1 ICT. ICT. ICT ICT ICT. ICT,.. 2000 2013.,... ICT. 2014 12

3 1 7 1 13 1 13 2 15 2 ICT 17 1 ICT 17 2 19 3 24 3 28 1 ICT : (the Ecosystem Layer Model, ELM) 28 1. ICT ELM 29 2. 4 ELM (The four-layer ELM model) 30 2 (Schumpeterian evolutionary economics) 31 3, 33 4 37 1 (Stochastic Frontier Analysis) 37 2 (Data Envelopment Analysis) 39 1. 39

4 2. (efficiency) 40 3. 40 4. 42 5. CCR 44 6. BCC 48 3 (Meta-Frontier Analysis) 51 4 55 5 59 1 59 2 (TE, TE*, TGR) 61 1. 61 2. 62 3. 63 4. 64 5. 65 6. 66 3 (TE, TE*, TGR) 66 1. (TE) 66 2. *(TE*) 67 3. (TGR) 68 6 70 73

5 4 1 55 4 2 57 4 3 58 5 1 TE 60 5 2 TE* 60 5 3 TGR 61

6 2 1 20 2 2 21 2 3 22 2 4,,, SFA 23 2 5 24 2 6 25 4 1 1 1 43 4 2 1 1 CCR 47 4 3 1 1 CCR BCC 50 5 1 TE, TE*, TGR 62 5 2 TE, TE*, TGR 63 5 3 TE, TE*, TGR 64 5 4 TE, TE*, TGR 65 5 5 TE, TE*, TGR 65 5 6 TE, TE*, TGR 66 5 7 67 5 8 TE* 68 5 9 TGR 69

7 1.. SFA(Stochastic Frontier Analysis), DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis)., (Production Function).. (Meta-Fontier Analysis) TGR (Technology Gap Ratio),. DEA..

8 2..,... (Frontier).,..., TGR. TGR.,...

9.,,. TGR TGR,.,.,. ICT. 3. NICE KIS-VALUE 1. KSIC-9. 1,. 1,181,,,,, 6. KIS-VALUE,,,, DEA 2000 2013.

10 TGR. 6 TE, TE*, TGR. TE, TE*, TGR

11 TE(Technical Efficiency) TGR., TE TGR,. TGR.,,. TE, TE TGR TGR., TE,.,. TE TGR. TE TGR...,

12., ICT ICT.

1 13 1 1 (input) (output).,. (efficiency), (absolute efficiency) (relative efficiency).. Koopman(1951), Debreu(1951), Farrell(1957) ICT Giokas & Pentzaropoulos(2008), Thompson & Garbacz(2007), Tsai et al.(2006).,..,..

14.. Lee & Hwang(2011) Online Music Streaming. Lee & Hwang(2011) Online Music Streaming.,.,,. (Meta-Frontier Technology) 1). 2004 Battesse, Rao & O Donnell(2004),, Lee & Hwang(2011), Hong, Lee & Hwang(2011), Yang, Lee, Hwang & Shin(2013) ICT(Information and Communication Technology).,. TGR(Technology Gap Ratio). 1), TGR, DEA 4.

1 15 2 ICT ICT,. ICT. ICT ICT.,. ICT. ICT. ICT. ICT. TGR,., ICT,.

16, ICT. DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis). DEA ICT. DEA,,,.

2 ICT 17 2 ICT 1 ICT ICT. PC(Personal Computer) (Smartphone), PC(Tablet PC) (Smart Devices), TV, PC (Content) (Platform) (Network) (Device) (Fransman, 2007; Iansiti & Levien, 2004; Tiwana, Konsynski, & Bush, 2010). ICT (Network Provider) (Platform Provider) (Cusumano, 2010), C-N-P-D(Content-Network-Platform- Device) (Contents Provider) (two-sided market) (Cusumano, 2010; Cusumano & Gawer, 2002; Eisenmann, Parker, & Van Alstyne, 2008; Hilkert, Benlian, & Hess, 2011; Iansiti & Levien, 2004; West & Mace, 2010; Xu, Venkatesh, Tam, & Hong, 2010).., (Katz & Shapiro, 1994)., (Positive feedback) (Arthur, 1989; Katz & Shapiro, 1994)., PP(Platform Provider) CP(Content Provider),

18 CP PP.,,., (Gawer & Cusumano, 2012). C-P-N-D ICT.,,, (Abadie, Maghiros, & Pascu, 2008). IT,.,. (Nelson & Winter, 1982; Teece, Pisano, & Shuen, 1997),, (needs).,,. (i-phone). ICT, (Google) (Android) OS.,,.,.

2 ICT 19 2.,... (Frontier).,..., TGR. TGR.,...

20 2 1 (a) (b).,,.

2 ICT 21 TGR TGR,. 2 2 (a) (b)

22,,,. ICT. 2 3,,, (Stochastic Frontier Analysis, SFA). ICT,,.,.

2 ICT 23 2 4,,, SFA,. 2003 12 40 missing value.,.

24 3 ASP(Application Service Provider) (innovation) ISP(Internet Service Provider) (spillover). YouTube YouTube UCC ISP. ISP (bandwidth) QoS(Quality of Service). ISP ASP. ISP QoS, Voice over Internet Protocol(VoIP). 2 5 ASP ISP. 2 5, ASP ISP 100% ISP ASP 100%,

2 ICT 25. ASP, ISP. 100%, (bandwidth-usage) (latency-sensitivity). Wu(2004),, 10 1. ISP. http VoIP. 2 6 ISP ASP. 2 6 (Joseph Schumpeter). Schumpeter Mark I

26 Schumpeter(1934), (creative destruction) (entrepreneur-spirit ). Schumpeter Mark Schumpeter(1942) R&D. creative accumulation. Malerba and Orsenigo(1996), 1 2 widening( ) deepening (, Malerba and Orsenigo, 1995). Wu(2004) (Schumpeter Mark ), (later Schumpeter). Schumpeter Mark, Schumpeter Mark ISP ASP. Wu and Yoo(2007) Wu. Christopher. Christopher Schumpeter Mark, AT&T (incumbent)., (business model).., ASP

2 ICT 27 ISP, ISP ASP,.

28 3 1995 ICT ICT. ICT,,. 1 ICT : (the Ecosystem Layer Model, ELM) ELM ICT,. ICT,,,,,,,,,,. ELM, ICT (functionalities). ELM ICT,,.. ELM? ELM, ICT.,,.,.,

3 29. ( ),., ICT.,.,. 1. ICT ELM networked elements ICT, (networked).,,,. network operating. Layer 1 Layer 2, (network operators), (telecom operators)(fixed and mobile), TV (cable TV operators), (satellite operators and broadcasting operators)., 1990., DSL FTTP connections, (coaxial cables),. connectivity. TCP/IP Layer 3 (Internet connectivity). Layer 2 Layer 3, Layer 3., Layer 3. Layer 3

30,.., ELM (Middleware). (search)... Layer 3 4 Layer 5. content, applications and services. (Connectivity) (Internet access)(in Layer 3),, (in Layer 4),. Layer 5 (services)., services for intermediate consumers/users. final consumption. ELM Layer 6.. Layers 1-5 Layer 6 (products and services). 2. 4 ELM (The four-layer ELM model) layer ELM layer,. Layer 2 3 Layer 2.. Layer 4 5

3 31 Layer 3. (navigation) Layer 4 Layer 5,. 2 (Schumpeterian evolutionary economics) (Schumpeter) (economic development),. (economic world), (neoclassical economics)., (endogenously generated development). (the carrying out of new combinations).,,. (Entrepreneurs),., (creative destruction),.,,,., (Capitalism), (Socialism), (Democracy), (evolutionary process).

32,.. (Darwin). (determining processes).,. (Richard Nelson) (Sidney Winter) (Schumpeterian and Darwinian thinking) (modern economics).,..,.. (selection process),,.,. /, /, /,,.?,..,..,.

3 33 / R&D.. (intellectual property regimes), (financing mechanisms),,. (rules of the game). (national innovation systems, NIS) 1980 (Schumpeterian evolutionary economics).,.,. NIS, (sectoral systems of innovation). (industrial & institutional organisations). 3,,,.,.,, (Kimberly and Evanisko, 1981; Damanpour, 1987; 1988).,..

34 Ettlie(1983),. Dewar and Dutton(1986)., (the distribution of knowledge),. (the attitudes of the organization s management) (organizational structure),.,.,,. Damanpour(1988)..,.,., (initial stage) (implementation stage).,., Daft(1978) (dual-core) Duncan(1976) (ambidextrous).,,, (organic).

3 35,, (machanistic).,., Duncan(1976) Hage(1980).,.,,.,.,.. Schulman (1969)., Henderson & Clark(1990) (component)... (architectural innovation) (modular innovation).

36, ( ) ( ).,.., (photolithographic alignment).,.

4 37 4 1 (Stochastic Frontier Analysis) Aigner, Lovell, & Schmidt(1977) Meeusen & van den Broeck(1977) SFA. (4.1), Y i i, x i i, f,, v i u i (random error), u i i (non-negative). v i, u i. u i. (TE: Technical Efficiency). exp exp exp (4.2) exp TE 0 1, TE 1 u i, 0. DEA SFA. SFA. SFA (technical inefficiency), (allocative inefficiency),

38 (Schmidt & Lovell, 1979). SFA DEA (deterministic),,. DEA SFA. Cullinane et al.(2002) SFA DEA. (unbalanced) SFA. SFA. Battesse & Coelli(1992).. (4.3) exp (4.4),. SFA (translog) (Cobb- Douglas).,. (u i ) (half-normal distribution) (exponential distribution). Jorgensen, Pedersen, and Volden(1997)

4 39. (truncated normal distribution). 0,, 0,.. 2 (Data Envelopment Analysis) 1. (DMUs: Decision Making Units) ( ) DEA Data Envelopment Analysis,. 1970 2), ( ). DEA.,.,. 2) Charnes et al.(1978) DEA.

40 2. (efficiency),.,. (absolute efficiency) (relative efficiency),.,.,., 1 0.7. (productivity), DEA. 3.,. DMU DMU.. DEA

4 41, DEA. (regression), (residuals). DEA, (data). DEA. (parameter). DEA,. DEA. DEA,. DEA. (LP: linear programming) DEA CCR 3), BCC 4) DEA. 3) Charnes et al.(1978) Charnes, Cooper, Rhodes. 4) Banker et al.(1984) Banker, Charnes, Cooper.

42 4. DEA..., (PPS: production possibility set). Shephard(1970) (axiom), Färe(1988) Färe et al.(1994).,.,,. 1 1 4 1.,., ( ) ( ), (free disposability). -, (convexity).

4 43 4 1 1 1, (CRS: Constant Returns to Scale) (VRS: Variable Returns to Scale).,. 0. ( ) ( ),. (IRS: Increasing Returns to Scale) (Decreasing Returns to Scale; DRS),. (production frontier)., (strongly efficient) (weakly

44 efficient). (Pareto efficient),..,., (DMU)., DEA,,. 5. CCR CCR DEA, DEA. DEA, (CRS) CCR, (VRS) BCC., CCR.

4 45 CCR. (primal model), (virtual price) (dual model). CCR DEA.,., j ( 4.5). min (4.5) (4.5), 1. 0 1, 1 1. 100.,. (unit invariance) DEA

46. CCR,..,. CCR (CRS), (4.6). max (4.6) CCR,. 1. 1. 1

4 47. 0 1.., (slack) 5) (projected point) 6). 1-1 4 2,. 4 2 1 1 CCR 5) 1,,. (slack), DEA. 6),.

48 4 2 J CCR. CCR J. 0 1, W J. W J W J, J J. J, 1. J W J W J, J J.,. 6. BCC (CRS) (VRS), DEA BCC.,. CCR (scale inefficiency), CCR. BCC, CCR ( 4 1),

4 49. BCC. min (4.7) 1 1 CCR BCC 4 3. O A, C, A, B C B. J J, J. ( ) W J W J (CRS CCR ) W J W J (VRS BCC )...

50 4 3 1 1 CCR BCC BCC,. max (4.8) BCC CCR. CCR, BCC

4 51. 4 3 CCR,..,.. 3 (Meta-Frontier Analysis),. (Stochastic frontier),.,,., (,, ). j,. SFA. (Battese & Rao, 2002).

52 agriculture industry. Battesse, Rao & O Donnell(2004) 1990 1995 SFA garment. O Donnell, Rao, and Battesse (2008) 97 SFA DEA. Chen & Song(2008) SFA, Moreira and Bravo-Ureta(2010) SFA (Latin America) (dairy farm). (Chiu, Lee, Lu, Shyu, & Luo, 2012; Zhang, Zhou, & Choi, 2013), (civil engineering)(fallah-fini, Triantis, de la Garza, & Seaver, 2012), (pharmaceutical industry)(mazumdar & Rajeev, 2009), (banking industry)(bos & Schmiedel, 2007). ICT. Lee and Hwang (2011) (ISP) (ASP) ASP UCC,,,., Hong, Lee, & Hwang (2011) TV. DEA SFA TV. Hsiao, Chern, and Yu(2012) (Integrated Circuit design firm),. Liao and Lien(2012) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC) (penetration rate) DEA.. R, j.

4 53 j, j i t. j i t (input vector), j x (stochastic frontier). j,, 0. j. (4.9) Battese, Rao, & O Donnell(2004). (4.10). for (4.11) (4.10) (4.11),.,.. (4.12)

54 (4.12) j (TE: Technical Efficiency)., (4.13), j Technical Gap Ratio( MTR). (4.14) TE* TE TGR,. (4.15) (parameter) 2. Linear Programming(LP), Quadratic Programming(QP). Battese, Rao, & O Donnell(2004) LP QP. min min, (4.16), (4.17) LP QP, LP QP.

4 55 4 NICE KIS-VALUE 1. KSIC-9, 4 1 1,416.,. 1,., 2000 2013.. ICT,. 1,181 4 2. 4 1 G46453, 38 G47611 2 G47911 56

56 G47919 15 J58211 76 J58219 43 J58221 1 J58222 448 J59111 45 J59112 17 J59113 7 J59114 55 J59130, 22 J59201 20 J60100 2 J60210 36 J60221 26 J60222 115 J60229 5 J61210 25 J61220 13 J61230 1 J61291 20 J61299 29 J62022 6 J62090 21 J63120 22 J63910 3 J63990 1 J63991 130 J63999 9 M71310 102 M71393 5 1,416

4 57 4 2 J61210 25 telecommunication J61220 13 telecommunication J61230 1 telecommunication J61291 20 telecommunication J61299 29 telecommunication J58221 1 software J58222 448 software G47911 56 J63120 22 J63991 130 J62022 6 IT operation J62090 21 IT operation J58211 76 J58219 43 G47919 15 etc J63990 1 etc J63999 9 J60100 2 broadcast J60210 36 broadcast J60222 115 broadcast J60229 5 broadcast M71310 102 advertisement M71393 5 advertisement 1,181 1,181 ( (e-book), (e-learning), (platform), (music), (game), (video)). 4 3.

58 4 3 25 12 78 130 119 36 random effects time-varying,. ln ln ln ln m t i m. Y ti t i. x 1 (K), x 2 (M), x 3 (L). K Total asset, M CAPEX, L. y.

5 59 5,,,,, DEA ( TE) *( TE*) ( TGR). (TE). (TE*). (TGR) ( ) ( ),. TGR TE*., (TE, TE*, TGR) 2000 2013. 1 DEA 6 TE 2000 2013,

60 TE*, 4.15 TGR. TE, TE*, TGR 5 1, 5 2, 5 3. 5 1 TE 2000 0.9868 0.9678 0.9758 0.9921 0.9370 0.9630 2001 0.9877 0.9903 0.9798 0.9895 0.9382 0.9608 2002 0.9703 0.9947 0.9746 0.9854 0.9565 0.9440 2003 0.9767 0.9960 0.9585 0.9906 0.9515 0.9407 2004 0.9822 0.9962 0.9706 0.9848 0.9486 0.9582 2005 0.9753 0.9992 0.9753 0.9760 0.9519 0.9608 2006 0.9791 0.9976 0.9692 0.9888 0.9515 0.9654 2007 0.9775 0.9943 0.9522 0.9869 0.9570 0.9729 2008 0.9778 0.9972 0.9718 0.9878 0.9617 0.9649 2009 0.9812 0.9992 0.9722 0.9954 0.9672 0.9538 2010 0.9837 0.9952 0.9521 0.9893 0.9549 0.9623 2011 0.9801 0.9984 0.9486 0.9920 0.9591 0.9635 2012 0.9784 1.0000 0.9587 0.9695 0.9681 0.9729 2013 0.9807 0.9663 0.9603 0.9802 0.9547 0.9620 5 2 TE* 2000 0.9271 0.8032 0.8707 0.9187 0.8472 0.9187 2001 0.9250 0.8510 0.8758 0.9207 0.8790 0.9184 2002 0.9261 0.8797 0.8866 0.9100 0.8999 0.9076 2003 0.9250 0.8847 0.8849 0.9071 0.8879 0.9132 2004 0.9222 0.8950 0.8862 0.9063 0.8996 0.9309 2005 0.9229 0.8928 0.8872 0.9076 0.9028 0.9209 2006 0.9213 0.9073 0.8865 0.9033 0.8977 0.9266

5 61 2007 0.9268 0.9035 0.8875 0.8935 0.9078 0.9192 2008 0.9254 0.9072 0.8886 0.9024 0.9177 0.9170 2009 0.9278 0.9088 0.8926 0.9176 0.9204 0.9189 2010 0.9277 0.9114 0.8967 0.9251 0.9267 0.9303 2011 0.9235 0.9078 0.8971 0.9210 0.9320 0.9243 2012 0.9260 0.8874 0.8926 0.9260 0.9298 0.9224 2013 0.9216 0.8937 0.8947 0.9168 0.9310 0.9236 5 3 TGR 2000 0.9394 0.8283 0.8924 0.9260 0.9054 0.9540 2001 0.9366 0.8594 0.8942 0.9304 0.9374 0.9561 2002 0.9545 0.8844 0.9097 0.9235 0.9413 0.9617 2003 0.9470 0.8883 0.9232 0.9156 0.9334 0.9710 2004 0.9388 0.8985 0.9131 0.9203 0.9480 0.9715 2005 0.9462 0.8935 0.9096 0.9299 0.9482 0.9585 2006 0.9410 0.9095 0.9146 0.9136 0.9441 0.9598 2007 0.9482 0.9087 0.9324 0.9054 0.9491 0.9448 2008 0.9464 0.9098 0.9144 0.9135 0.9547 0.9508 2009 0.9456 0.9095 0.9182 0.9218 0.9520 0.9640 2010 0.9430 0.9158 0.9421 0.9351 0.9710 0.9671 2011 0.9424 0.9092 0.9456 0.9284 0.9723 0.9597 2012 0.9466 0.8874 0.9311 0.9550 0.9610 0.9484 2013 0.9399 0.9202 0.9319 0.9353 0.9756 0.9598 2 (TE, TE*, TGR) 1. TE 0.98

62.. - (TE*) TGR 0.92 0.94. 2002 2005 TE. TE.. TE TGR. 5 1 TE, TE*, TGR 2. TE, 0.98 2013.,

5 63 7). TE TE* TGR 2000... 5 2 TE, TE*, TGR 3.. (13 ),. TE 7) (2014).

64, 2003, 2007, 2010. TGR 2003, 2007, 2010. TE*,,.,. 5 3 TE, TE*, TGR 4. TE,, e-leaning 0.98 2005 2012. 2000, P2P MR(Monthly Rental) 2004, 2012, TE. TGR 2007

5 65, 2000 2007 TGR. 5 4 TE, TE*, TGR 5. 5 5 TE, TE*, TGR

66. 2010 TE TGR, 2010. 2013. 6.. 2001, 2008, 2009, 2013. TGR. 5 6 TE, TE*, TGR 3 (TE, TE*, TGR) 1. (TE) (TE)

5 67.,. TE,,,.,,,,., TE. 5 7 2. *(TE*) (TE*) -

68.. 5 8 TE* 3. (TGR) (TGR) ( ) ( ),. TGR TE*. 2000 2006, 2007. 2000

5 69. 5 9 TGR

70 6. KSIC-9,,,,,,. KIS-VALUE,,,, DEA 2000 2013. TGR. TE TGR., TE TGR, 2 2. TGR.,,,. TE, TE TGR TGR.,

6 71 TE,.,. TE TGR. TE TGR...., KIS-VALUE. ICT., ICT,,,. ICT (,, )..,,,. ICT

72., DEA, ICT.

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