54 8 4 60 98 4 66
3 0~ ~5 6~9 0.H3H5 0~6 4 0 a a_0«a_ 0«( a<0 n) - 8~9 30~3 3 I.
4 650 584 StevinS 548~60 3.68 368 BḢurgi 55~63 NapierJ550~6 6 Rab dologiae 8 0 6 593 3 Wallis J 66~03 Euler L 0~83BernoulliJ654~05 d 0 a a a a«d=aº+ + + +y+ +y 0 0 0 0«n aº a <{0 y 9} iæ d=aº.a a a ya«y 0.H3H6 0.H3H6=0.363636y =0.36+0.0036+0.000036+y 0.H3H6 0.36 0.0 0.36 0.36 36 4 0.H3H6= = = = -0.0 0.99 99 n a a ya«0.ha a yha«= 99y9 n 0.H6H5 0.H6H5=0.+(0.065+0.00065+y) 0.065 0.0 0.065 64 8 0.H6H5=0.+ = = -0.0 990 495 ] n (b b ybμa a ya«)-(b b ybμ) 0.b b ybμha a yha«= 99y900y0 n m ] ]
6 54 kg 6 cm cm (993) (99) (00) (00) I.
( ) 0.H9 650 3 900 4.3 4 3 43 4.3 a a_0«a_ a<0 n 0«
3 0.4 0.5 36=3.6_ =3.6_0 0.039=3.9_ 0 =3.9_ 0 6 km 5638.5 0.35 5 00 00 4 3.054 56000 3.03 I.
0 0. a a b b+0 b a =a b(b+0) b 0 5 A B A 0 3 3 0 B 9 3 (A )= =0.3 0 (B )= =0.y 9 A 0.3 B 0.y 9
a a b b+0 b a (b+0) a b b 3 =0.5 4 =.4 5 3 =.666y 6 =0.636363y 3 8 6.666666.6666666 5 3 =0.8333y =0.06 6 50 0 5 0 5 5 5 0 I.
0 _ 5 35 35 = = = = = 0.35 0 _5 _5_ 5 0 00 3 3 _5 5 5 = = = = = 4 _3 _5 (_5) 3 0 3 = 0.5 5 000 5 = = = 8 4 6 0 4 = = = = 60 6 _3 350 5 5 = = 330 30 _3_5 3 5 _5 0 5 4 = = 0 0 _5 3 5 5 = = 8 50 _5 8 5 3 3 3_ 5 35 = = = 40 _5 _5_ 5 0 35 = = 0.35 000 _5 0 _ 8 8 = = = =0.008 5 5 _ 0 3 000 8 = 3_5 4 4 8 3 x 3 6 <x< <x< 8 3 4 4 6 9 5 x 4 4 4 4 4 3 0 5 8 4 9 9 4 _3_5_ 5 N 60 8 N 9
0. 5 =0.8333y 6 8 =0.444y 33 5 =0.353535y 3 0.8333y 3 0.444y 4 0.353535y 3 5 I.
8.4H8 36 0.H3H6 4 6.HH4 05 5.H0H5 6 8 =.454545y=.H4H5 =0.5333y=0.5H3 5 8 =0.555y=0.H5 =0.666y 45 =0.H6H 6.666y=0.666y_0 0 6.666y-0.666y=6 0 0.H5 x x=0.555y yy 0 0x=5.555y yy 9x=5 5 x= 9 0.H4H x x=0.444y yy 00 00x=4.444y yy 99x=4 4 x= 99.HH3 x x=.333y y 000 000x=3.333y yy 999x= x= = 404 999 333
.3H x x=.3y yy 0 0x=3.y yy 00 00x=3.y yy 90x=4 4 0 x= = 90 45 0.3H x x=0.3y yy 00 00x=3.y yy 000 000x=3.y yy 900x=89 89 x= 900 5.H3H6 x x=5.363636y yy 0 0x=5.363636y yy 000 000x=536.363636y yy 990x=584 584 x= = 88 990 55 3 =0.666y=0.H6 6 6 5 =0.454545y=0.H4H5 45 0.H8 x x=0.888y yy 0 0x=8.888y yy 8 9x=8 x= 9 5.H5 x x=5.555y yy 0 0x=5.555y yy 00 00x=55.555y yy 43 90x=43 x= 90 3.HH3 x x=3.333y yy 000 000x=33.333y yy 999x=30 30 040 x= = 999 333 0.H3H4 x x=0.3434y y 0 0x=.3434y yy 000 000x=34.343434y yy 990x=3 3 x= = 6 990 495 n 0< < n 3 4 3 4 5 6 5 6 3 =0.H485H =0.H85H4 =0.H485H 4 5 6 =0.H54H8 =0.H48H5 =0.H854H I.
03. 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 æ 6 æ
430 3 6 cm 58 kg 3 3 =- > < cm 0. cm 0. cm =- 30098 =300-98= 3 0.5 5 3 =0.5- =0.5-0.5=-0.0 5 I.
cm _ =0.5 (cm) (8-0.5) cm <(8+0.5) cm.5 cm <8.5 cm kg _ =0.5 (kg) (43-0.5) kg <(43+0.5) kg 4.5 kg <43.5 kg 00 L 00_ =50 (L) (5000-50) L <(5000+50) L 4950 L <5050 L 0.0 æ 0.0_ =0.005 (æ) (6.50-0.005) æ <(6.50+0.005) æ 6.495 æ <6.505 æ cm _ =0.5 (cm) (0-0.5) cm <(0+0.5) cm 9.5 cm <0.5 cm 00 g 00_ =50 (g) 3. kg=300 g (300-50) g <(300+50) g 3650 g <350 g
839 8390 8400 8000 30000 8000 8400 4963 43000 4 3 43000 4 3 0 0.3 m 0 3 030 g 0 g 0 3 0.09 kg 9 0 a a_0«a_ a<0 n 0«I.
0 6 0 6.0_0 8 0 8.0_0._ 0 3 0 3.0_ 0 0. kg 0._ =0.05 (kg) (60.-0.05) kg <(60.+0.05) kg 60.5 kg <60.5 kg cm _ =0.5 (cm) (5-0.5) cm <(5+0.5) cm 56.5 cm <5.5 cm 6 8 0 6.80_0 0.0_ 0 a a_0«a_ 0«3 4.3_0 g= 4300 g 00_ =50 (g) 4.30_0 g= 4300 g 0_ =5 (g) 4.300_0 g= 4300 g _ =0.5 (g) 36000 50 0 6894 0.08 6 9 6.9_0 9.9_ 0
B 5 B 9 D6 Excel (Excel) (Spread Sheet) 5 =0.H89436840563H5 9 894368405635 =0.H4393034485860689655H 9 4393034485860689655 0 =0.H358064569H0 3 3580645690 n n= 3 y 9 =0.H056358943684H 9 =0.H056358943684H 9 3 =0.H58943684056H3 9 =0.H894368405635H 9 8 =0.H94368405635H8 9 I.
5 5 9 3 = _3_5 _5 5 0.333y 3 0.333y=0.HH3 0._ =0.05 5.050505y 05 05 0 0 3 0 3 3.80_0 = 3800 3 8 0
3-99x=3 x= 99 0.H5H3 x x=0.535353y yy 0 0x=.535353y yy 000 000x=53.535353yy - 990x=5 x= 5 990 5 = = 5 3_5 _3 _5 _3 5 49 5 3 8 3 = = = 40 _5 _5 _3 _5 _5 5 49 5 8 40 _5 _3 _5 00 g 00_ =50 (g) kg _ =0.5 (kg) cm _ =0.5 (cm) 0 cm 0_ =5 (cm) 0 3.60_0fi = 36000 3 6 0 00_ =50 (cm) (36000-50) cm <(36000+50) cm 366950 cm <36050 cm 0.H3H x x=0.333y yy 00 00x=3.333y yy 0 00 g 9 0 0.90_0 g I.
0 9 3 6 = = 80 _3_5 5 3 33 = = = 5 35 5 40 _5 64 5 33 5 35 40 64 0 A 93 3 _A= _A 3 _3 A 3 A 3 3 03.H x x=.y 0 0x=.y - 9x= x= 0.H6H5 x yy yy x=0.656565y yy 0 0x=.656565y yy 000 000x=65.656565y yy - 990x=64 64 x= = 8 990 495 9 0.3H x x=0.3y yy 00 00x=3.y yy 000 000x=3.y y 04-900x=89 x= 3.H5H x x=3.555y 000 000x=35.555y 5 =0.3846538465y=0.H3846H5 3 38465 89 900-999x=354 x= 354 999 yy yy 6 3 8 4 6 5 00=6_6+4 00 4 6
0 3 4 8 0 48000 00_ =50 48000-50 <48000+50 4950 <48050 a d a-d <a+d 05 30 6 0 06 kg _ = (kg) 5cm 5_ =.5 (cm) 00 g 00_ =50 (g) 08 0 50000000 km 5.5_0 km 6000000000 km 6 0 0 6.00_0 km 09 0 _ 6 0 5 4 0 8 8 9 0 =0.5 (cm).60_0 cm =5 (g) 5.40_0 g =0.5 (mm) 8.89_0 mm I.
6 0 De Thiende585 8 6
0 05 x=.h30h 50 0 30 0 _3_5 5 6 _5_ 9 80 00x-x 000x-x 0000x-0x 00x-0x 000x-0x 3 4 5 06 0 A A B - 0. 0.H3H4 0 5.H9.H0H9 A B 00 A B 3 5 9 0 _5 03 x { 4 6 8 0 4} x 04.8333y A A 3 5 9 08 0.58H3 0.H8H I.
09 3 00 3 6 <0.Hx< 4 x 4 6 8 3 4 5 4 A 30 5 6 9 0 A+4 0. HA= A 30 3 35 3 4 5 5 30 0.H8H3=83_x x 3 0 3.60_0 3 6 0.0 0.0H 0.H0H 0.H 0.HH 6 65 p 3.4 5.abHc= 563 900 a+b-c 000 68.3 cm 4 5 6 8
40 cm 39.6 cm 0 -.4 cm -0.4 cm 0.04 cm 0.4 cm. cm 0. 034 0.06 0 3 0 0.6 0 34 0 8 3 0.3 0.04 0 4.0_0 0 3.0_0fi 3 6.0 6 6000 00 6 9 kg 6 kg A kg A 3 0.040 0 0.4_.4_.40_ 0 0 0 4_ 40_ 0 0 0 4 9 æ A a æ A<b æ c æ a+b+c 33 35.5 38.5 39 4 4 3000 0 3.0_0 I.
3 3 0.H6H3-30 0.5 kg 6.5 kg A<6.5 kg 83-8 65.8H3= = = = 90 90 6 _3 _A 3 _3 A 3 A 3 3 05.H30H 30 0x 0000x 0000x-0x 06-0 5.H9(=6) 3 0 5 = 50 _5 = = 0 40 _5 0 =0. 485485y 6 6 3 = _5 5_ 30 = _3_5 08 55 0.58H3= = 900 0 4 4 = = 5 35 5_ 8 9 0.H8H= = 99 9 9 = 80 _5 4 0 A A A B 00 = = B 00 _5 _ 63 = =0.H6H3 99 A B A A= 09 3 =0.H48H 3 00=3_33+ 00 4 03 04 4= 6=_3 8= 0=_5 = _3 4=_ { 4 6 8 0 4} x 6 4 3.8333y 0 0+A- 8+A 0. HA= = 90 90 8+A 90 A+4 = 30 8+A=3(A+4) 8+A=3A+ A=6 A=3
3 4 83 0.H8H3= =83_ 99 99 x= =0.H0H 99 563 563 = _ 900 00 9 = {584+ } 00 9 =5.84H a=8 b=4 c= a+b-c=5 x < < 36 6 9 4 6 4x 9 < < 6<4x<9 36 36 36 3 <x< 9 4 x 5 (30-5) <(30+5) 5 <35 =- 39.6-40=-0.4 (cm) 3 8 0.3- = - 3 0 3 9-0 = =- 30 30 9 kg _ =0.5 (kg) (6-0.5) kg A<(6+0.5) kg 6.5 kg A<6.5 kg 0 9 æ _ =0.5 (æ) 8.5 æ A<9.5 æ a=8.5 b=9.5 c=0.5 a+b+c=8.5+9.5+0.5=38.5 34 0 0 5 30 3 3.0_0fi = 30000 3 0 6 0 00 6 0 6 3.60_0 3 6 0 65 p 3.4 3 4 0 0.040=.40_ 0 4 3.0_0 = 3000 I.