1072

Introduction to Clinical Practice Guideline on Alzheimer s Disease 1071

1072

Guideline of Alzheimer's Disease Drug Treatment by Evidence based Medicine Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors 1073

Strategy Donepezil Rivastigmine Galantamine Dosing once daily twice daily twice daily Starting 5 3 8 dose (mg/day) Lowest effective dose (mg/day) 5 6 16 Maximum dose (mg/day) 10 12 24 Dose increase after 4~6 weeks every after 2 weeks every after 4 weeks AchEIs, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Donepezil NN 9 (8~14) for a 4 point or more improvement in ADAS Cog at 6 months 8 (6~15) for any improvement on a clinical global scale at 6 months NNH 11 (7~15) for one withdrawal at 10 mg/day over 6 months Rivastigmine NNT 12 (8~20) for a 4 point or more improvement in ADAS Cog at 6 months 15 (8~17) for any improvement on a clinical global scale at 6 months NNH 5 for one withdrawal at 6~12 mg/day Galantamine NNT 6 for a 1 point or more improvement in ADAS Cog at 6 months on 32 mg/day 13~50 for any improvement on a clinical global scale on 32 mg/day at 6 months NNH 4~8 for one drop out at 32 mg/day Tacrine NNT 30 for a 4 point or more improvement in ADAS Cog at 6 months 10 for any improvement on a clinical global scale at 3 months 40 for 'moderate' or 'marked' improvement on a clinical global scale at 3 months NNH 4 (withdrawal over 3 months) *NNH, number needed to harm NNT, number needed to treat 1074

1075

When to Start and When to Stop 1076

1077

Other Drug Treatment for Alzheimer s Disease 1078

1079

1080

1081

Pharmacotherapy of BPSD 1082

1083

1084

Vascular Factors in Alzheimer's Disease 1085

1086

1087

Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer s Disease with Other Factors 1088

1089

1090

1091

1092

11. California Workgroup on guidelines for Alzheimer's disease management. Guidelines of Alzheimer's disease management, 2002 12. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias of late life. Am J Psychiatry 1997 ; 154 : 1-39 13. American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter : Management of dementia (an evidence based review) Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology, 2001 14. National Institute of Clinical Excellence. Guidance on the use of Donepezil. Rivastigmine and Galantamine, 2001 15. Qizilbash N, Schneider NS, Chui H, Tariot P, Brodaty M, Kaye J, et al. Evidence based Dementia Practice. Malden : Blackwell Science Ltd, 2002 16. Maj M, Sartorius N. Dementia, WPA Series Evidence and Experience in Psychiatry. Wiley, 2000 17. Richter RW, Richter BZ. Alzheimer's Disease. Mosby, 2002 18. Doody RS, Stevens JC, Beck C, Dubinsky RM, Kaye HA, Guyther L, et al. Practice parameter : management of dementia (an evidence based review). Neurology 2001 ; 56 : 1154-66 19. Francis PT, Palmer AM, Snape M, Wilcock GK. The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease : a review of progress. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999 ; 66 : 137-47 10. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini Mental State" : a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975 ; 12 : 189-98 11. Park JH, Kwon YC. Modification of the Mini Mental State Examination for use in the elderly in a non western society. Part. Development of Korean version of Mini Mental State Examination. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1990 ; 5 : 381-87 12. Park JH, Park YN, Ko HJ. Modification of the Mini Mental State Examination for use in the elderly in a non western society. Part II. Cutoff points and their diagnostic validities. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1991 ; 6 : 875-82 13. Giacobini E. Selective inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase : a valid alternative for therapy of Alzheimer's disease? Drugs Aging 2001 ; 18 : 891-8 14. Schmitt FA, Cragar D, Ashford JW, Reisberg B, Ferris S, Mobius HJ, et al. Measuring cognition in advanced Alzheimer's disease for clinical trials. J Neural Transm 2002(Suppl) ; 135-48 15. Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, Vellas B, Subbiah P, Whalen E. A 24 week, randomized, double blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2001 ; 57 : 613-20 16. Peskind ER. Pharmacologic approaches to cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Psychiatry 1998 ; 59(S)9 : 22-7 17. Wilkinson DG, Hock C, Farlow M, van Baelen B, Schwalen S. Galantamine provides broad benefits in patients with 'advanced moderate' Alzheimer's disease (MMSE < or = 12) for up to six months. Int J Clin Pract 2002 ; 56 : 509-14 18. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ, Crook T. The global deterioration scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1982 ; 139 : 1136-9 19. Terry RD, Katzman R, Bick KL, Sisodia SS, eds. Alzheimer's 1093

disease. 2nd ed. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999 : 245-6 20. Mulnard RA, Cotman CW, Kawas C, van Dyck CH, Sano M, Doody R, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 2000 ; 283 : 1007-15 21. Pike CJ. Estrogen modulates bcl xl expression and beta amyloid induced apoptosis. J Neurochem 1999 ; 72 : 1552-63 22. Qizilbash N, Schneider LS, Chui H, Tariot P, Brodaty H, Kaye J, et al. Evidence based dementia practice. Oxford : Blackwell, 2002 23. Freedman M, Rewilak D, Xerri T, Cohen S, Gordon AS, Shandling M, et al. L deprenyl in Alzheimer's disease : cognitive and behavioral effects. Neurology 1998 ; 50 : 660-8 24. Watts RL, Koller WC. Movement disorders. McGraw Hill, 1997 : 168-9 25. Agnoli A, Martucci N, Fabbirini G, Buckley A, Fioravanti M. Monoamine oxidase and dementia : treatment with an inhibitor of MAO B activity. Demetia 1990 : 109-14 26. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, Klauber MR, Schafer K, Grundman M, et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J of Med 1997 ; 24 : 1216-22 27. Wieraszko A, Li G, Kornecki E, Hogan MV, Ehrlich YH. Long term potentiation in hippocampus induced by platelet activating factor. Neuron 1993 ; 10 : 553-7 28. Rowin J, Lewis SL. Spontaneous bilateral subdural hematomas associated with chronic Gingko biloba ingestion. Neurology 1996 ; 46 : 1775-6 29. Finkel SI, Costa e Silva J, Cohen G, Miller S, Sartorius N. Behavioral and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia : a consensus statement on current knowledge and implications for research and treatment. Int Psychogeriatr 1996 ; 8(S)3 : 497-500 30. Rabins PV, Mace NL, Lucas MJ. The impact of dementia on the family. JAMA 1982 ; 248(3) : 333-5 31. Katz IR, Jeste DV, Mintzer JE, Clyde C, Napolitano J, Brecher M. Comparison of risperidone and placebo for psychosis and behavioral disturbances associated with dementia : a randomized, double blind trial. Risperidone Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry 1999 ; 60(2) : 107-15 32. De Deyn PP, Rabheru K, Rasmussen A, Bocksberger JP, Dautzenberg PL, Eriksson S, et al. A randomized trial of risperidone, placebo, and haloperidol for behavioral symptoms of dementia. Neurology 1999 ; 53(5) : 946-55 33. Street JS, Clark WS, Gannon KS, Cummings JL, Bymaster FP, Tamura RN, et al. Olanzapine treatment of psychotic and behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease in nursing care facilities : a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial. The HGEU Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000 ; 57(10) : 968-76 34. Street JS, Clark WS, Kadam DL, Miltan SJ, Juliar BE, Feldman PD, et al. Long term efficacy of olanzapine in the control of psychotic and behavioral symptoms in nursing home patients with Alzheimer dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001 ; 16(S)1 : S62-70 35. Scharre DW, Chang SI. Cognitive and behavioral effects of quetiapine in Alzheimer s disease patients. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2002 ; 16(2) : 128-30 36. Ballard CG, O'Brien J, James I, Swann A. Dementia : management of behavioural and psychological symptoms. Nord J Psychiatry 2003 ; 57(2) : 159-60 37. Cummings JL, Frank JC, Cherry D, Kohatsu ND, Kemp B, Hewett L, et al. Guidelines for managing Alzheimer's disease : Part. Treatment. Am Fam Physician 2002 ; 65(12) : 2525-34 38. Qizilbash N, Schneider LS. Evidence based dementia practice. Oxford : Blackwell, 2002 : 680 39. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Washington DC : 2000. 1094

APA : 108 40. Holzer JC, Gitelman DR, Price BH. Efficacy of buspirone in the treatment of dementia with aggression. Am J Psychiatry 1995 ; 152(5) : 812 41. Gottfries CG, Nyth AL. Effect of citalopram, a selective 5 HT reuptake blocker, in emotionally disturbed patients with dementia. Ann N Y Acad Sc 1991 ; 640 : 276-9 42. Nyth AL, Gottfries CG, Lyby K, Smedegaard Andersen L, Gylding Sabroe J, Kristensen M, et al. A controlled multicenter clinical study of citalopram and placebo in elderly depressed patients with and without concomitant dementia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992 ; 86(2) : 138-45 43. Lyketsos CG, Sheppard JM, Steele CD, Kopunek S, Steinberg M, Baker AS, et al. Randomized, placebo controlled, double blind clinical trial of sertraline in the treatment of depression complicating Alzheimer's disease : initial results from the Depression in Alzheimer's Disease study. Am J Psychiatry 2000 ; 157(10) : 1686-9 44. Katona CL, Hunter BN, Bray J. A double blind comparison of the efficacy and safely of paroxetine and imipramine in the treatment of depression with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998 ; 13(2) : 100-8 45. Raji MA, Brady SR. Mirtazapine for treatment of depression and comorbidities in Alzheimer disease. Ann Pharmacother 2001 ; 35(9) : 1024-7 46. Roth M, Mountjoy CQ, Amrein R. Moclobemide in elderly patients with cognitive decline and depression : an international double blind, placebo controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 1996 ; 168(2) : 149-57 47. Kaufer DI, Cummings JL, Christine D. Effect of tacrine on behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease : an open label study. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1996 ; 9(1) : 1-6 48. Paleacu D, Mazeh D, Mirecki I, Even M, Barak Y. Donepezil for the treatment of behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 2002 ; 25(6) : 313-7 49. Rosler M. The efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in treating the behavioural symptoms of dementia. Int J Clin Pract 2002 ; 127(Suppl) : 20-36 50. Petrie WM, Ban TA. Propranolol in organic agitation. Lancet 1981 ; 1 : 324 51. Weiler PG, Mungas D, Bernick C. Propranolol for the control of disruptive behaviour in senile dementia, J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1986 ; 1 : 226-30 52. Goad DL, Davis CM, Liem P, Fuselier CC, McDormack JR, Olsen KM. The use of selegeline in Alzheimer's patients with behavior problems. J Clinical Psychiatry 1991 ; 52 : 342-5 53. Schneider LS, Pollock VE, Zemansky MF, Gleason RP, Palmer R, Sloane RB. A pilot study of low dose L deprenyl in Alzheimer's disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991 ; 4(3) : 143-8 54. Lawlor BA, Aisen PS, Green C, Fine E, Schmeidler J. Selegiline in the treatment of behavioural disturbance in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997 ; 12(3) : 319-22 55. Burke WJ, Roccaforte WH, Wengel SP, Bayer BL, Ranno AE, Willcockson NK. L deprenyl in the treatment of mild dementia of the Alzheimer type : results of a 15 month trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993 ; 41(11) : 1219-25 56. O'Brien MD. How does cerebrovascular disease cause dementia? Dementia 1994 ; 5 : 133-6 57. Gearing M, Mirra SS, Hedreen JC, Sumi SM, Hansen LA, Heyman A. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) part X : neuropathology confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995 ; 45 : 461-6 58. Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, Riley KP, Greiner PA, Markesbery WR. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease. The Nun Study. JAMA 1997 ; 277 : 813-7 59. Nagy Z, Esiri MM, Jobst KA, Morris JH, King EM, McDonald B, et al. The effects of additional pathology on the cognitive deficit in Alzheimer s disease. J Neuropath & Exp Neurol 1997 ; 56 : 1095

165-70 60. Forette F, Seux M L, Staessen JA, Thijs L, Birkenhager WH, Babarskiene MR, et al. Prevention of dementia in randomised double blind placebo controlled Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst Eur) trial. Lancet 1998 ; 352 : 1347-51 61. Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Cazzato G. Rivastigmine in subcortical vascular dementia : a comparison trial on efficacy and tolerability for 12 months follow up. Eur J Neurol 2001 ; 8 : 361-2 62. Erkinjuntti T, Kurtz A, Gauthier S, Bullock R, Lillenfield S, Damaraju CV. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular disease : a randomised trial. Lancet 2002 ; 359 : 1283-90 63. Pratt R, Perdomo CA. The Donepezil Study Group. Results of clinical studies with donepezil in vascular dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002 ; 10(S)1 : 88-9 64. Brown RG, Marsden CD. How common is dementia in Parkinson's disease? Lancet 1984 ; 2 : 1262-5 65. Korczyn AD. Dementia in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2001 ; 248(S)3 : 1-4 66. Kurlan R, Richard IH, Papka M, Marchall F. Movement disorders in Alzheimer's disease : More rigidity of definitions is needed. Mov Disord 2000(15) ; 1 : 24-9 67. Wrgaa RE, Jeste DV. Overview of depression andpsychosis in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1989 ; 146 : 577-87 68. Burns A. Psychosis in dementia of the Alzheimer type. In Katona C and Levy R, eds. Delusions and Hallucinations in Old age. Royal college of psychiatrists, London : Gaskell, 228-242 69. Devanand DP. Depression in dementia. In Gauthier S, Cummings JL, eds. Alzheimer's disease and related disorders annual 2001. London : Martin Dunitz, 97-123 70. McAllister TW. Overview : pseudodementia. Am J Psychiatry 1983 ; 140 : 528-33 71. Reding MJ, Haycox J, Wigforss K, Brush D, Blass JP. Follow up of patients referred to a dementia service. J Am Geriatr Soc 1984 ; 32 : 265-8 72. Mortimer JA, van Duijn CM, Chandra V, Fratiglioni L, Graves AB, Heyman A, et al. Head trauma as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease : a collaborative re analysis of case control studies. Int J Epidemiol 1991 ; 20 : S28-35 73. Mayeux R, Ottman R, Maestre G, Ngai T, Tang MX, Ginsberg H, et al. Synergistic effects of traumatic head injury and apolipoprotein epsilon 4 in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995 ; 45 : 555-7 74. Joyce E. Dementia associated with alcoholism. In : O'Brien J, Ames D, Burns A, ed. Dementia. 2nd ed. London : Arnold, 2000 : 799-811 75. Victor M, Adams RD. The alcoholic dementias. In : Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL, eds. Handbook of clinical neurology, Vol 2. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Pubilishers, 335-52 76. Sachdev P, Trollor J, Looi JCL. Alcohol related dementia. In : Qizilbash N, Schneider LS, Chui H, et al, Evidence based dementia practice. Malden : Blackwell Science Ltd, 620-1 1096