일본의고용조정 : 실태과시사점 1997 한국노동연구원
. 1. 2.. 1. 2. 3. ' ' 4.. 1990 1. 1990 2. 3. 4.. 1. 2., 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.. 1. 2. 3. < 1> < 2> < 3> ( ) < 4> < 5> [ 1] [ 2]
. 1970. 1991 ' ' 1) 2%., 1, 2 1980,, ( ),,, ' '...,..... 1.. ' ', ' '.,. 1980. ' ' ' ',, ' '. 1990.. 1994 1, ' ' ' ',. 1995 5 ' ' ' ( ) ' ' ',. ' ', '
' ', ' '. 2),.,. 1) ' '. 2),, 1996. 3. 2...,,,,,, 1993.,., ' '( ( ) ).,. (DI), 1994 2 ' ',. DI, 1994. (DI),., 1994 3.7%, 4. 2,,, 1994,,. 1994 7.3% 3.. 1991 70.5%, 70.1%, 1 (,, 1995).
2.., 1, 2 1. 3, 1994 60.3%.,,.,,,...,,, 1992 5 1. 37.4%..,,, 3 ( ). 3 2 3, 3 2.,,,,,,.,,,.,,,,.,..., [ 1] 1%. 1973 1974 1987 ' ' ' ' 2%. 1990. 1993 ' ' 1994 2.9%, 1995 3.2%, 3.4%.. 15.,
. 1992, 1994 1975. [ 1],. 26 1995 12,. 6, 1 10., 2 7, 1 7 11, 1990..,, 2 15 24. 60 64.. ' ', ' ', ' '. ( ),.,..,. 1991
1994.,., (,, ) 2%,.... 1995 5 1.1% 1993 0.3%, 2.83%. 1%. 1995 ',, ' ' ', ( ) ' ' ' '. ' '. [ 2]
..,.,,.,.,. 1.... ( ). 1) (1947 ). 34 (1959 ),.. 2) ( ) ( ) ( ) 35 (1960), 39 (1964 ). 3) 37 (1962 ) ( 39 ),. ( ) ( ). 4)
41 (1966 ),.,,. 5) 46 (1971 ),,. 6) 49 (1974 ). ( ),,,, 3. 7) 51 (1976 ).,.. 49 (1974 ),.. 1) 1970. 50 (1975).,,,. ( )..,, (3/1,000 3.5/1,000). ( 10 (1998 ) 60 ),.,, (5/1,000 6/1,000),
.,, ( ),,.,,,. 2). ) 49 (1974 ) 3 (,, ) 50 (1975 ) 4 1. 1975 1. ' '. ) 52 (1977 ) 10.,,. ( ) ( ).,,.,.. 4,.,,,. 3). ) 52 (1977 ),.. 52 (1977 ) 53 1. 32.,,,,,,
. ) 53 (1978 )... ) 53 (1978)..,,. ) 54 (1979 ) 58 (1983 ) 6 30 3. 55 4,,,,,.. ) 56 (1981 ) 100 3 1.,. ) 58 (1983 ). 59 (1984 ).. ) 60 59 (1984 ) 60. 61 (1986 ) 65. ) 62 (1987 )
.,,.,. 63 (1988 ),. 2 (1990 ),, ( ). ) 1995, 1990 ' '. 3 (1991 ) 4. ( 7 11 ). ) ' ' 4 (1992 ) 10 ( 5 4 11 ). 4 8 ' ',, ' ' ' ' ( ). 5 (1993 ).,,,. ' ', 45 6 (1994 ). ) 7 (1995 ) 3 7 7.,. 4) 1..
,,,,,,.,. (1994 ). 30 (1955 ), 41 (1966 ). 1. ( ),.., ( ),.,,.,,.,.., ( ).,.,... 2...,,,,.
( )..,, ( ) ( )..,., (60 ) (, ).. 1970 1,.,,,,,. ' ',, ( ). 60,,,.. 1) 1,., (11 ) ' ', ' '. (1975 ), 3 806 522 3.. 2). 3) 1975 4 1 39, 4 114 158.
.,.. 4) 56 (1981 ). 4 (1992 ) ' ', ' ', ' ' ' ' 3.,.....,. 30, (second).,. ( ) 22.8%( 15.9%, 25.9%),., 60.. ' ' 50.,.. ( ),.,. (restructuring) ( ),..
3. ' '.,.. 1) 6 (1994 ) 1 ( ) 1,022 494, 528 34. 12.9%, 13.8%, 1) 7.4% 4 1 ( 26.8%).,. (34.2%) (30.3%).,, (Hello Work),. ( ) ( ) ( ),. 2) 5 (1993 ) 1 93 ( 75, 18 ) 2.5%. (7.0%), (4.3%) 1992 (2.8%). 3)... " ' ' " 2)., ' ', ' '.,, (post) (post).. ( ) 60 (1985 ),,. 1986 1987 3% 0.6%..,,,
.., 1993 6 37 4.6, 12.2, 2.3, 3.3, 3.5, 10.5. 1993 9 30% 2.2%. 44% 5.8%, 1,000 60%, 5 29 26.1%. 50 40%.... ( ). 1) 1, 1 1. 2), 1995 10. 4. 1992 8. 1993... 1).,.,.
2),.. 3),.. 1) ),.,.,. ) ' ',. ). ),,,,. 2) ) '45 '. ),.,,,, ( ),. ),,.
3) ) ),,.,,,. ). ). )..,,,,,, 6 (1994 ) 1 1.
. 1990 1. 1990,,,,...,, (, ),,,,,,. 1993 7 9 46%, 1 71% 1986 40%, 1 37% 36%. ' ' ' ', ' ', ' ' 1% 3%, 1 5%. 2% ' '.., 1992 1994 1986 87 ' (layoff)' ' '.
< 1> 2...,.., 1996 50.5%, 1993 10%. 30 100 51.4%, 5,000 31.8%
( 2 ).., ' ' 56.2%, ' ' 33.1% < 2>, ' ' 82.3% ' ' 17.7%. 3.,. ' ' (= ) ' '.,,,,,
< 3> ( )., ' ' 3.6% ' ' 48.4% 41.7%. ' ' 3 10%.., 1996 68%. 1992 29.8%. ' '. 4.,.,, (, ).,.,,,,,..,,
..,..,.. 2.4. ( ),.,. 70%..,,,.,.,.,.
. 1) 2). (1993 5 8 ), 40%, 29%, 23%, 5 10% (4 6 ). ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ' 1993 1 2%.., ( ),.., ' ',,..,.,,,. KDD 50, 56.. 1.. ( ) : 1982 1993 1... 4 3 1993 1990 3 1. 1993 9 2,000 NC. 94%,
6%. 1) 1 ' 50 '. 1975 3 1976 3, 1977 3 1978 3 500 300,. 1975 3 1977 3 2,200, 1,600.. "1976 3 2. 69. 1977 450. '?'.,, 1978,. " "1973 1974 0, 4 ". 2) 1992 1993 57 1994 3 106. 1970. 1993 1 '60 56 ', '54, 55 '. 1994 2, '50 '. ' '. ' 120 ' 40. ' 380 '. ' 2 '. 380 600 ( ). 1993 580, 1,600 ( 30%). 1993 1 6 ' 2.500 2 3 ', 1,600.. 3) ) 1993 9 4,939, 32. 1994 1 2, 1996 500.
) 1993 9 4,531, 299. 4,400 1994 11 4,000. ) 1993 9 1,936, 29. 50. ) ( ) 1993 9 1,883, 36. ' 100 ', ' 42 59, ' 125. 1994 5 2. ) 1993 1,310, 11. ' 52 46 1993 12 1994 2 200 '. 60,. ) ( ) 1993 9 1,122, 64. 1993 11 50. ) OKK OKK 1993 9 904, 179. ' ', '60 57 ', '1993 12, 14 '. ) ( ) 1993 9 775, 97. 1993 50, 20.. (30%), (32%), (22%), (18%),. 1993 3 3,317. 1) 1 1977 1978 1976 6, 1977 3., 1975.
2) 1992 93, 1994 3 66.,. ',,,, 5 '. 1993 9 3,303 103 ( 3%) 1993 300. ' '.. 1993 3 4,455. 1) 1 4. 1977 3 40.. 1974 3. 1974 8 1980 1 3,, 61 160, 4 8 20 100. ' ', 1974 9 1,800, 1975 35 3,400, 1976 11 2,300, 1977 9 1,900, 1978 9 1,200. 1975. 1976 5 10% 700 1978 6 400. 1978,., 728 684 ( 297, 387 ), 44. 2) 1992 1993 3 40. 1994 3., 1993 9 100 (2%). ' 150 10 ', '1993 12 2,000 1994 2 1 5 90% ', 4 4,600. '1993 4 4,690 1996 4,200 '... 1992 (48%), (25%), (27%)
1993 13,539. 1) 1 1978 79. 1974 9 12 4,400, 1978 79,.. 1987. 2) 1992. 1993 3 380. 1994 3 39. 1,000 ( ). 1993 9 600 1,030 (7%).. -. - 1993 4 (420 ) 4 1 100 46. - 50 40. 1993 1,000. 56. -, 3,100 5 2, 8 1 3, 90%.. (JAL) : ( ) ( 2 2,000, 1,883 ) 1993 8 ( ) 50 1 1 1, 35 45 10 6 2 50%. 1994 4 56, ( ) 62. 7 1993 21,991, 9,878 ( 8,344 ), 475 ( 469 ), 2,478 ( ), 6,143 ( 591 ), 3,017 ( 1,383 ). 1) 1976 3 1977 3 600, 1983 3 1984 3 1,000 30. 1993 9 428 (2%).. 1992 1993 3 262..
1993 9 502 (3%). JAL,. 2) 1993. 1992 2, 1993 1. 1994,.,.. ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1. - : 5 (1993 ) 8 - : ( ) 50 - : 1,. - : 1 1 - :. 80%.. - :. - : 1993 12 7.,,. ( ). ) 62 (1987 ) 45 50., 45, ( ). 1. - : 35 44 10 - : 150 - :1993 6 1 7 2 - - : 1993 9 30 - : 50%,. - : 103 ( 6, 97 ) ) 56.. - : 140
- : 56,. 60. 62,., 62. - : 6 (1994 ) 4 ) '1993 11 100 '. 230. 1994 1 5,000 ( 20%) ' ', 3. 22,000 4,600 1997 17,400,,,,,, 3,300, 900, 50 4,250, 350. ', 1994 1993 '. 1964, 1976. ' 20% JAZ '. 3),. 1991 1994 3 '22 30 ' 3 '30 '. 1994 2 '1995, ', ' ( ) '. '1996, 3, 4 1,500 '., 1993 3 14,531, 8,701 ( 6,857 ), 1,949 ( ), 3,455 ( ), 426 ( 145 ).., 3 1992 11 2,888. 1) 1987 12. 1970., 1972 1983. 1972 1971 12 ' 1972 2 15 2 16 250, 100 ', ' '. 3 '
'. 1970 72 1,000 ( ). 1983 11, 1989 11 300 400 300. 2) 1987 89 3 40, 50, 16. 1,180, 1,100, 1,112. 1992 11 54, 1993 11 5. 4. 1993 9 390 (13%), 1992 10 3 3 1 600. 600 260, 240, 100.,. 1993 3 ' 280 ' 1994 2 497.. : OA, 1993 9 230. 50 188, 10 29. (1993 11 ). 7. 1) :. 2 62 (1987 ) 200, 200.. 30~40%.., 3 5 20%,. 2) ) :, ( ) 1993 5,, 8.,,. 230, 140 370 950.,,,. ( ) 140.
1993 5 6 10., 70% 10. 6 10,,. 6 5~10%, 6 21 5%. ) : 188 50 630, 55 579.. - : ( ). 1993 9 30 1. - : 230 ( ) - : 1993 10 29 - : 1993 10 29 - :. 9 30 42 188., 15%, 20%, 50. 42.. 7 20. ) :. 25% 130, 96.. 3, 15 10 29 11. 4 3 3 3 2 1 ' '.
1),,, 1994,, 3138 (93. 11. 12) 3144 (93. 12. 24), 3158 (96. 4. 15), 3220 (96. 8. 4), 3267 (96. 8. 1), 3271 (96. 9. 13), 3280 (96. 11. 15). 2) 1987 90 1991 ( 3 ) 1993,.. 2.,. 1993 22,089. 1) 1 50 (1975 ) 1985. 1985, 1986 12. 1988 19,000. 700.. 1986 11 1987 1 1, 70%. 1987~90 4,500, 2,700. 2) 1991 1993 3 1990 20 1 53. 1994 3 330. 1993, 1993~95 3 3,000, 2,000, 800, 1,000,. 1993 9 1994 3 ' 1 1994 ', ', 800, 500 1995 4,300 '. ' '. ' 1993 10 1, 2 6 '. 1993 9 1,554 (7.5%).. NKK( ) NKK 2 1993 3 23,000
. 1) NKK 2,. 1978 12, 250, 400, 50 ( ) 130, 970 1,750, 50, 10, 35 100 6~9, 34 75 20 ~90. 1989 3 ' 1,750 870 '. 35 7~10, 34 '10 1 ~40 4 '. 1985 1986 2 3,000,, 1,385 1986 4 720, 700 90. NKK 5 5 4 6. 1986 8,400 9%(780 ). 1990 6,700 20%(1,650 ) 2. 1990 46 55%, 36~45 34%, 35 11%. (1992), 1991 3 14%(2,600 ). 50 1,450, 40 710 40 80%. ( 100%) 30%, 15%, 45%. NKK NKK.. NKK. 60.. 2) NKK 1990 1993 3 1989 25 1 41, 1994 3 242. NKK 1993 3 1994 3 2,600, 3,300 (15%). 30% 1,000 2,000,. 1993 12 40%, 1995 ( ). 1993 9 523 (2%). 1993 10
1,000 1~2, 1993 11 2,400 6 ~1 1~2. 1994 4 1,900, 1 3.. : 26%. 1993 3 36,316,,,,. 83%, 14%, 3%. 1) NKK 2.. 1989 3 1,500. 1989 3 ~1990 3 1. 10 14,000. 1978 10 1985 300. 1979 2 1979 4 1. 1981~ 82 50, 1983 210,1984~85 790. 1986 12 1. 70%( 85%).. 11., 1989 7. 1987 2 3 1,,, 4,,,. 1986 5 1990 13,000 3 7 ( ). 4 ' '. 60 1988 4 1 3. 1986 7. 5 5 4 6. 1993 16,000 ( 40%), 600. 2) 1991 1993 3 1990 14% 290. 1994 3 183. 1993 11 37,000 2. 1993 10 3 3 7,000. (white collar) 1 4,000, (blue collar) 20,000 3,000.,, ' '. 1994 3, 1994 4 45 ( ) 1
. 1993 9 1,237 (3%). 3 (, NKK, ),,,. ( ). ' ( ) '., 1970 1980.. 3.. 60. 1 1979 55. 60 50% 1985. ' ',,. 3.. : ' ',. 1993 3 8,125. 1) 1 1974 4.. 1974 4 (27,000 ) 1978 4 (17,000 ) 1 (40%), 1974, 1975 2 8,000. 1980., 1973,, 1974. 1974. 1975 1 ~1976 3 2,501 185. 1976. 1974 10 2,300,,, 2,337 ( 460, 1,877 ),, 30. 104 ( 96 ), 2. 1977,,,
(200%+ ). 2) 1987~89. 1992 40% (70 ), 1993 25. 1993. 1992 1993 3 12, 10 3,000 4~8. 25%, 6 95%, 6 100%. 1993 7 1992 6, 1994 3 300 170. 1993 9 179 (2%).. :,,,,. 1993 3 9,504. 1) 1 5. 1974 4 21,500 1979 4 5,500 4 1. 1977, 2,, 3 4, 5,000. 1,, 4 8,008, 4.,,. ( ), 4,000 ( 3 1 ). 2) 1991 1992 50%. 1994 3 67. 1992. 1992 11 100, 150. 1992 500, 1993 1992 1,000 600, 350 200. 1993. 1994 4 6, 3 569 ( 198, 371 ),,, 10. 1993 10 1996 3 20 (25,311 )
8% 2,000, 1992 9 1,300 911. 29 14, 9 5, 166. ' '. 1993 9 1,318 ( 13%).. :. 70%, 12%, 18%, 1993 3 16,237. 1) 2. 1978~79 1986~87. 1978.,. 1978 10 1, 4,. 12 5%, 15%, 20%, 1979 4 5%, 1979 50%. 1979 2 1 ~3 15 1,700 3~12, 1,500. 1978 6,700 ( 20%). 1983 1985. 1985 11 4. 24,000 4,000 1988 20,000, 60 2 1988 4 58, 1986 3 31. 1986 10. '55 ', '35 ~40 4,000 7,000 '. ' ', ' '. 2) 1991 1992. 1994 3 10%. 1993 4 ' 250, 250 500 ', ',, '
. 1994 2 ' 1994 ' ' 10% '. ' 160 100, '. 1993 9 809 (5%). 2 (, ) 1970.,.,... 4..,.. 1992 40%, 33%, 9%, 11%, 7%. 57%, 1993 3 7,357. 1,408 20% ( 10%) ( 7%). 1) 30. 100 1976 2 1977 3 180 ( 3.4%). ' '. 2) 1990 3. 1992 3 62%, 1993 3. 1994 3 10 8 5. 1992 AF( ) 56. 1993,,. 1991 3 1993 3. 1992 9 ' 4 6% 450 ', ' 100 '.
,. 3) :, OA. OEM 70%. 1992 12%, 32%, 4%, 15% 79%. 1993 3 17,917 1,679. 1970. 1992 12. 1993 12 374,. 60 '63 '(1982 ). 1992 41 ( 60%), 1993 42 (50%). 4) :. 1992 37%, 63%. 1993 3 6,826 459. 77%.,. 1990 1991 85, 1992 136. 1994 3 3.. '1993 3 1,000 ', '1993 4, 20 ', '1994 4 ', '1993 3 100 ', 1993 2 '40 20 1,700 1993 2 15 300 '. 110 14, 96. ' 24 '. 1993 4 ' 4 9 12, 100% 80% '. 1993 375 ( 5%).. CKS : CKS.. 84%, 14%, 2%. 1993 3 8,215. 1) CSK 1991 9. 1981 6 3,386 1993 7,531. 1991 92, ' '. CSK,.
2) CSK 1992 9 1993 9 32% 37. 1992 9 1993 9 1,310 (17%). CSK 1992 1993 '1993 750 300 ', ' 100 ', '5,000 ', ' 50 1993 1 25 1 '. 1993 12 ' '. 3) :.,,,. 1993 3 4,467, 3,801 ( 3,715 ). 1992 3 1993 3 8 (1994 3 54 ). 1993. 1993 2 ' 3 200 ', ' 800 100 ', ' '. 1993 9 ' '.. 10 ' '. 1993 9 852 ( 15%). 4) :. 1993 3 2,067, 1991 3 1992 3 69% (11 ), 1993 3 40. 1994 3 19. 50%. 1991 1992 3,. 1993, 1993 9 413 (14%). 1993 11 10, 1,885 15% 300. '40 1 ', '40 6 '.,,. 3, ' '., 2 ( ),.,.. :,
( 3,180, 47 9,900 ) 1993 6 (restructuring). ( ). 2, 100.. 8 200 1. 13% 500, 30. 1) 1990., ( ).,.... 2, 1993.. 2) ) 1993.. 3. ' ', ' ', ' ( )' 3.., 1993 8 12..,.. (1) 2. - 39 : = + +5-40 : = + x 1.5 2.0 + 5 (2). 39, 1995 7 1 8. (3)
1. 100,. 200, 3,810 5.3%., 1 500. 350 150 7 3. 380, 100. 1, 1. 9. 5.. : 1993 81,488, 74,883, 42,036. 1993 3 818, 134, 105. 1) 3 30. 1970. 1 1974 76. 1974 9 (700 ), 10 (5,800 ), 11 (6,500 ), 12 (7,900), 1974 9 (2,700 )< 10 (20,000 ), 11 (7,580 ), 12 (8,137 ), 1947 10 (20,000), 11 (20,000), 12 (20,000). ' 85 90%'. 2) 1991 92. 1994 3 718, 537. 1994 3 319. 1992 10 11 VA VTR 2,200 2. 90%. 1992. AV VTR 3,000, AV 3 1 1,000 1993 1. 1994 1993 40% 2,500. 1994 1 AV 2 6,808, 2 300. 9 2,219 ( 3%).
1993 9 ', 3 5 5,000 '. 1993 11 '1,000 '. 1993 9 545 (1%).,. 1993 9 306. ' ' ' '. 3 (, ).. IBM : IBM IBM 100% 1937. IBM 1990 12. 1989 1992 12 74% 265, 1993 12 99.6% 1. 1990 3 25,000. 1) IBM. 1992 11 1993 6 (secondary). '50 2 '. ' IBM ' ' IBM ' ' 2 ', ' 65 ' 50 2,000. ' ' P&S CS LBS. 1993 8, 1,632, 845, 384, 380. 1993 10 1994 1 '50 1 9, 49 2 '. 1,500. ',,,,, '. 2) : DEC(Digital Equipment Corporation) DEC 4 DEC 90% 1982. 1993 7 3,810, 1989 6. 1992 6 22%(41 ) 1993 6. IBM 1993 8. 200. 1993 4.
.. 39 1993. 40 ( ) 1.5 2 1993. 39 ' '. ' 1 100 '. 1 200,. 1993 7 13% 500 ( 350, 150 ), 380, 100. 1993 20 1994..,. 25%, 34%, 39%, 3%. 60%, 1993 3 9,180. 1) 1974 74 1982 83 1993 3. 1980.,,, ' ' 1974, 1975 50. 2) 1992 3 1993 3 1991 3 60% 165. 1993 3 16 5 400.. 1992 12 ' 35 '. 35 2, 58 59 10, 50 57 25 56 12, 50 55 24 1,300 1,500, 50 1,000. 1993 2 ', ' ' ', ' ', ' 5 ', ' 50% '. 1994 4 1,. 3) :, VTR 50%, 1993 14,511. 35%, 1993 2,480.
. 1993 3,.. 1992, 1992 10 ' 10% 300,, '. 1993 3 304, 1993 9 739 (26%). 1993 3, 1993 12 '1994 2,000 (1,000 ), (400 ), (600 ) ', ' ', ' VTR ', '50 1,500 2 '., 1994 1 320. 1993 9 421 ( 3%).. : 1993 4 1,. ' ' 1988. 1992 2 2,832 ( 12%). 1993 10 ', 1994 1, '. 1993 9 8,856. 1) 1993. 1972 3 1973 3, 1977 3 1978 3, 1980 3 1981 3. 860, 530, 490.. 1976 3 1990 3.. 1972 3 1973 3 ' ', ', ', ' ' 1977 3 1978 3 ' ' 1980 3 1981 3 ' '. 1971 8,.., 12 ' 1 1 ', ' '. 860 ( 2%). 392,,, '
', ' 50, 50 ', ' '., 1981 4 85%.. 60.. 2) 1988 1990 50%, 1991 70%, 1992. 1993 4. 1994 3 2 143. 140 95. 1993 10 ' 40%, 30%, 1996 3 1 400,, '. 5 12. 1994 2 ', 5 '.. 3) : 1993 10 1.. 1993 10 1 9,190.. 10 ' 1 ', ' 1993 1 28 2 9 (13 ) 1,500 '. 1993 9 ' 1992 4 30% ', ' 169 154, 84 15 ', ' 50% '. 6.. NTT: 23 20
NTT 1985, 1993 3 1 (23 2,198 ). 32 4,000. NTT,. 1993 2, NTT (1992 94% NTT), 2,,.,, NTT 1992 50%. 1) NTT 1990 3 4,827, 1994 3 1,094. 1986 3 31 6 5,000 6,000, 1988 8,000 15,000. 1992 4 1. ' ( )' ' ', ' ' ' ' ' ' 45 55 10 ' ' ( ) 30,,, 10 15. 1992 4,200 1992 11,400 37%. 2,500 1,700. 1,900 ' '. 2) NTT 1993 2 ' 23 3 1996 20 '. ',, 2, 1 '. ' ' NTT ( ) 1993 8.
) : 1996 20., '1994 23 ' 1,, 1993., 1996 20, 21,,,. 1996 20 40%. ) : 12 1993 6 14,. 8 24. - : - : 40 10 - : - : 2 1 - : : 1-13, 2, 3-9 : 3, 1 10 15 4,080, 3,300, 780, 55%. 50 80%, ( ) 55 57.. 40%,, 30%. 200. ) ( ) : 10 15, 1992 4 ( ). (45 55 10 ) ( ). ( ) ( ),,. 30,. ' 10 15 '. 1 4,200 3,000. 1992 11,400 37%., 1,700, 2,500, 1,900, 53 55. 100.
4) :, 3,000 1993 1,500. NTT '1995 '. 1994 2 2,000. ( ). 2. 1993 8 30 300,.. ' ' 1993 12 ',, 11,000 12,000 '. 1993 1992 10% 20%.. ( ):. ( ),, 79%, 10%, 11%. 1993 3 14,779. 1) 30. 1960 1971 12 1972 12. 1971 8, 1971 12. 1975. (1972 12 ) 1972 2 16 5, 65%, 1,125. 170. 2) 1991 30%. 1993 9 ' 1,000 1993 10 2 ', ' 2 300, 1,300 '. '1994 6 (1,500 ) 700 '(1994 2 )... 1993 9 195 ( 1%).. ( ) :..
1993 3 45,136. 1) 2 1977 3 1978 3, 1979 3 1980 3 (9,500 ). 1989 3 2,000 2,500. 1979 3 1980 3. 2. 1990. 1978 11 '1980 10,500. 10,500 6,300,,, 4,200. 1989 3 ' '., 3 12 '. ' ' 1978 12. 1979 4 2,055., 1,819 ( ) 236. 2) 1989 1993 3 1,407. 1994 3 1,192.. 1993 2 4. 3,800 10% 2 10% 800 1995.,,,. 3 10%. 1994 4 3,100 (7%). 1994 4, 6,900 4 1998 6,000. 1993 9 312 (1%). 7.. ( ) : ' ', (59%), (24%), (14%).,, FA,,. 1993 3 6,338, 6,131. 1) 1978 79, 1985 87, 2 11,000 1985 3
(18,000 ) 61%.., 1980 1978 79 1977 122 6. 1977 2 ( ) ( ).. '40 44, ', '45,, 2 12 '. 3 3 5. 5 1,902. 1,850, ( ) 52. 1985. 1985 2 17,000 5,000 58, 55 (1 ), 40 58, 1985 12, 3 2,, 1985 12 1 1987 3 31. ' ' '58 ', ' 1986 1 31 1988 3 31 '. 1986 10 ' 1986 9 10,285 7,000 ', '1987 1 1, 1986 12 31 ( ) '. ' 1986 12 1 1988 3 10% '. 11. 1987 3 25,000 5,769. 2) 1989, 1994 3 255.. 1993 3 70. ' ', ' ', ',. 1994 5 ' 6,000 3 200 300 ( 10%) '.. KDD: ( ) KDD. 1988 1989, 2. 1993 3 6,328, 1,364. 1)
KDD 1985 3,. 1986 1989. 1994 3 238 (5%).. 1987 3.. KDD 1987 '1,000 '. 1993 3 100 200. 1993 9 78 (0.1%). 2) KDD. '1993 95 800 '. 1994 56 '1994 4 58 ', '1996 4 56 '. 1993 8 56 180. 56, KDD KDD,. 50, 1993 10 1 ' 1 56 6 '. ) : ' '. ',, 30% ' excellent company. 1993 '13 ', 1993 3 7,147. 1)... 1977 3 1978 3 220. 2) '1995 10% 1,500 '. ' '. 1993 9 190 (3%).
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