-
~8 0 00,,, 00,, 8, 9, 0 00 00,,, 9 00,,,, 9 00 00 008 009 0 00 8 0 0 fi 0 0 0 9fi 0 0 fl 08 _ 09 _ 00 _ _ 0 _ _ 0 { } ~ 0 _ _ 0 0 _ _ fi _ 0,, 0,,, 8 08,, 9 09, 00,,,,, 8,, 0,,, 0,, 0 0 0 0 0 0, 0, 08,, 09,,, 00,, 0,, 0,,, 0 _ 0 0 0 _ 0 08 09 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 08 08 = _ = 09 8= _ = 00 0=_ = 0 = _ = 0 0 0 0 0 0 08 = _ =_= 0+= 9+=0 _ (+)_(+)= _ _ (+)_(+)_(+)=8 0= _ _ (+)_(+)_(+)=0 000= _ (+)_(+)= 09 00 0 0 0 0 0 _ _ 0 0 08 _ 09 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 09 00 0 0 0 0 9 8 8 8 98 9 9 9,,,, 9 0 = _ _ 0 =_ _ y b_b_y_b=μ _b«m = ={ } n 8
= _ = 8 0 = = = = b= +b=+=9 08 > > 08 > 80 > 0 > > 0 > > > 9 80= = _ 09 > 0 > 80 > 90 > > 0= _ _ 00 > > > > > = _ _ =, y=, z= +y+z=++= 0 = _ =_= 0 80= _ = =00=0 b=0 +b=+0= 0 0 0 =fi _ =_ (+)_(+)_(+)=0 80 _ _ 80 m _b n bmn m _b n 0 0 _ = _ 9 80= _ 0 0= = _ 0 = b ( ) (+)_(b+)=9 b= = _ = += 0 08,,,,, 09,,,,,,,,, 9, 8,,, 080,,,,, 8,,,,,,, 9,, 8,,,,,, 08,,,,,, 0, 0,, 0, 00,, 08 08 08 08 8 08 8 08 088 8 089 090 0 09 09 09 09 09 0 09 0 09 098, 099,,, 00,,,,, 0,, 8, y 9, 8,, y 8,,, y 8 0, 8,, y,, 8, y,,, y 0,,, y 8,,, y,, 08, y 0 0, 0, 0, y, 0,, y 0, 0, 90, y 0 0,, 9, y,,, y, 0,, y 0, 0, 90, y 0 0, 8,, y,, 8, y 0, 0, 0, y 0, 0, 80, y 0 9~0 0 8 08 09 80 0 0 0 0 00 _ _ _ _ fi _ _ 8 _ 9 _ 0 _,,, 8 00,, 0, 0, 80, 0 9
08 0 _ _ _ _ _ _= 08 09 09 09 09 098 8 _ (+)_(+)= _ (+)_(+)=0 (+)_(+)_(+)=0 _fl _ (+)_(+)_(+)=, b, > 0 > 0 > 0 0 =0 > 0 > 08 0 > 0 0 > 0 0 =0 > 00 0 > 0 0 > 0 0 0 > 0 0 0 > 0 0 =00, b 0,,, 8 8 9 0 _ _ =0 = _ _ _fi _ _ 8 > 08 > > N= AB AB 9 8 8,,, 8, 9 > 08 > > 8 > 9 > = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _=8900 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 9 8 0 8900 090 ~ _ B A AB AB 090 80
8= _ _ = 00 88 8 0 80 > 0 80 > 0 ABC 00 =. =9, _=0 =0cm > 80 > 9 00 0 9 0 cm 0 0=9 80 0= 9_= 0 8 > 8 (8-) > 0 > 8 0 (0-) 8 > > = 0 8 8 9 0, 8, 0 0 0 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,, 8 8, 8, 9, 8, 0 0, 8 (-) (99-) (0-) 90 =8 8 8 > 9 0 > 8 > > 8 ~,,, 8 cm 8 0 cm 9 0 cm 8 9 9 0 90 80 8 (00-)(+) 98 = 8 > 9 8 > 8 8 > > 8 8 _= > 8 > 9 > 8 0 0 =0 > > 0 > 08 = > 0 8 > 0 > 8 > > > 0 9 8 8 = y > _=9 9= 9= 9 9 > 9 > > 0 _=cm > 0 > 0 > =cm = 9= = = 8
8 9 0 (+) > 0 =9 (-),,,, =0 0 00 =0+= 0 > 0 =0 > 0+= =_ 80=9_ =90 = b=_0=80 =_ =_ = = _= = =_ =8 0 0 8 9 9 80 = _ yy _= =b =b= yy +b=0 yy, b +b 8 N=8_n 8 > N 90 0 > n 8 n_=0 n 80_n=0 n= yy N=8_= yy N N 80 80 80 yy > 8 0 =0cmyy 0 8=0 =80 0= _8_=0 > > yy 8 88=fi _ (+)_(+)=8 9_f(n)=8 f(n)= n 0 999 9 8 _8 9 _ = 8 9 = 8 =_ 0=_90 = _, _b, b <b b=0, _b= =, b= =, b= A, B 0 A=_=0, B=_= B-A=-0= =, b= A=, B=90 0 8
0 8 + C, -9 C 8 +000-000 8 - +0 8 +, - 8 + kg, - kg 8 + 8-88 + 89-90 +0 C 9-00 m 9-000 9 + % 9-9 +, +, +0., + 9 0 9 -, -, -0., -9 9 +, +9, 98 -, -, - 9 0 99 +, -, 0, +9,, -, - 00 +0, + 0-9, - 0 0 0 +, +, +8.8 0 -, -, -. 0 +9, 0, -, + 0 -., - 0 08 09 0 Z Y Z Y Z Z Z Y 8 Z 9 Y 0 Z A : -, B : -, C :, D : A : -, B :, C :, D : -, E : 8 8~9 9 0 +, +, +0., + 9 0 -, -, -0., -9 9 0 9 9 + =+, = +, +9, 98 - =- -, -, - 0 + =+ +9, 0, -, + 09 + =+, +, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0= = =y 0 9 = =y 8 - - - - - - - + + 0 + + + - 0 + +. + 8 + + -0 +0 +000-000 8 9 0 A-B0C 8-0~ 0-0 0 +0 000 +000 000-000 + - - % - + æ -00 m 8 8+8-0 8 +80 8-8 0 æ+0 æ 0 æ-0 æ 00 +0000-00 - - 9 0 +0. (, + { 0 9-0 -, - - =- 8
0 -.+ - 0 + -- -, +., + -, -0. = -,, -0., + 9 y= +y=+= A- B- D E 8 -. - - - 0-0 9 Z 0 Y Z Y Z Y Z Y Y 8 Z 9 Y 0 Z 8 8.9 9 9 0. +, - 0 +, - -, -, 0, +, + 0-8 0,, -0.,., 9 -, -,.,, - 0 0, -, +, -, -, + -, + ~ -, + 8-0, +0 æ <- <<0 8 - < 9 - <. 80 8 æ 8-8 -<< 8 æ- 8-8 -< 8 Z 88 Y 89 Z 90 Z 9 Y 9 Z 9 > 9 < 9 < 9 > 9 < 98 < 99 < 00 > 0 > 0 < 0 > 0 > 0 0 -, 0,, 0 -, 0,,, 08 -, -, 0, 09 -, 0, 0 -, 0,,, -, 0,,,, -, -, 0,, 0 + - 0 + - =, b=- >b < - b 9 ~ - - - - - =, + =, + =, - =,, 0 -, +, -, +, 0 0 0 8. =., -0. =0., =, 0 =0, = 0 < < -0. <. < 9 - =, - =, =, - =,. =. - < - <. < < - - 0 0 =0, - =, + =, - =, - =, + = 0 + + + 8
0 < - < + < - < - < + - - 0 + + + + + + + - + - - - - 0 + + + + + + 8 08 - -.y. -, -, 0, - =-., =.y -.<<.y -, 0,,,, + - + - 8 0 0-0 +0 88 ->- 9 + =+, + =+ + >+ 9 - =-, - =- - >- 0 0 9 + =+ + <+ 98 - =-, - =- - <- 8 00 +=+ +>+ 0 0 + =+, + =+ + >+ 9 0 - =- - <- 0 - =-. -.>- 0 -<0 - <- <0. 0 0 - - - - - 0 8 -<< -, 0,, 0 - -. -, 0,,, - =-., =. -.<<. -, -, 0,, -, 8 9 -. 0 -, -0., 0,,, c, b 8 ~ ---0 - =, +9 =9 =, b=9 +b=+9= 0 - = -. - = =. - = =. = =0. 0 0 = =.y 8
9 0 - = - -. =., - = =0., - =, = =0., = > -. > - > > - - - = - > > >- - >- 8 =, = < -0.- - =-. -0.>- - <-0.<0< < c= > b<0-0 >c>b = = - <9 b c -< -, 0,,,,, =0., =.y 0.=,.=,.=,.= - - - - 0 + + + + + + 8 9 0 0 -, 8 8 8 - < - = yy - < - = yy 8 {- }{- }= = yy 8-9 0 - =- 8 - - - - - yy b= yy + b = - + =+= b + b yy b 8 >b =9, b= +b=9+=0, b +b - b 9 = = =- 0 yy yy 8
= b=- =- b= - - - - {+ }+{+ }={+ }+{+ }=+ 9 {- }+{- }={- }+{- }=- 9 9 - =-, = - << -, -, -,,,,, 8 A C B - - 0 A, B 9 : A C 8 0,, -,, + +, + -, - -9, -9, 0, + 8 9 0 0 +8 + - - + - + - 8 + 9-0 + - +0 - -9 - - - 8-9 + 0 + -.9 +. - + - + +9 8 0 9-0 + + - - 0 + + + - 8-9 + 80 + 8 + 8-8 +0 0 8 +8 8-8 + 8 +.8 88-89 90 9-9 - 9 ~8 0 {+ }+{+ }={+ }+{+ }=+ {- }+{- }={- }+{- }=- 8 {+ }+{- }+{- } =[{+ }+{- }]+{- } =(-)+{- }=- 9 {+ }+{- }+{+ }+{- } =[{+ }+{- }]+[{- }+{+ }] ={+ }+{+ }={+ }+{+ }=+ {+ }-{+ }={+ }+{- } 8 =+{ - }=+ {- }-{+ }={- }+{- } =-{ + }=- 0 0 0 {- }-{- }={- }+{+ } =-{ - }=- (+)-{- }=(+)+{+ } =+{ + }=+ {+ }+{- }=+{ - }=+ (+)+(-)=+(-)=+ 9 {- }+{+ }=-{ - }=- 8 (-0)-(+)=(-0)+(-) =-(0+)=- 8
9 {+ }-{+ }={+ }+{- } 8 =+{ - }=+ 0 0 0 8 80 (+9)-{- }={+ }+{+ } 8 =+{ + }=+ 8 {- }-{+ }-{- } ={- }+{- }+{+ } =-{ + }+{+ } ={- }+{+ }=- 8 {+ }+{- }-(-) ={+ }+{- }+(+) 0 =-{ - }+(+) ={- }+(+)=+ 88 -+(-)-(-) =(+)+(-)+(-)+(+)=- 89 (-)--(-) =(-)+(-)+(+)= 90 -(-8)-+(-) =(+)+(+8)+(-)+(-)= 9 - + - ={- }+ +{- } 9 8 =-{ + }+ =- + =- 9 - - - =[ +{- }]+[{- }+{- }] =(-)+(-)=- 9 - - + =+[{- }+{- }]+ =+{- }+ =+ = 9 9-9 - 9~0 9 98 99-00 0 0 +0 0 - - 0 0-0 + - + 8 8 9 9 (-.)+(+.)=-(.-.)=-0. (-.)+(-.)=-(.+.)=- {+ }+{+ }=+{ + }=+ {- }+{- }=-{ + }=- 0 0 0 0 0 {+ }+{- }=+{ - }=+ = =- =+ y = y=- y=+ +y y =-y=- +y (-)+(-)=- 9 -<- <- <0< =- b= +b={- }+ =-{ - }=- 99 {+ }+(-)+{+ } =(-)+[{+ }+{+ }] =(-)+(+) =-(-)=- 00 {+ }-{+ }={+ }+{- } =-{ - }=- {- }-{+ }={- }+{- } 8 =-{ + }=- 9 9 {- }-{- }={- }+{+ } 0 0 9 =+{ - } 0 0 =+ =+ 8 0 88
0 0 {+ }-{+ }={+ }+{- } =-{ - }=- 0 0 {- }-{- }={- }+{+ } 0 ={- }+{+ }=+ =(-)-(-)=(-)+(+)=+(-)=+ b=(-)-(+)=(-)+(-)=-(+)=- -b=(+)-(-)=(+)+(+)=+8 =+ b b=- -b=(+)-(-) =(+)+(+)=+0 0 {- }+(-)- ={- }+(-)+{- } =- { + + }=- {- }-{+ }-{+ } ={- }+{- }+{- } =-{ + + }=- 0 b={+ }+{- }+{- } 9 ={+ }+{- }+{- }=- 8 8 8 8 8 -b=- -{- }=- + =- 8 8 8 8 0 -;#; -;!; +;!; -;@; -;$; +{- }+{- }=- ={- }-{- }-{- } ={- }+{+ }+{+ }=+ {+ }++0=- ={- }-{+ }={- }+{- }=- {- }++{- }=- ={- }-{- }-{- } ={- }+{+ }+{+;$;}=+ 0 {- }+- -{- }-{+ } 8 ={- }+(+)+{- }+{+ }+{- } 8 =[{- }+{- }+(+)]+{+ }+{- } 8 ={(-)+(+)}+{+ }+{- } 8 0 =0+{+ }+{- }={+ }+{- } 8 8 8 0 =+{ - }=+ 8 8 8 0 ={- }+{- }+{+ } 0 ={- }+{- }+{+ } =- =- 0 0 +8 08-09 - 0 + - - + - - +. -0 8 + 9 + 0-0 +0 0-0 + - - 8 8-9 - 0 - + + -0 +8 9 ~ 89
0 + 8-9 + 0 - + 8 0 - - -9 + - + 8 + 9-0 + 0 + - + -0 8 9 0 - -9 0 9 9-8 - 9 0 0 - -0. - - {+ }_{- }_{- }=+{ }=+ 0 0 8 8 {- }_{+ }_{- }_{- } 9 8 0 =-{ _ }=- 9 0 {- } {+ } {+ } ={- }_{+ }_{+ } =-{ }=- {+ } {- } {- } ={+ }_{- }_{- } =+{ }=+ 8 9 {- } {- } {- } ={- }_{- }_(-) 9 0 =-{ }=- 9 (+)_(-) (+)=(-0) (+)=-0 0._(-) {- }= _(-) (-) =+{ }= {- } {- }_ ={- }_(-)_ =+{ }= 0 8 (-) _(-)fi {- } = 9_(-) {- } = (-)_(-) 9 =+{_ 9 }= 9 (- )_ {- }=(-8) {- } 8 8 =+{8 }= 8 {- } 0 0 0 {- }_ = _{- }_ 9 9 0 =-{ }=- 9 9 -_{-(-)}=-_8 =-=-9 -+ (-)=-+(-) =9+(-)= {(-)+_(-)} (-) ={(-)+(-)} (-) =(-0) (-)= -9+{--(-8) }_ =-9+{-- }_ =-9+(--)_ =-9-=- 9 0-(-) {_(-)} =0-9 {_(-)} =0-9 (-9)=0+= -[+_{(-)_+(-) }] =-{+_(--)} =-(-)=-(-0) =+0= -[-{(-)_-} (-) ]_ =-{-(--) (-)}_ =-{-(-) (-)}_ =-{-(+)}_ =-0_=-0= 8 (-)_[ +[ {- }+]] =(-)_[ +[ _{- }+]] 90
=(-)_[ +[{- }+]] =(-)_{ + } =(-)_ =- {- } {- } 9 -(-8)_[ +(-)] ={- } {- }-(-8)_{- } 8 ={- }_(-8)-=-=0 0 (-)_(-) - [_{- }+] =(-)_(-)- {- +} =(-)_(-)- =- _=-=- 9_[(-)+{- }]=9_(-)+9_{- } =(-)+(-)=-0 { - }_= _- _=-= _.-_.=(-)_. =0_.=. {- }_ +{- }_ ={- }_{ + } ={- }_=- _(-.)+ _(-0.) = _{(-.)+(-0.)}= _(-)=- 8-9 -9 80 8 + 8 8 8 8 8 8 88-0 - 89-90 - 0 9 80 0 9 9-00 9 9 ~ 0 0 {- }_{+ }=-{ _ }=- 9 9 {+ }_{- }=-{ _ }=- {- }_(+)=-{ _}=- 9 9 {+ }_{- }=-{ _ }=- 0 0 {- }_{+ }=-{ _ }=- 9 9 9 <b _b<0 <0b>0 _c<0 <0 c>0 8 + - {+ }_{- }=-{ _ }=- A B A=B=- A_B=(+)_(-)=-(_)=-9 80 {- }_{- }_{- }=-{ }=- 0 8 (-8)_{+ }_{- }=+{8 }=+ 9 8 9 8 8 -, -, 9 0 {- }_{- }_=+{ }= 9 0 9 0 9 0 8 (-.) {+ }={- }_{+ } 0 0 9 0 =-{ _ }=- 0 9 8 (-0.8) {+ }=(-0.8)_{+ }={- }_{+ } =-{ _ }=- 8 A= 9 - =- - B=- 9 9 9 A B={+ } {- }={+ }_{- } 9 =-{ _;(;}=- 9
8 ={- } =-{ }=b= _{- }_ 0 0 =-{ }=- 8 8 b={- } {- }=+{ _ }= 8 8 88 (- )_(-) _(-) =(-9)_(-8)_(-) =(-0) =-0 +{_(8-) }+(-) =+{_(-) }+(-) =+{_(-)}+(-) =+(-)+(-)=- 89 - -[ -(-) _ +] =-8-{ -_ +} =-8-{_ - +} =-8-{- +}=-8-{9- } =-8- =- 90 A=[{+ }+{- }]_={- }_=- B=-_ =- 0 0 A B= _(-)-_{- } 0 =- + =- + =- 0 0 0 0 9 _8+_8=(+)_8 =0_8=80 _+_(-)=_(-) =_0=0 _{ + }=_ +_ 8 8 =9+0=9 9 9 _[{- }+ ]=_{- }+_ =-0+8= 9._(-)+._(-) =(.+.)_(-) =00_(-)=-00 9 A={- }_[ +{- }] ={- }_ +{- }_{- } =- + = A= 9 _b=, _c=- _(b+c)=_b+_c=+(-)=0 9 0 9 B A 9 000 98 99 00 0 9 A - A+(-)= A= yy B B+= B= yy C - C+(-)= C= yy A+B-C=+-=0 A B 9 C A+B-C A, B 0 A A _+(-)_=9-8=+ B B _+(-)_=-=+ -= B A A B yy yy yy yy 9
9 98 00 00 _00+_00=_(00+00) yy =_000 =000 000 yy n n+, n+ n+, n+ -«± -(-)«± +(-)«± -(-)«± =--(+)+(-)-(+) =---- =- n n+, n+ n+, n+ -«± -(-)«± +(-)«± -(-)«± =--(-)+(+)-(-) =-+++ = - {- } 99 - _[ 0.-{- } {- } ] = - _[ -{- } {- }] 8 = - _[ _-{- }_(-8)] = - _{ -} = - _{- } = + = 0 00 =- =, =- > 8 < - = < -=-_{- }= <- 0 0 0 0, b 0 000, 0, 0 0 _+ 0 (-) 08 (0000-8_) 09 _(+b) cm 0 cm 0 0.8_ - -y (+b) 0.b 8-9 y 0 (-y) -b +b -+b -0.b+ (-y)++b (b-c) -b-b 8 9 - b +y 0 - b c b -b bc b c b c b c b 8 9 0 bc c bc b +b (+b) b - -+ -b (b-) (b+c) - b_b_b b (+b) 8 _-b 9 b-_y 0 - - - - - 8-9 0 - - 0 80 _{- }=_ =0.8_ 00 00 b_c= c= b _b c=_b_ = c c b b c (b_c)=_ = bc bc _(b c)=_{b_ }= c b c 8 ( b) c={_ }_ = b c bc c 9 (b c)= {b_ }=_ = c c b b 8~9 9
_b (+b)=b_ = b 0 +b +b (-)_(+b) =-(+b)_ =- (b-)= _ = b- (b-) 0 = = {- }=- -=-{- }= = = {- } = =_= =_{- }=- - =-{- } =- -y = -(-) =-9=- y _(-) = =- +y 8 y- =_(-)- =-+ =- 9 -y+y = - (-)+(-) =++9= -y -- - 0 = = = +y -+ - (+b) {(b+c)_}=_ = (b+c) (b+c) -=-{- }=+ = +(-) y-y =_{- }_-_ =-9-8=- - = - y= - y =_-_ =-9=- = y= = _ = y (+0) (_) cm (_-y) 00_y % _+b (0.9_+0._b) +y b 8 9 0 y - (8+)h =+b, =c 00 8 m 9 (000+0) 00 (_) cm = _00(%) y 00_y _00= (%) +y +y + b=_+b 0 % 90 % 0.9_ b 0 % b 0 % 0._b =0.9_+0._b 0~ = b_0.=0.b _+b=+b (-)=- 8 _8+y_(-)=8-y +b 9 (+b) = (b+c)= b+c +y =+ 0 bc -b =- b y_ ( b)= _ = _ = y b y b c - =-(-) =- -=_(-)-=--=- y -=(-) -=-=0 -=--=- - =- = - _{- }-_ - -_ +_{- } = -- - -- =-=- b b y 9
- - = - y- z y z = {- }- {- }- =_(-)-_(-)-_ =-+8-9=- = _(8+)_h= (8+)h (8+)h= _(8+0)_= 8 9 =_b_c=_0_=00 0.+ = 0._+=+=(m) =80 000+0 000+0_80=00 8 9 0 =-++=+ =++8-=+ =-++= =--0+0=-+ = = = (+)+(+) 9+++ = = (+)+(-) ++9- = = (+)-(-) +-+ = = + + -+ 0 80 -y, 8, -, 8, 0, - 8, 0, - 8, -, 0 8 -,, - ~ 8 8 88 89 90 -,, - 9-9 - 9 9 9-9 - 9 y 98 - y 99 00 0 0 0-9y 0 -y 0 -- 0 8-y 0 - y 08 8-09 -+ 0 - b- -+9-0+ -, - b b, - y -, - y, -, - -, -y y, - 8 9 9+ 0 y- y - + -+ -+ + + 8 9 -+ 0 + -+ -- + -+ - +y - 8 9 0 8 + 9 0 - -+8y 8 9 = -9-8- = = =-(--)=-(-) =-+=-+ =--(--)=--(-) =--+=- =+y-(-y--y) =+y-(--y) =+y++y=+y =-{-(-+)} =-{-(-)} =-(-+) =+-=- =, b=- -b=-(-)= (-)-(+) -- ~ 9
0 8- -- -0 -+ (-9)_{- }=-+ =-, b= +b -+ = = = - -+y -+ -9+y (8-) {- }=(8-)_{- }=-+8 =-, b=8 +b -+8 = = = - y y 8 9 0 =(-)-(-)=--+=+ (-)+(-)=-+-=- 9-y-{-y-(-y)} =9-y-(-y-+y) =9-y-(+y) =9-y--y =-9y =b=-9 +b=- A-{A-(A+B)-B} =A-(A-A-B-B) =A-(A-B) =A-A+B =-A+B =-(-y)+(-+y) =-+y-+y =-+8y -+9 -+ - 9 (-) 0 0 9 =+-8+ yy =-+9 yy A+{ -}=+ A=(+)-{ -}= + yy B={ +}+{ -}=- yy A-B={ +}-(-) =+-+=-+ yy A B A=(-+)+(-)=-- yy B=(-)+{ +}= - yy C=(--)+{ -}= - yy A-B A B C :y=: y= -y +y y= - +y -y - + 9 - = -(-)= += + - _ = 0 {+ }= = 00 00 0 0 9 (-){- }= (-) 00 0 9
0 =- _(-+)+- -_(-)+9 _(-)-+- _(-+)+ --=_(-)+ 8 -= 9 -= 0 +00=00 = =0 Z,, 0 8~9 Z, +, Z, -, (+) Z, -, (+) 8 Z 9 Y 0 Y Z Y 8 9 80 8 8 Z 8 Z 8 Y 8 Z 8 Z 8 Y 88 Z 89 = 90 =- 9 = 9 =0 9 = 9 =- 9 9 9-98 99 Z 00 Y 0 Z 0 Z 0 Z 0 Y 0,, 9, 0,, -0, 0,,, 08,, - 09,, 0 -, -, -,, 8 89 = _-= 90 =- -+= 9 9 = _-= =0 _0-=_(0-) 9 = = 9 =- _(-)-=- =-, -, 0,, -(-) 0 + -= =+9 = 8-9 0 8 - -b+ b-, 0,, -, - _ 9_+9 =+9 0~ -+ _{- }+= _0+ - _+ _+_- 8 9 0 =-+ =- =-(-)+=8 =+= = =-= = -=b- =-, b=- -b=--(-)=- b=c=0 b+c =8 - =-y y = =b - -=-b -+=-b+ +=b =b- =b +c=b+c =b -c=b-c =b c=bc b =b = (c+0) c c c= 0 +=-(-8) +=-+ ++=-++ +-=- = = = 9
0 =-- +=9 =+ 8 -=-- 9 Z 0 Z Y Y Y Z = =8 =-9 8 =- 9 = 0,,,, -, 8, - 0, -, - 8 9 0 = = =- = = =0 = =- 8 = 9 =- 0 = = =- =- = =- = 9 =9 8 =-8 9 = 0 = =- =- =- 9 = 8 =- =- =-0 8 = 9 = 0 -=, = = +=+, = = -0=-+0, -= =- -+=-, = = -9-=0-0, -0=-0 = -=8, =0 =0 -+-=, = = -0-9=-9, -= =- 8 +=-, -=- = 9 0 8--+=-8-, =- =- 0 -=+, =9 = 0 -=+, = = 0 +=-+, =- =- ~ 8 9 0 0 +8=-, =- 0 0-=0-8, 8= = =- =- 8=+, = = +=- =9 -=+ =-8 +9=8+, -=- = (+)=(-) +=-, = = (+)=(-) 8+=- =-0 =- (-)+=(-) -+=- =- (-)+=(-)-0 -+=0--0 8=-9 =- (+)-(-)= +-+0= -=- = 0 (-)+=0 -+=0 =- =- 9 8 =- 9 98
(-)+0=(+) -9+0=8+, -= =- (+)=(+), +=+ =-0 8 (+)=_, +0= -0=-0 = 9 -=(+), -=+ = 80 8 8 0 8 8 8 8 8 88 89 =8 =0 90 9 9 =- =- 9 9 9 9 9-80 8 8 +=- -=-- ~ -=9 - +=8-+=8- =- =b=- b- = -- =0 88 89 90 9 0+= =-0 = -0=---y 8 0 -=+ =8 00 0-=+0-8=-80 =0 00 (-)=0- -=0- =8 = -0 0.8-0.0=0.+0.09 00 8-=+9, = = 8.-.8=0.-. 0 8-8=-, -=- = = b= +b=_ +=+= 8 9-=- (+) 8 8 8 9-=-- -++9+=0 0=0 -=+---=0 (-)-=0 -+0 + - -++ +-=0 (-+) --=0 -+=0 = = =- 8 +=- =-0 =- +=- =-0 =- =- b=- b=- _(-)= 9 9 9 9-8=- =- -9=-=- =- 0 (-)=-(+) -=--=, = = -=-=- - 0.(+)_=_ +=(-) +=- -=- = 0.(-)_=_ + 99
(-)= -=+ = - + 9 = =- -- -+ -+ = -= -=-+ = 9 - = - -8=--= =- -= =- - -= =- + 0 98 += =, 99 -=+ =, 800 -,, + (-)++(+)=9 =,,, 80, + +(+)= =,, 9 80 0+=0+-9 =, 80 - +(-)=8 =, 80 -, + -=(+) =, 80, + = =.,. 80 8 80 808 98, 00, 0 809 9 80 cm 8 cm 8 cm 8 cm 8 8 8 8 8 88 0 km 89 0 km 80 8 8 00 g 8 9 8 0 g 8 g 80 80 -=+, = =8 -+ 8~0 (-)++(+)=8=8 = 808 809 80 8 8 8 8 8 -+ (-)++(+)=00 =00 =00 98000 - {+(-)}+=0(-)+ (-)+=0-0+ 8-=-0 -=- =9 9 cm (+) cm _{+(+)}_8=+==0 =(cm) cm cm (-) cm (+-)=8-==8 =(cm) cm -=8(cm) =_8=(cm ) cm {+(-)}=, -= =8 =(cm) =_=(cm ) cm cm = _(+)_8 8=00=0 = cm (0-) (0-)+=(+)+, -=+ -=- = (+) (+) +=(+)+=0+-=- = 00
8 8 g 8 88 89 80 8 8 { -} ={ -}-= --- =-9 =8 8 km + = +=, = =km km km - = -=0 =0km 0 0 0 0 km km 0 - = -=0 =0km 0 90 0 0 km 0=0(+0)0=0+000=00 =0 0 80=0(+)80=0+00=0 = 8 % g % (00-) g 8 0 _+ _(00-)= _00 00 00 00 8+00-=000-=-00 =00(g) 8% 00 g 0 8 _00+ _00= _00 00 00 00 +=0=8 =9 8 g 00 _00= 0 00 0=000 =0(g) 0 g _(00-), 000=000-0 00 _00= 00 -=-00 =(g) g _(00+), 00=00+ 8 8-88 -0 89 80 =- 8 8 8 = += += yy = = yy 8 = -=-, -= =- yy =- _(-)-=- -=-+, -= =- yy (-) 88 - =- - -(-)=--, -+=-- =-0 =- yy (+) - - = =- yy (-+) + =- - = -(+)=, -8-= -=0 =-0 yy (-) - =- - (+) - - = 0
89 80 8 k + - =- +k -(+)=-+k --=-+k =k+ k+ = k+ = k+= k= =kb=kc=k(k+0) {k-k- k}-{k+ k-k}=0 - k- k=0 8+=0 =- 8 ml 9 _(000-)= _000 00 00 000-=9000 =000 =0(mL) % 0 ml % 0 ml y % y _0+ _0= _000 00 00 00 9000+00=000y y=0.(%) 0. % 0 8 8 Y 8 Z 8 Z 8 Z 8 Y 88 Y 89 80 8 8 8 8 y= 8 8 8 y= 0 88 89 80 y= 0 8 f() 8 f() 8,,, 9 8 f()= 8 f()= 8 f()= 00 8 f()= 0 88 89 80-0 8 - - 8 8 89 80 8 8 8 88 88 0 ~ =,, y y f()=_+= f()=_+= f()=_+= 89 f()= = y y (cm) y(cm) (cm) y(cm) y f()= = y,,,, y y y y 8 0 y y 0 0 0 y 0 0 0 0 0
80 f()= = f()=-_+=- f{ }=-_ +=0 8 f()=-9 f()==-9 =- f()=- f()=-_=- 8 f()=-+=, f()=-+=0 f()-f()=-0= 8 f()= f()=+= = 8 f{ }= f{ }=_ +=+= = 88 f()= f()=-= =- f()=+ f(-)=-+=, f(-)=-+=0, f()=+= f(-)-f() 0- = =- f(-) ~ 8 8 8 8 88 f()= 89 f()= 0 80 y= 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 88 8 y 8 =,,,, y y 8 8 cm f()=_-=, f()=_-=- f()-f()=_-_(-)=+= 8 f{ }= =_=, f{ }= =_= 8 8 f{ }-f{ }=-= f(-)=-_(-)= f()=-_=- f()=-_=- f()>f() f()=-_+=- f( f())=f(-)=-_(-)+=0 8 f()= f()=_+= =0 f()= f(-)+f()=_(-)+_=-+0=8 8 f()=- f()= -=- = 0 89 y y 880 ()() 88 (, -) (-, 9) 88 P(, -), Q(0, -), R(, ), S(-, 0) 88 A(, ), B(-, ), C(-, 0), D(0, -), E(, -) 88 88 A(-, ) 88 B(-, 0) 88 C(0, ) 888 889 890 y 89 89 89 y 89 89 89 89 898 899 (-, ) 900 88 888 F G D - - O - C - H E y (-, +) y A B (+, +) O (-, -) (+, -) ~8 0
89 898 (, b) <0, b>0 b<0, <0 (b, ) 899 y (-, ) 900 y B(-, ) y C(, -) 90 90 90 90 A(-8), B(), 90 90 90 908 909 90 9 9 9 9 (-, -) 9 90 90 90 D(.) 9~0 E() A(-) - =, B(-.) -. =. 8 8 8 C{ } =, D{ } = E() = 90 A(-8), B() -8- = 90 D(0, -) 90 90 908 y B A y 0 (0, -) A, B, C ABC = =0 + - - + + + - - DC - - - - 0 A(, ) B(-, -) A C D E - - - 0 B y A C - - O - B - 909 90 9 9 9 9-9 98 99 0 90 0 9 9 D(, -) E(-, 0) y 0 y<0 y <y <0, y>0 ->0, -y<0 P(-, -y) (, b) <0, b<0 b>0, <0 (b, ) A(, ), B(-, b) y =, b=- +b=_+(-)= P(, -) y Q (-, -) 9 A(, -) (, ) (, ) (-, -) 9 A, B, C ABC = = f()=- =- f(-)=_(-)-=, --= =-8 f()=-8- f()=-8_-=- f() f() - B A y O - C yy yy yy 0
9 g()= + g()= += k= yy f(k)=f{ }=_ -= yy k f(k) 98 A(, b) <0, b>0 yy B(c, d) c>0, d<0 yy d>0, bc>0 C(d, bc) yy, b c, d C 99 =, =9, =, =8, fi =, y, 9,, f()=, f()=9, f()=, f()=, f()=, f()=9, f()=, f(8)= f()+f()+f()+f()+f()+f()+f()+f(8) =(+9++)=0 90,,, f()=, f()= 8,,, 8 f(8)= 9,, 9 f(9)= 0,,, 0 f(0)= f()+f()+f(8)+f(9)+f(0) =++++=0 9 A(, b) B(, -b) B >0, -b<0 >0, b>0 +b>0 -b<0 C(+b, -b) 0 9 -, - 9 (-, -), (-, -), (0, 0), (, ), (, ) 9 Z Y Y Y Z 9 9 - - - 9 - - 0 98 99 -, -, -,,, 90 (-, -), (-, -), (-, -), (, ), (, ), (, ) 9 Y Y Y Z Z Y 9 9 9-9 - - 9 9 9 Z Y Z Z Y 9 Y Y Z Y Y 98-99 90 y= 9 y=- 9 9 9 9 y - O - - - y (, ) y y - - O - - - - O - - ~ 0
y y 9 (, ) y= - - O - - - - O - - y {, } 9 90 (, b) HjjK (, b) HjjK =, y=b y - - O - - 98 y= (, -) =, y=- y= 90 -= =- y= (, ) =_ = y= 9 9 (, ) y= y 9 9 - - - O - - - O - - y f()= y y - - O - - y - - O - - y - - O - - 9 y= (-, ) 9 = =- y=- - y= (, ) =_ = y= = y =_= 9 9 9 9 9 98 99 90 9 P(-, ) 9 9 9 9 9 9-98 - 99 0 9 9 9 9 98 ~ y= y= (, +) =, y=+ += = (, -) y y= y 9 y= (, -) 0
8 -= =-8 y=y=- =- y=- = 8 8 (-) P (-, ) 9 {-0, } 9 y y=(>0), y= (<0) 99 y= (, b) =, y=b y= b=_= (, ) y= (, ) =, y= y= = = -b=-=0 9 y= (, ) = =8 8 y= y y 8 f()= = 9 y= (-, ) =- =- y=- 9 y= (, ) = = y= 9 y= (, ) = = y=b (-, ) =-b b=- +b= +(-)=- 0 90 9, y=9, y=, 90, 0 9 0 y= 0, 9 y=000, 0000 9 y= 0, 9 9 9 9 8 000 y y=000 y=000_=0000 =_0=0 y y= 0 y= = = cm y y= cm y= 0 y= = = 98 y= () = = y= =by=- -= b b=- b= _(-)=- 9 9 9 0 L 9 y=8 98 y= 0, 99 9 A _ A = B _ B =y y= 0
9 9 98 L y km y y=9 y=0 0=9 =0 0 km 0 L PC cm PBC y= _8_=8 y=8 y 0 y y=0 y= 0 y= y= 0 = = 0 =, b= _(-) =, b=-9 yy +b=+(-9)=- yy, b +b 9 A y= A B A(, ) yy AB ABCD D(, ) yy D(, ) y= = = yy 99 y y y= (+0) = y= = = y= (>0) 90-9 - 9 9 9 9 9 80 A D 9 (, b) y=- b= b=- >0 >0 b<0 b<0 b-<0, -b>0 (b-, -b) 90 y= (, -) -=, =- y=- yy (k, 9) =k, y=9 y=- 9=- k k=- yy 9 y= = y=8 A(, 8) y= = y= B(, ) AOB (8-)=, 8-= = k 9 y= (, ), (-, b) 9 P () 8 P y= 8 = = OPH= =9 08
TEST 8~8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 08 0 09 0 0 0 08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 08, 9,, 0, 00 = = = = b= +b=+= = _ =_= _ =_=(+)_(+) = =,,, y =_=(+)_(0+) =, b =, b= +b= =, _ _, _ b, b b _ _ _ B _ _ 09 0,, = b,, b=0 0 0 0 0, 0, 0 0 0 b 0 0,,, 90,, 90 9 9= 9= 90 9=0 0 80 80 0= A,,, 8, 0,, 8, 9 0, 8 +8=08 _, _, _ yy` =0 yy` 00 0, 0, 0, 80 yy` 09
0 0 0 0 0 A, B G A=_G, B=_G yy` A_B=G_ yy` (_G)_(_G)=G_0 _G_G=G_0 G=0 yy` +, - 0-0 -, - 9,., - TEST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 08 09 0 - A, B A, B A, B, -, - A, B A M B - A B M =, b=- >b =, b = < b 8~8 = -, + -, -, -, -, -, 0,,,,, 0 A B - 0 - =, 9 =9 m(-, 9)= 08 =, - = m(, -)= m(-, 9)+m(, -)=+= 9 8 - = =, - = = - > - 09 b >0 b=- c= b<0<c b > c c < d =- d= <0<d > d 0, b, c, d d<b<c< 0 - =-, = -, -, -,,,,,,, 0 - =-.y =. B -9 - + -, -, -, 0,, =-, b= b = = = = - d b c 0 A - - - 0 b 9 0
_ - =0 _=0 = = =- = <0 =- yy` yy` - -, -, 0,,,, = yy` y < y y =, y =, y = -, -, -,,, b= yy` +b=+= yy` b +b 0 0 TEST = 9-9 b=-9 -b=-(-9)= A= + = + = B={- }-{- }=- + =- + =- A-B= -{- }= + = 0 0 0 0 0 0-0 08 09 0 A - - 9-8~8 0 = - = b=- +(-)=- -b= -{- }= + = 0 - - - - 0 0 (+.) {- }={+ }_(-)=- 0 0 A+-_=-8=- B-_+=-8+=- C-_+-_=-+-=- =(-)_(-)_(-)=- =9 =-9 =9 b = b=- b= _b<0, b =-9, b= =9, b=- -b -b = -9- = - = -b = 9-(-) = = 08 ={+ }_{- }=- ={+ }_{- }_{+ }=- ={- } {- }= = (-)_(+)=- =(+)_{- } 0 =(+)_{- }_=- 0 09 8 =-[{ - }_ ]_(-8)
0 =-[{- }_ ]_(-8) =-{- }_(-8) =-= A: [{(+)+(-)}_(+)-(-)] (+) ={(+)_(+)+(+)} (+) ={(+8)+(+)} (+) =(+9) (+)=+ B: [{(-)+(-)} (-)-(-)]_(+) ={(-) (-)+(+)}_(+) ={(+)+(+)}_(+) =(+)_(+)=+ C: (+)_(+) (-)_(-)-(+) =(+8) (-)_(-)-(+) =(-)_(-)-(+) =(+)-(+)=+9 A =-[ +(-) {(-)_9+}]_ =-[ +(-) {(-8)+}]_ =-[ +(-) (-)]_ =-{ + }_=-{ + }_ 00 =- _=- =- { }={ + }- _ 9 ={ + }- = - = - 8 = = { }{- } = {- } =[ +{- }]- _{- } =-{- } 9 =+ = 9 9 (+b)_c=_c+b_c 8 ={- }+{- }_{- }_ 8 9 8 ={- }+ = yy` 8 9 b={- }+ _ 9 8 ={- }+ 8 ={- }+ =- =- yy` b= {- }= _(-) =- yy` b b A A-{- }= 8 0 A= +{- }= +{- }=- yy` 8 0 {- }+{- }={- }+{- }=- yy`
0 0 0 0 00b 00(--b) 00-90-00b 0-0 0 -- 08 09 -+8 0-0+y- 0 0 0 0 TEST 88~89 A+=B, B-=C, C-=- 0 (0000-00-00y-0.8) 0 C=(-)+=8- B=(8-)+=8-0 A=(8-0)-=-0 =(00 )_=00 y =00_y=00y 0 =_{- }=0.8 00 =0000-00-00y-0.8 y-=_ -= - y y -b=-_(-)_{- }=- -b=--_{- } =-+=- - =- b=-(-) {- } b =_(-)=- b+ =-_{- }+ = b=_(-) _{- }=- 0 d + - b c = + b-d c = {- }+ {- }-(-) =_(-)+_{- =--+=- }-(-)_ 0+00b+00(--b) =0+00b+00-00-00b =00-90-00b 0 0 08 09 0 =-++ (-) =-++- =-- =(-)+(-+)=-- =(-+)+(-)=- =(+)+(--)= B=+=(--)+(-) =- A=+B=+(-) =- A-B= (-)-(-) =--+ =+ n=99 (-)«± =(-) =- (-)«=(-) = =-(-)-(-) =-+-+ =-+8 --(b+)=--b- =(-b)-(+) -b=- b= -(+)= -= =- b =b = {- } =_{- } =-
=8--(-)_ =8--+9 =+ =, b= b-=-= =8-{8-_ }{-_ } =8-(-) =8-+ =+ =--(0--+)-+ =--(-+)-+ =-+--+ =- =, b=- +b=+(-)= - (-)+ - (+) =-+ - - - ={+ - }+{-- - } =-8 =, b=-8 +b=+(-8)=- +b +b +y--a=-+y+ A=(+y-)-(-+y+) =+y-+-y- =8+y-0 -y++b=-y- B=(-y-)-(-y+) =-y--+y- =-+y- yy` yy` yy` yy` 0 =- _(-)=_(-)- =- -_(-)+ =- _(-)-+-_(-) =- _(-)+=(-)- =- _(--)+- 0 0 0 0 A-B=(8+y-0)-(-+y-) =+y-0+-y+ =0+y- A B =-+0 + =-+0 TEST A-B 0 0-8+0 0 0 0 0 0 -,,, 8 08-09 0-0 -0 0 0 0 0 g - 80 m =-+0-=-8+0 = y =y +=y+ yy` 90~9
0 0 08 09 0 (+)=+- += =- +=+, -=, (-)= = - - -, -,, - -,,, 8 (-9) : (-)= : (-9)=(-), 0-8=- -= =- =- (+9)= (-)- _(-+9)= _(--)-, - =- - =- + =- =- - -= - --9=-9, = = 0 0 +0=-0, -=-0 =0 0 +0=_0+0=0 000+000=(000+000) 000+000=8000+000-000=-000 = -=(-), -=- =9 = g 8 (0-)_ +0_ =00_ 00 00 00 90-8+0=800, -8=-0 =(g) g + 0 g = 00 g - =- -=- = (-)=- =- =- (--)=-_(-) --0=, -= =- - yy` yy` yy` = m 0+ 0+ = yy` 0 (0+)=0(0+), 0+=00+0 =880 =80(m) 80 m yy` =- (-)=-
0, - 0 0 0 0 ABP = = y= f()= _-=- y=00, y= f()= 00 f(0)= = 0 000 000 y=000 0 f()=_-=- =8 0 f()=-= = 08 09 0 TEST 0 0 y= 0 0 f()= 00 0 y=000 0 0 08 09 0 000 00 00 f()=- f(-)=_(-)-=- f()=_-=9 f(-)+f()=(-)+9= A(, ) B(, ) C(, -) D(-, -) y 0 (-, 0) A(, b-) y 0 b-=0, b= 9~9 B(+, b) y 0 +=0, =- A(-, 0), B(0, ), C(-, ) A, B, C ABC = = A - P(, ) <0 Q(b, ) b<0 y B O b>0 b<0 (b, b) C(, b) >0, b<0 y +=- =-b =-, b=- b=_(-)_(-)= =,,,,, y y=00, 00, 00, 00, 00, y y=00 yy` f(0) =0 y=00_0=000 f(0)=000 yy` P(-, +) -<0 +>0 < >- -<< yy` -<<,, ++= yy` C
TEST 9~9 y= (-, ) 0 0 0 0 0 0-0 =_(-) =- 08-09 P{-, } 0 b y= (, ) f()= m y= L b = b=. -b=--_=- y=(+0) 09 y y= (, -) y= 0 0 0 y=(+0) y=(<0) y=(+0) y=(+0) y 0 y= (+0) y=(+0) <0 y= (+0) >0 y=(+0) >0 0 y= (+0) y <0 >0 y 0 y=(+0) (-, ) =_(-) =- f()=- f()+f(-)=-+0=- 0 y= (+0) y= (, ) = = y= y= (-, -) -= = y= - 08 =, y=- -= =- y=- {k, } =- k=- k P{-, } b 0 y= y= A - y=- y=-_(-)= A(-, ) A(-, ) y= = =- - y= (+0) _8=(m ) y=, y= f()= f()= = m y=(+0) L km L km y= y= y=8 8= = L y=(+0) y= = y=_=8 A(, 8)
y=- = y=- B(, -) AB 8-(-)= AOB = = y=(+0) 0 m 0 m 0 m y=0 yy` 0 m 0 m 0 m y=0 y=00 00=0_ =0 00=0_ = -0= yy` yy` y= (+0) y y= (+0) =0 y= = 0 =0 0 y= =00 0 y= =. 00. y yy` yy` y y 8
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