ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2018;23(2): Original Article Correlation among Morphological Aware

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1 ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2018;23(2): Original Article Correlation among Morphological Awareness, Reading Fluency and Spelling for School-Aged Children with Language-Learning Disabilities in Third to Fourth Grades Hyo-Jung Han a, Mibae Kim b a Department of Speech Language Pathology, Graduate School, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, Korea b Department of Speech Language Pathology, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, Korea Correspondence: Mibae Kim, PhD Department of Speech Language Pathology, Catholic University of Pusan, 57 Oryundae-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46252, Korea Tel: Fax: mbkim@cup.ac.kr Received: April 4, 2018 Revised: May 19, 2018 Accepted: May 19, 2018 This work is based on the master s thesis of the first author. Objectives: There are several linguistic factors affecting reading fluency (RF) and spelling, particularly the factors called metalinguistic abilities such as phonological awareness (PA) and morphological awareness (MA). The 3rd and 4th grades in elementary school are widely known as important periods for developing RF and spelling. Therefore, the study investigated how MA ability affects reading and writing skills of primary students in 3rd and 4th grade. Methods: The research was conducted with students in the 3rd and 4th grade of elementary school. Thirty-two students participated in the research, 16 students with language learning disabilities (LLD) and 16 typically-developing students (TD). The research used RF with accuracy and rate, spelling with phoneme-grapheme correspondent (PGC) writing and phoneme-grapheme non-correspondent writing and MA. MA tasks were divided into compound and derivation. Results: First, the students with LLD showed prominently lower performance in MA tasks than TD students. Second, students with LLD showed slower speed and less accuracy in correspondent and non-correspondent writing tasks than TD students. Third, TD s derivation correlated with RF, reading rate, spelling and PGC scores. In particular, derivative scores were correlated with reading rate. In the LLD group, accuracy was correlated with compound and overall production. Conclusion: TD students use MA to read automatically. This means TD students near the final stages of correspondent writing are influenced by their derivative abilities. Students with LLD also depend on their MA skills to read accurately, and therefore fail to read fluently. Keywords: School-aged children, Language-learning disability, Morphological awareness, Reading fluency, Spelling 읽기의궁극적인목적은읽기이해이며읽기의단순관점 (simple view of reading) 에서읽기이해란해독 (decoding) 과언어이해 (linguistic comprehension) 의결과물이라고한다 (Hoover & Gough, 1990). 하지만최근에는읽기의최종목표인읽기이해를해독과언어이해로만설명하는것은제한적이라고하며해독과언어이해능력외에읽기이해에영향을주는요인으로읽기유창성을언급한다 (Katzir et al., 2006; Kim, Yoo, Hwang, Kim, & Koh, 2010; Kim, Wagner, & Lopez, 2012; Lee & Kim, 2003; Torgesen & Hudson, 2006). 읽기유창성이란글을노력없이빠르게읽는능력으로해독, 이름대기, 철자인식, 의미, 구문, 형태의언어적지식을통합적으로보여주는능력이다 (Katzir et al., 2006). 읽기발달에서읽기유창성은해독에서읽기이해로넘어가는시기의다리역할을한다 (Bashir & Hook, 2009). 따라서읽기유창성은궁극적인읽기목표인읽기이해를성취하기위하여숙달되어야할중요한읽기요소중하나이다. 읽기유창성의중요성은 Chall (1983) 의읽기발달단계에서도살펴볼수있다. 저학년시기는읽기를배우는 (learn to read) 단계 Copyright 2018 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

2 Hyo-Jung Han, et al. Correlation among Morphological Awareness, Reading Fluency and Spelling 이며배우기위한읽기 (read to learn) 단계로넘어가는 3단계를기점으로해독이자동화되고읽기의속도가향상되며복잡한이해를가능하게하는단계에접어든다. Carlisle와 Rice (2002), Wolf (2007) 에의하면낱말재인 (word recognition) 능력의발달이늦을경우단지단어를기억하는데만집중을하게되어이해에방해를받는다고한다. 즉단어및단락글을빠르고자동적으로읽게되는읽기유창성이정확한이해에요구되는인지적, 언어적전략을통합하고계획하는데중요한역할을한다 (Bashir & Hook, 2009). Katzir 등 (2006) 에의하면읽기유창성은이름대기, 철자인식, 해독뿐만아니라, 음운론적, 의미론적, 구문론적, 형태론적과정의성공적인통합의산물이라고하였다. 특히파생, 합성과같은분석방법으로새로운단어를빠르게읽어낼수있는형태론적지식은읽기의효율성과자동성을증가시킨다. 형태론적지식은주어진단어의철자를시각적으로보기쉽게인식하는것을도와주어더빨리읽을수있게해준다. 또한철자의빠른확인을도와주어의미적인이해와확인속도를빠르게하여자동적인읽기와읽기이해를돕는다. 따라서형태를파생하고합성하여생성을해내는형태론적인식이이러한과정의중심에서읽기유창성에중요한요소로작용을한다. 이능력은초등 3-4학년에해당하는초등중학년시기가되면읽기, 쓰기에활용되는비중이커진다고한다 (Apel & Thomas-Tate, 2009; Berninger, Abbott, Billingsley, & Nagy, 2001; Wolf & Katriz-Cohen, 2001). 쓰기는단순쓰기모델 (simple view of writing) 에따라글씨쓰기 (handwriting), 철자쓰기 (spelling), 작문 (written expression-composition) 의세영역으로구성된다 (Berninger, Cartwright, Yates, Swanson, & Abbott, 1994). 그중철자능력은쓰기의궁극적목표인작문을예측하는요소중하나로성공적인쓰기를위해서선행되어야하는조건이다 (MacArthur, Graham, Haynes, & DeLaPaz, 1996; Martin & Manno, 1995). 쓰기발달에대한선행연구에서 1 학년시기에는자소-음소일치형규칙단어에서 80% 이상정확도가나타났다 (Kim, 2009). 또 Shin, Seol, Cho, Nam과 Pae (2015) 에서는문법형태소와관련한철자오류가 3학년시기에다시증가하는경향을보였는데, 이는자소-음소불일치단어쓰기, 복잡한철자지식이해, 형태소지식을이용한철자학습이초등중학년까지이루어진다는것을말한다. 이러한쓰기를예측하는변인으로는어휘와듣기이해를포함한언어적지식과음운인식, 형태인식, 철자표기인식의상위언어적능력이있다 (Babayiğit & Stainthorp, 2011; Berninger et al., 2006; Chung, 2015; Sprenger-Charolles, Siegel, Béchennec, & Serniclaes, 2003; Kim, 2013). Nagy, Berninger 와 Abbott (2006) 는철자발달 이이루어질때는자소-음소대응만으로해석하는것이아니라여러수준의언어적능력이필요하기때문에상위의언어적능력을습득하여야한다고말한다. 읽기와쓰기능력에요구되는언어적능력들은학령기에접어들었을때아동이이미가진정보와상호작용을통하여새로운정보를받아들이는데도움을준다. Van Kleeck (1994) 는상위언어능력을언어의성격이나특성을의식적으로반영할수있는능력으로상호작용, 문해력습득, 읽기능력, 학업과연관되며언어이해나구어 (spoken language) 보다문어 (written language) 에서더중요한역할을한다고하였다 (Ahn, Heo, & Seo, 2012; Jarmulowicz, Taran, & Hay, 2007; Kamhi & Catts, 2012; Kim & Jung, 2015). 이러한상위언어능력의한영역인형태소인식능력이최근읽기, 쓰기를예측하는요인으로언급되고있으며 (Jung, 2014) 학년이올라갈수록형태소인식능력이읽기와쓰기에더욱많이관여하게된다 (Apel, Wilson-Fowler, Brimo, & Perrin, 2012; Cho, Chiu, & McBride-Chang, 2011; Shin et al., 2015; Wolter, Wood, & D zatko, 2009; Yang & Lee, 2016). 형태소는의미를가진가장작은단위를말하는데한국어는형태소가풍부한언어로굴절어 (infection), 합성어 (compound), 파생어 (derivative) 등의형태론적구조가있다 (Zoh et al., 2003). 굴절어는흔히어근이라고불리는실질형태소와문법형태소의결합으로구성되어있으며, 단어범주에변화를주지않는다. 단어는단어를구성하고있는구조에따라단일어와복합어로나누어진다. 단일어는하나의실질형태소로된단어이고, 복합어는둘이상의실질형태소로구성된합성어와실질형태소와접사의결합으로구성된파생어로이루어진다. 위와같은방법으로단어를만드는방법을조어법, 단어형성법이라고도한다. 단어형성법과관련된형태소인식능력 (morphological awareness) 은단어를구성하는형태소구조에대하여의식적으로인식하고조작하는능력을말한다 (Carlisle, 1995). 형태소인식능력은철자를보기쉽고빨리볼수있도록도와주어읽기처리속도를향상시켜주고단락글이해도가능하게한다 (Wolf & Katzir-Cohen, 2001). 형태소인식능력은아동기이후에도계속해서발달한다고알려져있으며합성및파생형태소발달은학령기후기까지발달이이루어지고특히파생형태소의경우에는중학교시기이후까지도발달한다고한다 (Carlisle, 2003; Goodwin et al., 2012). 초등저학년읽기학습부진아동의형태소인식능력을살펴보았던국내연구에서는합성어과제보다파생어과제에서수행도가더낮게나타나파생형태소의발달이더늦게까지이루어진다는결과가나타났다. 그중읽기학습부진아동의합성, 파생능력이일반아동보다더낮은것으로나타났다 (Kim & Jung, 2015). 또한미국, 중국, 한국의초등 2학년을대상으로읽기를비교 348

3 초등 3-4 학년언어학습장애아동의형태소인식능력과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기간의상관관계 한효정외 한 Cho, McBride-Chang과 Park (2008) 의언어간연구에서는학령전에는음운인식, 형태소인식이읽기에모두영향을주었지만초등중학년이될수록음운인식의영향력은줄고형태소인식영향력이더욱커진다고한다. 이와같은결과를포함한국내외선행연구와문헌을통하여형태소인식이읽기와관련이크다는것을알수있다 (Apel, Diehm, & Apel, 2013; Berninger et al., 2006; Jung, 2014; Kim & Jung, 2015; Park, 2012; Schiff, Nuri Ben-Shushan, & Ben- Artzi, 2017; Siegel, 2008; Wolter & Green, 2013). 이러한특성을바탕으로본연구에서는형태소인식능력을살펴보기위한하위변인으로합성, 파생을선택하였으며국내외선행연구를바탕으로하였을때형태소인식능력이읽기, 쓰기에미치는영향및읽기, 쓰기에어려움을보이는아동들의특성을살펴보는데적절한능력으로여겨졌다. 일반아동들은학령기에접어들며고학년에이를수록글자해독 (decoding), 유창하게읽기, 읽기이해에많은주의를기울이게된다. 이러한일련의과정에서어려움을보이는아동들을 DSM-5 에서는특정학습장애 (specific learning disorders, SLD) 라고하며단어를읽거나읽은내용의의미를이해하기어렵고쓰기표현에서어려움을동반하는등언어이해및표현, 읽기, 쓰기전반에서어려움이있는아동으로정의하였다 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Kamhi와 Catts (2012) 는취약한언어기술로인해읽기어려움을겪는아동들을언어학습장애로언급하며읽기장애 (reading disorders) 와같은아동들로동일시하였다. 언어학습장애는신체, 운동, 정서상에결함이없다고보고된아동으로동작성지능이 85 이상, 읽기부진에대한저성취모델 (low achievement model) 의읽기성취도저성취기준에따라 25%ile 이하 (Shaywitz, Escobar, Shaywitz, Fletcher, & Makuch, 1992) 에속하며, 여러선행연구에서공통된기준으로표준화된언어검사에서표준점수가 85 이하인아동으로선정하고있었다 (Srivastava & Gray, 2012; Windsor, Scott, & Street, 2000). 언어학습장애는음운론, 구문론, 의미론, 형태론, 화용론의언어적인측면에서결함을보인다. 음운인식능력이낮고문법형태와구문의오류를보이며형태소에관한지식이부족하다. 더불어이야기산출의어려움과추론이해에서도어려움을보인다 (Kim, 2016; Leinonen & Letts, 2001; McGregor, 2009; Oetting & Hadley, 2009; Pennington & Bishop, 2009; Scott, 2004). 또한어휘량이제한적이고비유적언어이해가어렵다. 언어학습장애아동은형태론적인식에제약이있으며, 특히파생능력은일반아동에비하여습득이느리고수행도가낮다 (Windsor & Hwang, 1999). 형태를합성, 파생하여새롭게조작하는능력은빠르고자동적인읽기와고급화된철자쓰기에기여를한다. 그러나이러한능력의 제한은언어학습장애아동의읽기유창성, 철자쓰기에영향을미칠것이다. 읽기발달에서초등중학년은해독에서읽기이해단계로전환되는시기로읽기유창성이완성되고, 쓰기측면에서는고급화된쓰기기술인작문으로전환되는시기로철자가완성되는때이다. 하지만대부분의연구에서단어수준의읽기능력이나읽기이해능력에초점을맞추고있으며읽기장애의하위분류인읽기유창성과의상관을알아보는연구는부족한모습이다. 특히읽기유창성의역할이중요하다고여겨지는 Chall (1983) 읽기발달 3단계에해당하는초등중학년을대상으로한연구는더욱찾아보기어렵다. 철자쓰기연구에서도언어학습장애를대상으로형태소인식능력과철자쓰기관계를분석한연구는부족한실정이다. 이와같은읽기, 쓰기능력을뒷받침해주는공통적인요인들을살펴보는것은중요하며그중에서형태소인식능력은형태론적으로합성하고파생하여새로운의미를만들어내거나빠른확인을할수있도록해준다. 따라서본연구에서는읽기와쓰기를설명하는요인들중에서새롭게대두되고있는형태소인식능력이읽기와쓰기에어떤작용을하는지알아보고자하며읽기의전환기인초등중학년에이러한능력이어떤영향을미치는지알아보고자한다. 연구문제는다음과같다. 1) 초등 3-4학년아동의집단 ( 일반, 언어학습장애 ) 과과제유형 ( 합성, 파생 ) 에따라형태소인식능력의차이가있는가? 2) 초등 3-4학년아동의집단 ( 일반, 언어학습장애 ) 에따라읽기유창성과철자쓰기의특성은어떠한가? 3) 초등 3-4학년일반아동과언어학습장애아동의형태소인식능력과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기간의상관관계가있는가? 연구방법연구대상본연구는부산시소재의초등학교에재학중인 3-4학년언어학습장애아동 16명, 일반아동 16명, 총 32명을대상으로하였다. 일반아동은부모나교사에의해신체, 정서, 청력에문제가없다고보고되었으며한국비언어지능검사 (Korean version of Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-2, K-CTONI-2; Park, 2014) 의도형척도지능지수가 80 이상으로정상에속하고, 한국어읽기검사 (Korean Language based Reading Assessment, KOLRA; Pae, Kim, Yoon, & Jang, 2015) 의읽기지수 2가 26%ile 이상, 학령기언어검사 (Language Scale for School-aged Children, LSSC; Lee, Heo, & Jang, 2015) 의전체언어지수가 95 이상으로평균이상인아동으로 349

4 Hyo-Jung Han, et al. Correlation among Morphological Awareness, Reading Fluency and Spelling Table 1. Participants characteristics 선정하였다. 언어학습장애아동은부모나교사에의해신체, 정서, 청력에문 제가없다고보고되었으며한국비언어지능검사 (K-CTONI-2) 의 도형척도지능지수가 80 이상으로정상에속하고, 저성취기준 (Shaywitz et al., 1992) 에따라한국어읽기검사 (KOLRA) 의읽기지수 2 가 25%ile 이하이며, 학령기언어검사 (LSSC) 의전체언어지수가 85 미만으로언어능력이또래학년에서부족한상태로특별한언어중 재가필요하다고판단되는대상으로선정하였다 (Table 1). 연구도구 읽기유창성측정을위하여한국어읽기검사 (KOLRA; Pae et al., 2015) 를사용하였으며본연구에서는 3-4 학년용 산과바다 를사 용하였다. 철자쓰기능력측정을위하여한국어읽기검사 (KOLRA) 의받 아쓰기를사용하였다. 받아쓰기전체항목 30 개중일치형 17 개, 불 일치형 13 개문항으로나누어살펴보았다. NC (N = 16) LLD (N = 16) K-CTONI-2 (IQ) (10.07) (9.10) KOLRA (%ile) 67.8 (19.1) 5.5 (4.54) LSSC (LQ) (8.93) (8.85) Values are presented as mean (SD). NC=normal children; LLD=language-learning disabilities; K-CTONI-2=Korean Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-2 (Park, 2014); KOLRA = Korean Language based Reading Assessment (Pae, Kim, Yoon, & Jang, 2015); LSSC= Language Scale for School-aged Children (Lee, Heo, & Jang, 2015). 본연구의실험도구인형태소인식검사는선행연구에서사용된 Apel 과 Lawrence (2011), Cho 등 (2011), Jung (2014) 의연구의과제 를참고하여재구성하였다. 본검사에서는파생접사를포함하여 의미를가진형태소인식능력을측정하기위해하위과제로합성과 파생의결합, 분리과제로구성되었다. 하위과제에서사용될문항 들은초등저학년수준에서이해가능할만한어휘로선정하기위 하여초등저학년교과서를기반으로하였다. 합성항목은 Jung (2014) 의방법을기반으로문항을재구성하였 으며합성어결합과제 10 문항, 합성어분리과제 10 문항, 총 20 문항 으로구성되었다. 합성어결합과제는두개의실질형태소를결합하 여새로운단어를만들어서빈칸이있는미완성문장을완성시키는 과제이다. 합성어결합과제의예는 유리로만든컵을유리컵이라 고합니다. 종이로만든컵은무엇이라고할까요? 의빈칸을채우는 것이다. 합성어분리과제는주어진합성어를분리하여빈칸이있는 미완성문장을완성시키는과제이다. 합성어분리과제의예는 이 름표 라는단어를제시한후 새책을받으면가장먼저 ( ) 을써야한다. 의빈칸을채우는것이다. 파생항목은 Apel과 Lawrence (2011) 외다수의연구자들이사용한방법을기반으로문항을재구성하였으며파생어결합 10문항과파생어분리과제 10문항, 총 20문항으로구성되었다. 파생어결합과제는실질형태소가포함된단어를제시한후제시된단어에적절한접사를결합하여빈칸이있는미완성문장을완성시키는과제이다. 파생어결합과제의예는 부채 라는단어를제시한후, 날씨가너무더워서손으로 ( ) 을했다 의빈칸을채우는것이다. 파생어분리과제는실질형태소와접사가결합된단어를제시한후접사를분리하여빈칸이있는미완성문장을완성시키는과제이다. 파생어분리과제의예는 겨루기 라는단어를제시한후, 나는친구와누가빨리달리는지 ( ). 의빈칸을채우는것이다. 본검사는합성, 파생이각각 20문제이며총 40문항으로이루어졌다. 합성, 파생의결합과분리각유형의문항들은음운론적 형태론적투명도를고려한문항들로구성되었다. 결합과분리 10문항중 5문항은음운론적 형태론적투명도가높아발음이나형태가변하지않는문항으로구성하였고 ( 예 : 종이로만든컵은? 종이컵 ), 나머지 5문항은음운론적 형태론적투명도가낮아발음이나형태가변하는문항 ( 예 : 잇몸 - 가썩어서치과에갔다 ) 으로구성하였다 (Appendix 1). 형태소인식과제에서쓰인문항들에대하여 2명의학령기아동언어발달의전문가에게내용타당도를의뢰하였다. 2명의전문가는모두언어병리학박사학위소지자로언어병리학교수이다. 2명의전문가가실험절차, 문항난이도, 질문구성, 목표답변의적절성에대한타당도를 Likert 5점척도 (0 = 전혀그렇지않다, 1= 그렇지않다, 2= 보통이다, 3= 그렇다, 4 = 매우그렇다 ) 로평가하였다. 그결과실험절차에대한타당도는 4점, 문항난이도에대한타당도는 3.82, 질문구성에대한타당도는 3.87, 목표답변의적절성에대한타당도는 3.85로높은타당도를검증받았다. 연구절차검사는소음이적은방에서검사자와아동이 1:1로진행하였다. 먼저선별검사 (LSSC, KOLRA, K-CTONI-2) 를통해집단을선별한후, 본실험인형태소인식과제를실시하였다. 실험과제인형태소인식검사는검사지문항을아동에게보여주고검사자가문항을함께읽어준뒤아동이구어로대답하도록하였다. 연습문제를먼저진행하여검사에대한이해가충분히되었을때본문제로넘어갔다. 학생들의반응은모두녹음하여전사한뒤분석하였으며교차균형화 (cross-balancing) 를위하여실험과 350

5 초등 3-4 학년언어학습장애아동의형태소인식능력과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기간의상관관계 한효정외 제를실시할때합성, 파생의순서를조절하여실시하였다. 연구결과 자료분석읽기유창성은정확성, 속도, 읽기유창성총점으로나누어분석하였다. 읽기정확성은 358음절로이루어진문단글의첫음절부터끝음절까지정확하게읽은음절수를측정하였으며소요된시간 ( 초 ) 으로속도를측정하였다. 읽기유창성총점은 358음절의문단글을 10초당정확하게읽은음절수로측정하였다. 철자쓰기는자소-음소일치형, 자소-음소불일치형쓰기로나누어분석하였다. 철자쓰기전체 30문항중일치형쓰기는 17문항, 불일치형쓰기는 13문항으로총 30문항이었다. 형태소인식능력검사는질문에적절한대답을한경우 1점으로계산하고오반응또는무응답의경우에는 0점으로하여원점수를산출하였다. 형태소인식의과제유형인합성, 파생의점수는각 20 점이며총점수는 40점만점이었다. 본연구에서는형태소인식능력과제분석, 읽기유창성, 철자쓰기에대한신뢰도를검증하기위해전체자료의 20% 를임의로선정하여검사자간신뢰도를산출하였다. 연구자는제1평가자이고 3년이상의학령기언어중재경험이있는언어병리학석사학위소지자 1명을제2평가자로선정하였다. 형태소인식과제에대한검사자간채점신뢰도는 100% 로나타났고읽기유창성, 철자쓰기에대한채점신뢰도는각각 98.9%, 100% 로나타났다. 초등 3-4학년아동의집단 ( 일반, 언어학습장애 ) 과과제유형 ( 합성, 파생 ) 에따른형태소인식능력의차이본연구에서살펴본집단과형태소인식과제유형에따른기술통계결과는 Table 2와같다 (Figure 1). 형태소인식과제유형에따른집단간차이를살펴본결과 F(1,30) = (p<.05) 로언어학습장애아동의형태소인식능력이일반아동에비하여유의미하게낮았다. 형태소인식과제유형에따른집단내차이를살펴본결과 F(1,30) = (p<.05) 로나타나유의미한차이가있는것으로나타났으며형태소인식과제와집단의상호작용효과를살펴본결과 F(1,30) = (p<.05) 로유의미한상호작용결과가나타났다. 상호작용에대한사후분석으로집단간의형태소인식능력의차이를독립표본 t-검정을통하여살펴본결과언어학습장애아동은일반아동에비하여파생에서유의하게낮은수행력을보였으나 (t = 6.772, p<.05) 합성에서는유의한차이가나타나지않았다 (t = 6.542, p>.05). 집단내에서형태소인식과제에따른차이를살펴보고자대응표본 t-검정을실시한결과일반아동은합성과파생에서유의미한차이를나타내지않았으나 (t =1.576, p>.05) 언어학습장애아동은합성과파생에서유의미한차이를나타냈다 (t = 3.398, p<.05). 통계처리 첫째, 집단 ( 일반, 언어학습장애 ) 과과제유형 ( 파생, 합성 ) 에따라 형태소인식능력의차이를알아보기위해서반복측정이원분산분 석 (two-way ANOVA with repeated measure) 을실시하였다. 둘째, 집단 ( 일반, 언어학습장애 ) 에따라읽기유창성과철자쓰기의특성 을알아보기위해서독립표본 t- 검정 (two-independent samples t- test) 을실시하였다. 셋째, 형태소인식능력과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기 간의상관관계를알아보기위해서 Pearson 상관을실시하였다. 통계처리는 IBM SPSS Statistics version 23 프로그램을이용하 여분석하였다. Table 2. Total morphological awareness according to group (raw score) NC (N = 16) LLD (N = 16) Total (N = 32) Compound (1.35) (2.35) (1.85) Derivative (2.01) (3.52) (2.76) Total (5.07) (4.78) 30.5 (7.07) Values are presented as mean (SD). NC= normal children; LLD= language-learning disabilities. 초등 3-4 학년아동의집단 ( 일반, 언어학습장애 ) 에따른 읽기유창성과철자쓰기의특성비교 두집단의읽기유창성, 철자쓰기능력을살펴보기위하여독립 표본 t- 검정을실시하였다. 집단과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기의 t- 검정 결과는 Table 3 과같이나타났다. Score Compound LLD NC Derivation Figure 1. Morphological awareness according to group. NC= normal children; LLD= language-learning disabilities

6 Hyo-Jung Han, et al. Correlation among Morphological Awareness, Reading Fluency and Spelling Table 3. Reading fluency and spelling score 일반아동과언어학습장애아동의읽기유창성, 철자쓰기능력에 차이가있는지살펴본결과, 읽기유창성총점, 정확성, 속도, 철자쓰 기, 자소 - 음소일치형쓰기, 자소 - 음소불일치형쓰기에서언어학 습장애아동이일반아동에비하여유의미하게더낮은수행력을 나타냈다. 초등 3-4 학년아동의형태소인식능력과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기간의상관관계 일반아동, 언어학습장애아동의형태소인식능력과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기의수행능력간의상관관계를살펴보기위하여 Pearson 상관분석을실시한결과는 Table 4 와같다. 일반아동의형태소인식과제유형과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기의상 세유형간의상관관계를살펴보면파생과읽기유창성총점, 속도, 철자쓰기총점, 일치형쓰기에서유의미한상관이있는것으로나 타났다 (p<.05, p<.01). 반면형태소인식총점, 합성은읽기유창성, 철자쓰기능력전체와유의미한상관이나타나지않았다 (p>.05). 언어학습장애아동의형태소인식과제유형과읽기유창성, 철자 쓰기의상세유형간의상관관계를살펴보면합성과형태소인식총 점에서정확도와유의미한상관이있는것으로나타났다 (p<.05). 반면형태소인식과제모두철자쓰기하위영역과는유의미한상관 을나타내지않았으며파생은읽기유창성, 철자쓰기능력전체와 유의미한상관이나타나지않았다 (p>.05). 논의및결론 NC (N = 16) LLD (N = 16) t RF total (5.17) (4.83) 9.568* Accuracy (8.92) (11.70) 2.955* Rate (29.78) (24.09) * Spelling (1.34) (5.54) 6.093* PGC (.81) (2.98) 5.897* PGNC (.81) 8.37 (3.11) 5.121* Values are presented as mean (SD). NC = normal children; LLD = language-learning disabilities; RF total = reading fluency total; accuracy= syllable of correctly reading; PGC= phoneme-grapheme correspondent; PGNC= phoneme-grapheme non-correspondent. *p <.05. 본연구는초등 3-4 학년언어학습장애아동과일반아동의형태 소인식능력, 읽기유창성, 철자쓰기능력을살펴보고형태소인식능 력과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기간의상관관계에대해서살펴보았다. 첫째, 두집단의형태소인식능력을비교하였을때언어학습장애 Table 4. Correlation analysis of morphological awareness, reading and writing Normal children Reading factor 아동의형태소인식능력은일반아동에비하여유의미하게저조한 것으로나타났다 (F(1,30) = , p<.05). 상위언어능력중하나로 알려진형태소인식능력이읽기, 쓰기능력과관련된다는문헌을바 탕으로하였을때형태소인식능력에서어려움을보이는언어학습장 애는읽기, 쓰기에서도어려움이지속될것이라는것을알수있다. 형태소인식능력의과제유형별차이를살펴보았을때합성, 파생 순서로유의미한차이가나타났다. 합성능력은학령기초기에습득 이이루어진다고보고되고있으며 (Carlisle, 2003) 합성보다파생의 수행도가더낮게나타난본연구의결과가선행연구를지지해주 고있다. 어근과어근을더하여새로운단어를만들어내는합성능 력은의미와의미를더하여새로운단어를만들어내는전략을이 해하여문맥속에서의미를파악하는데도움이될것으로이는읽 기의최종목표인읽기이해에도긍정적인영향을미치게될것이다. 집단과과제유형에따른상호작용효과를살펴보았을때유의미 한효과가나타났다 (F(1,30) = , p<.05). 일반아동은합성, 파생 순서로높은수행도를보였으나합성과파생간의유의미한차이가 나타나지않았다. 합성은어근과어근을더하여새로운단어를만 들어내는것이고파생은어근에접사를더하여단어를만드는것 으로본연구에서일반아동의합성과파생은매우높은수행도를 보였다. 이는초등 1-3 학년을대상으로한선행연구에서합성보다 파생점수가더낮게나타났다는것과다른결과이다 (Kim & Jung, 2015). 즉초등중학년에도달하면파생능력도합성만큼높은단계 에도달한다는것을본연구를통해알수있다. Writing factor RF total Accuracy Rate Spelling PGC PGNC Compound Derivative.730** **.545*.592*.304 Total LLD children Compound * Derivative Total * NC = normal children; LLD = language-learning disabilities; RF total = reading fluency total; accuracy= syllable of correctly reading; PGC= phoneme-grapheme correspondent; PGNC= phoneme-grapheme non-correspondent. *p <.05, **p <.01. 언어학습장애아동도합성, 파생의순서로높은수행도를나타 냈다. 그러나일반아동과달리합성과파생간유의미한차이를보 였다. 저학년의형태소인식능력을살펴본선행연구에서는저학년 의파생능력이합성능력보다유의하게더낮게나타났다 (Kim & 352

7 초등 3-4 학년언어학습장애아동의형태소인식능력과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기간의상관관계 한효정외 Jung, 2015). 본연구에서살펴본초등 3-4학년언어학습장애아동의파생능력은선행연구의저학년일반아동과유사한수행패턴을보이고있으며이를통하여언어학습장애아동의파생능력이저조한수준에있음을알수있었다. 언어학습장애아동과일반아동이형태소인식능력의어떤부분에서차이를보였는지집단간차이를살펴보았다. 그결과합성, 파생모두언어학습장애아동이일반아동보다낮은수행도를보였으나합성은두집단간유의미한차이를보이지않았다. 저학년읽기학습부진을대상으로한선행연구에서는일반아동에비하여부진아동의수행도가유의하게낮았지만 (Kim & Jung, 2015) 본연구에서일반아동은만점에가까운합성능력을나타냈고언어학습장애아동의합성능력도일반아동과유의한차이를보이지않았다. 이는언어학습장애아동도초기에발달하는합성능력은초등중학년에이르면일반아동과유사한수행도를보이는것을의미한다. 파생은어근과접사를더하여새로운어휘를만드는방법으로이러한파생능력은언어학습장애아동이일반아동에비하여유의미하게낮은수준으로나타났다. 이는언어학습장애아동의파생능력이일반아동에비하여습득이느리고수행도가낮다고밝힌선행연구를뒷받침하는결과이다 (Windsor & Hwang, 1999). 파생능력은단어를분절하고파생하여새로운의미를만들어내고해석하는것을가능하게하며주어진단어의철자를시각적으로보기쉽게인식하는것을도와주어더빨리볼수있게해준다 (Anglin, Miller, & Wakefield, 1993; Carlisle, 2000; Siegel, 2008). 이러한파생능력은쓰기발달단계에서도살펴볼수있다. Ehri (1987) 의철자쓰기단계에서파생단계 (derivational relations) 를거치며어근 (root word) 과파생 (derivations) 방식을이해하고단어를효과적으로만들어낼수있게된다. 파생단계를거쳤을때고급의철자기술을구사하여쓰기의궁극적목표인작문으로나아갈수있다고언급한바있다. 하지만언어학습장애는이와같은방법으로읽기, 쓰기발달을도와주는파생능력에서어려움을보이므로읽기유창성, 철자쓰기에서도어려움을보일것을예측할수있으며나아가읽기와쓰기능력성취에도어려움을보일것을알수있다. 둘째, 언어학습장애아동은일반아동보다낮은읽기유창성, 철자쓰기능력을보였다. 읽기유창성과철자쓰기를더욱자세히살펴보기위하여읽기유창성을정확도와속도로, 쓰기를일치형쓰기, 불일치형쓰기로나누어살펴보았고이모두에서언어학습장애아동이일반아동보다수행도가더낮았다. 읽기유창성, 철자쓰기는읽기와쓰기의최종목표인읽기이해와작문을선행하는요소로알려져있다 (Hoover & Gough, 1990; Kim, Lee, & Shin, 2009). 중학년에는읽기유창성이정확성과속도를갖춘자동성에도달하는 단계로읽기이해단계로전환되는시기이고다양한철자쓰기가가능해지며작문의단계로넘어가는시기이다 (Chall, 1983; Gentry, 2004). 하지만이러한능력에서어려움을보이는언어학습장애는읽기, 쓰기의궁극적목표에도달하는데어려움이있을것이다. 셋째, 형태소인식능력과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기간의상관관계를살펴본결과일반아동은파생과읽기유창성, 속도, 철자쓰기총점, 일치형쓰기에서유의미한상관이나타났다. 특히파생과속도간의상관관계를통하여중학년시기가되면일반아동은형태소인식능력을자동적으로읽는데에사용한다는것을알수있었으며파생능력이주로요구되는것을알수있다. 파생은단어를분절, 파생하여새롭게만들기를가능하게하고시각적으로빨리볼수있게도와준다 (Siegel, 2008). 이러한능력은단어의빠른확인을가능하게하여읽기속도향상에도움을준다. 또한파생은철자쓰기와도상관관계를나타냈는데이는일치형쓰기에음운처리, 표기처리, 형태처리능력이요구된다는선행연구를지지하는결과이다 (Kim, 2009). 반면불일치형쓰기와형태소인식에서상관관계가나타나지않았다. 선행연구들에서불일치형쓰기에형태소인식능력이영향을미친다고알려져있다 (Lee, Shin, Yoon, & Pae, 2015; Shin et al., 2015). 그러나본연구에서는일반아동은만점에가까운철자쓰기점수와높은형태소인식능력을보였고이두능력에서모두매우높은수행도를보여둘간의상관관계는나타나지않았다. 언어학습장애아동의형태소인식능력과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기간의상관관계를살펴본결과형태소인식총점과합성이정확도와유의미한상관이나타났다. 언어학습장애아동은형태소인식능력을정확하게읽는데사용하고있으며합성능력이주로사용되었다. 우리말의 60% 이상이합성어로이루어졌다는특성 (Yi & Yi, 1999) 이있으므로합성능력이여기에잘활용될수있을것이다. 하지만속도와는어떠한상관관계를나타나지않았다. 이는언어학습장애아동은아직읽기의자동성단계에도달하지못한것을알수있으며글을정확하게읽기위하여형태소인식능력을사용하고있는것을알수있다. 일반아동의경우파생능력이속도와상관이나타나자동적읽기를가능하게했다. 하지만언어학습장애아동의파생능력은일반아동에비하여유의미하게낮은수준으로나타났으며파생능력을바탕으로한자동성발달단계에도달하지못한것을알수있다. 즉언어학습장애아동은읽기의정확성단계를거쳐가고있는것으로확인되었고언어학습장애아동의자동성향상을위하여파생능력의강조가요구된다. 반면언어학습장애아동은철자쓰기하위변인에서모두유의미한상관이나타나지않아철자쓰기발달에서형태소인식능력이활용되고있지않았다. 철자쓰기발달을위해서는어휘, 듣기이해, 음운인식, 철자인 353

8 Hyo-Jung Han, et al. Correlation among Morphological Awareness, Reading Fluency and Spelling 식, 철자표기인식등의언어적능력들이요구되며선행연구에서는초등저학년시기의쓰기에는음운적지식이많이관여되지만점차형태소인식능력으로그비율이변화한다고하였다 (Apel et al., 2012; Cho et al., 2011; Wolter et al., 2009; Yang & Lee, 2016). 하지만언어학습장애아동은이러한통합적인언어능력중형태론적능력이낮기때문에정확하게쓰기에활용하여쓰는데어려움을보이고있는것으로나타났다. 이를바탕으로하였을때철자쓰기발달에서어려움을보이는언어학습장애아동은중학년에도달하여서도형태소인식능력을철자쓰기에활용하는데어려움을보이는것을알수있다. 본연구에서는형태소인식능력과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기간의상관관계를살펴보았다. 형태소인식능력이읽기, 쓰기능력을예측하는상위언어적능력으로서읽기유창성, 철자쓰기와상관이있다는것이선행연구와본연구에서드러났다. 본연구에서는형태소인식의전반적인영역을다루지못하였으나이후연구에서는어휘형태소에대해살펴보고어휘형태소측면에서어휘의양을살펴볼필요가있음을제언한다. 또한초등고학년에서발달적변화는어떠한지살펴볼후속연구를제안한다. REFERENCES Ahn, S. W., Heo, M. J., & Seo, J. H. (2012). A study on a phonological awareness of preschoolers in South Korea: exploring the effects of letter knowledge, letter-sound correspondence, ages, and working memory on the phonological awareness. Journal of Speech-Language and Hearing Disorders, 21, American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Washington, DC: Author. Anglin, J. M., Miller, G. A., & Wakefield, P. C. (1993). Vocabulary development: a morphological analysis. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58, Apel, K., & Lawrence, J. (2011). Contributions of morphological awareness skills to word-level reading and spelling in first-grade children with and without speech sound disorder. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 54, Apel, K., & Thomas-Tate, S. (2009). Morphological awareness skills of fourthgrade African American students. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 40, Apel, K., Diehm, E., & Apel, L. (2013). Using multiple measures of morphological awareness to assess its relation to reading. Topics in Language Disorders, 33, Apel, K., Wilson-Fowler, E. B., Brimo, D., & Perrin, N. A. (2012). Metalinguistic contributions to reading and spelling in second and third grade students. Reading and Writing, 25, Babayiğit, S., & Stainthorp, R. (2011). Modeling the relationships between cognitive linguistic skills and literacy skills: new insights from a transparent orthography. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103, Bashir, A. S., & Hook, P. E. (2009). Fluency: a key link between word identification and comprehension. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 40, Berninger, V. W., Abbott, R. D., Billingsley, F., & Nagy, W. (2001). Processes underlying timing and fluency of reading: efficiency, automaticity, coordination, and morphological awareness. In M. Wolf (Ed.), Dyslexia, fluency, and the brain (pp ). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. Berninger, V. W., Abbott, R. D., Jones, J., Wolf, B. J., Gould, L., Anderson-Youngstrom, M.,... & Apel, K. (2006). Early development of language by hand: composing, reading, listening, and speaking connections; three letter-writing modes; and fast mapping in spelling. Developmental Neuropsychology, 29, Berninger, V. W., Cartwright, A. C., Yates, C. M., Swanson, H. L., & Abbott, R. D. (1994). Developmental skills related to writing and reading acquisition in the intermediate grades. Reading and Writing, 6, Carlisle, J. F. (1995). Morphological awareness and early reading achievement. In L. B. Feldman (Ed.), Morphological aspects of language processing (pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Carlisle, J. F. (2000). Awareness of the structure and meaning of morphologically complex words: impact on reading. Reading and Writing, 12, Carlisle, J. F. (2003). Morphology matters in learning to read: a commentary. Reading Psychology, 24, Carlisle, J., & Rice, M. S. (2002). Improving reading comprehension: researchbased principles and practices. Baltimore, MD: York Press. Chall, J. S. (1983). Stages of reading development. New York, NJ: McGraw-Hill. Cho, J. R., Chiu, M. M., & McBride-Chang, C. (2011). Morphological awareness, phonological awareness, and literacy development in Korean and English: a 2-year longitudinal study. Scientific Studies of Reading, 15, Cho, J. R., McBride-Chang, C., & Park, S. G. (2008). Phonological awareness and morphological awareness: differential associations to regular and irregular word recognition in early Korean Hangul readers. Reading and Writing, 21,

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10 Hyo-Jung Han, et al. Correlation among Morphological Awareness, Reading Fluency and Spelling Schiff, R., Nuri Ben-Shushan, Y., & Ben-Artzi, E. (2017). Metacognitive strategies: a foundation for early word spelling and reading in kindergartners with SLI. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 50, Scott, C. (2004). Syntactic ability in children and adolescents with language and learning disabilities. In R. A. Berman (Ed.), Language development across childhood and adolescence (pp ). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Shaywitz, S. E., Escobar, M. D., Shaywitz, B. A., Fletcher, J. M., & Makuch, R. (1992). Evidence that dyslexia may represent the lower tail of a normal distribution of reading ability. New England Journal of Medicine, 326, Shin, G. Y., Seol, A. Y., Cho, H. S., Nam, K. C., & Pae, S. (2015). Korean spelling development and linguistic patterns. Journal of Speech-Language & Hearing Disorders, 24, Siegel, L. S. (2008). Morphological awareness skills of English language learners and children with dyslexia. Topics in Language Disorders, 28, Sprenger-Charolles, L., Siegel, L. S., Béchennec, D., & Serniclaes, W. (2003). Development of phonological and orthographic processing in reading aloud, in silent reading, and in spelling: a four-year longitudinal study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 84, Srivastava, P., & Gray, S. (2012). Computer-based and paper-based reading comprehension in adolescents with typical language development and language-learning disabilities. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 43, Torgesen, J. K., & Hudson, R. F. (2006). Reading fluency: critical issues for struggling readers. In S. Jay Samuels & A. E. Farstrup (Eds.), What research has to say about fluency instruction (pp ). Newark, DE: International Reading Association. Van Kleeck, A. (1994). Potential cultural bias in training parents as conversational partners with their children who have delays in language development. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3, Windsor, J., & Hwang, M. (1999). Derivational suffix productivity for students with and without language-learning disabilities. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, Windsor, J., Scott, C. M., & Street, C. K. (2000). Verb and noun morphology in the spoken and written language of children with language learning disabilities. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43, Wolf, M. (2007). Proust and the squid: the story and science of the reading brain. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers. Wolf, M., & Katzir-Cohen, T. (2001). Reading fluency and its intervention. Scientific Studies of Reading, 5, Wolter, J. A., & Green, L. (2013). Morphological awareness intervention in school-age children with language and literacy deficits: a case study. Topics in Language Disorders, 33, Wolter, J. A., Wood, A., & D zatko, K. W. (2009). The influence of morphological awareness on the literacy development of first-grade children. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 40, Yang, M., & Lee, A. (2016). Influences of linguistic awareness on primary grade children s spelling abilities. The Korea Journal of Learning Disabilities, 13, Yi, K., & Yi, I. (1999). Morphological processing in Korean word recognition. Korean Journal of Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, 11, Zoh, M. H., Lee, J. M., Kim, J. O., Shin, H. J., Lee, K. O., Do, K. S., & Jung, H. S. (2003). Psychology of language. Seoul: Hakjisa

11 초등 3-4 학년언어학습장애아동의형태소인식능력과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기간의상관관계 한효정외 Appendix 1. 형태소인식과제유형 과제유형예답 합성 결합 유리로만든컵을유리컵이라고합니다. 종이로만든컵을무엇이라고할까요? 옷을넣어두는장을옷장이라고합니다. 책을넣어두는장을무엇이라고할까요? 종이컵 책장 제시단어 합성분리새책을받으면가장먼저 ( ) 을써야한다. ( ) 가썩어서치과에갔다. 파생결합날씨가너무더워서손으로 ( ) 을했다. 나는 ( ) 를많이타서늘부채를갖고다닌다. 분리나는친구와누가빨리달리는지 ( ). 지난밤에는너무추워서이불을꼭 ( ) 잤다. 이름표잇몸 부채덥다 겨루기덮밥 357

12 Hyo-Jung Han, et al. Correlation among Morphological Awareness, Reading Fluency and Spelling 국문초록 초등 3-4 학년언어학습장애아동의형태소인식능력과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기간의상관관계 한효정 1 김미배 2 1 부산가톨릭대학교대학원언어청각치료학과, 2 부산가톨릭대학교언어청각치료학과 배경및목적 : 초등 3-4학년언어학습장애아동들의읽기유창성, 철자쓰기능력을살펴보고읽기와쓰기를설명하는요인들중에서새롭게대두되고있는형태소인식능력이읽기와쓰기에어떤상관관계가있는지알아보았다. 방법 : 초등학교 3-4학년에재학중인언어학습장애 16명, 학년과지역을일치시킨일반아동 16명, 총 32명을대상으로하였다. 형태소인식검사는합성, 파생으로살펴보았다. 읽기유창성과철자쓰기는한국어읽기검사 (KOLRA) 의읽기유창성, 받아쓰기를사용하였으며읽기유창성은속도와정확성으로살펴보았고철자쓰기는자소-음소일치형쓰기, 불일치형쓰기로나누어살펴보았다. 결과 : 언어학습장애아동의형태소인식능력, 읽기유창성, 철자쓰기능력이일반아동에비하여유의미하게낮았다. 일반아동은형태소인식능력과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기에서유의미한상관이나타났고특히파생은속도와일치형쓰기에서유의한상관이나타났다. 언어학습장애는형태소인식능력과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기와유의한상관이나타났고합성과정확성, 일치형쓰기에서유의한상관이나타났다. 논의및결론 : 본연구에서는초등 3-4학년언어학습장애아동의읽기유창성, 철자쓰기능력이형태소인식능력과어떤상관관계를보이는지확인하였다. 일반아동의경우파생능력이자동적으로읽기와정확하게쓰기에영향을미쳤고언어학습장애는형태소인식능력을아직정확하게읽는데에사용하고있었다. 따라서읽기유창성, 철자쓰기의결함을언어능력과연결하여확인할필요가있으며중재계획을설정할때형태소인식능력을고려한다면도움이될것이라는것을시사한다. 핵심어 : 학령기, 언어학습장애, 형태소인식능력, 읽기유창성, 철자쓰기본연구는제1저자의석사학위논문을수정및보완하였음. 참고문헌 김동일, 이대식, 신종호 (2009). 학습장애아동의이해와교육 2판. 서울 : 학지사. 김순호, 정경희 (2015). 초등저학년읽기학습부진아동의형태소인식과읽기능력. 언어치료연구, 24, 김애화 (2009). 초등학교학생의철자특성연구 : 철자발달패턴및오류유형분석. 초등교육연구, 22, 김애화 (2013). 초등학교학생의쓰기능력예측변인에관한예비연구. 언어청각장애연구, 18, 김애화, 유현실, 황민아, 김의정, 고성룡 (2010). 초등학생의읽기이해능력예측변인에관한연구. 언어청각장애연구, 15, 김주영 (2016). 하위유형별언어학습장애아동의읽기관련요인특성. 학습자중심교육과학연구, 16, 박순길 (2012). 학습부진아동의문식성연구. 특수아동교육연구, 14, 박혜원 (2014). 한국비언어지능검사 2판 (K-CTONI-2). 서울 : 마인드프레스. 배소영, 김미배, 윤효진, 장승민 (2015). 한국어읽기검사 (KOLRA). 서울 : 학지사. 신가영, 설아영, 조혜숙, 남기춘, 배소영 (2015). 초등학생의철자발달과오류패턴분석. 언어치료연구, 24, 안성우, 허민정, 서중현 (2012). 학령전기유아의음운인식능력에관한연구 : 낱자지식, 자소-음소대응지식, 연령과작업기억과의관련성탐색. 언어치료연구, 21, 양민화, 이애진 (2016). 학령기초기아동의철자기술에미치는언어학적인식능력의영향력변화. 학습장애연구, 13, 이광오, 이인선 (1999). 한글단어의인지과정에서형태소정보처리. 한국심리학회지 : 인지및생물, 11, 이윤경, 허현숙, 장승민 (2015). 학령기아동언어검사 (LSSC). 서울 : 학지사. 이일화, 김동일 (2003). 읽기유창성과독해력수준과의관계. 교육심리연구, 17,

13 초등 3-4 학년언어학습장애아동의형태소인식능력과읽기유창성, 철자쓰기간의상관관계 한효정외 이재국, 신가영, 윤효진, 배소영 (2015). 쓰기부진초등생의형태소및철자지식을활용한문장쓰기중재효과. 학습자중심교과교육연구, 15, 정경희 (2014). 1-3 학년학령기아동의형태소인식과읽기능력. 언어청각장애연구, 19, 정부자 (2015). 초등 1-4학년아동의철자인식발달특성과관련요인. 언어치료연구, 24, 조명한, 이정모, 김정오, 신현정, 이광오, 도경수, 이양, 이현진, 김영진, 김소영, 고성룡, 정혜선 (2003). 언어심리학. 서울 : 학지사

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