<B1E2C8A3C7D0BFACB1B85FC1A63338C1FD2E687770>

가추법과 디자인 씽킹 1) 국문초록 S.,.. 1878,,. 1. *, **,

. 1900,. 1901,.,..,,. (IDEO), -,. 열쇠어: 가추법, 찰스 S. 퍼스, 추론, 논리학, 디자인 씽킹, 창의적 발상. (design thinking) 10. 1),.,.., 1) Tim Brwon, Change by Design, Harper Collins, 2009; Institute of Design at Standford webpage, Our Way of Working, Thomas Lockwood (ed), Design Thinking, All Worth Press, 2009;,,,, 2010. 8 38

, (ideation),,,.. (to design),.. S. (Charles S. Peirce) (abduction) (abductive reasoning). 3..,.. / 9

(interpretant),.,.,.,,.,. II S.., II. III. II. :. (Frog) (Jon Kolko) (design synthesis), 10 38

. [ ] (sensemaking). 2) 3,,. 1970, 1990. 3) 4),. 5)..,. 6) 2) Jon Kolko, Abductive Thinking and Sensemaking: The Drivers of Design Synthesis, Design Issues, 26:1, 2010, p.17 3),, 2011, 64-66. 4) Nigel Cross, Design Thinking: Understanding how designers think and work, Bloomsbury Academic, 2011; Jon Kolko, op. cit.,,. 5) Peter G. Rowe, Design Thinking, The MIT Press, 1987 6) Klaus Krippendorff, The Semantic Turn: A New Foundation for Design, Taylor / 11

..,,. [ 1] (Katsumi Hoshino). 7),.. (semes),. & Francis, 2005; Tetsuo Kawama, A Semiotic Approach to Design Process in J. Umiker (ed), Marketing and Semiotics: New Directions in the Study of Signs for Sale, Walter de Gruyter, 1987, pp. 57-72 7) Katsumi Hoshino, "Semiotic Marketing and Product Conceptualization" in J. Umiker (ed), ibid., pp. 41-56 12 38

,..,. (marked signs)... (Roger Martin).. 8) 1878,,,. 9) 1900 (inference),,,,,. 8),, 43-48. 9) Charles S. Peirce, Deduction, Induction, and Hypothesis The Essential Peirce Vol. 1, Indiana University Press, 1992, pp.186-199. 1878, (Lucia Santaella, Abduction: The Logic of Guessing, Semiotica, 153:1, 2005, p.183). / 13

(Carl R. Hausman), K.T. (Fann), (Douglas R. Anderson), (Lucia Santaella). 10) (Arthur Burks) 1900,,, 11) 1900., 1860 (hypothesis) 1900 (CP 2.96) 12). 1860, 1866 (Lowell Lecture). 1860 1901. 1878 (Popular Scientific Monthly),, 10) Carl R. Hausman, Charles S. Peirce s Evolutionary Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 1993; K.T. Fann, Peirce s Theory of Abduction, Martinus Nijhoff, 1970; Douglas R. Anderson, The evolution of Peirce s concept of abduction, Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, 22:2, 1986; Santaella, ibid.. 11) Paul R. Thagard, The unity of Peirce s theory of hypothesis, Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, 13:2, 1977. 12) Charles S. Peirce, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce Vol.1-6, ed. by Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss, Harvard University Press, 1931-58, Charles S. Peirce, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce Vol 7-8, ed. by Arthur Burks, Harvard University Press, 1958; Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (CP n.xyz). n, xyz. 14 38

1866,. 1867 (explicative) (ampliative). 13) 1878,. 1878. 해설적 추론 확장적 추론 연역법 귀납법 가설법 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]. [ ]. [ ]. [ ]. [ ]. 13) Santaella, op. cit., p.178 / 15

[ ]. [ ]. [ ]. [ ] (CP 2.623).. (,. ) (. ) (. ),., ( ) ( )... 14).,. 1865. 1867. 15) 14) Santaella, op. cit., p.182 16 38

.,. -.,. 16).. 17). 1878., (CP 2.651),.. 1905 (CP 8.209)., 1900 15),,, 2011, 244-245. 16),, 245, 135-143. 17) Anderson, op. cit., p.146 / 17

.. 1901. 1903 A., C. A, C. A. A, A, C. A (CP 5.189).. C A C then, A 1878,. A, 1903 A C.. 1903 C A C., 18 38

A A C A A. 18). P C (colligation),,. 19)., (CP 2.442-3)., P C (CP 7.536). (CP 2.605)., (CP 2.444).,,. P C... (self-control). 20),. 18) Anderson, ibid., pp.156-157. 19) Tomis Kapitan, In What Way is Abductive Inference Creative? Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, 26:4, 1990, pp.500-501. 20) Anderson, op. cit., p.153, CP 5.108. / 19

... (fallible). (CP 5.181). (conjecture), (guessing), (imagination)..... 21)..,,..?. 22) (origianry). (CP 2.96). 21) (Carl Popper) The Logic of Scientific Discovery(1934),.., (Santaella, op. cit., pp.186-187 ). 22) Santaella, ibid., p.188. 20 38

...,.. (design).,. [...].. (CP 5.173)... 23)... (CP 7.39).,.,,, 23) Santaella, ibid., pp.188-189. / 21

......,.. 24). 25),.,. 24),, 249-251 Charles S. Peirce, On the Logic of Drawing History from Ancient Documents, The Essential Peirce Vol. 2, Indiana University Press, 1998, pp.75-114. 25),, 21. 22 38

.,,. 26),,, (put together). 27),. III. :. (ill-defined) (wicked problem). 28),. 3,,. 26) Kolko, op. cit., p.15. 27) Charles S. Peirce, Pragmatism as the Logic of Abduction, The Essential Peirce Vol. 2, Indiana University Press, 1998, p.227. 28) Richard Buchanan, Wicked Problems in Design Thinking, Design Issues, 8:2, 1992, pp.5-21. / 23

,. 29),..,...,.. 30)..,. 29) Kolko, ibid., p.18. 30) Kolko, ibid., p.19. 24 38

31)... (Reframing), (Concept Mapping), (Insight Combination).,,,... 31) Kolko, ibid., p.21 / 25

. (IDEO) 3I, - (Hasso-Plattner Institute), 4D. 1991 (David Kelly), (Bill Moggridge), (Mike Nuttall),. CEO, (Change by Design) (divergence) (convergence), 32).. 3I - (Inspiration), (Ideation), (Implementation) -. 33) 1 ( ). 34) 32),,,, 2010, 109. 33) Katja Tschimmel, Design Thinking as an effective Toolkit for Innovation, Proceedings of the XXIII ISPIM Conference: Action for Innovation: Innovating from Experience, Barcelona, 2012, p.6. 34) Tschimmel, ibid., p.6 26 38

. 2 ( ). 35). 3 ( ). 36) - -.. -.. (d.scool),.,,,,,,,. 37) - 35) Tschimmel, ibid., p.6. 36) Tschimmel, ibid., p.6. / 27

3I. 1 ( ) 2. 2 ( ) (needs). 3 ( ). 4 ( ) 3I ( ), 5, 6 (, ) 3I ( ). -.. 38) 2005 4D (Double Diamond) 37) Tschimmel, ibid., p.8. 38) Tschimmel, ibid., p.8. 28 38

. 4, (Discovery), (Definition), (Develop), (Deliver) - 3I. 39) 1 ( ).,,,. 2 ( ).. 3 ( ).,,,,. 4 ( ). 4D,. 40) 39) Tschimmel, ibid, p.9. 40) Tschimmel, ibid, p.10. / 29

IV...... (colligation),.... 30 38

,,, (mind).,.. / 31

,,, 2011.,,, 2011.,,,, 2010. Douglas R. Anderson, The Evolution of Peirce s Concept of Abduction, Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, 22:2, 1986, pp.145-164 Tim Brwon, Change by Design, HarperCollins, 2009. (,,,, 2010) Richard Buchanan, Wicked Problems in Design Thinking, Design Issues, 8:2, 1992, pp. 5-21. Nigel Cross, Design Thinking: Understanding how designers think and work, Bloomsbury Academic, 2011. K.T. Fann, Peirce s Theory of Abduction, Martinus Nijhoff, 1970. Carl R. Hausman, Charles S. Peirce s Evolutionary Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 1993. Katsumi Hoshino, "Semiotic Marketing and Product Conceptualization" in J. Umikered, Marketing and Semiotics: New Directions in the Study of Signs for Sale, Walter de Gruyter, 1987, pp. 41-56. Tomis Kapitan, In What Way is Abductive Inference Creative? Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, 26:4, 1990, pp.499-512. Tetsuo Kawama, A Semiotic Approach to Design Process in J. Umikered, Marketing and Semiotics: New Directions in the Study of Signs for Sale, Walter de Gruyter, 1987, pp. 57-72. Jon Kolko, Abductive Thinking and Sensemaking: The Drivers of Design Synthesis, Design Issues, 26:1, 2010, pp. 15-28. Klaus Krippendorff, The Semantic Turn: A New Foundation for Design, Taylor & Francis, 2005. Thomas Lockwood (ed), Design Thinking, All Worth Press, 2009. Charles S. Peirce, Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce Vol 1-6, ed. by Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss, Harvard University Press, 1931-58., Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce Vol 7-8, ed. by Arthur Burks, Harvard University Press, 1958., Deduction, Induction, and Hypothesis The Essential Peirce Vol. 1, Indiana University Press, 1992, pp. 186-199. 32 38

, On the Logic of Drawing History from Ancient Documents, The Essential Peirce Vol. 2, Indiana University Press, 1998, pp. 75-114., Pragmatism as the Logic of Abduction, The Essential Peirce Vol. 2, Indiana University Press, 1998, pp. 226-242. Peter G. Rowe, Design Thinking, The MIT Press, 1987. Lucia Santaella, Abduction: The Logic of Guessing, Semiotica, 153: 1, 2005, pp.175-198. Paul R. Thagard, The unity of Peirce s theory of hypothesis, Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, 13:2, 1977, pp.112-121. Katja Tschimmel, Design Thinking as an effective Toolkit for Innovation, Proceedings of the XXIII ISPIM Conference: Action for Innovation: Innovating from Experience, Barcelona, 2012, pp.1-20. <Internet resources> Institute of Design at Standford webpage, Our Way of Working / 33

Abduction and Design Thinking - Theory and Practice of Creative Ideation - Kang, Mi-jung Lee, Su-jin This paper aims to provide an proper explanation of what the mechanism of design thinking and creative idea generation is. On the basis of Charles S. Peirce s abduction, a lot of theorists who are searching for it argue that reasoning with insight, intuition, and synthesis is the way of creative thinking. I agree with them that abduction is the logic of design thinking, but don t think that the all the theorists make appropriate approaches to abduction. From the beginning Peirce divided inferences to three types: deduction, induction, hypothesis. In his paper written in 1878, Peirce presented these three different inferences in syllogistic form. Hypothesis renamed as abduction in 1901 was the categorical syllogism in which the conclusion is minor premise. Peirce, at first, considered induction and hypothesis as ampliative reasoning, while deduction as explicative reasoning. However, he realizes after 1900 that the only ampliative thinking is abduction which bring one brand new ideas. In short, abduction is the stage of inquiry where one adapt a hypothesis that provides an explanation or a new theory for the surprising facts. The designer of Frog, Jon Kolko who accepted Peirce s abduction as the theoretical base for his design thinking emphasizes design synthesis as critical in the process of new design. He proposes three steps of design synthesis as reframing, concept mapping, insight combination. Based on abductive reasoning and design synthesis, a lot of designers, CEOs and administrators, introduce practicing models of design thinking for their own institutions such as IDEO, Hass-Plattner Institute, British Design Council, etc. 34 38

Key Words: Abduction, Charles S. Peirce, Inference, Logic, Design Thinking, Creative Ideation / 35