韓藥作誌 (Korean J. Medicinal Crop Sci.) 21(5) : 394 400 (2013) ISSN(Print) 1225-9306 ISSN(Online) 2288-0186 http://www.medicinalcrop.org http://dx.doi.org/10.7783/kjmcs.2013.21.5.394 종자전처리및환경조절이삽주종자발아에미치는영향 전권석 * 송기선 * 윤준혁 * 김창환 * 김종진 ** * 국립산림과학원남부산림자원연구소, ** 건국대학교녹지환경계획학과 Effects of Seed Pretreatment and Environment Controls on Germination of Atractylodes japonica Seeds Kwon Seok Jeon*, Ki Seon Song*, Jun Hyuck Yoon*, Chang Hwan Kim* and Jong Jin Kim** *Southern Forest Resources Research Center, Korea Forest Research Institute, Jinju 660-300, Korea. **Department of Environmental Design, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. ABSTRACT : This study was carried out in order to examine the germination characteristics of Atractylodes japonica seeds, and it was to develop the more efficient pre-treatment and production system of the seeds. Experiment was performed by two ways-temperature control (10, 15, 20, 25 ) and shading treatment (full sunlight, 35, 50, 75, 95% of full sunlight). Seed pre-treatment before the each experiment was carried out by temperature (with low temperature and wetting treatment (LTW) for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days) and shading treatment (with drying at room temperature (DRT), drying at low temperature (DLT) and water soaking (WS) for 48 hours). Seeds of A. japonica were germinated well under temperature control (overall 85.3 ~ 100%), especially high temperature. And, the seeds pre-treated with LTW for 45 days germinated with a 100% success rate. Under the surveying shading treatment, the highest germination rate was 95.8% with DRT and overall 63.2 ~ 95.8%. Germination rate under seeds with WS was 63.2 ~ 7.8%. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, A. japonica seeds don't need to pre-treat cause of high germination, but if it is performed with LTW for a certain period of time, it would be more productive. Key Words : Atractylodes japonica, Pre-Treatment, Temperature Control, Shading Control, Seed Germination 서 삽주 (Atractylodes japonica Koidz.) 는국화과에속하는다년생초본으로한국, 일본, 중국의동북지방산지에자생하는데, 초장이 30 ~ 100 cm에달하고뿌리가굵으며마디가있다. 우리나라에서는주로산야에서자생하고있으며농가에서약용으로재배하기도한다. 뿌리는약용으로쓰이며잎은채소로서식용되는데가정에서는이삽주의부드러운싹을삽주국, 삽주쌈, 나물등으로만들어먹는다. 천생출, 동출, 산출, 백출, 창출, 선출, 산연이라고부르기도한다 (Kwak et al., 2011; Park and Seong, 2007). 한편, 한방에서는삽주가다른약재의효능을증가시키는보조재로서주로처방되고있는데자연상태에서종자결실율이 언 매우낮을뿐만아니라종자번식을통한생장이아주느리기때문에주로근경을이용하여재배가이루어지고있다. 또한, 주로수입품에의존하고있기때문에시급히재배가이루어져야만하는데과거에삽주종자의증식기술개발을위한연구는많지않았으나근래많은연구가진행되고있다. 여러식물종자를이용한발아연구는발아력을향상시키기위해상대적으로큰종자 (Wright, 1976) 를사용하거나층적저장 ( 저온습윤 ) (Jeoung, 1991; Kwon et al., 1993; Yang and Kim, 1993), 온도처리 (Jeon et al., 2010; Hwang et al., 2012; Yoo et al., 2012a, 2012b), 호르몬처리 (Kim, 1999), priming 처리 (Kang et al., 2001) 를하는등의다양한연구가진행되고있다. 따라서본연구에서는온도와광도가삽주종자의발아에 Corresponding author: (Phone) +82-55-760-5034 (E-mail) nontimber2@forest.go.kr Received 2013 January 24 / 1st Revised 2013 Srptember 11 / 2nd Revised 2013October 15 /3th Revised October 17 / Accepted 2013 Revised October 17 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 394
종자전처리및환경조절이삽주종자발아에미치는영향 Table 1. Seed quality of Atractylodes japonica used for this experiment. 1000 seeds weight (g) 1 liter weight (g) Seed no./kg 미치는영향을구명하여삽주의종자증식기술개발에활용하고자한다. 재료및방법 Seed no./l 17.75 403.96 56,338 22,758 1. 시험재료본연구의시험재료는삽주 (Atractylodes japonica Koidz.) 이다. 종자는 2012년 10월에국립산림과학원남부산림자원연구소의월아시험림임간재배지에서직접채취하였으며본시험에사용된종자의길이와폭은각각 10.02 mm와 3.96 mm로품질은 Table 1과같다. 종자의발아능력은현장에서의파종량을결정하는중요한요인 (Thompson, 1979) 이되기때문에상대적으로발아율이높은큰종자 (Kim, 1999; Clair and Adams, 1991) 를선별하여사용하였다. 실험은국립산림과학원남부산림자원연구소내소득임산물연구실과가좌묘포장에서각각실시하였다. 2. 항온기발아실험및전처리온도처리별발아실험은전처리된종자를사용하여 10, 15, 20 그리고 25 로조절된항온기에서각각실시하였다. 종자의전처리과정은, 2013년 3월 11일에정선된종자를흡습지에싸서지퍼백에넣은후지퍼백내부의흡습지가충분히젖도록증류수로습윤처리하여 4 의저온저장고에각각 15일, 30일, 45일, 60일동안저장하였다. 대조구 ( 저온습윤저장 0일 ) 종자는 2013년 3월 11일에상기온도로조절된항온기에서발아실험이진행되었으며, 15일, 30일, 45일, 60일동안저온습윤처리를받은종자는전처리기간이끝난 3월 26일, 4월 10일, 4월 25일그리고 5월 10일에각각발아실험이실시되었다. 항온기발아실험은각온도별로 filter paper를 2장씩깐 petri dish (Ø90 H15 mm ) 에증류수를흐르지않을정도로넣은후종자를 50립씩 3반복으로실시하였다. 이실험은암조건 (Kwon et al., 1993) 으로실시되었으며, 종자를치상한 petri dish를넣은후습도를유지 (Ahn et. al., 2008; Jin and Ahn, 2010) 하기위하여수시로분무처리하였다. 한편, 대조구, 15일및 30일동안의저온습윤처리구에는각각온도별로 50립씩 3반복총 150립의종자로실험을실시 하였으며, 45일동안의저온습윤처리구는처리중약 20.2% 가발아되어나머지미발아종자를온도별로총 120립의종 자를배치하여실험을실시하였다. 또한, 60일동안의저온습윤처리구는전처리중종자의 63.1% 가이미발아하여따로발아실험을실시하지않았다. 3. 용기파종발아실험을위한전처리및광조절광처리실험은용기에파종후비닐온실내전광및 35%, 50%, 75%, 95% 차광망을이용하여설치된차광시설에서 2013년 3월 6일부터 50일간진행되었다. 파종전충실한종자를선별하여 48시간동안각각상온건조 ( 실온 ), 저온건조 (4 저온저장 ) 및수침처리조건으로전처리를하였다. 이렇게처리된종자를시중에서판매되며유기물질이포함되지않은원예용상토를담은플라스틱트레이용기 (72 cavities, L27.5 W54.0 H4.5 cm ) 에각구마다종자 1립씩파종하였으며, 차광조건별로파종용기 2개씩배치하였다 (Table 2). 그리고습도유지를위하여모든차광처리구에비닐을씌웠으며고온으로인한피해를방지하기위하여내부온도가높은오후 1~2시에는비닐을개방해주었다. 광수준은 2013년 3월 6일에 ANA-F10 Illuminance meter (Tokyo Photoelectric Co., Japan) 를이용하여각차광내 3곳을측정하였으며차광처리구별로각각전광은 30,667 lux, 35% 차광은 18,520 lux, 50% 차광은 16,013 lux, 75% 차광은 7,897 lux, 그리고 95% 차광은 1,948 lux로조사되었다. 각차광처리별상대광도는전광대비각각약 60% (35% 차광 ), 50% (50% 차광 ), 25% (75% 차광 ) 및 10% (95% 차광 ) 로조사되었다. 본실험에사용된차광망은비교적균일한차광력을가지고있어유사한실험에많이쓰이는재료를사용하였다. 4. 실험결과조사저온습윤전처리후종자의형태변화조사는발아가되지않은 30일동안처리한종자를대상으로실시하였으며처리전 후의종자길이 (L), 폭 (W) 그리고종자지수 (L/W) 를각각구하였다. 발아실험실시후, 매일발아종자개수를조사하여발아율 (Germination rate, GR), 발아기 (Days to 50% of germination of final germination rates, T 50 ; Coolbear et al., 1984), 평균발아일수 (Mean germination time, MGT; Edwards, 1934), 발아균일도 (Germination uniformity, GU; Gordon, 1971), 발아세 (Germination speed, GS) 를아래의식을이용하여구하였다. ㆍGR=(N/S) 100 ㆍT 50 =Ti+(Tj Ti) (N/2 Ni) / (Nj Ni) ㆍMGT = Σ (Txㆍ Nx) / N ㆍGU = Σ [(MGT Tx) 2 Nx] / N 1 ㆍGS = Σ (Nx/Tx) 395
전권석 송기선 윤준혁 김창환 김종진 Table 2. Morphological change of Atractylodes japonica seeds after wetting with low temperature treatment. Before treatment After wetting with low temperature treatment Seed length Seed width Seed index (L/W) Seed length Seed width Seed index (L/W) 10.02 ± 0.91 3.96 ± 0.54 2.57 ± 0.43 11.28 ± 0.89 5.17 ± 0.70 2.21 ± 0.26 * *Means ± SD were presented and obtained from the seeds pre-treated with wetting and low temperature condition for 30 days. (N : 총발아수, S : 총공시종자수, N i :N에대한 50% 발아직전까지의총발아수, Nj:N에대한 50% 발아직후까지의총발아수, Ti:Ni 시점까지소요된발아기간, Tj:Nj 시점까지소요된발아기간, Nx : 조사당일의발아수, Tx : 치상후조사일수 ) 결과및고찰 1. 종자형태변화본실험에서 30일간저온습윤처리된삽주종자의길이와폭은각각 11.28 mm와 5.17 mm로조사되어처리전보다각각약 1.1배와 1.3배커진것으로나타났다 (Table 2). 길이보다폭의증가가더컸으며종자지수또한전처리전 (2.57) 보다전처리후 (2.21) 에낮게변화하였다. 이러한종자의외부형태변화는식물종자발아과정의첫단계인종자의수분흡수 (Bewley and Black, 1985) 후건조한종자내원형질의수화작용이진행되어여러가지세포소기관이수분을흡수 (Ching, 1972) 하여팽창하였기때문으로판단된다. 초 (Lee et al., 2000) 가온도별실험에서 20 에서가장높은발아율을보인것과유사한경향을보였다. 한편, Kim 등 (2012) 은삽주와마찬가지로어린순은식용하고, 뿌리나열매등은약용으로사용이가능하다고알려진어수리종자의온도별발아시험결과저온인 5 에서가장높은 82% 의발아율로보고하여본실험과는다른경향을보였다. 총발아율의 50% 가발아된일수를나타내는발아기 (T 50 ) 는전체적으로 1.0 ~ 9.7일의범위를보였으며, 저온습윤처리기간이길어질수록, 온도가높아질수록낮아지는경향을보였다. 이것은저온습윤처리기간과온도가증가할수록발아가빨리이루어졌기때문으로판단된다. 섬쑥부쟁이의발아기는 25 2. 저온습윤처리후발아력 1) 발아율및발아기발아는종자가수분을흡수하여배가휴면으로부터벗어나, 낮은상태의대사작용이최적상태로변하여생장이재개되어종피를뚫고유근이나오는과정 (Come and Tissaoui, 1973) 을의미한다. 본실험에서저온습윤처리를하지않은삽주종자의발아율은 20 에서 96.7% 로가장높았으며 15일저온습윤처리구에서는 15 와 20 에서 100% 로가장높은발아율을보였다. 전체에서대조구의 25 에서가장낮은 85.3% 의발아율을보인처리구를제외하고 91.3 ~ 100% 발아율로조사되어전체적으로삽주의발아율은높은것으로나타났다 (Fig. 1). 한편, 45일저온습윤처리구는모든온도에서 100% 의발아율로조사되어저온습윤처리기간이길어질수록발아율이높아지는경향을보였다. 이러한결과는발아억제물질이제거되었기때문으로판단되며독활 (Kim and Chae, 1993) 종자를저온습층처리를하였을때발아율이높은것과동일한결과로사료된다. 또한, 약재로쓰이는백초향 (Choi et al., 1993) 과선학 Fig. 1. Effects of temperature on germination rate of Atractylodes japonica seeds pre-treated with low temperature and wetting (LTW). Bars indicate SD. Fig. 2. Effects of temperature on T 50 (days to 50% of germination of final germination rates) of Atractylodes japonica seeds pre-treated with low temperature and wetting (LTW). Bars indicate SD. 396
종자전처리및환경조절이삽주종자발아에미치는영향 의암조건에서가장낮게 (Choi et al., 2003) 나타났으며방풍, 갯방풍, 구릿대, 참당귀종자의온도별발아실험과저온흡습처리기간별실험에서발아기는처리온도가높아질수록, 저온흡습처리기간이길어질수록낮아 (Yoon et al., 1999) 져본실험과동일한결과를보였다. 2) 평균발아일수, 발아균일도및발아세평균발아일수 (MGT) 는대조구의 10 에서 10.65일로가장길게, 45일저온습윤처리구의 25 에서는가장짧게조사되어전체적으로저온습윤처리기간이길어질수록, 온도가높아질수록평균발아일수는짧아지는경향을보였다 (Table 3). 온도별로는 45일저온습윤처리구보다대조구에서 2.9 ~ 3.8배긴평균발아일수를보인것으로나타났다. 발아균일도 (GU) 또한대조구에서가장높게조사되었으며가장낮은값으로조사된 45일저온습윤처리구보다온도별로 5.1 ~ 13.5배더높게나타났으며저온습윤처리기간이길어질수록, 온도가높아질수록발아균일도가낮아지는경향을보였다. 발아세 (GS) 는대조구의 10 에서 4.82로가장느린것으로조사되었으며온도가높아질수록, 저온습윤처리기간이길어질수록빨라지는경향을보였다. 이것은 Fig. 2와부합되는결과이며, 저온습윤처리를하였을때발아가빨라져전체적인평균발아일수가짧아지고발아세가빨라졌으며이로인해발아균일도가낮아져보다효율적인생산관리가가능할것으로판단된다. 또한, 대조구에서는치상후 2~4일차에첫발아가시작되었으며 30일과 45일저온습윤처리구에서는모두치상후 1 일차에첫발아가시작된것으로조사되었다. 이것은일정기 Fig. 3. Effects of shading rate on germination rate of Atractylodes japonica seeds pre-treated with drying at room temperature (DRT), drying at low temperature (DLT), and water soaking (WS). Bars indicate SD. Fig. 4. Effects of shading rate on T 50 (days to 50% of germination of final germination rates) of Atractylodes japonica seeds pre-treated with drying at room temperature (DRT), drying at low temperature (DLT) and water soaking (WS). Bars indicate SD. Table 3. Effects of temperature on mean germination time, germination uniformity and germination speed of Atractylodes japonica seeds pre-treated with low temperature and wetting (LTW). Temperature ( ) Control LTW for 15 days LTW for 30 days LTW for 45 days* Mean germination time 10 10.65 ± 1.07a 05.63 ± 0.39a 04.29 ± 0.33a 3.68 ± 0.42a ** 15 06.07 ± 0.39b 03.17 ± 0.03b 02.30 ± 0.16b 1.87 ± 0.10b 20 04.65 ± 0.07c 02.70 ± 0.28bc 01.99 ± 0.02bc 1.63 ± 0.19bc 25 04.80 ± 0.64c 02.48 ± 0.18c 01.67 ± 0.13c 1.26 ± 0.14c Germination uniformity 10 08.1 ± 3.3a 02.3 ± 1.4a 02.8 ± 0.3a 1.6 ± 0.2a 15 02.6 ± 1.6b 01.0 ± 0.5a 01.5 ± 1.8ab 0.3 ± 0.1b 20 01.6 ± 0.9b 01.0 ± 0.6a 00.3 ± 0.1b 0.2 ± 0.1b 25 02.7 ± 0.7b 00.7 ± 0.6a 00.3 ± 0.1b 0.2 ± 0.1b Germination speed 10 04.82 ± 0.36b 09.06 ± 0.31c 13.99 ± 1.39c 12.35 ± 1.57c 15 08.30 ± 0.39a 17.17 ± 0.33b 25.06 ± 1.54b 24.00 ± 1.83b 20 11.00 ± 0.35a 20.35 ± 1.36a 27.17 ± 0.60b 27.33 ± 3.88b 25 10.07 ± 2.71a 19.85 ± 1.36a 34.00 ± 2.92a 34.83 ± 2.89a *LTW; Low temperature with wetting. **Different letters in each column indicate significant differences according to Duncan's multiple range test (p = 0.05). 397
전권석 송기선 윤준혁 김창환 김종진 간의저온습윤저장 (Schopmeyer, 1974) 을함으로써종자의휴면과발아억제물질이타파되어발아가빨리이루어진것으로판단된다. 이러한결과는선학초의종자를저온층적처리하였을때발아기간단축과발아율이보다높아 (Lee et al., 2000) 지는것과동일한경향을보였다. 또한, 방풍, 갯방풍, 구릿대, 참당귀 (Yoon et al., 1999) 종자의저온흡습처리시발아율향상뿐만아니라발아일수가짧아져본실험과동일한결과를보였으며이러한처리는약용작물재배에보다효율적 Table 4. F-value of germination rate and T 50 of Atractylodes japonica seeds with different shading rates and pretreatment. Source F Germination T 50 Shading 24.013* 14.384* Pre-treatment 198.644* 12.645* Shading Pre-treatment 24.090* 5.260* *p < 0.01. 일것으로사료된다. 3. 전처리및차광처리후발아력 1) 발아율및발아기광등의환경요인 (Bonner, 1988; Cho and Kim, 1993; Kang et al., 1997; Yu et al., 1995; Amen, 1967) 은종자의발아에영향을미친다. 전처리와광수준을달리하여삽주종자의발아실험을한결과, 전체에서 63.2 ~ 95.8% 의발아율을보인것으로조사되었으며, 가장높은발아율은전광내상온건조처리구에서 95.8% 로조사되었다 (Fig. 3). 상온건조처리종자는 35% 차광처리구를제외하고 91.0 ~ 95.8% 의높은발아율을보였으며, 저온건조처리종자는 50% 차광을제외하고 84.0 ~ 93.8% 의발아율로차광률이높아질수록발아율이낮아지는경향을보였다. 수침처리종자는 63.2 ~ 77.8% 의발아율로차광률이높아질수록발아율이낮아지는경향을보였다. 종자의전처리가이루어진세처리구중수침처리구에서상대적으로낮은발 Table 5. Effects of shading on mean germination time, germination uniformity and germination speed of Atractylodes japonica seeds pretreated with drying at room temperature (DRT), drying at low temperature (DLT) and water soaking (WS). Shading (%) Pre-Treatment DRT z DLT y WS x Mean germination time Full sunlight 22.79 ± 0.13d 23.19 ± 0.04d 22.65 ± 0.70c* 35 26.13 ± 0.06a 24.67 ± 0.66c 23.91 ± 0.25b 50 22.93 ± 0.44d 27.03 ± 1.32a 23.83 ± 0.44b 75 23.79 ± 0.23c 25.64 ± 0.26bc 25.29 ± 0.38a 95 24.30 ± 0.23b 26.06 ± 0.73ab 25.64 ± 0.36a Germination uniformity Full sunlight 10.6 ± 0.7ab 09.6 ± 0.8a 10.4 ± 0.1c 35 14.0 ± 2.2a 13.5 ± 6.6a 21.6 ± 0.2a 50 05.2 ± 0.8c 14.1 ± 3.4a 14.1 ± 7.2bc 75 10.7 ± 4.7ab 14.7 ± 0.2a 13.3 ± 7.5c 95 09.8 ± 2.9b 15.0 ± 5.4a 20.3 ± 4.2ab Germination speed Full sunlight 3.08 ± 0.08a 2.96 ± 0.10a 2.49 ± 0.11a 35 2.13 ± 0.08c 2.63 ± 0.08b 2.41 ± 0.03a 50 2.88 ± 0.09b 1.91 ± 0.13d 2.08 ± 0.13b 75 2.84 ± 0.16b 2.44 ± 0.23bc 1.83 ± 0.04c 95 2.84 ± 0.16b 2.37 ± 0.25c 1.84 ± 0.04c Source F Mean germination time Germination uniformity Germination speed Shading 58.130* 7.265* 46.784* Pre-treatment 53.060* 15.949* 144.477* Shading -Pre-treatment 28.942* 3.265* 34.307* z Drying at room temperature, y Drying at low temperature, x Water soaking *Different letters in each column indicate significant differences according to Duncan's multiple range test (p = 0.05). * p < 0.01. 398
종자전처리및환경조절이삽주종자발아에미치는영향 아율을보였는데이것은수침처리에의한과습의피해를입었기때문으로사료된다. 발아기 (T 50 ) 는전체적으로 21.6 ~ 26.8일의범위로조사되어종자의전처리에따른발아기는큰차이를보이지는않았으나, 상대적으로전광에서낮은값을보였다. 한편, 저온층적처리한선학초종자를파종하였을때더많은엽수가발생 (Lee et al., 2000) 되어종자전처리가중요한것으로보고하였지만, 삽주종자의발아기에는큰영향을미치지않는것으로사료된다. 2) 평균발아일수, 발아균일도및발아세전처리종자의평균발아일수 (MGT) 는 22.65 ~ 27.03일의범위로, 차광별로는대부분저온건조처리종자가높게조사되었으나처리구간큰차이는없는것으로나타났다. 발아균일도 (GU) 는저온건조처리종자와 35% 차광을제외한수침처리종자의경우차광률이높아질수록높은값을보였으며, 차광별로는대부분상온건조처리종자가보다낮은발아균일도를보였다. 발아세 (GS) 또한 35% 차광을제외하고상온건조처리종자가가장높은것으로조사되었으며전체적으로는수침처리종자가가장낮은발아세를보였다. 이러한결과는삽주종자의경우특별한전처리가필요하지않는것으로판단된다. LITERATURE CITED Ahn YH, Choi CY and Kim YH. (2008). Study of ecotype on difference luminosity intensity and latitude in native Cacalia firma Kom. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology Symposium. 2:157-158. Amen RD. (1967). The effect of gibberellic acid and stratification on the seed dormancy and germination in Luzula Spicata. Physiology Plant. 20:6-12. Bewley JD and Black M. (1985). Seeds : Physiology of development and germination. Plenum press. New York, USA. p.1-367. Bonner FT. (1988). Seeds of woody plants. Advances in Research and Technology of Seeds. 11:81-112. Ching TM. (1972). Metabolism of germinating seeds. In Kozlowski TT. (ed.). Seed biology(vol. 2). Academic Press. New York, USA. p.103-218. Cho SH and Kim KJ. (1993). Studies on the increase of germination percent of Angelica gigas Nakai Ⅰ. Germination characteristics and cause of lower germination perecent. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 1:3-9. Choi GS, Park KW and Kang HM. (2003). Effect of temperature, light condition, and priming treatement on the germination of Aster glehhi FR. seed. Journal of Bio- Environment Control. 12:132-138. Choi SK, Lee JI, Seo YN and Choi KJ. (1993). Studies on the germination physiology, growth and component analysis of Agastache rugosa KUNTZE. Journal of Oriental Botany Research. 6:147-154. Come D and Tissaoui T. (1973). Interrelated effects of inhibition, temperature and oxygen on seed germination. In Heydecker W. (ed.). Seed ecology. Butterworths. London, England. p.157-168. Coolbear P, Francis A and Grierson D. (1984). The effect of low temperature pre-sowing treatment on the germination performance and membrane integrity of artificially aged tomato seeds. Journal of Experimental Botany. 35:1609-1617. Edwards TI. (1934). Relations of germinating soybeans to temperature and length of incubation time. Journal of Plant Physiology. 9:1-30. Gordon AG. (1971). The germination resistance test-a new test for measuring germination quality of cereals. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 51:181-183. Hwang IS, Yoo JH, Seong ES, Lee JG, Kim HY, Kim NJ, Lee JD, Ham JK, Ahn YS, Kim NY and Yu CY. (2012). The effect of temperature and seed soaking on germination in Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsl. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 20:136-139. Jeon SH, Son D, Ryu YS, Kim SH, Chung JI, Kim MC and Shim SI. (2010). Effect of presowing seed treatments on germination and seedling emergence in taraxacum platycarpum. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 18:9-14. Jeoung HW. (1991). Studies on the propagation on Korea native aralia(aralia elata Seemann). Master Thesis. Konkuk University p.4-21. Jin YH and Ahn YH. (2010). Comparison of ecological characteristics of Parasenecio firmus population in Korea and China. Journal of Environmental Science International. 19:197-207. Kang JH, Kim DI, Yu OK, Kim US and Kim YK. (1997). Effect of seed pretreatment with chilling, GA 3 and light on Bupleurum falcatum germination. Korean Journal of Crop Science. 42:384-391. Kang JH, Shim YD and Jeong JI. (2001). Effects of seed treatments for promoting seedling emergence of Codonopsis lanceolata Trautv. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 9:68-75. Kim CJ. (1999). Studies on seed production and germination of Ligularia fischeri. Master Thesis. Kangwon University. p.1-39. Kim ES, Kim HJ, Ahn JH, Kim DG, Lee KC and Seo KW. (2012). Effect of temperature on seed germination of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance. Conference of The Plant Resources Society of Korea. p.131-131. Kim KS and Chae YA. (1993). Analysis of substances related to germination in Aralia continentalis Kitagawa. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 1:49-57. Kwak JS, Seong HG and Chang KJ. (2011). Medicinal plant cultivation. Blue Happy Press. Seoul, Korea. p.1-423. Kwon TR, Jo JH, Kwon YS, Lee SP and Choi BS. (1993). Study on seed treatments to facilitate germination of some wild edible greens. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer. 35:416-421. Lee YH, Park JM, Lee ST, Chung DS and Kim HK. (2000). Effect of seed treatments on germination and growth of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 8:129-133. Park JH and Seong SH. (2007). Medicinal plant. Shinilbooks. Seoul, Korea. p.1-568. Schopmeyer CS. (1974). Seeds of woody plants in the United 399
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