7 27.9 27.9 42.6 51.4 43.1 31.2 3.5 7.8 7.1 2.4 5.8 4.0 7.6 3.8 4.6 13.4 6.3 7.8 7.5 17.9, 28.4 22.7 11.2 39.6 35.7 18.1 12.7 21.1 40.7 10.9 3.2 2.8 3.0 7.2 7.0 7.0 0.7 4.4 2.8 4.2 2.2 3.1 3.1 3.5 6.7 2.5 4.4 3.8 - - - - - - - - 1.7 0.7 5.1 0.5 4.7 - - - - - - - - - 3.3 10.0 4.6 15.3 2.5 1.3 1.0 5.4 4.1 1.3 1.6 2.3 1.9 4.4 1.1 1.4 1.7 1.1 4.2 :. < 3-15> 1980 19.6 1995 22.0.. < 3-17> 92 97 (:%) 7.3 7.0 9.3 7.7 8.3 6.7 6.4 5.9 5.1 8.1 9.1 7.6 24.8 25.8 21.5 25.7 25.9 11.0 22.2 23.1 16.7 23.9 16.6 16.7 12.1 12.5 10.2 7.6 10.1 21.4 22.5 23.8 25.4 13.7 24.5 30.8 26.2 23.2 37.5 34.0 23.8 35.6 9.8 7.5 8.4 19.3 5.2 11.2 23.5 24.7 15.2 21.2 28.0 19.6 16.2 16.5 19.3 14.2 14.3 12.9 3.9 4.2 4.1 2.8 4.0 2.3 2.6 3.2 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.6 - - - - - - 15.0 15.4 18.4 11.1 24.4 13.5 - - - - - - 4.5 3.8 4.2 7.4 3.5 4.0 2.3 2.5 2.2 1.1 0.0 3.4 0.9 0.8 1.2 0.9 1.4 1.8 : 3 65

,. 3.2% 1.3%.. 52) (3),. 1980 10-14 36.1%, 1995 19-2939.4%. 80 95 < 3-18> (:%, ) 9 10-14 15-18 19-29 30-39 40 10.8 24.1 27.0 25.4 6.9 5.9 13.4 10.8 23.5 27.6 25.7 6.6 5.7 13.1 3.1 36.1 22.1 21.7 11.8 5.2 19.6 2.8 13.0 26.1 36.2 10.1 11.6 17.5 2.2 10.3 21.6 34.8 12.7 18.4 15.5 3.5 14.8 29.2 39.4 8.0 5.1 22.0 : 52),,.,. (, 1999)...,, (, 2000). 66

1980 13.1 1995 22.0. 1980 2.8 2.1 1995 3.8, 2.8.. 3.9, 33.6,.. 80 95 : < 3-19> (:%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 33.0 35.9 21.5 6.7 2.0 0.9 2.1 33.7 36.1 21.1 6.4 1.8 0.9 2.1 7.3 38.5 32.2 14.0 6.3 1.6 2.8 12.3 18.4 30.0 30.0 6.7 2.7 3.1 17.3 26.4 30.1 17.3 6.7 2.2 2.8 0.8 2.8 30.5 53.4 8.2 4.3 3.8 < 3-20> (:, ) 8 7 92 97 8 7 92 9 7 2.7 3.0 3.6 24.0 27.1 30.1 2.7 2.9 3.5 23.3 26.1 28.7 2.9 3.4 3.6 27.2 29.4 32.1 3.1 3.6 3.9 29.0 31.9 33.6-3.1 3.5-27.4 31.5 2.6 2.9 3.6 24.7 27.8 31.1 : 3 67

< 3-21> (:%) 80 95 80 95 80 95 80 95 6.9 75.4 85.3 99.7 59.8 98.3 20.5 80.5 9.9 60.2 98.5 99.9 66.1 98.1 30.3 81.3 27.8 61.9 34.0 99.2 31.7 92.0 10.4 61.5 :. 19801995,. 1980 85-98% 1995 100% 1995 75.4%.. 1999 5 56%, 41.3% 2 29.9%, 34.3%. 3. 1),. 35-44,. 68

. < 3-22> (:%) 80 95 80 95 80 95 80 95 80 95-24 5.1 4.9 3.2 1.4 4.8 2.4-2.4 7.4 3.5 25-34 23.6 21.0 39.7 25.3 35.9 24.4-30.4 28.3 21.6 35-44 27.8 23.1 34.0 39.8 31.7 32.6-32.7 32.3 31.2 45-54 22.2 19.7 14.3 19.6 16.4 22.3-19.1 19.1 23.5 55 21.3 31.3 8.8 13.9 11.2 18.3-15.5 12.8 20.3 : 25-39 1970 19.9%, 1980 20.8%, 1990 26.5%, 1995 28.2%. 1980 25-34 40% 1995 35-44 40% 1980. 65% 55. 1960. 1970 72.9%1995 80.9% 1995 81.5%.., 1988 85.6%, 1999 89.4%., 1 3 69

. 3,. < 3-23> (:%) 70 75 80 85 90 95 72.9 71.2 74.6 76.1 76.9 80.9 17.4 10.9 10.6 9.9 9.4 8 9.7 17.9 14.8 14 13.8 11.2 78.1 74.1 75.1 77.1 78.2 81.5 11.7 7.1 7.4 7.7 7.9 7.2 10.2 18.8 17.5 15.2 14 11.3 69.1 68.3 71.6 73.9 73.3 78.6 21.6 14.7 14.6 14.2 13.5 10.6 9.3 17 13.8 11.9 13.2 10.8 : < 3-24> (:%) 88 99 1 290(6.8) 220(9.6) 87(9.3) 96(7.6) 2 3056(72.1) 1734(76.0) 667(71.0) 1036(81.8) 3 755(17.8) 256(11.2) 152(16.2) 113(8.9) 140(3.3) 72(3.2) 34(3.6) 21(1.7) x 2 =59.618 p<.001 x 2 =41.949 p<.001 :,. 1970 38.5% 1999 47.4%. 1983 52.9%1999 73%.. 53) 70

..,. 54) 2).....,. 53).. 54) (, 1997, 7, 21)., ' '( 2001-03-07),,,,... ' ' ( 2001-09-05),,. 3 71

. 55),,,.,. 1970, 1980, 1980 1990. 1960,. 1970 1980. 1980 (, 1997).,,,.... 55). 2.5 1 7 1 3 5-7. 1970 3( 5 7.5 ), 1971 1975 4 5, 1976 1980 4 6, 1981-19905 7 (, 1991, p118-119). 72

(domesticity) (Marsh, 1990).,,, (wholesomness), (Knox, 1994).,. 4. 1) (1) :,,.. 1980 50%. 1980 1998 86-87%. 56). 56),, 3 73

.,.,,,.. 1960. 1960 1962-1972 4... 1960 (1962), (1962), (1962). 1970.. 57) 74

3 800.,. 1972 10 (1972-1981). (1972), (1976), (1978)..,.. 58) 1976. 4 5., 13,,,. 57) 3 5 11.2%. 1972 21.8%. 58) 1971 40 60-70 (, 1971. 9. 30) 72-74 100 74 450 (, 1973, 7.9) 3 75

. 1973 AID. 1977. 59). 1979 1980. 1981,. 60) 1980. 1980 1980.. 1988 5200. 1989.. 1993 5 1993-1997 285. 59) 1978, (1000 ). 60) 1984. 76

.... (2) ().,.,, 70, 80. 61),. 1977.. 1978, (1000 ) 61),.,. 173. 3 77

. 1970. 62).. 20% 10%..... 2) : ( 1987, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996). (1987) 62) 1977 312 44:1, 55:1 535 (, 1994, p179). 78 8 8. (,, 1990, p485) 78

60% 31%. 1970 1990 ( 1997). 197080% 1988 1996 6:4 ( 1999). ( 2000). <3-2> ( 1997),. 3 79

197726.5% 1985 58.1%, 1998 86.9%.,,. (1),..,,. 1965 1980 28, 39, 108, 3 ( 1985, ). 1975 1988 15 2.9, 3.5 8.4, 4.7 ( 1989)... 1986 2000 < 3-25> 1986 72.52000 85.6 64.588.2, 52.0103.1. 80

6 35 < 3-25> (: index, 1995=100) 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 65.0 72.5 64.0 52.0 69.3 79.8 65.4 54.8 61.9 69.4 58.6 47.6 62.0 65.6 66.7 54.1 78.8 85.4 74.8 68.3 77.1 84.4 72.9 68.0 81.9 88.4 78.3 69.3 80.3 85.2 77.9 71.9 109.3 109.6 109.4 108.6 111.7 112.4 110.3 111.2 111.5 109.8 110.6 114.4 104.7 107.1 107.3 101.0 : (2001)., (1997).. 1 103.3 104.7 102.8 101.3 103.4 104.8 101.8 101.6 103.3 104.2 102.2 102.1 103.2 105.1 104.6 100.6 100.2 100.7 100.2 99.3 100.6 100.7 100.3 100.0 100.3 100.8 100.4 99.5 99.9 100.7 99.8 98.9 101.5 99.8 100.5 103.5 101.5 99.5 100.6 104.2 100.4 99.4 99.8 101.6 102.4 100.4 101.2 104.5 90.7 88.1 89.2 93.7 89.8 87.6 86.8 93.6 88.5 86.1 89.3 90.5 93.2 90.0 92.0 96.3 94.2 85.6 88.2 103.1 97.7 89.6 88.3 109.7 90.2 82.5 84.8 97.9 94.8 84.9 90.6 103.1, 6, 35. IMF 1997 1.7% IMF 3.3%, 15% IMF.. 97 557 848 52% (14.9%), (11.3%), (10.6%) 10%. (-11.3%), (-7.9%), (-6.1%), (-5%) 97 ( 2001.9.18). 3 81

1986 65.0 2000 94.2 52.0103.1..,. :. 1995 2001 5 < 3-26> 1995 12100 2001 5 95.8, 96.8, 98.5. 85.5 86.8 89.9 92.4 1997 3/4 20004/4 1998IMF 1999 2001 5 107.0 108.3... 1997 1998. 82

< 3-26> 95 12 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 96 12 100.6 101.0 101.8 99.7 99.8 99.9 99.7 100.6 101.6 102.7 104.0 97 12 102.2 103.7 103.6 98.7 99.0 99.4 99.9 101.2 105.7 109.4 108.5 98 12 92.1 92.2 90.7 86.6 88.5 88.7 90.7 89.3 94.4 96.4 93.0 99 12 94.9 95.4 94.3 85.5 86.8 88.8 89.6 87.5 104.9 104.8 100.2 (: index, 1995=100) 00 12 94.7 95.3 95.3 85.0 85.3 87.0 92.7 86.9 105.6 105.0 102.8 01 5 95.8 96.8 98.5 85.8 85.5 86.8 92.4 89.9 107.0 108.3 107.5 : 132, 85 132, 85 :,.. 1997 1, 1998 1, 1999 : 1 ( 1987).,.. 8 6.0% 70% 7. 30 40%. 3 83

70% 80%. 50 60%. (2001.8.29 ).. < 3-27> 10% 20% 50 60%. < 3-27> (: %) 1998 1999 2000 2001 3/4 4/4 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4 1/4 2/4 19 12 14 10 13 19 15 10 14 22 15 19 61 64 58 64 67 54 60 69 55 56 54 49 8 10 12 13 8 10 12 9 11 8 8 7 4 1 5 3 1 3 4 1 4 2 4 5 6 3 6 5 4 6 5 7 8 9 11 11 2 10 5 5 7 8 4 4 8 4 8 9 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 :. brief. 2000 7, 2001 7 70%. 2000 47.7%, 37.1%. 63) 84

< 3-28> (1998-2000) (:,%) 1998 780,940 155,674 4,729 49,036 26,002 545,499 100.0 19.9 0.6 6.3 3.3 69.9 1999 1,007,935 172,366 7,348 59,547 34,834 733,840 100.0 17.1 0.7 5.9 3.5 72.8 2000 961,996 172,137 7,404 87,161 39,979 655,315 100.0 17.9 0.8 9.1 4.1 68.1 : (2001). 2001 (www.moct.go.kr). IT. 64),. (2) 63),,, (, 2001.8.6) 20004/ 4 70%. 64). 3 85

(, 1999).. 1950 1960. 1979 1976.,,,,,,,,,. 1970,,,,,,,,,, ( 1999 ). (1997) (, ),,,,,,,,.,, 86

. 1980 98.5% 9.9% 1995 60.2%. 34.0%, 85.3%(1980 ) 99.7%(1995 ) 27.8%, 6.9%(1980 )75.4%(1995 ).. < 3-30> () (:,%) 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 235,608 316,521 512,778 837,844 1,227,069 1,429,569 42.6 37.9 41.5 43.0 38.8 31.5 12,008 27,957 78,059 182,736 2,408 272,613 2.2 3.3 6.3 9.4 7.6 6.0 139,975 296,949 386,929 416,104 417,712 420,162 25.3 47.5 31.3 21.3 13.2 9.2 175,819 179,645 181,313 181,313 181,438 181,438 29.9 21.5 14.7 9.3 5.7 4.0-14,253 77,187 311,648 827,249 1,753,949 10.2 6.2 16.0 26.2 38.6 - - - 18,252 262,240 483,613 0.9 8.3 10.6 - - 393 2,105 2,461 2,897 0.1 0.1 0.1 553,410 835,325 1,236,659 1,950,002 3,158,754 4,543,241 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 : (2001). 2001 (www.moct.go.kr) 65) 1970 65) 1983 ( 1998 ). 3 87

. 1972, 90%1973 60%, 1977 90% ( 1988). 1992,,. 1980 1985 48.4% 198350.1% 1986 55.8%. < 3-31> ( ) 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 (:, %) LP 146,167 177,146 199,002 300,057 492,497 722,171 26.4 21.2 16.1 15.4 15.6 15.9 135,589 289,421 569,018 1,047,936 2,027,000 3,158,164 24.5 34.6 46.0 53.7 64.2 69.5 271,654 368,758 468,639 602,009 639,257 662,906 49.1 44.4 37.9 30.9 20.2 14.6 553,410 835,325 1,236,659 1,950,002 3,158,754 4,543,241 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 : (2001). 2001 ( 6 2 ). 1989 0.2 1.5 1994 0.71 2.08. 1999 9 85 85 1 /75, 85 1 /65. 88

, 300 3/10 6/10.,. (85 ) 1989 0.6 1996 1.13. 2.08 (,1996, 135 ) 0.7. 5,,,,,,. 50 6 500 500. 2000. 500 300500 200 150 1 ( 53 ). 100 15100 0.1 300 300 ( 55 ). 300 50300 0.1 300 300 ( 55 ). 0.3 4 (, 0.2 3 ), 3 (1991 ). 500 1 (1991. 1 ) 3 89

800m 3000,, 500 (1989. ). (1987),.. < 3-32> (2000. 12. 31.) 150 300 500 1000 2000-300 -500-1000 -2000 7,293 2,429 2,129 1,893 690 152 709 300 367 247 62 33 150 6,584 2,429 1,762 1,646 628 119 : (2001). 2001 (www.moct.go.kr). 300. 90

,..,,., 2500 (,, ). 2000. 1. 28 3 300.. 500 30. 500. (3), ( 1989). 3 91

.. (, 1989;, 1990). (, 1981). (, 1979), (, 1984), (, 1985).,. (, 1985; Hallman, 1984),,..,.,,.,,,,,,,, 92

,,,,,. ( 1991). (2001), 5. 2 (1992),.,,,,,. 40,,. (1993). (, 2001).. (1993) 3 93

. (1985) 8 12, 11 14., (, 1991). (2001),,, 4.,,,,, 5.,,. (1989),, 9.8, 5.5,, 3.7. 1 559.1% 2.4%. 69% 94

.,, (, 1992)....... 3 95

4 C H A P T E R,,.,,... 1. 1),,.,, 3.. 4 97

7, 3 13. < 4-1> ( ) 40 30 20 10 A B C D ( ) 1982 84 1998 1988 1992 () 2436 2367 720 2298 () 1,260 1,350 810 320 - E F G ( ) 1972 1986 1974 () 3460 640 172 () 1,660 866 985 388 H I J ( ) 1995 1992 1994 () 1762 588 382 () 810 851 709 729 690 K L M ( ) 1997 1994 1997 () 320 315 940 () 250 250 274 278 < 4-1>. 40, 30, 20 66). 66) 20 10 18,19. 98

. 1000 ( ), 800 ( ), 300 ( ). 800 ( ), 700 ( ), 600 ( ). 2) < 4-2>,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. 4 99

2001 6 25 6 30..,, 7 9 8 16. 980 643 (65.6%) 628 (64.1%). < 4-2> A* 70 52 51 B 70 48 48 C 70 30 30 D 140 108 108 E 70 42 39 F 70 50 49 G 70 36 34 H* 70 46 44 I 70 44 44 J 70 33 32 K* 70 32 32 L 70 62 62 M 70 60 55 980 643 628 : SPSS PC+.,,. ANOVA, T-TEST,. 100

3),,,,,,,. < 4-3> ( ) A 14 2,436 34,41,45,46,55,57,65,67 1982-1 984 B 13-18 2,367 + 25,32,43 1998 C 15 720 17,19,24,27,31,33 NS,43 1988 D 15 2,298 12,13,14 1992 E 5 3,460 22,32,42,62 1972 F 5 640 NS 27,30,35,45,55 1986 G 5 172 NS 18,19,22,26,32,52 1974 H 15-25 1,762 23,26,32,38,47,58 1995 I 15-23 588 21,31,37 1992 J 9-20 382 21,27,33 1994 K 15 320 NS 37,43,52 1997 L 15 315 32 1994 M 14,15 940 +NS 20,23 1997, 1000 5, 500 4, 500 5. 6 7. 5, 14 156, 4. 1970 2. 1980 3, 8 1990. 4 101

. < 4-4> A 34,41,45,46,45,56,57,66,68 + B 25,32,43 ++ C 17,19,24,27,31 + D 12,14 E 22,32,42,62 ++ F 27,30,35,45,55 ++ G 18,19,22 H 23,26,32,38,47,58 ++ I 21,31,37 + J 21,27,32,33,37,38,42,50,59,60 ++ K 38.43.52 + L 32 M 20.23 4) < 4-5>., 40 30, 50. 70.1% (9.9%), / (5.9%), (9.1%). (20.4%), (19.7%).,. < 4-5>. + 73.8% 450.6% 3 (18.4%), 5 (12.9%).. 102

< 4-5> (1) 20 15( 2.6) 4( 0.7) 30 179( 31.2) 144( 26.4) 40 193( 33.7) 185( 33.9) 50 136( 23.7) 137( 25.1) 60 50( 8.7) 76( 13.9) 573(100.0) 546(100.0) / 32( 5.9) 69( 13.3) 7( 1.3) 56( 10.8) 20( 3.7) 137( 26.5) / 8( 1.5) 29( 5.6) 13( 2.4) 27( 5.2) 6( 1.1) 6( 1.2),,, 1( 0.2) - 24( 4.4) 130( 25.1) 379( 70.1) - 51( 9.4) 63( 12.2) 541(100.0) 517(100.0). 4( 0.7) - / 31( 5.4) 15( 2.8) / 45( 7.9) 26( 4.8) / 177( 31.0) 112( 20.6) / 285( 49.9) 320( 58.9) 29( 5.1) 70( 12.9) 571(100.0) 542(100.0) 1 58.1%( 68.5%) 90%. 80%, 46.3%. 4 103

< 4-6> (2) 46( 7.6) + 448( 73.8) ++ 48( 7.9) + 3( 0.5) ++ 24( 4.0) 1 15( 2.5) 23( 3.8) 607(100.0) 1 29( 4.7) 2 65( 10.6) 3 113( 18.4) 4 310( 50.6) 5 79( 12.9) 6 13( 2.1) 7 4( 0.7) 613(100.0) 1000 48( 10.5) 10002000 71( 15.5) 20003000 91( 19.9) 30004000 81( 17.7) 40005000 79( 17.2) 5000 88( 19.2) 458(100.0) 1 58.1%( 68.5%) 90%. 80%, 46.3%. 104

< 4-7> (3) 0 131( 21.0) 33( 6.4) 98( 90.7) 1 363( 58.1) 354( 68.5) 9( 8.3) 2 116( 18.5) 115( 22.2) 1( 1.0) 3 15( 2.5) 15( 2.9) - Tot al 625(100.0) 517(100.0) 108(100.0) 370( 63.9) 338( 68.0) 32( 39.0) 61( 10.5) 55( 11.1) 6( 7.3) 148( 25.6) 104( 20.9) 44( 53.7) Tot al 579(100.0) 497(100.0) 82(100.0) 2. 1) (1) < 4-8> (: ). 3.26 3.33 2.91. 2.78 2.91 2.06, 3.33, 2.91.. 4 105

(2) < 4-9> (: N,%) 148( 12.1) 123( 12.1) 25( 12.1) 47( 3.8) 41( 4.0) 6( 2.9) 247( 20.2) 202( 19.8) 45( 21.8) 314( 25.6) 280( 27.5) 34( 16.5) 97( 7.9) 58( 5.7) 39( 18.9) 6( 0.5) 3( 0.3) 3( 1.5) 28( 2.3) 19( 1.9) 9( 4.4) 57( 4.7) 49( 4.8) 8( 3.9) 265( 21.6) 230( 22.6) 35( 17.0) 25( 1.3) 14( 1.4) 2( 1.0) 1,225(100.0) 1,019(100.0) 206(100.0),,,.. (4 ) 30, 20, 40. 30(49.0%) 40, 20 20 68.8% 30, 20. 106

< 4-10> - (:N,%) 10 11( 1.8) 1( 0.2) 10( 10.4) 20 154( 25.3) 88( 17.2) 66( 68.8) 30 269( 44.2) 251( 49.0) 18( 18.8) 40 146( 24.0) 144( 28.1) 2( 2.1) 50 28( 4.6) 28( 5.5) - 608(100.0) 512(100.0) 96(100.0) (3) < 4-11> - (: ). 1.97 1.84 2.64. 3.50 3.52 3.38. 2.38 2.29 2.84. 3.95 4.04 3.47 (,,, ). 3.68 3.68 3.65 : 1-5 3.95,,..,. 4 107

3) < 4-12> - 3.83 3.97 2.99 3.35 3.55 2.23 3.31 3.45 2.56 3.34 3.35 3.30 () 3.72 3.82 3.12 () 2.82 2.91 2.31 ( ) 2.54 2.66 1.86 3.41 3.59 2.43 3.39 3.48 2.91 3.39 3.40 3.34 3.27 3.30 3.11 () 3.31 3.36 3.03, 2.99 2.93 3.29, 3.18 3.18 3.18 3.11 3.22 2.56 3.41 3.55 2.69 3.24 3.29 2.95 3.42 3.46 3.22 3.12 3.14 3.00 2.79 2.79 2.81 3.14 3.15 3.06 () 3.67 3.71 3.45 () 3.45 3.55 2.93, 3.45 3.60 2.64 2.97 3.13 2.10 (, ) 3.45 3.53 3.01 3.31 3.48 2.57 3.35 3.42 2.93 : 1-5,,, 108

... 4) 1-10., 5(33.9%), 6(18.6%), 7(11.2%). 90.1% 4-7 4-7 31.5% 1-3 60.7%. < 4-13> - (: N,%) (1,2,3) 93( 17.4) 39(8.7) 54(62.1) (4,5,6,7) 430(80.4) 402(90.1) 28(32.2) (8,9,10) 12(2.2) 5(1.1) 5( 5.7) < 4-14> - (: N,%), 102( 16.5) 7( 1.4) 26( 25.5) 458( 74.1) 394( 76.4) 64( 62.7), 58( 9.5) 46( 8.9) 12( 11.8) 516(100.0) 516(100.0) 102(100.0). 4 109

. 5),.,..,. < 4-15>. 67) 1,. 2,. 3,, 4,,. 5. 6. 67)... 110

< 4-15> 1 2 3 4 5 6 * 0.66046-0.14025-0.07345-0.15954 0.09150 0.11881 * 0.64525-0.08675-0.04870-0.20055 0.06716 0.05874 0.63055-0.04421 0.24128 0.07548 0.01334-0.0148 9 0.62131-0.00010 0.14595 0.00814-0.08264-0.1816 9 0.58090 0.03970 0.01696 0.08406-0.26559 0.06329 0.55187 0.04561 0.36231 0.00771-0.02403 0.08759 0.42041 0.11075-0.00626 0.40020-0.27176 0.01541 0.87643-0.06525-0.02319 0.07528 0.13366 0.05771 0.79760-0.10924-0.04081 0.11534 0.10702 0.06548 ( ) -0.12684 0.77989 0.12422 0.09616 0.12131-0.0574 3-0.00128 0.69954 0.15779 0.03329-0.04186-0.0186 6 0.13378 0.44495 0.13368 0.20663-0.06043-0.0432 3 0.10333-0.01931 0.84103 0.05321 0.01149 0.06874 0.05031 0.03605 0.76369-0.00276 0.02657 0.00570 0.10771 0.11242 0.74380-0.04689 0.06310-0.0122 2 0.06987 0.30798 0.59535 0.12485 0.16923 0.05114 0.15226 0.14600-0.06318 0.60542 0.04181-0.1375 2 0.08970-0.26606-0.03173 0.57633 0.09167 0.18956 0.01754-0.17195 0.01746 0.57386 0.14940 0.29109-0.02196 0.10214 0.02518 0.56254 0.14566-0.0622 9 *-0.17832 0.04089-0.10797-0.47622-0.01337-0.0599 9 * -0.08688 0.33618-0.03666-0.40416 0.13113 0.00911 0.25959-0.03690 0.15479 0.07049 0.76334 0.05789 0.34629-0.05471 0.12358 0.04956 0.69810-0.0761 7-0.17771-0.01649-0.01380 0.15437 0.56014 0.00610 0.03873 0.07486-0.00503 0.02593-0.02779 0.80853-0.04547 0.03953 0.10488 0.08262 0.00436 0.80034 eigen-value 0.1972 0.1370 0.0671 0.0651 0.0502 0.0489 0.1972 0.3342 0.4013 0.4664 0.5166 0.5655 : * 4 111

<4-1> :, 112

,,,... 3.38..,. 1 84.8% 1,2 36.9% 2. 68).,,,.. 68) 50 53.6%. 61.9%. 51.1% 80.3% (, 1996, p218-222). 4 113

.,..,,,..,,,.......,,,, 114

(, 1998, pp35-44)., (, 1996, pp159-172).,,..,... 69)... 69)... (, 1992, pp159-160). 4 115

.. 3. 1),.,.. < 4-16> (:, %) 66( 11.6) 57( 11.9) 9( 10.3) 33( 5.8) 25( 5.2) 8( 9.2) 341( 60.0) 305( 63.4) 36( 41.4) 128( 22.5) 94( 19.5) 34( 39.1) 568(100.0) 481(100.0) 87(100.0),,,,,,.,,, 116

,,,. < 4-17> (: N, %) 77( 7.1) 68( 7.2) 9( 0.8) 123( 11.4) 108( 11.5) 15( 11.2) 297( 27.6) 291( 30.9) 6( 4.5) 155( 14.4) 128( 13.6) 27( 20.1) 45( 4.2) 42( 4.5) 3( 2.2) 224( 20.8) 190( 20.1) 34( 25.4) 83( 7.7) 68( 7.2) 15( 11.2) 52( 4.8) 41( 4.3) 11( 8.2) 21( 1.9) 7( 0.7) 14( 10.4) 1077(100.0) 943(100.0) 134(100.0) : < 4-18> (: N,%) 29( 2.8) 25( 2.8) 4( 3.0) 217( 21.3) 202( 22.7) 15( 11.4) 153( 15.0) 137( 15.4) 16( 12.1) 73( 7.1) 58( 6.5) 15( 11.4) 115( 11.3) 107( 12.0) 8( 6.1) 84( 8.2) 65( 7.3) 19( 14.4) 282( 27.6) 249( 28.0) 33( 25.0) 68( 6.7) 46( 5.2) 22( 16.7) 1,021(100.0) 889(100.0) 132(100.0) : 4 117

< 4-19> (: N,%) 302( 26.1) 256( 26.0) 46( 27.1) 214( 18.5) 192( 19.5) 22( 12.9) 310( 26.8) 265( 26.9) 45( 26.5) 232( 20.1) 192( 19.5) 40( 23.5) 73 ( 6.3) 61( 6.2) 12( 7.1) 22( 1.9) 19( 1.9) 3( 1.8) 3( 0.3) 1( 0.1) 2( 1.2) 1,156(100.0) 986(100.0) 170(100.0) : 2) 3 59.1%, 92.4%.,. < 4-20> (: N,%) 219( 35.3) 211( 40.9) 8( 7.6) 402( 64.7) 305( 59.1) 97( 92.4) 621(100.0) 516(100.0) 105(100.0).,. 118

< 4-21> (: N,%) 63 (27.3) 58 (26.1) 5( 55.6) 16 ( 6.9) 16 ( 7.2) - 25 (10.8) 22 ( 9.9) 3( 33.3) 29 (12.6) 29 (13.1) - 16 ( 6.9) 16 ( 7.2) - 51 (22.1) 51 (23.0) - 7 ( 3.0) 7 ( 3.2) - 4 ( 1.7) 4 ( 1.8) - 3 ( 1.3) 3 ( 1.4) - 5 ( 2.2) 4 ( 1.8) 1( 11.1) 1 ( 0.4) 1 ( 0.5) - 6 ( 2.6) 6 ( 2.7) - 5 ( 2.2) 5 ( 2.3) - 231(100.0) 222(100.0) 9(100.0) < 4-22> (: N,%) 18( 8.1) 17( 7.9) 1( 12.5) 1( 0.4) 1( 0.5) - 5( 2.2) 5( 2.3) - 1( 0.4) 1( 0.5) - 25( 11.2) 24( 11.2) 1( 12.5) 151( 67.7) 146( 67.9) 5( 62.5) 8( 3.6) 8( 3.7) - 6( 2.7) 5( 2.3) 1( 12.5) 8( 3.6) 8( 3.7) - 223(100.0) 215(100.0) 8(100.0) 4 119

< 4-23> (: N,%) 15( 5.4) 14( 5.2) 1( 11.1) 29( 10.5) 27( 10.1) 2( 22.2) 27( 9.7) 26( 9.7) 1( 11.1) 42( 15.2) 42( 15.7) - 21( 7.6) 16( 6.0) 5( 55.6) 111( 40.1) 111( 41.4) - 32( 11.6) 32( 11.9) - 277(100.0) 268(100.0) 9(100.0),,,. < 4-24> (: N,%) 107( 22.0) 88( 22.3) 19( 20.4) 10( 2.1) 9( 2.3) 1( 1.1) 31( 6.4) 28( 7.1) 3( 3.2) 7( 1.4) 6( 1.5) 1( 1.1) 42( 8.6) 38( 9.6) 4( 4.3) 85( 17.5) 54( 13.7) 31( 33.3) 7( 1.4) 6( 1.5) 1( 1.1) 12( 2.5) 11( 2.8) 1( 1.1) 179( 36.8) 149( 37.8) 30( 32.3) 7( 1.4) 5( 1.3) 2( 2.2) 487(100.0) 394(100.0) 93(100.0) 120

< 4-25> (: N,%) 23( 4.3) 119( 22.5) 142( 26.8) 11( 2.1) 40( 7.6) 51( 9.6) 4( 0.8) 24( 4.5) 28( 5.3) - 6( 1.1) 6( 1.1) 32( 6.0) 63( 11.9) 95( 18.0) 34( 6.4) 166( 31.4) 200( 37.8) - 4( 0.8) 4( 0.8) - 1( 0.2) 1( 0.2) - 2( 0.4) 2( 0.4) 104(19.7) 425(80.3) 529(100.0), (37.8%), (26.8%), (18.0%). 63.5%. 11 13. < 4-26> (: N,%) 349(63.5) 316(66.5) 33(44.0) 44(8.0) 40(8.4) 4(5.3) 157(28.5) 119(25.1) 38(50.7) 550(100.0) 475(100.0) 75(100.0) :. 4 121

3-5, 6-10. 11 6-10... 1-5, 3-538.2% 6-10 28.0%. < 4-27> (:,%) 1-2 138(25.1) 134(29.1) 4(4.4) 3-5 166(30.2) 159(34.6) 7(7.8) 6-10 189(34.4) 111(24.1) 78(86.7) 11 57(10.4) 56(12.2) 1(1.1) 550(100.0) 460(100.0) 90(100.0) 1-2 66(10.7) 59(11.5) 7(6.7) 3-5 109(17.6) 103(20.0) 6(5.7) 6-10 238(38.4) 151(29.3) 87(82.9) 11 207(33.4) 202(39.2) 5(4.8) 620(100.0) 515(100.0) 105(100.0) 1-5 420(73.0) 370(75.5) 50(58.8) 6-10 122(21.2) 97(19.8) 25(29.4) 11 33(5.7) 23(4.7) 10(11.8) 575(100.0) 490(100.0) 85(100.0) 1-2 72(19.3) 72(19.3) - 3-5 142(38.2) 142(38.2) - 6-10 104(28.0) 104(28.0) - 11 55(14.8) 55(14.8) - 372(100.0) 372(100.0) - 122

3),. 49.2%, 20.7%.. < 4-28> (: N,%) 145( 23.7) 119( 23.5) 26( 25.0) 235( 38.5) 178( 35.1) 57( 54.8) 97( 15.9) 86( 17.0) 11( 10.6), 21( 3.4) 19( 3.7) 2( 1.9) 95( 15.5) 89( 17.6) 6( 5.8) 18( 2.9) 16( 3.2) 2( 1.9) 611(100.0) 507(100.0) 104(100.0) < 4-29> (: N,%) ( ) 73( 11.8) 48( 9.3) 25( 24.5) 304( 49.2) 259( 50.2) 45( 44.1) 128( 20.7) 112( 21.7) 16( 15.7) 100( 16.2) 89( 17.2) 11( 10.8) 9( 1.5) 6( 1.2) 3( 2.9) 4( 0.6) 2( 0.4) 2( 2.0) 618(100.0) 516(100.0) 102(100.0) 4 123

, 70% 80%.,,,. < 4-30> (: %) 46.5 55.3 69.1 29.6 13.5 34.1 37.3 14.5 53.5 44.7 30.9 70.4 86.5 65.9 62.7 85.5 47.9 55.0 69.6 28.5 12.3 36.9 41.2 11.7 39.8 56.5 66.7 35.2 19.4 20.4 18.5 27.8 27.0 69.1 78.7 17.9 18.7 17.0 12.5 4.9 25.3 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 27.2 34.6 14.6 : 10. 11, 3-5, 11. 1-2, 3-5, 50%. 1-225.3%(11 28% ),, 1-2.. 124

< 4-31> 65( 13.6) 58(14.9) 7( 7.7) 28( 5.1) 19( 4.2) 9( 9.9) 1-2 86( 15.8) 83( 18.3) 3( 3.3) 3-5 119( 21.9) 112( 24.7) 7( 7.7) 6-10 126( 23.2) 100( 22.1) 26( 28.6) 11 185( 34.0) 139( 30.7) 46( 50.5) 544(100.0) 453(100.0) 91(100.0) 47( 8.2) 40( 8.4) 7( 7.4) 1-2 135( 23.6) 126( 26.3) 9( 9.6) 3-5 167( 29.1) 139( 29.0) 28( 29.8) 6-10 120( 20.9) 101( 21.1) 19( 20.2) 11 104( 18.2) 73( 15.2) 31( 33.0) 573(100.0) 479(100.0) 94(100.0) 110( 19.9) 103( 22.6) 7( 7.2) 1-2 171( 31.0) 153( 33.6) 18( 18.6) 3-5 157( 28.4) 122( 26.8) 35( 36.1) 6-10 63( 11.4) 47( 10.3) 16( 16.5) 11 51( 9.2) 30( 6.6) 21( 21.6) 552(100.0) 455(100.0) 97(100.0) 272( 54.7) 232( 56.4) 40( 46.5) 1-2 128( 25.8) 108( 26.3) 20( 23.3) 3-5 66( 13.3) 52( 12.7) 14( 16.3) 6-10 14( 2.8) 11( 2.7) 3( 3.5) 11 17( 3.4) 8( 1.9) 9( 10.5) 497(100.0) 411(100.0) 86(100.0) 272( 54.7) 232( 56.4) 40( 46.5) 1-2 128( 25.8) 108( 26.3) 20( 23.3) 3-5 66( 13.3) 52( 12.7) 14( 16.3) 6-10 5( 1.0) 2( 0.5) 3( 3.6) 11 17( 3.4) 8( 1.9) 9( 10.5) 497(100.0) 411(100.0) 86(100.0) 272( 54.7) 232( 56.4) 40( 46.5) 1-2 128( 25.8) 108( 26.3) 20( 23.3) 3-5 66( 13.3) 52( 12.7) 14( 16.3) 6-10 17( 3.3) 11( 2.6) 6( 6.7) 11 17( 3.4) 8( 1.9) 9( 10.5) 497(100.0) 411(100.0) 86(100.0) 4 125

279( 55.1) 253( 61.1) 26( 28.3) 1-2 168( 33.2) 123( 29.7) 45( 48.9) 3-5 48( 9.5) 34( 8.2) 14( 15.2) 6-10 8( 1.6) 4( 1.0) 4( 4.3) 11 3( 0.6) 3( 3.3) 506(100.0) 414(100.0) 92(100.0) 203( 38.3) 181( 41.6) 22( 23.2) 1-2 212( 40.0) 174( 40.0) 38( 40.0) 3-5 88( 16.6) 68( 15.6) 20( 21.1) 6-10 17( 3.2) 8( 1.8) 9( 9.5) 11 10( 1.9) 4( 0.9) 6( 6.3) 530(100.0) 435(100.0) 95(100.0) 213( 40.6) 200( 46.3) 13( 14.0) 1-2 133( 25.3) 113( 26.2) 20( 21.5) 3-5 81( 15.4) 66( 15.3) 15( 16.1) 6-10 52( 9.9) 33( 7.6) 19( 20.4) 11 46( 8.8) 20( 4.6) 26( 28.0) 525(100.0) 432(100.0) 93(100.0),,,.,. 12-14,. 126

<4-2> <4-3> 4 127

3.47. 3.50.. 3.69 2.95. (12 ),. < 4-32> 3.47 3.56 3.03 3.50 3.57 3.12 3.57 3.69 2.95 4. 1) (1) 1970 (1966-1971) 1(, 1971-1974). ( ) ( 1999).,. 128

<4-4> : 1 :www.hanmir.com,.,,,,. 70). 70).. 4 129

: www.drapt.com <4-5> : M (2). 1977 4 12 15 15. 1980. 1990 L,.. 130

( 5) N,S, (1977), (1979), (1983), (1985).,.,,,.. (3) / 1975-1991 22.2., ( 1999). 19832,313 199511,165 726 (1983)1,367 (1995). < 4-33> 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 (:, ) 2,313 3,817 5,374 8,163 11,165 36,687,358 55,103,843 76,278,836 107,861,582 161,595,415 726 851 998 1,131 1,367 14,901,151 19,154,606 26,384,530 29,454,420 34,809,445 : (2001). 2001 (www.moct.go.kr) 4 131

197712 15 1/15 15. 1987 ( 1999, ). (2000 12 ) 11-1540.9% 16-20 (21.8%), 5 (19.4%) 21 11.8%. 5,515,949 4,803,928 5 1,186,958 1,112,022 6-10 325,898 277,702 11-15 2,334,146 1,874,173 16-20 1,098,689 1,000,278 21 570,254 539,753 < 4-34> 4,581,032 100.0 889,375 19.4 277,453 6.1 1,874,173 40.9 1,000,278 21.8 539,753 11.8 : (2001). 2001 (www.moct.go.kr) (:,%) 210,558 12,338 712,017 210,309 12,338 74,936 249-48,196 - - 459,973 - - 98,411 - - 30,501 1973 : =1:1 1.25. 1989 1990 ( 1999). 1979 2.7, 1980 19852.6, 1986 19891.6, 1990 1.5 ( 1998). 132

(4) 77.1%(1983) 68.8%(1995) 61.6%(1983) 52.8%(1995). 1980 1980 85 60.. < 4-35> 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 (:,%) 426,878 669,229 927,768 1,413,164 2,173,458 77.1 80.1 75.0 72.5 68.8 126,532 166,096 308,891 536,838 985,296 553,410 835,325 1,236,659 1,950,002 3,158,754 142,299 191,867 237,740 272,504 336,175 61.6 63.6 54.5 52.7 52.8 88,583 109,743 198,229 244,462 300,329 230,882 301,610 435,969 516,966 636,504 : (1995, 1999) 2) (1) 1971 20 20 80% 1980 20 30(13.8%, 17.3%), 1990 20 30 70%. 4 133

< 4-36> (:, %) 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 20 3,421 33,074 43,281 36,525 52,863 96,153 65,869 46.7 78.4 59.3 38.5 26.2 22.4 18.0 20 2,896 4,146 17,435 34,462 79,552 195,516 172,574 39.6 9.8 23.9 36.4 39.5 45.5 47.3 30 451 2,549 10,088 16,385 56,540 110,827 97,154 6.2 6.0 13.8 17.3 28.1 25.8 26.6 40 496 964 1,157 5,707 10,514 19,143 24,617 6.8 2.3 1.6 6.0 5.2 4.4 6.8 50 53 1,434 1,027 1,670 2,035 8,259 4,773 0.7 3.5 1.4 1.8 1.0 1.9 1.3 7,317 42,167 72,988 94,749 201,504 429,898 364,987 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 : (1995, 1999) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 < 4-37> :, 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 (:,%) 4,626 4,658 6,163 5,165 4,600 5.2 1.2 0.8 0.3 0.1 56,846 144,642 213,558 155,478 75,090 63.7 38.7 26.0 9.5 2.2 18,436 130,321 321,563 549,794 1,042,918 20.7 34.9 39.1 33.8 30.2 7,405 58,311 183,980 581,982 1,885,899 8.3 15.6 22.4 35.7 54.6 1,630 27,481 67,291 243,980 292,188 1.8 7.4 8.2 15.0 8.5 212 6,270 21,685 73,159 119,140 0.2 1.7 2.6 4.5 3.4 32 2,027 5,603 15,159 27,768 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.8 61-1,763 3,400 6,905 0.1-0.2 0.2 0.2 89,248 373,710 821,606 1,628,117 3,454,508 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 : (1995, 1999), (1990, 1995) 134

< 4-37> 1975 2 63.7% 1980 2 (38.7%) 3 (34.9%). 4 22.4%(1985 ). 35.7(1990 ), 54.6%(1995 ) 1995 3 (30.2%) 4 (54.6%).. (2),,, ( 1999).. 1960 1970 ( 1970, 1970, 1976 ). 1970 ( 1995). 1.2m (1986.12). 1.2m1.5m 1995 1.5m.,. 4 135

.. (, 1999, pp276-277). 4..,,.,,,..,,,,, 6.,..,. 136

.,,.. 35.3% (), ()..,..,,,.,. 13.6% 1-2 3-5. 5.. 4 137

.....,,. 138

5 C H A P T E R,. 1..,,,,.,,,,..... 5 139

....,,,,,,,,,,,,, <5-1> 2., 1) (1),,,.,. 140

,.,. < 5-1>,, 11.4 4.1 19.8 26.5 7.3 0.5 2.2 4.5 22.3 1.3 12.1 4.0 19.8 27.5 5.7 0.3 1.9 4.8 22.6 1.4 12.1 2.9 21.7 16.4 18.8 1.5 4.4 3.9 16.9 1.0 X 2 =64.042 P<0.001 13.9 4.1 18.0 19.7 20.5 1.6 2.5 4.9 12.3 1.6 () 13.9 4.9 18.8 26.1 9.1 0.6 2.4 3.6 19.4 1.2 11.5 3.6 17.8 28.2 7.1 0.0 1.8 2.8 26.7 0.5 9.5 4.4 22.8 27.2 2.6 0.5 2.3 6.4 22.3 2.1 X 2 =51.133 P<0.003 12.1 4.8 20.9 24.5 8.4 0.8 2.0 2.8 23.3 0.4 10.6 3.5 12.9 27.1 5.9 0.4 3.1 2.8 32.6 1.2 12.5 3.8 16.9 26.6 4.4 0.5 2.2 4.4 26.6 2.2 () 12.2 3.2 24.1 26.3 10.4 0.4 2.5 5.8 13.3 1.8 12.9 4.1 24.6 24.8 8.8 0.6 1.8 9.4 11.7 1.2 X 2 =70.731 P<0.001,,. (2),. 3.3. 5 141

. 4.0. 2.0.. < 5-2> DUNCAN DUNCAN DUNCAN 3.3 2.8 4.0 3.3 2.9 4.0 0.006 0.0001 2.9 2.1 3.5 3.4 2.8 4.1 0.001 0.0001 3.1 3.4 4.1 3.3 A 3.2 3.9 3.1 B 2.6 0.251 3.8 0.016 () 3.2 B 3.0 (NS) 4.0 3.5 A 2.9 4.0 3.3 A 3.0 A 4.0 () 2.9 B 3.1 A 3.9 3.3 0.0001 A 2.9 0.0054 A 4.0 3.3 A 2.4 B 4.0 3.6 A 2.7 BA 4.0 0.0001 NS 0.376 (NS) 0.5921 (NS) 142

DUNCAN DUNCAN 2.8 4.0 2.9 4.0 0.366 0.0001 2.1 3.5 (NS) 1.9 3.5 (NS) () 1.8 3.5 (NS) 3.2 3.9 2.6 0.822 3.8 0.758 () 3.0 (NS) 4.0 (NS) 2.9 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.1 3.9 0.1726 0.709 2.9 4.0 () (NS) (NS) 2.4 4.0 2.7 4.0 : 1 5 () < 5-3> (:, %) 20 20-29 30-39 40-49 50 - - 4.9 24.5 42.8 23.2 4.5 16.2 27.2 18.2 60.6 12.1 3.0 6.1 19.9 29.0 10.6 47.1 36.5 5.9 0.0 29.8 33.6 3.0 17.4 60.7 17.9 1.0 39.2 39.8 0.0 3.0 39.6 47.2 10.2 12.4 25.8 20.4 61.1 16.7 1.9 0.0 20.2 27.6 3.4 62.9 31.5 2.3 0.0 + 28.9 32.9 2.2 16.3 68.9 11.9 0.7 + 41.1 40.8 0.8 0.8 39.4 47.0 12.1 ++ 36.3 38.0 1.2 5.5 47.6 39.0 6.7 * P<.001 * 4 5 143

(4 ) 62.9% 20-29, + 30-3968.9%, + 40-4947.0%.. (3)... 2.9,.,.. + (, 1993, P60).. 71) 71) 87% (, 1993, P122). 144

< 5-4> 2.9 DUNCAN 2.8 3.1 0.147 NS 2.9 () 2.8 NS 3.2 A 2.8 B () 0.001 2.8 B 3.1 A 2.8 B 2.6 B 2.8 0.010 B () 3.1 A 3.1 A 3.1 A 2.5 B + 2.5 0.001 B + 3.2 A ++ 3.0 A 2) 75%.. 75.3% +, +, ++76-78%. 67.6%(24.7%) ++ (23.8%). ++ +. 5 145

. () < 5-5> (:,, %) - - - 17.4 80.4 2.2 41.7 12-18 16.2 57.7 34.6 7.7 125 12-33 19.9 39.2 59.5 1.4 247.3 17-47 29.8 6.5 92.4 1.1 416.5 20-67 39.2 1.9 96.2 1.9 X 2 =89.435 P<0.001 76.8 12-13 12.4 67.6 32.4 0.0 171.7 18-24 20.2 24.7 75.3 0.0 + 276.5 16-33 28.9 20.7 77.8 1.5 + 368.3 30-67 41.1 18.2 77.8 1.5 ++ 319.8 19-58 36.3 23.8 75.6 9.1 X 2 =64.042 P<0.001 * P<.089 : 1,2,3, 4,5,6,7, 8. 9, 10 67-83%. 29.6%++ 20.1%.,.., 146

.. ++. () * P<.002 < 5-6> (:,%) 41.7 34.8 59.1 6.1 125.0 16.5 69.4 14.1 247.3 15.9 76.1 8.0 416.5 12.2 76.6 11.2 X 2 =26.993 P<0.008 76.8 29.6 59.3 11.1 171.7 7.9 82.0 10.1 + 276.5 11.9 77.0 11.1 + 368.3 17.2 77.5 5.3 ++ 319.8 20.1 70.7 9.2 X 2 =62.932 P<0.001 3)... +. 5 147

.. +... < 5-7> (: %) / () () () * P<.001 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.0 3.1 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.1 2.8 3.3 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.6-300 3.1 3.5 2.7 1.9 2.7 3.3 300-500 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 500-1000 3.6 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.6 1000-2000 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.4 2000 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.4 3.8 3.0 3.1 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.5 3.7 3.1 2.7 2.9 3.3 + 3.6 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.5 + 3.8 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.5 ++ 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.6 148

. 3.4 3.7,,. * P<.001 < 5-8> 3.5 3.4 3.0 3.6 3.7 3.2 4) (1) < 5-9> () 12.9 11.1 7.1 14.0 12.4 7.7 15.3 12.2 7.9 10.6 21.7 9.6 23.2 9.5 23.6 10.2 23.2 10.3 22.6 13.3 9.3 10.6 20.8 18.5 13.0 9.8 11.7 24.4 19.3 14.9 10.3 12.4 22.3 20.2 23.2 7.7 21.3 7.3 :. 5 149

< 5-10> () 2 21.7 7.3 3-5 22.9 8.0 6-9 24.5 7.8 10 24.1 7.5 6 14.4 12.4 25.0 6 13.9 11.9 21.7 12.2 23.5 11.3 19.6 1 : 5.7 2 : / < 5-11> () 15.0 10.5 22.1 13.7 9.8 22.5 13.3 9.5 24.4 20 13.4 20 13.2 30 14.2 40 15.1 50 16.3-300 13.3 10.9 21.9 300-500 13.7 9.6 24.1 500-1000 13.8 9.7 23.1 1000-2000 14.3 10.0 22.1 2000 15.3 10.7 22.0 12.8 10.1 23.2 + 13.5 9.4 23.6 + 15.4 10.3 22.8 ++ 14.6 10.3 22.0 9.9 7.8 10.6 7.3 : 150

,,.,.,,.. < 5-12> () / (2.8), (3.0), (3.0), (3.0).,., 5 151

,..,. +, ++..,,.,...,,. 72). 19.,.,. 72) (Labarbera, 1988). 152

, (, 1995, pp92-95) 73).....,...,,,..,. 73)., (, 1995, p111). 5 153

... < 5-13> (: %) 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.6 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.2 2.9 3.1 NS 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 2.98 2.54 2.78 2.73 2.95 2.88 2.86 2.96 2.45 3.23 2.99 3.16 0.032 0.0001 NS 0.021,,,.,,, 2.8 3.0.,,,.,,. < <, 300-500 500-1000. 154

.. 2.6, 2.3. 3.1, 3.2, 3.0, 3.4, 3.1. 3.0 3.4.,...., 300-1000, +, +..,,... 5 155

(3.7), (3.0). (2.7). 74)......., 3040...,... 74), 65.2% (, 1996, p131). 156

3., 1) (1) < 5-14> (: %), 7.1 11.4 27.7 14.4 4.2 20.8 7.7 4.8 1.9 () () () 4.3 14.0 9.7 23.7 1.1 25.8 7.5 3.2 10.8 10.1 10.1 23.0 17.3 4.3 17.3 7.9 7.2 2.9 6.6 12.4 34.1 11.5 5.2 18.4 7.1 3.9 0.8 8.3 11.1 28.8 13.6 3.1 21.3 8.6 4.7 0.6 X 2 =83.260 P<0.001 10.9 12.6 15.1 18.5 2.5 21.0 7.6 5.9 5.9 6.7 14.5 24.6 15.8 3.0 20.9 8.4 4.7 1.4 6.9 10.2 33.0 12.4 4.7 20.4 6.6 4.5 1.4 X 2 ==36.703 P<0.002 4.3 8.7 46.0 11.4 3.2 17.3 5.4 3.2 0.5 7.8 11.7 27.1 14.0 4.6 21.1 8.1 4.8 0.8 X 2 =24.948 P<0.001 4.9 11.7 32.7 11.7 7.2 18.8 6.7 5.4 0.9 7.1 10.7 34.4 9.4 5.8 17.4 9.4 4.0 1.8 4.9 12.4 32.1 11.1 3.7 21.0 10.5 2.5 1.9 () 10.0 10.8 20.4 17.5 0.4 24.2 9.6 5.4 1.7 9.7 11.0 20.1 19.5 3.3 24.0 2.0 6.5 3.9 () X 2 =68.802 P<0.001 2 7.4 9.4 33.1 14.8 6.3 18.0 5.7 3.4 2.0 3-5 6.8 11.1 29.8 13.6 4.3 19.6 8.1 6.0 0.9 6-9 6.9 13.1 19.6 15.8 2.3 26.9 8.1 4.6 2.7 10 6.3 15.8 18.9 12.6 0.8 22.1 13.4 8.7 1.5 X 2 =49.412 P<0.002 5 157

. 11.4% 7.1%. 47%, 17.3% 27.2%, 21.1%... 8.5%, M J 18.3%, 15.7%. 6.7%.. 31%, 25.4%. 20.. C, G, J 10.0%, 13.4%, 11.7%. 23-39%. 158

() () () < 5-15> (: %), 7.2 11.4 31.0 13.5 4.4 20.2 7.2 4.3 0.7 6.7 11.2 4.5 20.2 2.2 25.4 11.2 8.2 10.5 X 2 =99.253 P<0.001 8.3 11.5 28.1 15.1 4.2 18.3 7.5 4.2 2.8 9.5 7.2 39.6 12.6 3.6 20.7 4.1 2.3 0.5 2.1 14.9 15.8 14.1 4.6 27.0 11.6 8.7 1.2 X 2 =73.586 P<0.001-300 12.7 8.5 43.5 12.7 8.5 12.7 1.4 0.0 0.0 300-500 4.4 14.7 27.1 12.9 4.0 24.9 7.1 4.0 0.9 500-1000 5.3 10.6 31.4 15.9 5.7 15.1 9.0 6.1 0.8 1000-2000 8.6 9.7 37.7 13.7 1.7 24.0 2.9 1.7 0.0 2000 8.3 11.3 17.6 14.9 3.6 22.0 10.7 6.9 4.7 X 2 =102.635 P<0.001-20 12.7 8.5 43.7 12.7 8.5 12.7 1.4 0.0 0.0 20 4.4 14.7 27.1 12.9 4.0 24.9 7.1 4.0 0.9 30 5.3 10.6 31.4 15.9 5.7 15.1 9.0 6.1 0.8 40 8.6 9.7 37.7 13.7 1.7 24.0 2.9 1.7 0.0 50 8.3 11.3 17.6 14.9 3.6 22.0 10.7 6.9 4.7 X 2 =102.635 P<0.001,,. < 5-16>, (: %) 7.1 11.4 27.7 14.4 4.2 20.8 7.7 4.8 1.9-7.2 12.2 23.2 14.4 3.5 21.3 8.5 5.6 4.1-6.4 10.6 42.6 4.3 2.1 17.0 8.5 6.4 2.1-6.6 11.0 30.8 14.1 4.8 20.7 6.8 4.6 0.7-0.0 6.7 26.7 20.0 0.0 26.7 13.3 6.7 0.0 X 2 =54.432 P<0.001 5 159

,.. (2).,.,. < 5-17> (: %) () (), 2.8 21.3 15.0 7.1 11.3 8.2 27.6 6.7 3.3 6.7 13.3 6.7 10.0 13.3 30.0 16.7 2.2 14.5 6.5 10.1 19.6 8.0 30.4 8.7 2.4 25.1 14.3 6.9 11.3 7.5 25.1 7.5 2.6 26.2 19.3 5.5 7.2 7.2 29.0 3.2 X 2 =71.424 P<0.001 3.5 12.2 11.3 8.7 9.6 13.0 29.6 12.2 3.2 19.3 12.6 8.1 15.4 7.7 24.9 8.8 2.6 24.6 17.8 6.8 9.2 6.8 27.7 4.6 X 2 =36.475 P<0.001,.,,,. 160

. < 5-18> (: %) (), 1.8 21.0 17.5 7.9 8.6 7.5 27.3 8.4 4.4 14.6 12.7 2.4 14.6 9.3 37.6 4.4 4.1 27.8 11.0 9.4 14.7 9.0 19.6 4.5 X 2 =56.846 P<0.001-300 0.0 5.4 0.0 1.8 28.6 5.4 42.9 16.1 300-500 4.6 27.2 14.8 6.9 11.5 10.6 18.4 6.0 500-1000 3.9 20.1 7.7 4.7 21.8 7.3 30.8 3.9 1000-2000 3.1 21.7 29.2 8.1 3.7 11.8 19.3 3.1 () 2000 1.4 21.0 15.9 9.4 4.8 6.2 32.3 9.1 X 2 =164.364 P<0.001 3.0 11.4 12.1 11.4 6.1 14.4 25.0 16.7 2.1 15.8 0.7 6.9 28.1 6.2 32.9 7.5 + 5.0 23.9 12.6 3.2 12.2 9.0 27.5 6.8 + 1.7 25.6 23.4 9.2 6.7 7.5 13.8 2.1 ++ 2.5 14.9 18.4 6.7 8.2 6.4 37.6 5.3 X 2 =199.014 P<0.001 (3) 55-83%.,,,. E 55-57%. 5 161

60%. 36.8%, 24.0%. () () () < 5-19> (: %) A A A A 8.5 2.2 11.2 67.7 3.6 6.7 24.0 6.4 8.6 17.5 36.8 6.8 0.0 0.0 10.0 70.0 0.0 20.0 41.7 8.3 16.7 16.7 16.7 0.0 21.4 7.1 7.1 46.4 10.7 7.1 26.8 14.6 0.0 7.3 41.5 9.8 3.5 2.3 11.5 77.0 1.2 4.6 23.8 8.8 10.9 12.2 42.2 2.0 10.4 1.3 10.4 66.2 3.9 7.8 16.8 9.7 11.0 19.4 35.5 7.7 X 2 =25.115 P<0.048 X 2 =30.491 P<0.010 5.0 5.0 5.0 83.3 1.7 0.0 29.2 9.4 7.3 16.7 32.3 5.2 10.2 0.0 6.1 73.5 2.0 8.2 24.0 4.2 6.3 13.5 43.8 8.3 3.7 3.7 22.2 63.0 0.0 7.4 28.8 9.6 6.9 12.3 39.7 2.7 7.1 2.4 21.4 50.0 9.5 9.5 17.0 5.1 9.3 21.2 39.0 8.5 16.1 0.0 9.7 54.8 3.2 16.1 22.1 4.4 10.3 25.0 29.4 8.8 X 2 =37.591 P<0.010 NS 20.0 0.0 0.0 66.7 6.7 6.7 26.9 6.0 1.5 23.9 34.3 7.5 14.0 3.5 10.5 56.1 3.5 12.3 26.1 4.9 6.3 16.2 42.3 4.2 3.7 2.2 13.4 73.9 2.2 4.5 22.8 8.0 11.8 14.4 34.6 8.4 X 2 =17.850 P<0.058 X 2 =16.360 P<0.090 9.5 0.8 11.1 65.1 6.4 7.1 25.6 20.0 16.3 10.5 22.1 5.8 5.2 3.9 13.0 75.3 0.0 2.6 23.4 3.4 7.9 15.1 43.0 7.2 () X 2 =11.052 P<0.050 X 2 =38.378 P<0.001 7.5 0.9 17.8 62.6 0.9 10.3 27.7 7.5 12.3 18.2 28.5 5.9 2.9 4.4 5.9 79.4 4.4 2.9 22.6 9.7 10.8 12.9 31.2 12.9 18.8 2.1 4.2 62.5 8.3 4.2 18.4 2.1 0.7 19.2 55.3 4.3 X 2 = 29.846 P<0.001 X 2 =50.903 P<0.001 :,, 162

. 43.8%, 25.0%, 29.4%..... 2) (1), * p<.001 < 5-20> 78.2 31.2 7.6 - - 40.0 72.7 31.0 83.7 33.8 80.0 28.9 84.6 35.0 55.6 28.9 90.9 27.9 93.8 28.0 60.0 40.0 2 78.7 17.1 3-5 77.8 31.7 6-9 33.3 37.5 10-35.1 (: %) 5 163