(E PA)... (T o c h n o lo g y In n ov a t io n S t r a t e g y ) E PA. E PA e n d - o f c o n t r o l,,,..,... Ris k - a v e r s e. 2 1.. E PA. E PA. E PA C a r o l M. B r o w n e r. T e c h n o l o g y In n ov a t io n S t r a t e g y 1 9 9 3 2 2 2 T e c h n o l o g y fo r Am e r i c a s E c o n o m ic G r o w t h : A D ir e c t io n t o B u ild E c o n o m ic S t r e n g t h..,,,.
E PA T e c h n o l o g y In n ov a t io n S t r a t e g y. 19 9 4 1 E PA. 19 9 3 2 E n v ir o n m e n t a l T e c h n o lo g y In it ia t iv e ( ET I) E PA. ET I FY 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 4 3 6.,., 1 9 9 3 1 1 E PA. 1 9 9 3 4 E PA. E n v ir o n m e n t a l T e c h n o lo g ie s E x p o r t s : S t r a t e g ic F r a m e w o r k fo r U.S Le a d e r s h ip.. 10,.. En v ir on m en t a l B u s in e s s In t e r n a t i o n a l ( E B I) 1 9 9 2 1,3 4 0 1,6 1 0. E B I 1 9 9 2 3 2 0 0 0 6. O E C D, 1 9 9 2 2, 2 0 0 0 3...
EPA 4 1 :,,,,.,.,,,... E PA. 2 :..,. E PA., E PA. ( : : ) E PA. 3 :,, E PA. 2. ( 1 ) ( 2 ),,,..
E PA. E PA. E PA. E PA,. E PA.,,,. 4 :,,.,,,..,. E PA. E PA. E PA,, t r a n s - b o u n d a r y. E PA. E PA T e c h n o l o g y In n ov a t io n S t r a t e g y E PA.,,,,,,, S t a k e h o ld e r. E PA,, S t a k e h o l d e r.
, E PA,. E PA,,. E PA. E PA, (t h e E x p o r t - Im p o r t B a n k ),,,. E PA,,. E PA., -,,. E PA. E PA E PA. e n d o f t h e p ip e., fe e d s t o c k,.,.. J o h n G ib b o n s ( 1 ) ( e x. ) ( 2 ) ( e x. ) d a r k g r e e n lig h t g r e e n. E PA d a r k g r e e n. g r e e n.
T e c h n o l o g y In n ov a t i o n S t r a t e g y E PA b e n c h m a r k...,,. E PA. ( 1 9 9 8.9, 1 1 7, ). 2 19 9 8 9 8 10 0 %. 9 8..,. 9 1. 9 7,....,. 5 1, 2 1, 5 1.. 1 1 4 9 8.7 %. 1 0 0 % 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 %.
, 9 8..,, E C O ( ). 9 7,. ( 1 9 9 8.9.2 3,, ), (9 7. 1 2 ) ( 2 0 0 8 2 0 12 9 0 6 % ) -, S u m m e r T im e ( 6. 1 9 ) - 9 0 %, 9 9 ( 5 % 3 % ) (8.2 7 ) - ( 9.4 ) -, 2 0 3 0 2 0 * 2 0 1 0,, 12, 2 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4, 2 0 3 0 4-9 8,,,
- PC B 2 3,, -,, D DT 3 0 0 ( 5.2 7 ) ( PRT R ) - -, - ( 2 ) - 2 0 0 1 - - - - -,
- -, * 2 0 10 3 4 ( 5. 14 ) ( 1 9 9 8.9.2 6, 13 5 8, ) (E c o- As ia ' 9 8 ) 7 ( E c o - A s ia ' 9 8 ) 9. 1 9 2 0 2 1 A D B, U N E P 10, E c o - As i a, 2 0 0 2 U N E c o - A s i a E c o - A s ia,,,, 4 ( 1 1.2 1 3, ),
2 0 0 2 U N ( + 1 0 ), ' 9 8 2 0 0 2 2 1,, (E S CAP ) 6 AD B, U N E P, U N D P, IB RD U N ( ' 9 2.6, ) E c o - As i a + 10 ( 2 0 0 2 ) ( ) + 1 0, 2 0 0 0 E S CAP E c o - As i a, + 1 0 E c o - As ia 7 ( E c o - As i s ' 9 8 ) - E c o - As ia E c o - As i a - 4 ( 1 1. 2 1 3 ) 2 0 0 2 U N, - E c o - As i a U N ( ' 9 2.6, ) 2 1 U N ( ' 9 7.6, ) 2 1 * 2 1 : U N ( ' 9 2.6 ) 2 1,,,,,, 2 1 ( 1 9 9 8.9.2 7, 13 5 9, )
, PVC (v in y l ). PV C. PV C... (V in y l In s t it u t e ),.., /,,.. "..". ".". PV C PV C ( d i o x in ).,,,. PV C PV C (life c y c le ; ). PV C PV C. ( 1 9 9 8.9.2 8, 3 3 0, ) 4 0 % 4 0 %..
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- 7 0 8 0 %, 1 2 2 0 %, [ ] - P ET,, -, 7 5, 7 0 % [ ] - - 8 0 0 IS O IS O,, - IS O IS O -, - - - 3 K,, ( ) -
-,, -, 7 1 7 2, 7 9 - - 8 5-4 ( 4 5 %, 18 %, 15 %, 9 4 ) 3 % 1,2 0 0 -,,, (,,,, ) - 7 0 8 0 % 12 2 0 % 9 8 0 % 9 8 % - - - -, - -,
-,,, -,,, - - 7 5-9 2 5 0 7 0 %,, - -,, - -,, P ET ( P o ly e t h y l e n e T e r e p h t h a la t e Re g in : ) -,,, - - P E T, 2 0 0 5 8 4 0 % - 1
(z e r o e m i s s i o n ) (ISO 14 0 0 0 ) - 8 0 0 - IS O -,,,,, ( 1 9 9 8. 10.2, 1 7 2, ), (9.2 8 ) ( 9 3 ) ( 9 4 )
(6. 1 7 ) < >,,, < >, < >,
,, - ( 7. 13 ), 4 -, -,,,,, - - 9 9 ( 1 9 9 8. 10.3, 13 6 4, ) OE CD O E C D 9 8. 1 0.5 6 O E C D O E C D (E n v ir o n m e n t a l T a x e s ), O E C D,.
1. O E C D O E C D G D P 7 8 %, 9 1, ( 9 4 ), ( 9 9 ). E U ( d o u b le d iv id e n e d )., 1 3 0 (v e h i c l e u s e t a x ), 8 2, W o r l d B a n k, (w a t e r c o n s u m p t i o n t a x ),,, 8 %. e a r m a k in g, 6 0 % 4 0 %. (g r e e n t a x r e fo r m ),, ( e a r m a k in g ),.,,. 2. ( e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y d a m a g i n g s u b s i d i e s ) (S Ox ), (T S P ), (N Ox ).,.,.., 3 7 %.
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CO 2,, ( s im p l e ). ( c o p y ) ( d e c o u p le ). 4. ( ), (g r e e n fi s c a l r e fo r m )., ( e a r m a k in g ). (T a x Min is t r y ),,.. 5. ( E n v ir o n m e n t a l T a x e s E e n v ir o n m e n t a lly - r e l a t e d T a x e s ) O E CD G D P 7 8 %,. (g r e e n t a x r e fo r m ) 9 0 ( d o u b l e d iv i d e n d ). 9 4 W o r l d B a n k. ( 1 9 9 8. 10. 7. O E C D )
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( /, ) - 19-9.2 7 -,, -,,, 5 % -,, - - ( ) ( 9 8.4 ) -,, 1 9 - -,
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1 ~ 3 13 (WW F ) 2 5 3 0 %. 6 5. ( ) 7 0 10 0 9 5 6 8.... ( 1 9 9 8. 10. 16, 1 5 ) 4 0 % B i o S c ie n c e 19 9 8 10,,, ".". 4 0 %,..,.,... - 1 1.. 4 0.,.. (s c h is t o s o m ia s is ) 1. 19 6 8 7 % 7 7 %.
8 10 %. 19 7 0 3 3 19 9 2 5 2. 1 9 9 2 3. 4. 2 0 4. 9 4 9. ( d e n g u e fev e r ) 3 6. 5 0 0 5.. 9 8 % 1 1,8 0 0.. 1 9 8 5 2 0 k g. 17 0. 19 4 5 5 2 5 0. 1 9 5 0 10... ( 1 9 9 8. 10. 16, 3 3 3, ), C OE 2 1,.. 1, 1,0 0 0, 1 0 3,0 0 0,.. 2 1,.
1 9 7 4 9 0,. ( C O E E S : C e n t e r O f E x c e ll e n c e fo r E n v i r o n m e n t a l S t u d i e s ).,,. G D P 1 % ( ) 5,0 0 0 2 0 % ( N IH ) 1. 7.,,,,,,,,. 1,0 0 0, 1 0 3 ( E PA 3 ).,,,,,,,.,,, 3. ( 1 9 9 8. 10. 16, 3 3 3, ). ( ) t r a v e l c o s t ( ), CVM ( ).
CVM ( C o n t in g e n t V a lu a t i o n M e t h o d ) ( CVM ).. 19 9 6 ( ). c o n j o in t. C o n j o in t ( :,, ).. ( CVM ) (b e n e fit t r a n s fe r ).. ( ). (t h e e n v ir o n m e n t a l v a lu a t i o n r e fe r e n c e in v e n t o r y t m ). ( 1 9 9 8. 10. 16, 3 3 3, ) 7 0 * 4 (,,, )
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,, 4,,, 3 3,, * 3 0, 3, * 5 ( ) * ( 2, 7 2 1 ), 9 7 7 2 7 ( 7 0 7 ) 9 0 % - 1 ( 1 2 ) - (6 8 9 ) 6 1 2 ( 1,5 4 8 ), 2 4 ( 2 7 3 0 ), 6 ( 1,0 0 9 ) - 1 ( 1 )
- 2 ( 3 6 ), 1 (4 4 5 ) -, 7 7 1 ( 7 1 0 ) 1 4 1, 12 5, 4 5 -,,,,,, - 9 7 9 7 %,, -,,, -, - 2 1 -,
< > ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,, ( 1 9 9 8. 10.2 2, 1 3 7 7, )
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G E F ( F o c a l P o in t ), Fo c a l Po in t 1 2 *, F o c a l P o in t G E F *, G E F G E F F o c a l Po in t G E F G E F,, G E F, - G E F, * -, (RD B ) RD B *,,,
( G E F ) - G E F,,, G E F - 12 G E F 1 9 - - G E F - G E F * G E F 9 1 1 1 9 5 0 0 2 0 ( 1 9 9 8. 10.2 2, 1 3 7 7, ). Wir t h lin Wor ld w id e. ' '.. 8,. 19 9 6.., 4 9 % 4 1 %., "." "." 6 3 % 5 7 6 %., 19 % 6 %.
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,.,, ( ) 3. ( 1 9 9 8. 10.2 2, 3 3 4, )... 1 7. 1 1 1. ' '. 5 6, 7 0 % 16.,,,,,,,. 9 3 9. 9 4 1 2 1. (E U ) 15 7 14.. 8 ~ 1 0 1 2 0... 12 ( ),,.
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.,, "c o lla b o r a t o r y " ( e l e c t r o n ic la b o r a t o r y n o t e b o o k ).,, "c o ll a b o r a t o r y "....,,. ' '. " ".,,, 5 0,, (m o le c u la r s c i e n c e o f c a t a ly t i c o x i d a t i o n ; M S C O ).. 3 1.. ( 1 9 9 8. 10.3 0, 3 3 5, ) E U E U 1,,, ( 1 0.2 2 ) *, E U 2 0 0 0 D DT P C B 1 2 ( PO P s ) P O P s PO P s
* POPs 2 9 9.2.7 12 O E C D ( S ID S ), 9 9.5 ( S t r e s a ) 9 9 WT O (T E P ) * T E P E U (5. 18 ),, ( 1 1.2 1 3 ), (A IA ),, 9 9.2 5 ( E PA ) ( E EA ), ( RE C ) RE C
E U -,,,, - E U -, - 4 ( 1 1. 2 1 3 ), ( PO P s ) 5 (9 9.2 ) ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1. 1, 13 8 6, ),, 1 ( ' 9 8 ).,,, (, ) (,,, )... 1. 2 0 0 8 5 9 0 6 %. 6, 10.. U N E P ( ).,,. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.4,, )
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1 2 0 0 2 { } O E C D, { } 6 0 9 6 2,0 0 0, 4 7 2 0 0 8 1,5 0 0 { } <, >,,, (VA ), (P RT R ) - VA -,,
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- U N E P U N -,,,,, U N E P - ( P O P s ), U N E P ( E U ) U N E P U N E P U N E P ( G E F ) U N E P U N E P U N E P U N E P U N E P U N E P, U N E P U N E P U N E P U N E P U N E P U N E P ( G E F ),, G E F U N E P E U U N E P U N E P G - 7 7 G E F 7 U N ( C S D ) 7 C S D - C S D U N ( 9 2. 6 ) 2 1 C S D C S D
- U NE P C S D U N E P U N E P U N E P,,, 9 9 3 U N E P - ( 1, 9 7.6 ), U N E P ( 2, 2.2 4 ) - U N U N E P U N, ( G E F ) U N E P U N E P - U N - UN ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1. 18, 14 0 0, ),,,, X,,,, 8 0,,,,,,,,,
( 9 7. 7 ), ( 9 7. 1 1 ),,,,,,,, ( E M S : E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c S u s c e p t ib ilit y ) ( E M I : E le c t r o Ma g e n e t ic In t e r fe r e n c e ) (IRPA) WH O ( IN IR C ) ( 7 7 ) (ICNIRP) (9 2 ), ( IE C ) ( C IS PR ) 7 E M S E M I 2 4 ( 9 5.9 ) C IS P R C IS P R (W H O ) ( 8 7 ) ( 5 0 G ),, 9 5 ( 9 6.6 ) ( F C C ) ( F DA ), ( E PA ), E M I E M S ( SA R ) ( SAR : S p e c ific Ab s o r p t i o n R a t e ) ( ) (A N S I) ( IE E E ) ( 9 2 ) (NCI) (NIH ) (2.5 ) ( 6.2 5 )
6 3 0 1 0 6 m ( RT CA ) P C,, ( 9 6.3 ) ( 9 0 ) ( 9 5.9 ), ( 6.2 9 ) 9 9 TV, VT R, (J IS ) ( 9 7. 1 ) (J E IDA) (VCC I) (8 5. 12 ), C IS P R - 2 2 E M I,,,, ( 9 6. 3 ), ( E M C ) ( 9 6. 3 ) 2 0 0 0 2 8,,, ( 9 6. 12 ) E U (C E N E LE C ) C IS P R E U (9 4. 1 1 ),, C E ( 9 6. 1 ) 9 8. 1 9 3 C E EU (6.2 2 ),,,
,, E U, TV, V DT M PR -, -,, - - WT O,,
< > 1. :, : AN S I/ IE E E C E N E LE C IC N IRP SAR 0.4 W/ 0.4 W/ 0.4 W/ 0.4 W/ 0.0 8 W/ 0.0 8 W/ 0.0 8 W/ SAR 2 5 W/ ( 1g ) 8 W/ ( 1g ),, 2 0 W/ ( 1 0 g ) 8 W/ ( 1g ),, 2 0 W/ ( 1 0 g ) 1 0 W/ ( 1 0 g ) 2 0 W/ ( 10 g ) 10 W/ ( 10 g ),, 4 W/ ( 1 0 g ) 1.6 W/ ( 1g ),, 4 W/ ( 1 0 g ) 2 W/ ( 1 0 g ),, 4 W/ ( 10 g ) 2 W/ ( 10 g ) SAR 6 ( 10k Hz 3 0 0 GHz) ( ) 6 ( 1 0 0 k H z 6 G H z ) 3 0 ( 3 M H z 3 G H z ) 6 ( 10 k Hz 3 0 0 GHz ) 6 ( 10 k Hz 3 0 0 GHz ) 6 ( 10 0 k Hz 10 GHz ) 6 ( 10 0 k Hz 10 GHz ) 7 W 10 0 k Hz 4 5 0 MHz ) 7 W 4 5 0 MHz 1.5 GHz 1/ 5
2. VLF ( ) LF ( ) MF ( ) HF ( ) VHF ( ) UHF ( ) SHF ( ) EHF ( ) 10 0 10 3 3 0 k Hz 10 1 3 0 3 0 0 k Hz 1,0 0 0 10 0 m 3 0 0 3,0 0 0 k Hz 10 0 10 m 3 3 0 MHz 10 1m 3 0 3 0 0 MHz 10 0 10 3 0 0 3,0 0 0 MHz 10 1 3,0 0 0 3 0,0 0 0 MHz 10 1 3 0,0 0 0 3 0 0,0 0 0MHz, AM FM, TV TV,,, TV,, 1 7 8 0, 7 8 0 3 8 0 3 8 0 10 X 10 0.0 0 1 X,, 0. 1, 1 ( ) = 1 0-9 m, 1k H z = 1 0 3 H z, 1M H z = 10 6 H z U H F S H F 3. ( ) (m G ) : ( 5 4 4 1 0 ), ( 9.2 4 0 ), ( 3. 3 3 8 ), ( 1 3 5 5 ), ( 3 6 5 0 ), (4 ), ( 6 0 3 7 4 ) (m G ) : ( 0.8 ), (4.8 ), ( 1.2 2.0 ), ( 0.3 ), ( 0.3 ), TV ( : 0.0 5 3.8, : 0.5 5.8 ), P C ( : 0.0 5 1.5, : 1.7 3.0 ), ( 0. 1 0.4 ), ( 0. 8 1.5 ), ( 0.3 2.0 ), ( 1.0 1.5 ), ( 0. 1 0.4 ), ( 0.3 0. 7 ), ( 0.3 1.2 ), ( 0.3 0.4 ), ( 0. 1 ), (4.3 8. 2 ), ( 5. 5 7.2 ), ( 0. 1 0.3 ), ( 1. 1 3.4 ), ( 0.5 0.8 ), ( 0.5 0.8 ), ( 0. 1 ), ( 0.8 2.2 ) 5 0 ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 0, 14 0 2, )
14 OE CD 14 O E C D (WPE E PI) 1 1.2 13,, O E C D 9 9 1 8 0, W P E E P I, ( E P O C ), < > 2 5 %, 2 5 % < > 12. 15 9 9. 1.2 9 2 9 1 2. 1 5,, 4,, ( V A ) (VA ) VA
VA,, 3 VA VA 9 9 2 0 0 0 6 (,,,,, ) U N, O E CD 15 1 O E C D (9.2 9 10. 1 ), 9 8. 1 2 14 O E C D -,, (VA ), - -,, -, ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 2. 14 0 4, )
WT O WT O 1 9 9 4 4 9 5 1 1 13 2. GATT 5 0, 1 9 9 8 5 1 8 2 0 2 WT O 5 0. WT O IM F (W o r l d B a n k ) 3. U R 4 WT O. 2 0 0 0 ( Mille n n iu m Ro u n d ), 9. WT O GATT. WT O 5 5 8 U R 1,. 1 1 (w o r k in g p a r t y ) WT O WT O. (T P RM ), WT O 3 0 WT O. WT O, WTO (DSM : Dis p u t e Se t t lem en t Me ch a n is m ). D S M WT O. WT O WT O. WT O, ( ). WT O. WT O GATT 9 9 1. 2 1 WT O WT O.
WT O. WT O WT O. U R 4 WT O. 2, W T O WT O 2 WT O,.. WT O,. ( LD C ) (m a r gin a liz a t io n ). (Ca ir n s ), U R (b u ilt - in - a g e n d a ). E C (Mill e n n iu m Ro u n d ). (fa s t - t r a c k a u t h o r it y ) U R 7 U R., 9 9 3 WT O. (b r o a d - b a s e d ). WT O, (M e r c o S u r ). U R,. 5 2 0.
, 9 2 WT O 9 2 3 2 5., WT O 1 9 9 9 3. ( : ) WT O WT O,. U R. U R (in d u s t r i a l t a r iff),, WT O,.. < >.. 3. (MA),,. WT O,.,. 2 0 0 0 ( ), 2 0 0 5. < > U R ( GAT S ) 5. U R WT O. 2 0 0 0, WT O. GAT S,,,.
< > (T RIP s ), T R IP s 2 0 0 2.,,,,. <, > U R.. U R ITA, H a r m o n iz a t io n. WT O. < W T O ( W T O ) > WT O GATT ( 1 9 4 7 ) 2 4 ( GAT S ) 5 ( RTA ) WT O. 2 4 S u b s t a n t i a lly a ll t r a d e, O t h e r r e s t r i c t iv e r e g u la t io n s o f c o m m e r c e ( O RC ), WT O 6 5. ( RTA ) GATT 2 4. < > ( D S U ) WT O,. WT O D S U, D S U.. < > WT O O E C D WT O,. 2 (NG O ), WTO 9 9, WT O.
< > WT O 1 ILO 9 8 6, WT O.. < >, E U, WT O,., WT O. < > O E C D (MAI) WT O (b in d in g ). < > U R 4 2 4,.. < >,, WT O 2 3., WT O,. GATT, 9 4 4 U R WT O WT O.
WT O. WT O (w o r k in g p a t y ),, (T PRM )., WT O., WT O,. WT O. WT O WT O. WTO Qu a d ( E C ) WT O,. WT O ( E C ), D ( ), ( E C ), CTV ( ). D S M. D S M. IM F WT O (p la y e r ). 9. IM F WT O.,,,. (, ) ( 1 9 9 8. 9,, )
6 9 9 6 3,4 7 8 E U, GATT WT O - 8 8 16 1 9 0 1 15 9 3 2 5 1 WT O 9 5 2 4 7-9 5 1,8 0 6 4 4 5 3 9 4, E U 3 5 9, 1 9 7 4 1, 3 9 5 7 7 % - 8 0 9 0, 9 6 3 1 9 * 8 7 9 8 : 2 9 5 5 7 :4 3 6 9 9 6 3,4 7 8-6 9 7 4 2 2 5 9 0 9 4 9 6 9 9 5 9 6 2 4 3 0-6 9 9 6 9 2 2 2 6.4 % < > 6 9 7 4 7 5 7 9 8 0 8 4 8 5 8 9 9 0 9 4 9 5 9 6 1 2 5 14 0 14 6 2 19 2 4 9 4 3 9 2 2 E U 1 9 5 5 1 2 8 1 0 1 14 7 6 7 5 2 7 4 2 7 4 1 7 6 1 15 9 0 2 1 5 1 8-1 2 0 2 4 2 1 8 0 2 5 2 3 5 8 2 9 - - - - 4-4 3 9 6 4 1 0 7 4 2 3 1 2 6 4 6 8 2 2 2 5 4 5 3 7 12 6 8 9 9 6 9 4 3 0 3,4 7 8
< > 9 7 2 9 4 9 0 6 2 8 0 4 0-9 4.9 9 6.7 2 2 8 5 7 % ( 8 ), ( 5 ), (3 ) - 6 0 % * 4 0 % - 3 (5. 19 ) - - S 1 0 3 % ( 9 8.4 ) - 6 ( 5. 16 ), 7 ( 9. 1 ), ( 9. 1 1 ) * (A IS I) 9 8 1,8 2 0 1 2.4 % 1 14 %, 8 9 % ( 9. 1 0 ) < E U > 9 7 3 3 6 3 14 6 9 7 2 3 2 0 4 5 E U 3 - E U 4 0 % - 9 3.5, - 7 9 0 % (4.2 8 )
- TV ( 6. 1 0 ) - E U, ' 9 5 ' 9 7 TV, E U - 6 ( 2. 1 7 ), ( 6.2 5 ) - 9 8. 1 E U 5 ( 8.2 1 ) < > 9 0 2 5 ( ' 9 7.3.2 5 ) * 9 4 3 0-7 8.9 % ( 7.9, 1 2 ) -, -, - U R, - WT O -,
*, ( 8.3 1 ) - WT O, * ( F RB ) - * WT O - WT O, ( 1 9 9 8.9.2 0, 13 5 3, ) 2 0 0 0 U R E U W T O WT O 9 5 6 2 0 %, 10 1 3.3 % *,,,,, 3 6 %, 2 1 %, 2 / 3
< > 9 6 ( 9 6 2 0 0 2 ) -, - WT O, - - ( 2 0 0 0 ) ( 3.5 6, O E C D ) E U 5 0 0 ( 5. 1 8, 2 WT O ) * 2 WT O,, < ( C a i r n s G r o u p ) > - U R - ( ) * 15 - WT O -,, WT O 4. 1 2 - E U
- - E U < > 5 0 %,,, 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0, E U < E U > * E U G D P 0.5 % 1/ 4 2 0 %, 3 0 %, 1 5 % ( 5 4 6 6 E C U / ) ( CA P ) ( 2 0 0 0 ) ( 3. 1 8 ) - - E U (6.2 4 2 6, WT O ) - U R E U
- WT O ( 2 0 0 0 ) - - U R WT O ( 9.2 4 ) WT O - 3 WT O ( 9 9, ) 2 0 0 0, ( 1 9 9 8.9.2 4, 13 5 6, ) E U, 3 E U 2 0 0 0 WT O 3. E U. E U WT O 4 3 1 3 2 WT O. 3 WT O. WT O. WT O, 2 0 0 0. E U. E U,, E U. E U ( s t a n d s t ill ), 3.
E U E U 3 0 % 2 0 %. E U. E U. U R E U. ( 1 9 9 8.9.2 9,, ) WT O 1 WT O 1 ( 9.2 4 2 5, ) 2 9 9.2 W T O WT O 2 ( 5. 1 8 2 0 ) U R - E U 2 0 0 0 - A S E A N - EU U R, (Mille n n iu m Ro u n d ) - WT O 2-2 1 WT O, - 1 ( 9 6. 1 2 ),,
- 9, 3 (9 9, ) W T O 1 - E U - UR *, - E U ( S in g le - u n d e r t a k in g ) * E U 3 - U R 7 3-2 9 9 2 ' 9 8. 10 ' 9 9. 1-3 9 9. 1 1.3 0 12.3-9 9 3 2 0 0 0 -, 2 9 9 - WT O (w o r k p r o g r a m ) * WT O, ( 7.2 2 )
WT O 1-2 WT O 2 0 0 0 U R - U R - WT O - O E C D, A P E C * O E CD 10.7 9,,, - 2 2 1 ( 1 9 9 8. 10. 1,, 1 3 6 2, ) ( FTA ) NA FTA WT O *, ( 9 1 )
( FTA ) 1 9,, (9 3.5 ), E C C ( ) * 3 E C C 4 9 E C C 3, 5 ( 9 6.4 ) ( F T A ) 19 - - 2 (9 3.5 ) E C C (9 6.4 ) 3 * E C C W T O 2 3 WT O E C C WT O WT O,
, NA FT A WT O - ( FTA ) 2, - NAFTA 2-3,, WT O -, - WT O ( 1 9 9 8. 10. 1 1, 1 3 6 8, ) O ECD O E CD 2 9. 8 O E C D 2.
O E C D,. O E C D.... O E C D O E C D 2.. O E C D.. WT O (W C O ) E U O E C D. ( 1 9 9 8. 10. 13,, ), GATT WTO, WT O WT O ( GATT ) WT O. 9 6.. WT O WT O. WT O WT O.
WT O. WT O WT O. WT O. 1 5. WT O,, 4 WT O. WT O. ( 1 9 9 8. 10. 15,, ) E U 3 WT O E U. E U 3 1.. E U 1. E U E U. AP E C..
WT O. ( ) U R WT O. E U 2 0 0 1 1 9 6 1 2 WT O (,,, ). ( 1 ) : WT O 2 0 0 0 1 ( GAT S ) U R. E U,,,,,,,. ( 2 ) : WT O 9 9 9 4. E U. WT O.. ( 3 ) : E U. E U,,. ( 4 ) : E U. ( 5 ) : WT O,,,. E U. ( 6 ) : E U, WT O. ( 7 ) : O E C D O E C D WT O. WT O O E C D 2 9 WT O.
( 8 ) : E U,. ( 9 ) : WT O E U 1 5 2 4 WT O 1. ( 1 0 ) : E U. 9 WT O. ( 1 9 9 8. 10.2 3,, ) WT O EU, WT O. E U WT O. E U. WT O. E U WT O. /. E U 15 2 4. WT O... ( 1 9 9 8. 10.2 3,, )
OE CD (MAI) O E C D 1 0. 2 0 2 8, 8 O E C D - 2 8 O E C D 8 ( F D I o u t fl ow ) 9 2 % (MAI) - - MA I, ( ) - MAI MAI - 7 MAI O E C D ( C IM E ) MAI WT O MAI Dr a ft m o d el m o d el MAI < > - - 6 ILO MAI
E U 5 6 MAI MAI - MAI - < > - O E C D - 12, E U - 7 - - - MAI m o d e l d r a ft - - WT O O E C D - WT O MAI - WT O ' 9 6. 1 2 O E C D (MAI) -
* MAI O E C D WT O - MAI WT O O E C D - 3 MAI O E C D WT O WT O MA I - O E C D 4, E U O E C D ( 1 9 9 8. 10.3 1, 1 3 8 5, ) WT O WT O WT O W T O - ' 9 2 4 9 2 4 3. 7 % 9 3 3 6.4 % 9 6 2 3 % 9 7 1 7 % - 6 WT O ( 9 7. 1 2 ),, ( ITA ) - ( 5.8 ) ( 8. 7 ) ( 9 4. 1 ) -,, (9 6. 1 2 ) - (9 7. 1 ) - WT O 3 ( 9 7.3 )
- WT O,,, 2 -, ( 9 7.5 ) - 2 0 0 0 ( 9 5 ) - 6 ( 9 7. 1 2 ) WT O 2 1 0 0 % - 5 6 3 0, 1 0 0 W T O - 9 7 - WT O (9 8.3 ) ( 7. 1 7 ) - - WT O 7 WT O (4. 7 8 ) - 9 7 APE C 2 0 0 5 1 0 %, 1 0.8 % -, E U 8 ( 7.2 4 2 5 ) - WT O 5 ( 2 5 % )
- E U,, 1 1 4 0 (9.2 5 S CM P ) W T O - 8 0 2 3 0 % 1,3 8 0 %, WT O ( 6.2 8 ) - WT O ( 9.2 3 ) E U - WT O - 10 WT O,, ( 9.2 9 ) - (6.2 6 ) 1 1 APE C 9 9-2 0 0 0 U R WT O 2 0 0 1 WT O WT O 9 9 (4.2 8 O E C D ) WT O - WT O ( 8 6.7 ) 10,,
- - WT O - 2 0 0 0 WT O - WT O WT O - E U 9 9 ( 1 9 9 8. 10.2 2, 1 3 7 7, ) OE CD O E CD 10.2 9 (T C ), W T O < W T O > O E C D, U R, 3 WT O ( 9 9 ) - E U O E C D 3 - WT O E U -,, -
- - < O E C D > -,, MAI WT O -,,,, WT O O E C D, N G O, -,,,, O E C D -,, 9 8 -,,, WT O -,, - E U - ( N G O ) N G O O E C D -,,,,,,
- 9 5, 9 9 WT O N G O N G O, N G O O E C D (T C ) - WT O ( 9.2 3 2 5, ) WT O O E C D WT O 2 0 0 0 N G O - O E C D O E C D - WT O 2 ( 9 9. 2 ) O E C D - WT O MA I, (NG O ) NG O ( 9 8. 1 2 ) ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1. 13, 1 3 9 6, ) WT O WT O WT O - - (R e d D e lic i o u s ) ( G o ld e n D e lic io u s ) 2 ( 9 4. 8 ) - 9 4 9,0 0 0 9 5 8 0 0, 9 6 2 0 0
- F u j i G a la B r a e b u r n [G r a n n y S m it h 5 ( 9 6 ) - 2 - ( S PS ) GATT 2 3 ( ) WT O ( 9 7. 4 ) W T O 9 7. 6 2-5 - - WT O ( ) ( 9 7. 1 0 ) WT O ( 9 7. 1 1 ) WT O ( 1 0.2 7 ) - WT O ( S PS ) 2 2 -, S PS 5 6 - E U W T O - WT O - WT O ( 10.2 8 U ST R )
- WT O - WT O ( 1 0.2 8 ) WT O 6 0 ( 9 0 ) WT O - WT O ( 9 5. 4 ), E U ( 9 6. 1 ), -, -, -, - WT O ( 1 5 ), 2 0 0 0 WT O WT O 1 5 ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1. 14, 1 3 9 7, ) WT O WT O, WT O W T O WT O
- U R GATT ( 9 4.4 ) WT O ( 9 5. 1 ) 4 -, WT O ( D S B ) - ( K a m e l M o rj a n e ) ( ) 2 - -, 2 ( 5. 1 8 2 0 ) (4. 7 ) ( 5.2 9 ) - 2 - ( 2 3 ) ( 6 ) 3 5 ( 6 ),, E U ( 1 0. 1 9 ) - 2-1 5 2 4, WT O (N G O ) -,
( 1 1. 3 ) -, -,, - 15, WT O 2 1 1 5 ( 1 1 ) WT O - U R GATT, WT O - - WT O - 1 1.2 0 ( D S B ) - - 3 (9 9. 1 1, ) ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1. 1 7, 1 3 9 9, )
( ) (N O ).. ( ) ( ).. ( ).. N O.. ( 7 0 c m, 2 5 c m ). 5 3 % ( 4 0 % ). N O... ( 1 9 9 8.9. 1 5,, ) H e a ly (e n v ir o n m e n t a l c o m p lia n c e t e s t in g ). " " 2 1.,. 5 0 H e a ly G o l d e n V a ll e y E l e c t r ic As s o c ia t i o n 2 5 1 D e n a li..
" ( s p r a y d r y e r )" 1. 2 H e a ly 1 3..... 1 0 0 B t u s 0.2 6 1 0 0 B t u s 0.3 5 2 5 %, 10 0 B t u s 0. 1 1 0 0.0 1. H e a l y. 18. 5 0 3 3. 2 4,2 0 0 4 8 % 1 1, 7 0 0 D O E, 5 2 % 1 2,4 0 0. 2, 5 0 0.. ( 1 9 9 8.9. 1 8, 3 2 9, ) s o o t (,,., ). 9 10 N a t u r e,.,., (n it r o u s a c id ; H N O 2 )., (fr e e r a d ic a l ).
.. P a u l S c h e r r e r (AE R O S O L) M a r k u s Am m a n n s o o t. s o o t (N O 2 )., 1. ( a t m o s p h e r i c c h e m is t ) D a n i e l J a c ob ". s o o t ". s o o t s o o t. ( 1 9 9 8.9.2 8, 3 3 0, ) p e a - s o u p e r. M a r k u s Am m a n n P a u l S c h e r r e r B e r n 9 8 9 1 0 N a t u r e.,,,. O H. O H ( ),, PAN. O H., O H... 1 0 1 0. 1 0 0.. 1 0 ( 4 0 6 0 ).
D r Am m a n n.,. ( 1 9 9 8.9.2 8, 3 3 0, ) E PA ( E PA ) 9 8.9.2 4 (s t a t e s ). ( s t a t e s ). 2 0 0 3 8 5 %. O h i o Riv e r V a lly, G r e a t La k e s... " " C a r o l B r o w n e r. Cl e a n Air.,.,. 2 0 0 3 5 1,. 6.,.. 2 0 0 5 6 5 %. E PA,. E PA 2 2, (s t a t e s ) c r e d it s..
2 0 0 7 2 8 % 1 1 0. ",, " C le a n Air T r u s t E x e c u t iv e d ir e c t o r F r a n k O ' D o n n e ll. 2 0 ( C le a n Air A c t ),. 15 2 1 8. Wi s c o n s in E le c t r i c P o w e r C o. 5,,, C in e r g y C o r p 6.. (s t a t e s ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, D is t r i c t o f C o lu m b i a. ( 1 9 9 8. 10.8, 3 3 2, ) 6 0 7 0 %., b a g filt e r, ( ).,.,., r a d ic a l,, ( ).. ( ).,,.
( ) ( ) r a d ic a l. N Ox S Ox. O z o n iz e r (,,, o -, m -, p -, n - ) ( 1 0 0 p p b 1 0 p p m ). ( 7 9 %, 2 1 % ). ( 9 0 % ). ( 1 0 0 ) ( 9 5 % ),. 2 5 V ( 9 5 % ). 1 0 0 / 9 0 1 0 0 %. N O x S Ox., m e t h y l m e r c a p t a n e...., N Ox, S Ox. ( 1 9 9 8. 10. 16, 3 3 3, ), ( ) 6 1 0 14. 3,0 0 0. ( ) 1 8.
( ),,,,, 6 1,. ( ) ( ). (N O 2 ) 10 1 0. 3 0 %. N Ox 2 0 0 0. ( 1 9 9 8. 10.2 2, 3 3 4, ), NO 2 (N O 2 ) 10 2. 2 0 0 0 N O 2 1 9 9 3 N O 2. ( S PM ). N O 2 3 8 2 ( ) 6 5. 7 % ( 6 4.6 % ), 1,4 4 2 ( ) 9 5.3 % ( 9 6.4 % )., N Ox ( 6 1 9 6 ) 3 4.3 % ( 3 3.3 % ), 7 8.9 % ( 8 4 % ),. ( 1 9 9 8. 10.2 2, 3 3 4, ) (s n ow ).. < >..
( o r g a n o c h l o r id e s )... 7 7 0 m 3, 1 0 0 m. < >. 3 m.. ( 1 9 9 8. 10.2 2, 3 3 4, ) VO C, (V O C ), ( ). V O C. 1 V O C.,, V O C. ( ). ( ). 3 6 % V O C 0. 7 %.. ( ) ( ).. V O C. ( 1 9 9 8. 10.2 3,, )
. 10 8 n a t u r e..,,...,..,.,.,.. Alb e r t a D a v i d W. S c h in d l e r.,. 7 7 0 m 3, 1 0 0 m 1 0 1 0 0. 10. 10.,...,,.,.,. 8 7 % S a s k a t e c h e w a n,..,. 3,0 0 0.,,..,. ( 1 9 9 8. 10.3 0, 3 3 5, )
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Dr. Mik e Willa m s.. ( c u r le r s )..,... N o r t h C a r o lin a W illi a m s. 1 9 9 4,.,.. NC (Nor t h Ca r olin a St a t e Cen t e r )... E k o c a n Lt d. N C. " "....,.. ( ).,,,, Willia m s.. Lillin gt o n B ob Et h e r id g e C o n c o r d B ill H e fn e r, Lit t l e t o n Ev a C la y t o n N C c e n t e r. N C 2 0 0. " ". ",." Willia m s. N C 1 0 0,., 1 5,. La k e Wh e e le r Ro a d. ( 1 9 9 8.9.2 8, 3 3 0, )
,....,,... ( 1 9 9 8.9.2 8, 3 3 0, ). 1 3 9,.,..,.. 3 1. 2 3 7 1 2 0..,,.,.,. ( E PA ). ( 1 9 9 8.9.2 8,, )
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- ( IS M ) IM O, O E C D, E U - O E C D - (IM O ) - O E C D - O E C D,, O E C D -, 12.3 3 ' 9 8 2 O E C D IM O *,, -, E U, ( 1 9 9 8. 10.8, 13 6 5, ) 9 8 (M a n u fe s t o 9 8 ). 9 8. C S IR O RAC O D..... RA C O D..
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V a r e l. 1/ 2 3 / 4. "h y d r o ly s is ". u r e a s e. h y d r o ly s i s. u r e a s e. V a r e l u r e a s e. u r e a s e. y c l o H e x y l Ph o s p h o r i c T r i a m id e ( C H PT ) u r e a s e u r e a s e h y d r o ly s i s u r e a s e 4 h y d r o ly s i s. C H PT Ph e n y l Ph o s p h o r o D iam i d a t e ( PP DA ). V a r e l u r e a s e h y d r o ly s i s. PP DA 10 0 m g 2 8 7 0 % 1 0 m g 3 8 %. u r e a s e u r e a. Va r el. n - (n -b u t y l)t riop h os p h oric t r i a m i d e (N B PT ) ( ) 3 u r e a s e. N B PT. N B PT u r e a s e V a r e l. N B PT 1 N B PT. V a r e l u r e a s e. u r e a s e. u r e a s e u r e a s e u r e a s e. ( 1 9 9 8. 10. 16, 3 3 3, )
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.,, H ir s c h. 1 9 9 5 1,3 4 0.. 1,9 0 0 5 8 0. ( 4 6 0 ),,,. 1 2 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 5. ( 1 9 9 8. 10.2 2, 3 3 4, ) (E PA ) 1 0 1 5 5 5 0,0 0 0.,,. 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 5,. E PA. 1 9 9 5, 2 g a ll o n / d a y. 4 E PC RA C E R C LA.,, ( ),.,,,,,. E P C RA 3 13 E PA. 1 9 8 9 1 9 9 1,,,,,. ( 1 9 9 8. 10.3 0, 3 3 5, ).
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Kir k w o o d r e s o r t J a c k s o n 4 0 M o k e lu m n e.. H o llo w a y 3 5,. (b e d r o c k ). p h y llit e,,,,...,. S i e r r a N ev a d a. M o k e lu m n e.., H o llo w a y. M o k e lu m n e 9 0 %,. H o ll o w a y. C a lifo r n i a D e p a r t m e n t o f F o r e s t r y a n d F ir e Pr o t e c t io n,. U C D a v is D a h lg r e n. D a h lg r e n o a k.,. o a k,,. D a h lg r e n o a k,,. H o llo w a y D a h lg r e n,. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.6, 3 3 6, )
, 2 0 %,, 35% 1 0 8 0 9 5 4 4 ( 1 6 7 ) 4 2 0 9 % 1 6 % 1 2 0 %. 2 0 2 5 3 2. 2 0 8 0 2 % 5 % 8 0 ( ). 1 5 3 5 % 16 %.. ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1. 1 1, 7 ), ( a lu m in iu m s u lp h a t e ) ( d r i n k i n g w a t e r ). C S IRO. C S IRO (J e n n y S t a u b e r ),.
1 2 %,..,. (Alz h e im e r ' s d is e a s e ).,..,..,... 1%. (W o r ld H e a lt h O r g a n is a t i o n, W H O )..... W SAA (W a t e r S e rv ic e s As s o c i a t i o n o f Au s t r a lia ) C S IRO ( C S IRO E n e r g y T e c h n o l o g y ) ( C e n t r e fo r Ad v a n c e d An a ly t ic a l C h e m is t r y ). 2 9, 3 6 7 6.,.... ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1. 13, 3 3 7, )
(gr ou n d w a t er ) (r a d io a ct iv e c on t a m in a n t s ). (T e n n e s s e e ) ( O a k Ri d g e N a t io n a l La b o r a t o r y ) (fi e ld t e s t s ),. (U.S. E n v ir o n m e n t a l Pr o t e c t io n Ag e n c y ), 5 0 %. " ( E n v ir o n m e n t a l S c i e n c e & T e c h n o lo g y )", 1 1 1 1. (Am e r i c a n C h e m i c a l S o c i e t y ). 1 2 1 5. (n o n - r a d io a c t iv e s u r r o g a t e s ) (t r a c e r ). (p la n t m a t t e r ) ( d is s o lv e d h u m ic m a t e r ia l ) (r a d i o n u c lid e s ).. (J o h n M c C a r t h y ),. 1 10 m 8 0 m..,.,.. (w a s t e fa c ilit i e s ).,, ( D e p t. o f E n e r g y ) ( D e p t. o f D e fe n s e ),..,. (U n iv. o f T e n n e s s e e ) ( C o l o r a d o S t a t e U n iv. ). ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 0, 3 3 8, )
,. 10 20... 5 2 5., 1 0 2 0. 6 7. ( 2 5 )..... 7 0,,.. 2 5 (UNICEF ).,. U N IC E F. U N IC E F., 2 0.. 1 8.. (W H O ) 0.0 1 5. 6 4 4 3. 8 3 2. 4... ( 1 9 9 8. 1 1.2 5, 2 2 )
, 2 1 (D O E ) C O N S O L. D O E 1 0 0 4 0. ( s c r u b b e r ). D O E ( F ET C ). C O N S O L - T r u m b u ll C o r p., F a ir m o n t Alle g h e n y E n e r g y Du q u e n e Lig h t 5 0. Lib r a r y 5 0 (p ilo t p la n t ),., (fly a s h ) C O N S O L. D O E. 2 0 0 0. 4. 19 9 0 2. 10 %. C O N S O L. C O N S O L 4 D O E. 5 0 0. 2 4 5-1 9 9 9 4.. 3 2 0.. p e g g y.a b r a h a m s o n @h q.d o e.g ov a lj o e @fe t c.d o e.g ov. ( 1 9 9 8.9. 1 8, 3 2 9, )
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,,,. Re u s e S h o p. 19 6 0 7 0,.,.,,.. Re u s e Re p a ir.,. R e p a ir S h o p,, Re fo r m..,,. D IY( D o It Yo u r s e lf). D IY Re p a ir... ( 1 9 9 8. 10.2, 3 3 1, ) 10, 10. 5 0 0, 2.. 1 0..... 1 0 %. ( 1 9 9 8. 10.9,, )
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