대한안신경의학회지 : 제 7 권제 2 호 Clin Neuroophthalmol 7(2):41-45, December 2017 ISSN: CASE REPORT 중추성안진과이상두부충동검사를보인항 Yo 항체를동반한부종양성소뇌변성 김지민 1,2 *, 조기현

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대한안신경의학회지 : 제 7 권제 2 호 ISSN: 2234-0971 CASE REPORT 중추성안진과이상두부충동검사를보인항 Yo 항체를동반한부종양성소뇌변성 김지민 1,2 *, 조기현 1,2 *, 박명호 1,2, 이승한 1,2 1 전남대학교병원신경과, 2 전남대학교의과대학신경과학교실 Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration with Anti-Yo Antibody Manifested by Central Nystagmus and Abnormal Head Impulse Test Ji-Min Kim, MD 1,2 *, Ki-Hyun Cho, MD 1,2 *, Myung-ho Park, MD 1,2, Seung-Han Lee, MD 1,2 Department of Neurology, 1 Chonnam National University Hospital and 2 Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea Anti-Yo antibody is the most frequently detected autoantibody in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration which manifests progressive gait and limb ataxia, vertigo and nystagmus. Here we report the case of a 42-year-old woman who was diagnosed with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with anti-yo antibody associated with breast cancer. The patient showed abnormal headimpulse tests with perverted catch-up saccades compatible with the cerebellar dysfunction along with spontaneous downbeat, gaze-evoked and rebound nystagmus. Even after active treatments such as surgical tumor resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, the symptoms persist for more than one year. Keywords: Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration; Ataxia; Gaze-evoked nystagmus; Head impulse test; Anti-Yo antibodies 서론부종양성신경증후군 (paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome) 은종양환자에서종양과직접연관된증상과무관한신경계통의손상으로인해발생되는다양한증후군을말한다. 1 이는신경조직의직접적인손상또는면역기전에의해발생하며, 중추신경계와말초신경계를각각침범하거나동시에침범할수있다. 부종양성신경증후군은부종양성항체에따라다양한임상양상이나타날수있으며, 임상양상을통해항체가확인되기전분류하는데도움을받을수있다. 1 부종양성신경증후군중부종양성소뇌변성 (paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration) 은면역기전이소뇌항원 (cerebellar antigen) 에작용 하여유발되는신경학적질환군을말하며, 주로아급성의발병을보이나빠르게진행하는체간실조및구음장애, 어지럼증및안진이관찰될수있다. 이러한증상은수주에서수개월에걸쳐진행한후점차안정화되나, 환자에게큰후유증을남기게된다. 2 약 30개정도의다양한항체들이부종양성소뇌변성과연관되어있다고알려져있으며, 3 그중항-Yo 항체는 Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antibody type 1 (PCA-1) 이라고불리며, 부종양성소뇌변성의약 50% 에서발견되는주된항체이다. 주로고령의환자및난소, 부인과종양을가진환자에서많이발견되나, 간혹폐종양환자에서도발견되기도한다. 4 두부충동검사 (head impulse test) 는기본적으로머리회전시머리회전속도와동일하게반대방향으로안구를움직여서선명한시각을 Correspondence to: Seung-Han Lee, MD Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea Tel: +82-62-220-6274, Fax: +82-62-228-3461, E-mail: nrshlee@chonnam.ac.kr *Ji-Min Kim and Ki-Hyun Cho contributed equally. Received: Nov. 17, 2017 / Accepted: Dec. 10, 2017 Copyright 2017 The Korean Society of Neuro-Ophthalmology http://neuro-ophthalmology.co.kr 41

Kim JM, et al. Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration with Anti-Yo Antibody 유지하게하는전정안반사 (vestibulo-ocular reflex, VOR) 를평가하는검사이다. 두부충동검사는소뇌질환에서통상정상으로알려져있지만, 5 전정소뇌의국소적인병변, 또는소뇌염등전체적인소뇌기능장애를보이는경우수평두부충동검사를시행했을때하향교정단속운동 (perverted or cross-coupled head impulse test) 이발생하거나오히려머리회전방향으로교정단속운동이발생하는현상 (reversed corrective saccade or back-up saccade) 등다양한형태의두부충동검사이상이소개되고있다. 6, 7 저자들은부종양성소뇌변성환자가보이는대표적인소뇌증상및소뇌기능이상을시사하는다양한안구운동장애와더불어두부충동검사에서도이상소견을보인항 Yo 항체양성의중년여성암환자증례를경험하였으며, 이에문헌고찰과함께보고하고자한다. 증례 42세여자환자가 4주전부터발생하여빠르게진행하는자세불균형및구음장애로신경과외래를방문하였다. 과거력에서외상, 독성물질에의노출및감염력등특별한병력은없었으며, 신경질환, 유전 성질환의가족력은없었다. 주관적으로증상의일과성변동을호소하였으나, 증상은대부분지속적으로관찰되었다. 신경학적검사에서구음장애, 체간실조증 (truncal ataxia) 와심한자세불균형, 우측우세의양측상하지의실조가관찰되었다. 고위피질검사, 안구운동을제외한다른뇌신경검사, 감각및근력검사에서는정상이었다. 신경이학적검사상양측측방주시때주시유발안진 (gaze-evoked nystagmus), 원활추종운동 (smooth pursuit) 의장애가관찰되었고, 수평두부충동검사에서하향성분의교정단속운동이수평성분과함께관찰되었다 (perverted or cross-coupled response, supplementary video). 비디오안구운동검사 (SLMed, Seoul, Korea) 에서는주시차단시에지속적인순수자발하향안진과주시유발안진및반동안진 (rebound nystagmus) 을확인할수있었다 (Fig. 1). 비디오두부충동검사 (ICS impulse, Taastrup, Denmark) 에서는양측수평반고리관과좌측전반고리관의전정안반사이득 (gain) 의증가와함께양측후반고리관에서전정안반사이득의감소가관찰되었다 (Fig. 2). 일반혈액검사와전해질, 철분, 구리, 마그네슘등을포함한혈청학적검사, 요분석은모두정상이었고암태아성항원 (carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA), 알파태아단백 (alpha fetoprotein, AFP) 과같은종양표 Fig. 1. Video-oculography. The top panel shows downbeat nystagmus (mean 2.87 deg/sec). The bottom panel shows augmented downbeat nystagmus during fixation and rightward gaze (20-40 sec). The middle panel shows initial subtle right beating nystagmus (2.14 deg/sec; 0-20 sec) and augmented right beating nystagmus while right gaze (20-40 sec). When coming back to the primary position, the direction of the nystagmus is changed to the left (40-60 sec). This pattern is repeated during the eccentric gazes and primary position, and these findings are compatible with gaze-evoked and rebound nystagmus. LV, left vertical; LH, left horiozntal. 42 http://neuro-ophthalmology.co.kr

안구운동이상을보인항 Yo 항체동반부종양성소뇌변성 김지민외 Fig. 2. Video head impulse test. The video head impulse test shows various vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gains. VOR gains are increased in the both horizontal canals and the left anterior canal. VOR gains looks decreased in the both posterior canals. VOR responses are generally irregular probably due to continuous vertical and horizontal nystagmus during visual fixation on a target. 지자수치는정상범위이내였으며, 갑상선기능검사및류마티스질환관련검사도정상이었다. 뇌척수액검사상에서는백혈구가 8개로약간의백혈구증다증 (pleocytosis) 소견을보였다. 항강글리오사이드항체 (anti-ganglioside antibodies) 검사에서는항GM1 IgG 항체 (77.5%), 항GQ1b IgG 항체 (31.4%) 가각각양성및경계값을보였으나각각의항체와관련하여흔히발현되는사지근력저하및안근마비, 무반사등의임상적증상및시행된신경전도검사 (nerve conduction study) 상축삭신경병증에준하는활동전위의감소등의전기생리학적이상소견은보이지않아환자가보이는임상양상과의연관성은낮을것으로생각하였다. 바이러스및세균표지자검사에서도이상소견은보이지않았다. 뇌자기공명확산강조영상에서우측소뇌상방에고신호병변이관찰되나환자에서보이는안구운동장애와일치하는병변은아닌것으로판단하였고, 소뇌및뇌간의위축등이상소견도없었다. 원인에대한평가를진행하면서자가면역질환등에의한소뇌기능장애의가능성을염두에두고경험적고용량스테로이드정주요법 ( 메틸프레드니솔론, 1 g/day) 을 5일간시행하였고, 이어서경구프레드니 솔론 (60 mg/day) 으로전환하여투약하였으나증상은지속되었다. 원인미상의소뇌기능장애에대하여추가적으로항 Hu 항체, 항 Ri 항체, 항 Yo 항체와같은부종양성신경증후군관련항체검사와양성자방출단층촬영 (positron emission tomography-computed tomography, PET-CT) 을시행하였다. PET-CT에서좌측유방위바깥사분역 (upper outer quadrant) 에서악성종양의증거가될만한고섭취소견이관찰되었으며 (Fig. 3), 자세한이학적검사에서종괴가촉진되었다. 이후부종양성신경증후군관련항체검사에서항 Yo 항체양성소견이확인되었고, 종괴의병리학적검사에서침윤성유관암 (invasive ductal carcinoma) 으로진단되어수술을시행하였다. 수술후조직병리검사결과종양의크기는 32 mm였으며, 림프절로의미소전이 (micrometastases) 가 1개확인되었지만임상및영상학적으로원격전이는확인되지않아최종병기는 pt2pn1mi 였으며, 현재추가적인방사선치료및항암화학치료를 13개월째시행중에있다. 그러나유방암에대한적극적인치료에도안구증상및신경학적증상은지속적으로관찰되어추가적인고용량스테로이드정주요법 ( 메틸프레드니솔론, 1 g/day) 을 5일간시행하였고이어서, 경구프레드 http://neuro-ophthalmology.co.kr 43

Kim JM, et al. Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration with Anti-Yo Antibody Fig. 3. Whole body positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT). Whole body PET-CT scanning shows about 1.4cm sized focal hypermetabolic lesion at the left upper outer breast (arrow), and that suggests high possibility of primary breast malignancy. Otherwise, there is hypermetabolic activity at uterine cavity, but this finding is regarded as physiologic or inflammatory uptake. 니솔론및면역억제제 (mycophenolate mofetil 250 mg BID) 를복용하며외래에서추적관찰중이나발병후증상은여전히지속되고있다. 고찰부종양성소뇌변성은다양한종류의악성종양과관련되어나타나는부종양성신경증후군의일환으로아급성양상의발병에뒤따라비교적빠른진행을보이는것으로알려져있고, 약 65% 에서원발종양의진단전에신경학적증상이발생하는양상을보인다. 8 부종양성소뇌변성의발생기전은명확하게밝혀지지않았으나, 종양세포및신경조직간의항원성공유때문으로생각되고있으며, 이를일으키는원인으로항 Yo 항체를포함하여다양한항체들이규명되어있다. 이러한항체의발견이진단에중요하지만, 항 Yo 항체와관련된수동및능동면역 (passive and active immunization) 이동물모델에서질병을일으킬수없었던점과혈청및뇌척수액에서의항체역가가질병의경과와일치하지않는점을미루어최근문헌들에서는세포독성 T 림프구가부종양성소뇌변성의발생기전에중요한역할을하는것으로제안되고있다. 9 부종양성소뇌변성환자의뇌척수액검사에서는단백질수치의상승과함께높은 IgG 지수값, 림프구우세양상의백혈구증가증과함께 83% 에서올리고클론띠 (oligoclonal band) 양성을보일수있다. 4 뇌자기공명영상에서질병초기에는비교적정상소견이관찰되나, 질병의진행에따라전반적인소뇌위축이관찰될수있다. 10 일반적인부종양성신경증후군에서는종양의완전절제등항원을제거하면자가면역기전의면역반응이둔화되고신경학적증상의안정과호전을유도할수있다고알려져있지만, 11 부종양성소뇌변성에 있어서정립된치료는아직없는실정이다. 일반적으로면역치료는큰효과가없으며종양에대한치료역시부종양성소뇌변성으로인한신경학적증상의호전을기대할수는없고결국약 10% 의소수환자에서만보조기없이독립보행이가능한것으로알려져있다. 12 부종양성소뇌변성환자의증상은주로중증도이상의체간및사지실조증과함께심한자세불균형, 복시, 현훈, 구음장애등이있으며, 안구운동과관련해서는외측주시및눈모음시에악화되는하향안진을보이며간혹상향안진과원활추종운동의장애를동반할수있다고알려져있다. 13 그러나신경안과적인소견에대한체계적인연구결과는아직부족한실정이다. 이증례에서특이한점중의하나는일부항강글리오사이드항체가양성으로관찰되었던점이다. 특히항GQ1b 항체증후군의경우안구운동장애와함께실조증을보일수있기때문에이것이원인이되었을가능성도검토하였으나, 실조증외에는전형적인안구운동장애및안검하수등증상들이관찰되지않았던점, 항GQ1b IgG 항체가경계영역정도의증가를보인점, 일반적으로 3-6개월정도의경과를거쳐호전을보이나이증례에서는 1년이상증상이지속적인점등을볼때강글리오사이드와연관된증상일가능성은낮을것으로판단하였다. 14 그러나종양세포가다양한강글리오사이드항체를과다발현시킬수있고, 암발생의과정에서비정상적인당화 (glycosylation) 가강글리오사이드의형성에관여하는것으로알려져향후부종양성신경증후군과항강글리오사이드항체간의관련성에대한추가적인연구가필요할것으로사료된다. 15 이증례에서는기존에보고되었던하향안진, 주시유발및반동안진, 원활추종운동장애외에도두부충동검사에서도이상을확인할수있었다. 두부충동검사는 1988년 Halmagyi와 Curthoys가처음보 44 http://neuro-ophthalmology.co.kr

안구운동이상을보인항 Yo 항체동반부종양성소뇌변성 김지민외 고한이래특별한장비없이도간단히시행할수있는전정안반사검사로서최근에는정량화가가능한비디오두부충동검사장비의개발과함께급성어지럼증환자에서소뇌경색등중추성질환과말초성전정신경염을감별하는수단으로각광을받고있다. 5 통상소뇌질환에서는두부충동검사가정상인것으로알려져있으나, 최근연구결과타래 (f locculus) 를침범하는국소경색이있는경우, 소뇌염등전체적인소뇌병변에서다양한형태의이상소견이보고되었다. 5, 6 우리증례와같은광범위한소뇌병변에서는두부충동검사에의해발생하는교정성단속운동의방향이오히려머리이동방향으로향하는 reversed corrective saccade 또는 back-up saccade가관찰될수있는데, 이는전정신경핵에대한탈억제에의해서전정안반사의이득이오히려증가함으로인해나타나는현상으로설명한다. 7 우리증례에서도비디오두부충동검사에서수평반고리관의이득이증가하였는데이러한기전에의할것으로생각해볼수있었다. 그러나실제육안으로는 reversed corrective saccade 가뚜렷하게관찰되지않았다. 즉, 비디오두부충동검사에서전정안반사이득의증가가다소과장되었을가능성도생각해봐야하는데, 비디오두부충동검사가더민감도가높은점과비디오고글의 slippage에의해이득이증가해보이는현상등을원인으로생각해볼수있다. 16 또한우리증례에서도관찰되었듯이수평으로두부충동검사를시행하였는데교정단속운동은수직성분이같이나타나는 cross-coupling 현상에의한 perverted head impulse test (cross-coupled head impulse) 도보고되어있다. 6 이는수평 head-shaking 후하향안진이보이는것과유사하게소뇌기능이상에따른두부충동검사의한가지소견으로여겨지며, 발생기전은소뇌기능장애에따라전반고리관에대한상대적인탈억제가안구운동의 upward bias를일으키고이에따라하향성분의교정성단속운동이발생하는것으로생각된다. 17 기존의보고되었던대부분의부종양성소뇌변성환자들과같이저자들이보고하는증례역시적극적인종양치료및면역억제치료에도불구하고소뇌기능장애가 1년이상지속되어치료는성공적이지않았다. 그러나두부충동검사소견을포함한환자가보였던다양한신경이안과적인소견은향후항 Yo 항체양성의부종양성소뇌변성을진단하는데도움이될수있기에문헌고찰과함께보고하는바이다. REFERENCES 1. Darnell RB, Posner JB. Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the nervous system. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1543-1554. 2. Vedeler CA, Antoine JC, Giometto B, Graus F, Grisold W, Hart IK, et al. Management of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: report of an EFNS Task Force. Eur J Neurol 2006;13:682-690. 3. Jarius S, Wildemann B. Medusa head ataxia : the expanding spectrum of Purkinje cell antibodies in autoimmune cerebellar ataxia. Part 2: Anti-PKC-gamma, anti-glur-delta2, anti-ca/arhgap26 and anti- VGCC. J Neuroinflammation 2015;12:167. 4. O Brien TJ, Pasaliaris B, D Apice A, Byrne E. Anti-Yo positive paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration: a report of three cases and review of the literature. J Clin Neurosci 1995;2:316-320. 5. Halmagyi GM, Chen L, MacDougall HG, Weber KP, McGarvie LA, Curthoys IS. The Video Head Impulse Test. Front Neurol 2017;8:258. 6. Jeong SH, Kim JS, Baek IC, Shin JW, Jo H, Lee AY, et al. Perverted head impulse test in cerebellar ataxia. Cerebellum 2013;12:773-775. 7. Choi JY, Kim JS, Jung JM, Kwon DY, Park MH, Kim C, et al. Reversed corrective saccades during head impulse test in acute cerebellar dysfunction. Cerebellum 2014;13:243-247. 8. Peterson K, Rosenblum MK, Kotanides H, Posner JB. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. I. A clinical analysis of 55 anti-yo antibody-positive patients. Neurology 1992;42:1931-1937. 9. Graus F, Illa I, Agusti M, Ribalta T, Cruz-Sanchez F, Juarez C. Effect of intraventricular injection of an anti-purkinje cell antibody (anti-yo) in a guinea pig model. J Neurol Sci 1991;106:82-87. 10. Candler PM, Hart PE, Barnett M, Weil R, Rees JH. A follow up study of patients with paraneoplastic neurological disease in the United Kingdom. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1411-1415. 11. Choi SY, Park SH, Kim HJ, Kim JS. Paraneoplastic downbeat nystagmus associated with cerebellar hypermetabolism especially in the nodulus. J Neurol Sci 2014;343:187-191. 12. Rojas I, Graus F, Keime-Guibert F, Rene R, Delattre JY, Ramon JM, et al. Long-term clinical outcome of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and anti-yo antibodies. Neurology 2000;55:713-715. 13. Paige GD, Seidman SH. Characteristics of the VOR in response to linear acceleration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;871:123-135. 14. Lee SH, Lim GH, Kim JS, Oh SY, Kim JK, Cha JK, et al. Acute ophthalmoplegia (without ataxia) associated with anti-gq1b antibody. Neurology 2008;71:426-429. 15. Antoine JC, Camdessanche JP, Ferraud K, Caudie C. Antiganglioside antibodies in paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1765-1767. 16. Suh MW, Park JH, Kang SI, Lim JH, Park MK, Kwon SK. Effect of Goggle Slippage on the Video Head Impulse Test Outcome and Its Mechanisms. Otol Neurotol 2017;38:102-109. 17. Kheradmand A, Zee DS. Cerebellum and ocular motor control. Front Neurol 2011;2:53. http://neuro-ophthalmology.co.kr 45