Korean J Food Cook Sci Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 656~663 (2016) pissn 2287-1780 eissn 2287-1772 http://dx.doi.org/10.9724/kfcs.2016.32.5.656 생애주기에따른갈색거저리의식품성분변화 이주혜 이지윤 1 황진봉 2 남진식 3,4 한혜경 김소민 임정연 최용민 김행란 김세나 농촌진흥청국립농업과학원기능성식품과, 1 서울대학교농업생명과학대학농생명과학공동기기원, 2 한국식품연구원식품분석센터, 3 수원여자대학교식품분석연구센터, 4 수원여자대학교식품영양과 Changes in Food Composition of Tenebrio molitor by Life Stage Ju-Hye Lee Jiyoon Lee 1 Jinbong Whang 2 Jin-Sik Nam 3,4 Hye-Kyung Han So-Min Kim Jeong Yeon Im Youngmin Choi Haeng Ran Kim Se-Na Kim Functional Food & Nutrition Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea 1 National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul University, Seoul 08826, Korea 2 Department of Food Analysis, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 13539, Korea 3 Food Analysis Research Center, Suwon Women s University, Suwon 16632, Korea 4 Department of Food and Nutrition, Suwon Women s University, Suwon 16632, Korea Abstract Purpose: This study was aimed to compare the nutritional content of the life stages of Tenebrio molitor. Methods: Nutritional element analysis comprised 12 minerals, 18 amino acids, 4 vitamins, and 12 fatty acids in larval, pupal, and adult stages. Nutritional element content was expressed as a percentage of 100 g of sample and determined in raw and freeze-dried samples to assess the food value of the insect. Results: Moisture, crude protein, and crude fat contents in raw samples were 63.5%, 23.19%, and 3.96%, respectively. Moisture content was significantly higher in the adult stage than in larval and pupal stages, whereas crude fat and crude ash contents were lower. Mineral composition of the mealworm showed K, P, and Mg in decreasing order of content, with no differences among life stages. Total amino acid content increased from adult, pupal to larval stages, in order with each stage's growth, without difference in amino acid composition. Seventy-six to 78% of total fatty acid corresponded to unsaturated fatty acids, with oleic acid as the most abundant. In addition, fatty acid content was high in the adult stage, and clear differences were observed between life stages. Finally, vitamins B1 and B3 showed similar content between life stages, whereas vitamin B2 showed a higher content the adult than larval and pupal stages. A higher folate content was observed in pupal and adult stages than in the larval stage. Although freeze-dried samples showed a higher nutritional content than raw samples, both samples were similar in composition and content between life stages, suggesting the suitability of freeze-dried samples for use as food materials. Conclusion: These results may provide a basis for more diversified industrial applications of the Tenebrio molitor. Key words: Tenebrio molitor, life stage, mineral, vitamin, fatty acid Ⅰ. 서론 전세계적으로인구증가및경제적규모의확대에의한환경오염과식량난을대비하기위한한방법으로식용곤충에크게주목하고있다 (Van Huis A 등 2013). 곤충은대부분의가축보다훨씬적은온실가스와암모니아 가스를방출하여친환경적이며 (Oonincx DGAB 등 2010), 생애주기가짧고개체크기가작아적은공간과낮은사료비로사육이가능하여새로운식량으로기대를모으고있다. 곤충은일반적으로 50-60% 의높은단백질을함유하고있어기존육류단백질을대신할우수한단백질공급원이다 (Bukkens SGF 1997). 또한단백질이외에도조 Corresponding author: Se-Na Kim, Functional Food & Nutrition Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 166, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0018-0147 Tel: +82-63-238-3681, Fax: +82-63-238-3844, E-mail: gasinali@korea.kr http://www.ekfcs.org 2016 Korean Society of Food and Cookery Science This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creative-commons.org/lice nses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Korean J Food Cook Sci 생애주기에따른갈색거저리의식품성분변화 657 지방, 섬유소, 무기물, 비타민 B 등을풍부하게함유하고있다고알려지면서이를활용하려는움직임이국내외적으로활발해지고있다. 현재아시아를비롯하여아프리카, 남아메리카및호주등의많은지역에서동물성단백질, 필수아미노산및미량영양소섭취를위해다양한곤충을식용으로이용하고있다 (Hwang SY 등 2015). 갈색거저리 (Tenebrio molitor, mealworm) 는딱정벌레목거저리과의야행성곤충으로알려져있다 (Yoo JM 등 2013). 갈색거저리는영양소가풍부할뿐아니라먹이와서식조건등이까다롭지않아 (Makkar HPS 등 2014), 이미중국, 네덜란드등국외에서식용으로이용되고있는곤충일뿐만아니라국내에서도비교적산업화가많이진행된곤충이라할수있다. 이에식품의약품안전처는갈색거저리유충을 2016 년일반식품원료로허용하였다. 이처럼갈색거저리유충이일반식품원료로허용됨에따라모든영업자가식품의제조, 가공, 조리에사용할수있게되었다. 이처럼갈색거저리유충이새롭게대두되는식용원료로써영양적가치를유지하면서앞으로더욱다양하게사용할수있는연구의필요성이대두되고있다. 갈색거저리는알, 유충, 번데기및성충의생활주기로평균 3 개월의 1 세대를이룬다 (Hwang SY 등 2015). 갈색거저리를먼저식용으로이용하기시작한외국의경우, 갈색거저리유충의식품성분에대한연구들이활발하게이루어져오고있으나 (Nowak V 등 2016), 생애주기에따른갈색거저리의식품성분변화에관련된연구는일부식품성분에대한보고만있을뿐다양한성분에대한연구는미미한실정이다. 따라서본연구는식품원료로인정된갈색거저리의유충뿐만아니라번데기, 성충등생애주기별식품성분을비교분석하여갈색거저리가식품으로써뿐만아니라사료등다양한분야에서의산업적활용이확대되도록영양학적기초자료를제공하고자하였다. Ⅱ. 재료및방법 1. 실험재료본실험에사용된갈색거저리유충, 번데기, 성충의생것과동결건조한시료는국립농업과학원곤충산업과에서제시하는식용곤충표준사육지침서 (National Academy of Agricultural Science 2014) 에준하여사육한갈색거저리를경기도화성시소재농가에서제공받아사용하였다. 2. 시료처리제공받은갈색거저리생것및동결건조한시료는영양성분손실을최소화하기위해액체질소처리하여균질기 (Robot Coupe Blixer, Robot Coupe USA, Jackson, MS, USA) 로균질화한후 -70 C에서보관하여사용하였다. 실 험에사용된 HNO 3, H 2O 2, Pyrogallol, KMnO 4 는 Sigma- Aldrich Chemical Co.(St. Louis, MO, USA) 의제품을사용하였다. 3. 일반성분분석일반성분은 AOAC법 (1995) 에준하여분석하였다. 수분함량은 105 C의건조기 (OF-12, Jeio Tech, Daejeon, Korea) 를이용하여항량을측정하여산출하였고, 조단백질은 Kjeldahl 분해법으로단백질추출장치 (2300 Kjeltec Analyzer Unit, Foss Tecator AB, Höganäs, Sweden) 를이용하여측정하였다. 조지방은 Soxhlet 추출법 (Soxtec 1043, Foss Tecator AB) 을사용하였고, 조회분은 550 C 회화로 (MF31G, Jeio Tech, Daejeon, Korea) 에서직접회화법으로측정하였다. 4. 아미노산분석갈색거저리의구성아미노산의분석은식품공전 (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety 2012a) 을참조하였으며, 시료 0.2 g에 6 N HCl(Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) 을 40 ml를가한다음질소가스를충진하고밀봉하여 110 C에서 24시간가수분해시켰다. 여액을감압농축기 (EYELA N-1100, Tokyo Rikakikai Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) 로농축후 0.2 M sodium citrate buffer(sigma-aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) 로 50 ml로정용한후, 0.45 μm nylon syringe filter(whatman Inc., Florham Park, NJ, USA) 로여과한시료액을아미노산자동분석기 (Amino acid analyser L-8900, Hitachi Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) 를이용하여분석하였다. 5. 무기질분석무기질함량은식품공전 (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety 2012c) 에따라시료에 HNO 3 과 H 2 O 2 를가한후마이크로웨이브분해장치 (Multiwave ECO, Anton Paar, les Ulis, France) 로시료를분해하고냉각한다음 50 ml 가되도록정용하여무기질분석시료로사용하였다. 칼슘, 인, 철, 나트륨, 칼륨, 마그네슘, 망간, 아연은 ICP-OES(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry, JY 138 Ultrace, Jobin Yvon, Longjumeau Cedex, France) 로, 구리, 몰리브덴, 셀레늄, 요오드는 ICP-MS(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, ELAN DRC-e, PerkinElmer, Massachusetts, MA, USA) 로분석하여함량을구하였다. 6. 지방산함량및조성분석지방산함량은식품공전 (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety 2012b) 에따라약 100-200 mg의지방을포함하는 http://www.ekfcs.org 2016; 32(5):656-663
658 이주혜등 Korean J Food Cook Sci 양을마조니어관에넣고산화방지를위해 pyrogallol(50 mg/ml in EtOH) 을첨가한후, 2 ml 내부표준용액을첨가하여혼합하였다. 이에 8.3 M HCl(Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) 용액을첨가하여밀봉후 70-80 C 의수욕조 (BS-21, Jeio Tech, Daejeon, Korea) 에서교반하면서 40 분간분해한후냉각한다음, ether(junsei Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) 추출하여 trifluoroboran(boron Trifluoride: BF3) 메탄올용액 (Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) 으로지방산을메틸에스테르화하여가스크로마토그래피 (7890GC System, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) 로분석하였다. 7. 비타민분석 티아민과나이아신은 Kim GP 등 (2014) 의연구를참고로하여시료에 5 mm sodium 1-heptanesulfonate(J.T.Baker, Phillipsberg, NJ, USA) 용액을가하여균질화한후초음파추출기 (Powersonic 405, Hwashin, Daegu, Korea) 로추출하여 50 ml 로정용하여 0.45 μm syringe filter(acrodisc filter No. 4563, Pall, New York, NY, USA) 로여과한후 HPLC(Nanospace SI-2, Shiseido, Tokyo, Japan) 로정량하였다. Riboflavin 의분석은 AOAC(2000) 의형광광도법에의해시행하였다. 시료에 0.1 N HCl 50 ml 을가하고멸균후 0.5N NaOH(Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) 로 ph 6.0 으로조정하고 0.1 N HCl 로 ph 4.5 로조정하여 100 ml 로정용하였다. 추출물을여과지 (Whatman No. 2, Whatman Inc., Florham Park, NJ, USA) 를이용하여여과하고추출액에 3% KMnO 4 0.5 ml 를넣고혼합하여 2 분방치한후 3% H 2 O 2 0.5 ml 를넣고충분히혼합하였다. 침전물이생기면원심분리 (1580R, Gyrozen, Daejeon, Korea) 하여시료및표준용액의형광광도를측정하였다 (Ex=435 nm, Em=545 nm). 엽산은 DeVries JW 등 (2005) 에따른효소가수분해법을이용한미생물학적분석법에의해실시하였다. 시료에증류수와 0.1 M phosphate buffer (ph 7.8, 1% ascorbic acid 첨가 )(Sigma-Aldrich Chemical CO., St. Louis, MO, USA) 를가한뒤 100 C 에서 15 분열처리하여 protease, α-amylase, conjugase(pel-freez Biologicals, Arkansas St. Rogers, AR, USA) 를각각가한뒤 100 ml 로정용하였다. 추출액을멸균한뒤미리활성화시킨 Lactobacillus casei(spp. rhamnosus, ATCC 7469) 가접종된배지에넣어그함량을정량하였다. 8. 통계처리 통계분석은 PASW Statistics(ver. 18.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 를사용하여평균과표준편차를구하였다. 시료간차이검증을위해 ANOVA 분석을실시하였고, p<0.05 수준에서 Duncan's multiple range test 로유의성을검정하였다. Ⅲ. 결과및고찰 1. 일반성분함량갈색거저리의일반성분함량은생시료와동결건조시료를유충, 번데기, 성충의생애주기별로 % 로제시하였으며그결과는 Table 1과같다. 생시료를기준으로수분함량은 63.52-67.83% 의수준으로성충의수분함량이유충, 번데기에비해유의적으로높았다. 외국에서식용으로이용되고있는벌꿀과과실파리의경우에는성장함에따라수분함량이낮아지는경향을보여 (Hocking B & Matsumura F 1960, Bernard JB & Allen ME 1997) 본연구의갈색거저리결과와는차이를보였는데이는개체특성에의한차이로보인다. 조단백질함량은 23.19-24.53% 수준으로생애주기간에비슷하게높은함량을나타내어식품원료로허용된유충뿐만아니라성충, 번데기도좋은단백질급원이될수있을것이라고판단되며, 단백질을필요로하는동물의사료등으로활용가능성에대한검토가필요하다고생각된다. 조지방함량은성충에서 3.96% 로번데기 (11.18%) 와유충 (11.00%) 보다유의적으로가장낮게나타나, 유충과성충의조지방함량이각각 32.7%, 7.59% 로성충의함량이유의적으로낮게나타난 Ravzanaadii N 등 (2012) 의연구결과와유사하였다. 조회분함량은 1.18-1.27% 수준으로생애주기간에비슷한수준을나타내었다. 동결건조시료의수분함량은유충에서가장낮게나타났고조단백함량은성충에서가장높았으며, 조지방과조회분은생시료와비교하여함량은높게 Table 1. The proximate composition of Tenebrio molitor in different life stage Composition (%) Moisture 63.71±0.28 d 63.52±0.11 d 67.83±0.16 e 0.11±0.00 a 3.30±0.09 c 2.85±0.05 b Crude protein 23.19±0.27 a 24.53±0.13 a 24.38±1.15 a 51.38±2.48 b 53.88±1.15 b 61.38±1.33 c Crude fat 11.00±0.12 b 11.18±0.10 b 3.96±0.09 a 30.25±2.24 c 31.46±0.56 c 11.78±2.64 b Crude ash 1.27±0.03 b 1.26±0.01 b 1.18±0.020 a 3.47±0.03 d 3.26±0.03 c 3.45±0.02 d a-d 2016; 32(5):656-663 http://www.ekfcs.org
Korean J Food Cook Sci 생애주기에따른갈색거저리의식품성분변화 659 나타났으나생애주기간차이는생시료와유사한양상을나타내었다. 이러한결과는 Kim SY 등 (2015) 의갈색거저리유충의생시료와동결건조시료의일반성분을분석한결과 ( 생시료와동결건조한시료각각수분 61.46%, 5.02%, 조단백질 20.51%, 49.84%, 조회분 13.48%, 32.91%, 조회분 1.15%, 2.84%) 와유사하였다. 이상의결과로생것을기준으로판단할때, 유충과번데기는일반성분에서함량의차이를보이지않은반면, 성충은유충과번데기에비해수분함량이많고조지방및조회분의함량이낮음을알수있었다. 이는곤충의생애주기에따라유충에서번데기까지는일반성분함량이비슷하다가성충이되면서변화됨을나타낸다. 따라서아직은등록되지않은갈색거저리의번데기도유충과함께단백질, 지질, 회분등을많이함유하고있는영양가치가우수한식품소재로써이용가능할것으로생각된다. 2. 무기질함량생애주기별갈색거저리의무기질은 100 g 당 mg 혹은 µg으로표시하였으며그결과는 Table 2와같다. 생애주기모두총 12종의무기질이분석되었으며생시료를기준으로총무기질함량은번데기 (751.87)> 성충 (724.01)> 유충 (722.31) mg/100 g 순으로높게나타났다. 무기질성분별로는 K의함량이가장높아서생시료및동결건조시료의 K 함량이각각 310.50-327.48, 847.95-947.04 mg/100 g으로전체무기질의 41.30-45.23%, 41.48-44.40% 를차지하였다. 다음으로는 P의함량이높게나타나생시료기준으로 270.14-284.09 mg/100 g, 동결건조시료기 준으로 767.56-809.31 mg/100 g 으로각각전체무기질의 31.31-37.78%, 37.55-37.94% 를차지하였다. 이어서 Mg, Na, Ca 순으로높게나타났고그외무기질은 5.0 mg/100 g 미만으로미량함유되어있어무기질종류에따라함량의차이가있음을확인할수있었다. Finke MD(2002) 와 Ravzanaadii N 등 (2012) 은갈색거저리 ( 밀웜 ) 의유충과성충의무기성분을분석한결과 K 과 P 의함량이가장높았다고보고하여이는본연구의무기질조성과유사하였다. 그러나함량에서는차이를나타내었는데이는갈색거저리의생육조건, 원산지등에의한차이로생각된다. 생애주기별로보면유충은 Zn(4.34 mg/100 g), 번데기는 P(284.09 mg/100 g), 성충은 Ca, K(18.61, 327.48 mg/100 g) 의함량이다른생애주기시료보다유의적으로높게나타나생애주기에따라각무기질함량에차이를보였다. 이는갈색거저리와같이완전변태를하는벌꿀의영양성분이성장단계에따라다르게나타났다는 Bernard JB & Allen ME(1997) 의보고로미루어볼때, 성장과정중유충, 번데기, 성충과같이다양한형태로변화하는곤충은무기질함량이나조성에차이를나타내는것으로보인다. 3. 아미노산함량갈색거저리의생애주기별아미노산함량을분석한결과는 Table 3와같다. 분석한갈색거저리에서는 18종의아미노산이분석되었으며총아미노산함량은생시료를기준으로성충 (20161.81 mg/100 g)> 번데기 (18774.22 mg/100g) > 유충 (16635.79 mg/100 g) 순으로나타나갈색거저리의성장에따라아미노산의함량이증가하는것으로나타났 Table 2. The mineral content of Tenebrio molitor in different life stage Composition Ca (mg/100 g) 13.65±0.64 a 16.82±0.06 b 18.61±1.09 c 45.85±0.15 d 45.01±0.36 d 50.75±0.36 e P (mg/100 g) 273.59±7.77 a 284.09±1.71 b 270.14±1.13 a 809.31±6.14 e 767.56±2.54 c 780.45±2.74 d Fe (mg/100 g) 1.98±0.03 a 2.09±0.00 b 2.44±0.04 c 4.92±0.02 d 5.20±0.03 e 6.69±0.01 f Na (mg/100 g) 31.80±0.33 a 48.39±0.45 c 42.09±3.10 b 70.90±0.44 d 127.92±3.06 f 118.10±0.87 e K (mg/100 g) 313.49±4.07 a 310.50±1.90 a 327.48±4.85 b 947.04±2.23 e 847.95±0.81 c 890.79±3.96 d Mg (mg/100 g) 82.94±0.53 b 85.13±2.51 b 57.96±0.70 a 241.18±3.11 d 237.76±1.57 d 168.13±0.41 c Mn (mg/100 g) 0.38±0.01 b 0.33±0.02 a 0.48±0.01 c 0.82±0.03 d 1.05±0.00 e 1.32±0.03 f Zn (mg/100 g) 4.34±0.11 b 3.93±0.07 a 4.07±0.01 a 11.27±0.00 e 10.17±0.14 c 10.99±0.05 d Cu (mg/100 g) 0.57±0.01 b 0.51±0.01 a 0.68±0.01 c 1.59±0.02 e 1.34±0.01 d 1.85±0.00 f Mo (µg/100 g) 29.17±0.41 b 20.66±1.36 a 37.10±0.45 c 115.51±0.59 f 58.14±1.96 d 96.52±3.64 e Se (µg/100 g) 36.85±4.37 a 50.88±0.95 b 36.82±3.41 a 146.78±5.07 c 171.86±8.88 d 179.12±1.22 d I (µg/100 g) 3.80±1.10 c 7.38±1.41 d 0.00±0.00 a 8.78±0.03 d 4.74±1.13 c 1.62±0.03 b Total (mg/100 g) 722.31±12.15 a 751.87±2.17 b 724.01±10.92 a 2133.14±5.62 d 2044.18±0.46 c 2029.33±2.11 c a-f http://www.ekfcs.org 2016; 32(5):656-663
660 이주혜등 Korean J Food Cook Sci Table 3. The amino acid content of Tenebrio molitor in different life stage Composition (mg/100 g) Essential Nonessential Histidine 548.95±8.21 a 00 00630.07±20.96 b 712.58±2.63 c 00 1533.76±18.49 d 0 1632.45±39.73 e 0 2148.79±7.36 f 0 Isoleucine 845.52±32.89 a 0 00940.43±11.95 b 1005.26±2.41 b 00 2257.86±38.25 c 0 2360.66±52.32 d 0 3140.66±2.46 e 0 Leucine 1349.00±37.50 a 0 01523.21±34.28 b 1840.39±3.09 c 00 3645.49±55.80 d 0 3880.02±71.46 e 0 5368.86±3.34 f 0 Lysine 837.00±4.42 a 00 01018.01±17.13 b 992.82±2.91 b 00 2378.84±69.73 c 0 2502.82±26.95 d 0 2639.34±5.66 e 0 Methionine 637.46±8.27 c 00 00478.90±12.57 b 261.93±1.42 a 00 1810.60±39.12 f 0 759.88±16.58 e 0 699.20±3.49 d 0 Phenylalanine 737.94±20.59 a 0 00810.72±14.44 b 700.29±4.43 a 00 1932.68±32.99 c 0 2001.81±5.58 d 00 2003.42±6.58 d 0 Threonine 910.49±11.04 a 0 00886.74±2.60 a 900.13±3.94 a 00 2167.45±23.43 b 0 2226.05±14.31 c 0 2868.19±3.06 d 0 Tryptophane 104.42±3.85 a 00 00128.80±4.95 ab 153.98±5.92 b 00 499.78±16.25 c 0 585.18±22.42 d 0 770.26±29.63 e 0 Valine 1185.99±33.25 a 0 01318.08±5.61 b 1564.54±9.66 c 00 3080.99±48.94 d 0 3219.84±75.72 e 0 4227.16±2.38 f 0 Arginine 594.74±11.70 a 0 00883.12±9.29 b 1108.17±0.88 c 00 2787.24±20.77 d 0 2802.28±18.39 d 0 3347.47±6.54 e 0 Alanine 1747.00±15.99 b 0 01443.31±22.98 a 1838.35±1.64 c 00 3955.47±46.29 e 0 3510.77±44.78 d 0 5850.54±5.25 f 0 Aspartic acid 1142.16±26.63 a 0 01543.56±44.40 b 1620.69±50.01 b 0 3886.07±50.01 c 0 4262.03±105.87 d 5065.21±4.17 e 0 Cysteine 47.79±0.48 a 00 00050.04±1.06 a 51.22±1.87 a 0000 275.17±2.64 d 00 167.17±2.95 c 00 161.76±5.10 a 0 Glutamic acid 2148.19±36.86 a 0 02869.86±38.76 c 2472.90±6.68 b 00 6276.03±68.27 d 0 7368.61±85.65 e 0 7387.02±0.30 e 0 Glycine 945.69±18.35 a 0 01083.17±17.81 a 1802.26±5.97 b 00 2628.71±35.90 c 0 2577.84±21.13 c 0 4819.64±2.76 d 0 Proline 1156.35±30.58 b 0 01013.61±22.99 a 1405.48±13.11 c 0 2805.16±17.90 e 0 2745.62±9.98 d 00 4499.16±6.60 f 0 Serine 759.33±16.78 a 0 00922.43±22.20 b 897.81±5.63 b 00 2258.42±19.09 c 0 2373.16±33.45 d 0 2643.96±3.63 e 0 Tyrosine 937.74±15.14 b 0 01330.17±2.17 c 807.02±3.77 a 00 3819.69±11.51 e 0 4086.72±87.49 f 0 2368.67±3.08 d 0 EAA 1) 7184.03±147.57 a 08178.38±45.79 b 8038.80±15.32 b 0 21009.69±252.48 c 21029.39±353.42 c 23361.65±14.84 d NEAA 9451.77±55.42 a 0 10595.84±10.51 b 12123.01±87.17 c 0 27039.71±212.48 d 28185.12±355.00 e 36632.95±19.92 f Total AA 16635.79±202.99 a 18774.22±56.30 b 20161.81±102.50 c 48049.40±465.32 d 49214.51±708.41 e 59994.60±5.09 f 0 1) EAA: essential amino acid; NEAA: nonessential amino acid; AA: amino acid. a-f 다. 이중체내에서생합성이될수없어반드시식이를통하여공급되어야하는필수아미노산은 9 종이검출되었고이는총아미노산함량의 39.04-41.90% 를차지하였다. 주요아미노산은 glutamic acid, alanine, leucine, valine, proline 순으로나타나필수및비필수아미노산이풍부하게함유되어있었다. 특히 Na 염의형태로조미료의원료로사용되는 glutamic acid 가생시료와동결건조시료에서각각 2148.19-2869.86, 6276.03-7387.02 mg/100 g 으로가장높은함량을보였다. Cha WS 등 (2004) 은표고버섯조미료의 glutamic acid 함량을 46.2 mg/g 으로보고하였는데, 본연구에서갈색거저리동결건조시료의함량 (62.8-73.9 mg/g) 은이보다높아갈색거저리의천연조미료로써의이용이가능할것으로판단된다. 더불어갈색거저리유충의경우대두보다많은양의필수아미노산을함유하고있다는 Yi L 등 (2013) 의보고로미루어볼때갈색거저리는다양한아미노산을풍부하게함유하고있어종합아미노산의공급원으로아주좋은식품이될수있으리라고생각된다. 4. 지방산함량생애주기별갈색거저리의총지질을구성하는지방산조성을살펴본결과는 Table 4와같다. 생애주기모두에서총 12종의지방산이분석되었으며주요구성지방산은 oleic acid(n-9), linoleic acid(n-6), palmitic acid(c16:0) 로나타났다. 그중에서 oleic acid(n-9) 의함량이 963.45-4236.42 mg/100 g으로가장높았고이어서 linoleic acid (n-6) 1129.34-3888.99 mg/100 g, palmitic acid 442.74-1858.02 mg/100 g 순으로함량이높았으며이들지방산은총지방산의 88% 를차지하여갈색거저리지방산의대부분을차지하였다. 전체지방산함량중불포화지방산의함량은 76-78% 정도로포화지방산에비하여불포화지방산이약 3배많았다. Yoo JM 등 (2013) 은갈색거저리유충의지방산을분석한결과 oleic acid(n-9), linoleic acid (n-6), palmitic acid 순으로함량이높았으며불포화지방산함량이전체지방산의 77% 를차지한다고보고하여본연구결과와일치하였다. 특히불포화지방산중가장높은비율을차지하는 oleic acid는혈중중성지방이나콜레스 2016; 32(5):656-663 http://www.ekfcs.org
Korean J Food Cook Sci 생애주기에따른갈색거저리의식품성분변화 661 Table 4. The fatty acid content of Tenebrio molitor in different life stage SPA 1) MUFA Composition (mg/100 g) Lauric acid (C12:0) 40.25±0.24 b 0 44.12±3.11 c 0 0.00±0.00 a 0 99.02±0.78 d 00 111.33±0.28 e 00 0000.00±0.00 a Myristic acid (C14:0) 425.03±8.72 c 0 411.11±6.70 c 0 74.31±2.62 a 0 1013.23±14.83 d 0 1071.97±5.98 e 00 0342.83±4.94 b Palmitic acid (C16:0) 1687.48±30.77 b 1858.02±29.19 c 442.74±10.36 a 4469.34±98.37 e 0 4612.37±34.79 f 0 2193.12±12.98 d Stearic acid (C18:0) 291.12±1.94 b 0 373.25±15.40 c 165.82±8.51 a 0 810.86±10.27 e 0 828.02±1.41 e 00 0699.40±3.10 d Arachidic acid (C20:0) 13.53±0.08 b 0 16.54±0.50 c 0 9.88±0.12 a 0 38.76±0.57 e 00 40.97±2.17 e 00 0031.20±1.20 d Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) 213.26±4.43 c 0 196.62±2.38 b 0 35.99±1.12 a 0 514.27±12.06 d 0 556.49±7.92 e 00 0208.33±0.27 bc Oleic acid (C18:1n9) 4226.49±75.45 b 4236.42±54.08 b 963.45±1.11 a 0 10616.26±246.91 d 10869.33±95.27 d 0 5068.68±3.24 c Oleic acid (C18:1n7) 38.04±0.95 c 0 43.42±0.49 d 0 6.62±0.18 a 0 138.52±3.18 f 00 110.09±1.26 e 00 0031.24±0.53 b Eicosenoic acid (C20:1) 13.04±0.23 b 0 15.18±0.28 c 0 5.28±0.25 a 0 38.24±1.05 f 00 36.63±0.18 e 00 0017.19±0.66 d PUFA Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) 3827.34±71.87b 3888.99±49.00 b 1129.34±9.77 a 0 10700.17±225.59 e 9595.81±102.98 d 5483.55±25.31 c Linolenic acid (C18:3n3) 166.13±3.66 c 0 184.76±2.43 d 0 29.85±0.09 a 0 577.17±13.97 f 0 473.08±7.63 e 00 0126.19±1.84 b SPA 2457.40±41.27 b 2703.04±54.89 c 692.74±4.34 a 0 6431.20±123.27 e 6664.64±41.80 f 0 3266.54±22.21 d MUFA 4490.81±81.06 b 4491.63±57.20 b 1011.32±1.81 a 0 11307.34±263.14 d 11572.53±104.61 d 5325.44±4.18 c PUFA 3993.47±75.53 b 4073.75±51.43 b 1159.19±9.68 a 0 11277.33±239.55 e 10068.89±110.61 d 5609.73±27.15 c 1) SPA: saturated fatty acid; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid. a-f 테롤을감소시켜동맥경화증과같은성인병에효과가있다고알려져있어 (Grundy SM 1986) 이러한질병예방을기대할수있는소재로갈색거저리를활용할수있으리라고판단된다. 생애주기간차이를보면생것을기준으로성충의지방산함량이유충과번데기보다유의적으로낮게나타나조지방함량의결과와유사한양상을나타내었다. 이는 Raksakantong P 등 (2010) 의보고에서갈색거저리유충, 번데기, 성충의총지질함량이성충에서가장낮게나타났다는결과와도유사하였다. 동결건조시료는지방산조성에서생시료와비슷한경향을나타내었으나함량은생시료보다높게나타났다. 5. 비타민함량생애주기별갈색거저리중의티아민, 리보플라빈, 나이아신, 엽산함량을분석한결과는 Table 5와같다. 주로 탄수화물대사에관여하는티아민과체내에서에너지대사특히 ATP 생성과정에조효소로서중요한역할을하는나이아신은생것을기준으로각각 0.06-0.11, 0.07-1.26 mg/100 g 수준으로생애주기간함량의차이를나타내지않은반면, 성장과조직의보수에필수적인영양소인리보플라빈은성충 (0.65 mg/100 g) 의함량이유충 (0.40 mg/100 g), 번데기 (0.37 mg/100 g) 보다유의적으로높게나타났다. 생애주기별로보면유충과번데기는티아민, 리보플라빈, 나이아신의함량에서차이를나타내지않았으나성충은리보플라빈의함량이유충, 번데기에비해높게나타나조단백질과조지방의결과와같이곤충이성충이되면서함량이변화됨을알수있었다. 비타민 B 복합체중하나인엽산은아미노산대사와핵산합성에필수적인영양소이다. 엽산은세포분화와 DNA 합성에도움을주므로태아의신경관결손기형을예방한다고알려져있을뿐만아니라 (Milunsky A 등 Table 5. The vitamin content of Tenebrio molitor in different life stage Composition Vitamin B1 (thiamin, mg/100 g) 00.10±0.03 a 000.11±0.02 a 000.06±0.01 a 000.36±0.12 b 000.27±0.06 b 000.12±0.01 a Vitamin B2 (riboflavin, mg/100 g) 00.40±0.01 a 000.37±0.01 a 000.65±0.01 b 000.79±0.05 c 001.03±0.01 d 000.99±0.09 d Vitamin B3 (niacin, mg/100 g) 00.07±0.01 a 000.66±0.00 a 001.26±0.03 a 003.85±1.16 c 0 001.43±1.57 ab 0 003.36±0.07 bc Vitamin B9 (folate, µg/100 g) 81.42±0.13 a 119.30±0.66 c 108.19±0.21 b 237.09±0.24 d 479.91±0.15 f 287.77±0.66 e a-f http://www.ekfcs.org 2016; 32(5):656-663
662 이주혜등 Korean J Food Cook Sci 1989, Shaw GM 등 1995) 심혈관계질환 (Moat SJ 등 2004), 암 (Heimburger DC 등 1988, Lashner BA 등 1989) 등의질병예방에도도움을준다고보고되어있다. 이처럼엽산이우리체내대사에중요한역할을하는비타민으로알려지면서 (Hibbard BM 1993) 그중요성이주목을받고있으나국내식품엽산함량에대한분석데이터가부족한실정이다. 따라서생애주기에따른갈색거저리의엽산함유량은본연구에서처음보고하였는데생시료의함유량은유충, 번데기, 성충이각각 81.42, 119.29, 108.19 µg/100 g 으로유충보다는번데기와성충에서함량이높게나타났다. Ravzanaadii N 등 (2012) 의연구결과에의하면갈색거저리성충의엽산함량이 137 µg/100 g 으로보고되어본연구결과보다높은함량을나타내었는데이와같은함량차이는생육조건, 원산지, 종등에의한차이에서비롯된것으로생각된다. 일반적으로엽산은채소류, 우유, 난류, 동물의간에서다량함유되어있으며육류나어류에서는부산물을제외하고는미량함유되어있다고보고되어있다. 본연구에서분석된갈색거저리의엽산함량은부추 (105 µg/100 g, United states Department of Agriculture 2015), 비트 (109 µg/100 g, United states Department of Agriculture 2015), 시금치 (119 µg/100 g, Kim BM 등 2014) 와같이엽산이풍부하다고알려진채소류와비슷한수준으로나타나새로운엽산공급원으로이용될수있으리라고생각된다. Ⅳ. 요약및결론 본연구에서는갈색거저리의유충, 번데기, 성충 3 단계의생애주기에따른식품성분을비교분석하여갈색거저리의이용확대와다양한활용을위한기초자료를마련하고자하였다. 생애주기별식품성분으로무기질 12 종, 비타민 4 종, 아미노산 18 종, 지방산 12 종을각각분석하였다. 식품성분함량은시료 100 g 기준으로환산하였으며생시료와식용소재화를위해동결건조시료의함량을나타내었다. 일반성분분석결과생것을기준으로생애주기별수분함량은 63.52-67.83%, 조단백은 23.19-24.53%, 조지방은 3.96-11.18%, 조회분은 1.18-1.26% 으로각각분석되었다. 생애주기별로보면성충이유충과번데기에비해유의적으로수분함량이많고조지방및조회분의함량이낮았다. 갈색거저리의무기질함량은 K(310.50-327.48 mg/100 g) 이가장높았고다음으로 P(273.59-284.09 mg/100 g) 과 Mg(52.96-85.13 mg/100 g) 순으로함량이높게나타났으며생애주기에따라각각의무기질은함량의차이를나타내었다. 아미노산의총함량은성충, 번데기, 유충순으로나타나성장에따라그함량이증가하는것으로나타났으며생애주기간조성의차이는없었다. 지방산은전체지방산중불포화지방산의함유율이 76-78% 로가장 높았으며그중 oleic acid 가가장높은비중을차지하였다. 또한성충의지방산함량이유의적으로낮게나타나생애주기간차이가뚜렷하게나타났다. 비타민분석결과, 티아민과나이아신은생애주기간함량의차이를보이지않은반면리보플라빈은유충, 번데기에비해성충의함량이유의적으로높게나타났으며엽산은유충보다는번데기와성충에서함량이높게나타났다. 한편동결건조시료는생시료보다각식품성분의함량은높았으나생애주기간조성및함량차이에는생시료와유사한경향을나타내어식품소재로활용하기에적합한형태로판단되었다. 이러한결과는기능성소재연구, 식용곤충활용연구, 다양한산업적활용의기초자료로활용될것으로기대된다. Conflict of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Acknowledgments This work was carried out with the support of Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ0109962016) Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. References AOAC. 1995. Official methods of analysis. 16th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA, pp 69-74. AOAC. 2000. Official methods of analysis. 17th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, USA, pp 9-10. Bernard JB, Allen ME. 1997. Feeding captive insectivorous animals: Nutritional aspects of insects as food. Nutrition advisory group handbook, Fact sheet 003. American Zoo Aquarium Association, Silver Spring, MD, USA. pp 1-7. Bukkens SGF. 1997. The nutritional value of edible insects. Ecol Food Nutr 36(2-4):287-319. Cha WS, Lee MY, Cho BS, Park SY. 2004. A study on the composition of seasoning using Lentinus adodes. J Life Sci 14(5):829-833. DeVries JW, Rader JI, Keagy PM, Hudson CA. 2005. Microbiological assay-trienzyme procedure for total folates in cereals and cereal foods: Collaborative study. J AOAC Int 88(1):5-15. Grundy SM. 1986. Comparison of monounsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates for lowering plasma cholesterol. New 2016; 32(5):656-663 http://www.ekfcs.org
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