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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 16, No. 3 pp , ISSN / eissn 고군산군도해역의식물플랑크톤군집의시 공간적분포및출현환경특성 윤양호 1* 1 전남대학교해양기술학부 Spatio-temporal Distributions of Phytoplankton Community in the Coastal Waters of Gogunsan Islands(CoWGIs), West Sea of Korea Yang Ho Yoon 1* 1 Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University 요약서해새만금방조제에인접하는고군산군도해역에서 2011 년 4 회계절별식물플랑크톤군집의시ㆍ공간적분포특성파악을위한현장조사를실시하였다. 출현한식물플랑크톤은 56 속 104 종으로다양하였으나기존서해해역의출현종수에비해낮았다. 분류군별은규조류가 60.5%, 와편모조류가 34.6% 로규조류점유률이높았다. 현존량은가을 9.6 x 10 4 cells/l 에서겨울 1.0 x 10 7 cells/l 의범위로큰변동폭과값으로겨울과여름에높고, 봄과가을에낮았다. 우점종은겨울 Skeletonema costatum-like species, Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii, Dactyliosolen fragillisimus, Chaetoceros debilis, 봄 Guinardia delicatula, 여름 Eucampia zodiacus, Cylindrotheca closterium, Ch. debilis, Ch. curvisetus, 그리고가을 S. costatum-like species, Ch. debilis, Ch. curvisetus, G. delicatula, Leptocylindrus danicus 로가을과겨울을제외하면계절적변화가분명하였다. 또한서해의토착및일시성부유종은 39 종으로 1980 년에비해 1/3 로감소하였다. Chl-a 농도는가을 3.82 μg /L 에서여름 μg /L 로변화하였고, 최대는여름 μg /L 로 1980 년대서해최대 5.0 μg /L 에비하면 9 배가까운증가를나타내었다. 다만 Chl-a 농도와세포밀도의계절변화사이에유의적관련성은발견되지않았다. 주성분분석에의한고군산군도해역의생물해양학적특성은고수온기에는새만금수괴, 저수온기에는금강수괴에지배되었고, 중심목과우상목규조류의출현환경은서로다르게나타났다. 즉고군산군도해역은새만금방조제완공이후급격하게부영양화가진행되어, 현재내만성환경으로진행되어있는것으로판단되었다. Abstract This study examined the spatio-temporal distributions of the phytoplankton community in the coastal waters of Gogunsan Islands (CoWGIs), West Sea of Korea, from January to September A total of 104 species of phytoplankton belonging to 56 genera were identified. This was low compared to the surrounding seas of the West Sea. In particular, diatoms and dinoflagellates comprised 60.5% and 34.6%, respectively, and it was most diverse in autumn. The standing crops fluctuated from 9.6 x 10 4 cells/l to 1.0x10 7 cells/l. This was high in winter and summer and low in spring and autumn. The seasonal dominant species were Skeletonema costatum-like species, Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii, Dactyliosolen fragillisimus, and Chaetoceros debilis in winter, Guinardia delicatula in spring, Eucampia zodiacus, Cylindrotheca closterium, Ch. debilis, and Ch. curvisetus in summer, and S. costatum-like species, Ch. debilis, Ch. curvisetus, G. delicatula, and Leptocylindrus danicus in autumn. The total number of autochthonous and tychopelagic species was 39 species. This showed a 1/3 (33.3%) decrease compared to the 1980's. The chlorophyll a concentration fluctuated from 3.82 μg /L in autumn to μg /L in summer. The bio-oceanographic characteristics of the CoWGIs based on principle component analysis (PCA) showed that it was dominated by the Saemangeum water mass in the high temperature season and by the Geum River water mass in the low temperature season. In other words, there has been a conversion to a closed inner bay followed by the dramatic progress of eutrophication, even in the CoWGIs after completion of the Saemangeum embankment. Key Words : chlorophyll a, coastal waters of Gogunsan Islands(CoWGIs), PCA, phytoplankton community, spatio-temporal distribution 이논문은 2013년도정부 ( 교육과학기술부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아수행된기초연구사업 (No ) 결과이다. * Corresponding Author : Yang Ho Yoon(Chonnam National Univ.) Tel: yoonyh@jnu.ac.kr Received October 28, 2014 Accepted March 12, 2015 Revised December 2, 2014 Published March 31,

2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 3 호, 서론 연안해역의식물플랑크톤군집은기초생산자로빛에너지합성을통해해양생태계물질순환의기반이되는생물군이다. 하지만인간활동에의한생활하수와산업폐수등으로부영양화가진행된연안및내만해역에서는다양한자극과증식물질에의해단시간에식물플랑크톤을이상발생시켜적조와같이심각한환경문제를발생시키기도한다 [1]. 즉식물플랑크톤은다양한외부의해양환경변화에민감하게반응하는인자로서 [2] 해양생태계구조해석과해양환경의변화해석을파악하는중요한수단으로널리이용되고있다 [3]. 고군산군도는군산시에서남서쪽으로약 50 km떨어진해상에무녀도, 선유도, 신시도등 63개의섬으로구성된고립된도서였지만, 1991년 11월시작하여 19년의공사끝에 2010년 4월군산시와고군산군도및부안시를연결하는 33.9 km의새만금방조제가완성된다음에는일부섬들은육지와연결되는등급격한환경변화가발생하는해역다. 약 20여년의새만금간척공사로인하여새만금해역을대상으로하는다양한해양관련연구가수행되었으나논문으로발표된내용은제한적이다. 주요내용은식물플랑크톤군집과적조관련연구 [4-10], 어류플랑크톤 [11], 저서성미세조류및저서동물군집 [12-14], 해조류 [15] 그리고어류, 패류및갑각류등의자원생물 [16, 17] 등에관한연구들이다. 한편고군산군도를포함하는인근해역에대해서도인공위성을이용한방조제건설공사에따른갯벌변화ㅣ18], 방조제에의한내부및외해수의혼합 [19], 퇴적물의규질편모조류및와편모조류시스트관한연구 [20-22], 해조류군집조사 [23], 어류, 패류및갑각류에대한수산자원에관한연구 [24-26] 및현생퇴적물의분포및지화학적연구 [27, 28] 등의연구결과가있다. 그러나고군산군도해역에대한식물플랑크톤군집과관련된연구는방조제건설에따른내부저수지와외부해역의식물플랑크톤군집비교 [29], 신시도배수갑문주변에한정된적조및종속편모조류에관한연구 [5, 6] 가있을뿐, 고군산군도전체해역을대상으로한결과는아직없다. 다만고군산군도북쪽에위치하는금강하구역과군산연안을대상으로한식물플랑크톤군집관련연구는다수보고된다 [30-32]. 따라서이논문은새만금방조제및연육, 연도교건설등인간활동으로급격한변화가있을뿐만아니라, 배수 [Fig. 1] Map show to sampling stations in the CoWGIs of West Sea of Korea. 관문에의해새만금저수지방류등으로해양환경및식물플랑크톤군집에큰변화를보이는고군산군도해역을대상으로식물플랑크톤군집의시 공간적변화및생물해양학적환경특성을고찰하였다. 2. 재료및방법 고군산군도해역에서식물플랑크톤군집의시 공간적분포및생물해양학적환경특성을파악하기위하여 2011년 1월 ( 겨울 ), 4월 ( 봄 ), 7월 ( 여름 ) 및 10월 ( 가을 ) 총 4 회에거쳐고군산군도해역에 31개정점을선정하여현장조사를실시하였다 (Fig. 1). 조사는현지사정을잘파악하고있는소형어선을용선하여이용하였다. 그리고정점은휴대용 GPS 또는선박용플로터에의해확인하였다. 식물플랑크톤군집파악을위한표본은표층해수 500 ml를플라스틱표본병에채수하여미리준비한중성포르마린으로실제최종농도가 0.4% 가되도록고정하였다 [33]. 고정된해수표본은실험실에서해수중플랑크톤이충분하게침전할수있도록최소 48시간이상정치시키는과정을 3-4회반복하여최종농도가 5.0 ml가되도록농축하여검경시료로제공하였다. 현미경관찰은검경시료 0.1 ml를계수판에위해광학현미경 (Olympus, BX 50) 의기게대에서 100X-400X 배율을이용하여종의동정과출현세포수를계수하였다. 식물플랑크톤종동정은최근의분류관련문헌 [34-37] 등을참고하였고분류 2288

3 고군산군도해역의식물플랑크톤군집의시ㆍ공간적분포및출현환경특성 체계는 World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS, 에준하여정리하였다. 해역의잠재적생물생산성을파악하기위한엽록소 a (Chlorophyll a) 에의한식물플랑크톤생물량은각정점의표층해수 500 ml를채수하여박막여과지 (pore size; 0.45 μm, diameter; 47 mm ) 가장착된플라스틱여과장치를이용하여흡인여과시켜식물플랑크톤을포집하였다. 필터에포집된생물은 90% 의아세톤을용매로색소를추출하였다. 색소가추출된혼합용액은원심분리기 (3,000 rpm, 15 min.) 를이용하여불순물을분리시킨다음상등액을이용하여분광광도계 (Mecasys Co. Ltd., Optizen 2120UV) 에서복수의파장에대한흡광도를측정하였다. 측정된복수파장의흡광도는보정이후경험식에의해엽록소 a 농도를계산하였다 [38]. 식물플랑크톤군집과관련된현존량과생물량자료와 CTD (Sea-Bird Co, SBE 19) 에의해측정된수온, 염분및시스마 t의자료를주성분분석 (PCA) 에이용하였다. 주성분분석은 SPSS 프로그램에서상관행렬을이용하여계산하였고, 주성분도출은누적기여율 70% 또는고유값 1을기준으로하였다 [39, 40]. 그리고주성분분석결과를이용하여고군산군도해역의식물플랑크톤출현특성과생물해양학적환경특성을고찰하였다. [Fig. 2] Seasonal fluctuation of phytoplankton species number in the CoWGIs. 으로 3.8%, 유글레나조류가 1속 1종으로 1.9% 를, 여름은 33속 52종으로규조류가 21속 26종으로 50.0%, 와편모조류가 10속 23종으로 44.2%, 규질편모조류가 1속 2종으로 3.8%, 그리고유글레나조류가 1속 1종으로 1.9% 를차지하였다. 그리고가을은 50속 82종으로규조류가 31속 54 종으로 65.9%, 와편모조류가 15속 24종으로 29.3%, 규질편모조류가 2속 2종으로 2.4%, 유글레나조류와동물성편모조류가각각 1속 1종으로각 1.2% 의출현점유률을차지하여, 가을에비교적다양한종이출현하였고, 봄과여름에종출현이낮았다 (Fig. 2). 3. 결과 3.1 식물플랑크톤군집 1) 종조성 2011년 4계절을통해고군산군도해역에서출현이확인된식물플랑크톤종은 56속 104종이었다. 분류군별로는규조류가 35속 63종으로 60.5% 의출현점유률을차지하였고, 다음으로와편모조류가 17속 36종으로 34.6%, 규질편모조류가 2속 3종으로 2.9% 그리고유글레나조류와동물성편모조류가각각 1속 1종으로각 1.0% 의출현점유률을보여, 와편모조류에의한점유률이비교적높았다. 계절별로는겨울에 40속 62종이출현하여, 규조류가 28속 43종으로 69.4%, 와편모조류가 8속 15종으로 24.2%, 규질편모조류가 2속 2종으로 3.2%, 유글레나조류와동물성편모조류가각각 1속 1종으로각 1.6% 를차지하였다. 봄은 36속 52종으로규조류가 26속 37종으로 71.2%, 와편모조류가 8속 12종으로 23.1% 규질편모조류가 2속 2종 2) 현존량고군산군도해역의식물플랑크톤현존량을나타내는세포밀도는전체정점평균으로가을 9.6 x 10 4 cells/l에서겨울 1.0 x 10 7 cells/l까지변화하여매우큰계절변화폭을나타내었다. 그리고전체적으로는식물플랑크톤세포밀도는매우높았지만, 출현종의계절변화와유의적관련성은관찰되지않았다. 또한중위도개방해역에서관찰되는식물플랑크톤의계절변동과는반대로봄과가을에낮고겨울과여름에높은세포밀도를나타내었다. 정점에따른식물플랑크톤현존량의공간분포차이도상대적수온변화가큰겨울과여름에크게나타났다. 식물플랑크톤세포밀도의계절변화는겨울에 4.3 x 10 5 cells/l에서 1.0 x 10 7 cells/l의범위에서 3.1 ± 2.0 x 10 6 cells/l( 평균 ± 표준편차로이하같음 ) 로연중가장높았다. 봄은 2.6 x 10 5 cells/l에서 1.4 x10 6 cells/l의범위로 6.8 ± 2.6 x 10 5 cells/l로겨울보다한단위낮았다. 여름은 1.7 x 10 4 cells/l에서 3.4 x cells/l의범위로

4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 3 호, 2015 ± 0.8 x 10 6 cells/l로봄보다다소높았다. 가을은 9.6 x 10 4 cells/l에서 1.4 x 10 6 cells/l의범위에서 5.1 ± 3.2 x 10 5 cells/l로변동하여연중가장낮은세포밀도를나타내었다 (Fig. 3). Phytoplankton standing crop (cells/ml) Max. Average Min. Feb. April July Oct. Month [Fig. 3] Seasonal fluctuation of phytoplankton standing crops in the CoWGIs. 식물플랑크톤현존량의계절및공간분포는겨울에고군산군도북쪽인횡경도, 방축도해역에서높은반면남쪽해역에서낮았다. 특히관리도서남방및남쪽에서외해로진행할수록급격하게세포밀도가낮아졌다 (Fig. 4A). 봄은신시도, 선유도및무녀도로들러쌓인내만해역과방죽도인근해역등고군산군도북서해역에서상대적으로높은세포밀도를보인반면, 무녀도및관리도인근인남쪽해역에서낮았다 (Fig. 4B). 여름은겨울및봄과는달리신시도남쪽신시도갑문전면에서외곽해역에위치하는정점에서높은세포밀도를보인반면, 신시도와선유도사이의내만해역과장자도남부의내만해역에서낮았다 (Fig. 4C). 가을은겨울과유사하여신시도, 선유도및무녀도로들러쌓인내만해역과방죽도인근해역등고군산군도북서해역에서높은세포밀도를보이나무녀도및관리도인근인남부해역에서상대적으로낮은세포밀도를보였다 (Fig. 4D). (A) Winter (B) Spring (C) Summer (D) Autumn [Fig. 4] Seasonal and horizontal distributions of phytoplankton standing crops in the CoWGIs. 2290

5 고군산군도해역의식물플랑크톤군집의시ㆍ공간적분포및출현환경특성 [Table 1] Percentage of diatoms and phytoflagellates on the total cell density in the CoWGIs. Seasons Total Percentage (%) Centrales Diatoms Pennales Phytoflagellates Winter Spring Summer Autumn 또한식물플랑크톤군집에서분류군별출현점유률의계절변화는연중전체식물플랑크톤에서규조류가차지하는점유률이 97.0% 이상으로군집전체가규조류에의해지배되는양상을보였다. 규조류에서도중심목규조류에의한점유률이여름 73.6% 에서기타계절은 90.0% 이상으로대부분을차지하였다. 우상목규조류는여름에 25.4% 로최대를보인것을제외하면다른계절에는 10% 이하의낮은점유률을나타내었다. 식물성편모조류는 % 점유률로봄과가을에 2.1% 로다소높은것을제외하면겨울과여름은 1% 이하의점유률로매우낮았다 (Table 1). 3) 우점종 고군산군도해역의식물플랑크톤군집에서전체정점평균 5% 이상우점률을보이는우점종의계절적천이는겨울에규조류 Skeletonema costatum-like species, Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii, Dactyliosolen fragillisimus 및 Chaetoceros debilis 가각각 31.4%, 15.7%, 13.2%, 10.7% 의우점률로합계 71.0% 를나타내었다. 봄은규조류 Guinardia delicatula가 89.4% 의우점률로극우점하였다. 여름도규조류 Eucampia zodiacus, Cylindrotheca closterium, Ch. debilis 및 Ch. curvisetus 가각각 43.1%, 24.9%, 13.1%, 7.0% 의우점률로전체 88.1% 를나타내었다. 그리고가을역시규조류 S. costatum-like species, Ch. debilis, Ch. curvisetus, G. delicatula와 Leptocylindrus danicus 가각각 39.1%, 17.8%, 15.7%, 6.3% 와 6.0% 의우점률로전체 84.9% 를나타내었 (Table 2). 즉고군산군도해역의식물플랑크톤군집은연간중심목규조류에의해우점, 지배되는양상을나타내었고계절별우점종의천이도비교적분명하였다. 두계절이상우점종으로출현한종은모두중심목규조로서 Ch. debilis, Ch. curvisetus, G. delicatula 및 S. costatum - like species 등 4종이었다. [Table 2] Seasonal fluctuations of dominant species and dominance in the CoWGIs Dominant species Asterionellopsis glacialis 7.5 Dominance (%) Winter Spring Summer Autumn Chaetoceros curvisetus Chaetoceros debilis Chaetoceros tortissimus 7.2 Cylindrotheca closterium 24.9 Dactyliosolen fragillisimus 13.2 Eucampia zodiacus 43.1 Guinardia delicatula Leptocylindrus danicus 6.0 Skeletonema costatum - like species Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii ) 출현종의계절변화고군산군도해역의식물플랑크톤군집에서 4계절모두출현한종은와편모조류 Dinophysis fortii, Neoceratium fusus, Noctiluca scintillans, Protoperidinium bipes, P. conicum, 규질편모조류 Dictyocha fibula, 유글레나조류 Eutreptiella gymnastica, 중심목규조류 Actinoptychus senarius, Chaetoceros affinis, Ch. debilis, Coscinodiscus gigas, Ditylum brightwellii, Eucampia zodiacus, Paralia sulcata, Skeletonema costatum like species, Thalassiosira rotula 및우상목규조류 Meuniera membranceae, Pleurosigma normanii, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Tropidoneis lepidoptera 등 21종의다양한종들이토속종이나일시적부유종으로출현하였다. 그리고 3계절에출현한종은와편모조류 D. acuminata, Heterocapsa triquetra, N. teres, Scrippsiella trochoidea, D. speculum, 중심목규조류 Ch. curvisetus, Cyclotella striata, Leptocylindrus danicus, Odontella aurita, Proboscia alata, Rhizosolenia setigera, Stephanopyxis turris, Th. nordenskioeldii 그리고우상목규조류 Asterionellopsis glacialis, Cylindrotheca closterium, Diploneis splendica, Gyrosgima fasciola, Nitzschia sigma 등 18종으로, 3계절이상출현이확인된종은 39으로비교적다양하였다 (Table 3). 2291

6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 3 호, 2015 [Table 3] Seasonal variations of phytoplankton species in the CoWGIs Seasons Phytoplankton Winter Spring Summer Atumn PHYTOFLAGELLATES DINOFLAGELLATES Akashiwo sanguinea * Alexandrium sp. * * Dinophysis acuminata * * D fortii * * * * Gonyaulax polygramma * * G. scrippsae * Gymnodinium sp. * Gyrodinium sp. * * * * Heterocapsa triquetra * * * Katodinium glaucum * Neoceratium furca * * N. fusus * * * * N. kofoidii * N. teres * * * N. trichoceros * * Neoceratium sp. * * Noctiluca scintillans * * * * Oxyphysis oxytoxoides * * Prorocentrum dentatum * * P. minimum * * P. triestinum * * Prorocentrum sp. * Protoperidinium bipes * * * * P. conicum * * * * P. crassipes * P. oceanicum * P. pallidum * * P. pentagonum * P. pellucidum * P. sinusum * Protoperidinium spp. * * * Pseliodinium vaubanii * Pyrophacus steinii * Scrippsiella trochoidea * * * Torodinium tereto * * SILICOFLAGELLATES Dictyocha fibula * * * * D. speculum * * * Octactis octonaria * * EUGLENOIDS Eutreptiella gymnastica * * * * ZOOFLAGELLATES Ebria tripartita * DIATOMS Centric diatoms Actinoptychus senarius * * * * Asteromphalus sp. * Bacteriastrum hyalinum * Chaetoceros affinis * * * * Ch. compressum * Ch. curvisetus *** *** ** to be continued Table 3 Seasons Phytoplankton name Winter Spring Summer Atumn Ch. danicus * * Ch. debilis *** * *** *** Ch. decipiens * * Ch. didymus * * Ch. messanensis * Ch. peruvianus * * Ch. socialis *** * Ch. tortissimus *** Chaetoceros spp. ** * ** * Climacodinium frauenfeldianum * Coscinodiscus centralis * * C. gigas * * * * Coscinodiscus sp. * * * * Cyclotella striata * * * Dactyliosolen fragilissimus *** * D. phuketensis * Dictylum brightwellii ** * * * Eucampia zodiacus * * **** ** Guinardia delicatula *** ** G. flaccida * * G. striata * Helicotheca tamesis * * Leptocylindrus danicus ** * * Neocalyptrella robusta * Odontella aurita * * * O. sinensis * * Paralia sulcata ** ** * * Planktoniella blanda * Proboscia alata * * * Rhizosolenia carcar-avis * Rhizosolenia hebetata * * R. setigera ** * * Rhizosolenia sp. * Skeletonema costatum **** * * *** Stephanopyxis turris * * * Thalassiosira aestivalis * Th. leptopus * * Th. nordenskioeldii *** * * Th. pacifica * Th. rotula ** * * * Thalassiosira spp. * * * * Pennate diatoms Amphipora alata * Asterionellopsis glacialis *** ** ** A. kariana * * Bacillaria paxillifera * * Cylindrotheca closterium * * * Diploneis splendica * * * Gyrosgima fasciola * * * 2292

7 고군산군도해역의식물플랑크톤군집의시ㆍ공간적분포및출현환경특성 to be continued Table 3 Phytoplankton name Seasons Winter Spring Summer Atumn Licmophora lyngbyei * * Meuniera membranceae * * * * Navicula spp. * * * Nitzschia sigma * * * Pleurosigma normanii * * * * Pseudo-nitzschia delicatssima * Pn. pungens ** * * ** Thalassionema frauenfeldii * T. nitzschioides * * * * Tropidoneis lepidoptera * * * * * 10 3 cells/l; ** 10 4 cells/l; *** 10 5 cells/l; **** 10 6 cells/l; ***** 107 cells/l (A) Winter (C) Summer (B) Spring (D) Autumn 3.2 식물플랑크톤생물량 ( 엽록소 a) 2011년고군산군도해역에서엽록소 a 농도로표현된식물플랑크톤생물량은가을 1.55 μg /L에서여름 μg /L 범위로변화하여세포밀도와같이매우높은농도와계절별로큰차이를나타내었다. 계절변동은겨울에 μg /L의범위에서 5.91 ± 0.95 μg /L의변동폭을, 봄은 μg /L의범위에서 ± 4.14 μg /L, 여름은 μg /L의범위에서 ± 7.67 μg /L, 그리고가을은 μg /L의범위에서 3.82 ± 1.35 μg /L의변동폭을나타내었다. 즉엽록소 a 농도는수온상승기인봄과여름에높고, 수온하강기인가을과겨울에상대적으로낮아세포밀도의변화와는다른경향을나타내었다. 공간분포도수온상승기에크고, 수온하강기에낮았다 (Fig. 5). Chlorophyll-a (ug/l) Max. Average Feb. April July Oct. Month Min. [Fig. 5] Seasonal fluctuations of chlorophyll a concentration in the CoWGIs [Fig. 6] Seasonal and horizontal distributions of chlorophyll a concentration in the CoWGIs. 엽록소 a 농도의공간분포는겨울에세포밀도와는달리신시도, 선유도및무녀도에의해들러쌓인내만해역에서 7 μg /L 이상으로높은반면, 관리도서방의개방해역에서 4 μg /L 이하의낮은농도를보였다 (Fig. 6A). 봄은매우높은엽록소농도로다소복잡한분포경향으로장도, 선유도및관리도사이의수로부에서 20 μg /L 전후의매우높은농도를보였고, 신시도배수갑문인근해역에서 10 μg /L 이하의농도를보였다. 그리고고군산군도북쪽해역에서남쪽해역보다높은 16 μg /L 전후의높은농도를나타내었다 (Fig. 6B). 여름은 4계절중가장높은엽록소 a 농도로보였고, 특히새만금수괴영향을받는신시도배수갑문인근해역에서 40 μg /L 이상의적조수준의농도를나타내었다. 전체적으로는봄과는반대로남쪽해역에서 20 μg /L 전후의높은농도를보이는반면북쪽해역은 10 μg /L 전후의농도를나타내었다. 그리고섬사이에위치하는협수로및정체수역에서 μg /L 또는그이상의농도를보이는등규칙적인분포경향은관찰되지않았다 (Fig. 6C). 가을은연중가장낮은생물량으로선유도, 무녀도서쪽과신시도갑문인근해역에서 3 μg /L 전후의엽록소 a 농도를보였다. 특히신시도와선유도사이의수로부에서 5 μg /L 전후의농도를보였다. 그리고신시도북단의새만금방조제와인접하는광역해역에서 5 μg /L 이상의농도를보였다 (Fig. 6D). 3.3 식물플랑크톤군집의분포및출현특성 고군산군도해역에서계절별표층에서얻어진수온, 염분등의해황인자와식물플랑크톤군집의상위분류군 2293

8 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 3 호, 2015 [Table 5] Results of principal component analysis (PCA) on the physical and biological parameters in the CoWGIs seasons parameter number Winter 13 Spring 10 Summer 13 Autumn 13 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Principal Component 1st 2nd 3rd eigenvalue proportion(%) accumulative proportion(%) eigenvalue proportion(%) accumulative proportion(%) eigenvalue proportion(%) accumulative proportion(%) eigenvalue proportion(%) accumulative proportion(%) 및우점종을대상으로계절별, 정점별자료를이용하여주성분분석을실시하였다. 여름을제외하고는누적기여율 70% 로제3주성분까지도출되었으나, 특성값해석은전체정조의 60% 를설명하고있는제1 및제2 주성분만을대상으로하였다 (Table 5). 겨울주성분분석의인자부하량분포는제1주성분의양의영역에우상목규조류를중심으로우점종에강한양의관계를보이는반면, 음의영역은수온과염분등수괴특성을결정하는인자가위치하고있으나상대적으로수온과음의관계가강하게나타났다. 제2주성분은양의영역에전체및중심목규조류, 그리고우점종에강한양의상관을보이는반면음의영역에는유의적인인자가분포하지않았다. 이와같은인자부하량분포로부터제1주성분은우상목규조류의출현을지배하는환경, 제2 주성분은중심목규조류출현에관여하는특성값으로해석할수있었다. 즉, 겨울에우점하는규조류는수온과염분과같은해황인자에크게지배되지않는특징을보였고, 중심목과우상목규조류의출현도다소상반되는인자에의해지배되고있음을알수있었다 (Fig. 7A). 봄은한종의우점종에의해극우점되고있어, 비교적단순한인자부하량의분포를나타내었다. 제1주성분의양에강한관계는우점종, 규조류및전체식물플랑크톤세포밀도가음의영역은강하지는않지만수온, 염분등해황인자가분포하고있어식물플랑크톤현존량을결정하는특성값으로판단할수있었다. 제2 주성분은염분및시스마 t에강한양의관계를보이며, 수온에강한음의상관을나타내는것으로부터수괴특성을나타내는지표로볼수있었다. 즉봄은수온과염분등의독립된해황 인자보다상호보완적인환경인자의복합적작용에의해식물플랑크톤분포가결정되며, 전체식물플랑크톤세포밀도는규조류에의해지배되지만, 엽록소 a 농도는규조류보다식물성편모조류에의해지배되는것으로평가되었다 (Fig. 7B). 여름제1주성분은우상목우점종, 규조류, 식물플랑크톤현존량및엽록소 a 농도에강한양의관계를나타내는반면, 염분과밀도에강한음의관계를나타내고있어주로우상목규조류를중심으로하는규조류성장특성을나타내는것으로판단되었다. 제2주성분은양의영역에중심목규조류와중심목우점종, 음의영역에는약하지만우상목규조류과우상목우점종, 엽록소 a 농도가분포하여중심목규조류출현을지배하는환경특성을나타내는것으로판단되었다. 즉여름고군산군도의우상목규조류는담수유입등육상기원물질에의해출현과분포가지배되고있는것에반해, 중심목규조류특히 Chaetoceros curvisetus 등은오히려염분농도가높은외해개방해역에출현하는것으로판단되었다. 엽록소 a 농도는식물플랑크톤현존량에점유률이높은중심목규조류보다는우상목규조류에지배되는경향이컸으며, 편모조류는비교적높은염분을나타내는환경에지배되는것으로나타났다 (Fig. 7C). 가을제1주성분은중심목규조류와중심목우점종, 규조류및식물플랑크톤현존량에강한양의관련성을보이는반면, 약하지만염분과밀도에음의관계를나타내고잇어중심목규조류의출현을지배하는한경특성을나타내는것으로판단되었다. 제2주성분은수온에강한양의관계를보이는반면, 염분과밀도에는강한음의관 2294

9 고군산군도해역의식물플랑크톤군집의시ㆍ공간적분포및출현환경특성 (A) Winter (C) Summer (B) Spring (D) Autumn [Fig. 7] Seasonal changes of loading factors of 1 st and 2 nd principal component by PCA (Parameters; Temp: water temperature, Sal: salinity, Sig.-t: sigma t, Chl-a: chlorophyll-a) 계를나타내어수괴분포에관련하는특성값으로판단되었다. 즉전체식물플랑크톤현존량은중심목규조류에의해, 엽록소 a 농도는우상목규조류와식물성편모조류에의해지배되었고, 수온과염분은서로상반되게위치하는연안해역의전형적특성을나타내었다. 즉가을고군산군도해역의식물플랑크톤은고염해수보다연안특성을강하게받으면서비교적고온을보이는저염수에서높은세포밀도를보였다 (Fig. 7D). 그리고주성분분석의득점분포에따른정점군을이용한해역구분은실시하였다. 결과계절에따라다소차이는있으나고군산군도가다수의도서와수로로형성되고있기에도서와수로로구성된도서내만해역과비교적개방된환경특성을보이는외곽해역으로구분되었다. 즉다도해적환경특성을나타내고있다고할수있었다. 4. 고찰 2011년고군산군도해역에서출현이확인된식물플랑크톤출현종 56속 104종은조사시점의차이는있지만금강하구의 96종 [41] 이나 101종 [30] 보다는다소높지만, 군 산연안의 131종 [31], 새만금해역의 191종 [8] 및금강하구의 233종 [32] 에비하면낮았다. 특히서해의환경특성을보이는한강하구역의 268종 [42], 경기만의 228종 [43] 및천수만의 262종 [44] 에비하면매우낮은값이다. 이와같은결과는새만금하류해역에출현하는식물플랑크톤군집의총 191종에서담수녹조류 31종, 담수남조류 24종과같이많은담수산이종이포함되고있는점도있지만 [8], 연구자에따라군집해석에서소수출현종에대한분류기준을달리하고있기때문으로발생하는것으로판단되었다. 즉출현종수의많고적음이고군산군도해역의환경변화와해역특성을직접적으로반영하고있다고보기는어렵다. 그리고출현종의계절변화에서규조류는연중높은출현점유률을보이는것에반하여와편모조류등식물성편모조류가상대적으로수온이높은고수온기에높은출현점유률을보이는것은우리나라남해 [45, 46], 서해 [32, 43] 는물론중위도해역에서쉽게관찰되는현상이라할수있다 [47]. 고군산군도해역의최대식물플랑크톤현존량인 1.0 x 10 7 cells/l의세포밀도는고수온기부영양화된연안또는내만해역에서관찰되는세포밀도수준이다 [48]. 이와같이높은세포밀도는서해에서최고세포밀도를나타내는새만금내만의 8.5 x 10 7 cells/l[9], 만경강및동진강하구인새만금수역의 2.2 x 10 7 cells/l[4] 와금강하구의 1.2 x 10 7 cells/l[32], 인천도크의 1.3 x 10 7 cells/l[49] 보다는다소낮거나유사한값이지만, 한강하구역 [50], 경기만 [43], 천수만 [51], 영광연안해역 [52] 등서해각해역에서기록된최고세포밀도 5.5 x 10 6 cells/l 이하의현존량이나금강하류및새만금연안등군산연안에서의 1.0 x 10 6 cells/l 이하의현존량보다는 1-2 단위높은세포밀도이다 [30, 31, 41]. 고군산군도해역의식물플랑크톤세포밀도는빛, 수온, 포식압등의물리적또는생물학적인자보다부영양화등영양염류의증가에의한것이라할수있다. 실제금강하구의식물플랑크톤현존량의경시적변화를영양염류중에서도질산염증가에의한것으로평가하고있으며 [32], 고군산군도해역은최근새만금방조제공사종료이후새만금호기수의방류와금강하구역에서공급되는영양염류의영향으로급격히세포밀도가증가하고있다고할수있다. 그러나새만금방조제의하구역과내만, 방조제밖의정점을대상으로 2001년에서 2010년까지세포밀도의변화양상을분석한결과에서만경강, 동진강하구및내만해역에서는 10 7 cells/l 2295

10 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 3 호, 2015 단위세포밀도가계절에따라발생하고있지만, 방조제내측의새만금호외측및제방외측정점 (1개정점 ) 에서는 5.7 x 10 6 cells/l 이하의세포밀도로 2006년제방완공이후에도식물플랑크톤세포밀도에큰변화가없음을설명하고도있다 [9]. 또한계절변화에서과거서해식물플랑크톤세포밀도의대증식은봄이나가을에나타났지만 [43, 47], 최근부영양화가진행되면서는여름 [32] 등계절적으로매우불규칙한양상을보이고있다 [53]. 즉고군산군도해역에서도중위도개방해역의해수혼합과성층등의계절변화에동반되는봄과가을의규조류대발생보다겨울에최대세포밀도를나타내었다. 식물플랑크톤성장에영양염류농도가문제가되지않은부영양화된내만과연안해역의최대식물플랑크톤세포밀도는주로여름에나타나지만 [39, 54-56], 지중해등겨울에도광조건이충분하고해수혼합에의해영양염류공급이원활한천해의내만및연안해역은겨울에가장높은세포밀도를보이기도한다 [57-60]. 특히고군산군도해역과같이다도해적특성을보이는해역에서겨울최대식물플랑크톤세포밀도를보이는현상은우리나라남서해역에서어렵지않게관찰된다 [46, 54, 59]. 고군산군도해역의식물플랑크톤군집에서우점종은계절적천이가비교적뚜렷하지만규조류에의해우점되었다. 이는담수남조류나녹조류에우점되는금강하구 [32] 나새만금호 [29] 와는다른결과이다. 그러나규조류에우점되는천수만 [51] 과경기만 [43], Skeletonema costatum - like species 및 Chaetoceros debilis 를제외하면많은차이가있었고서해에서일시부유종으로경기만과천수만등에서가장우점하는 Paralia sulcata는우점종으로출현하지않았다. 특히봄규조류 Guinardia delicatula에의해 89.4% 의우점율로극우점하는현상과여름 Eucampia zodiacus에의한 43.1% 우점률을나타내는등특정종으로극단적인높은우점률을나타내는것은서해연안해역에서매우이례적인현상이라할수있었다. 서해의식물플랑크톤은토착성그룹, 저서성그룹및외부에서유입된난류성그룹으로구분하고있으며, 연안식물플랑크톤군집에서토착성그룹과갯벌에서식하다강한조류, 난류및파랑에의해일시적으로부유하는저서성그룹이매우중요한것으로지적하고있다 [53]. 고군산군도해역에서 3회이상출현하여토착성식물플랑크톤으로판단할수있는 39종에서기존에서해의토착성그룹 22종 [43, 61] 및일시부유성그룹 16종 [43] 에 포함되는종은 13종으로전체 33.3% 에지나지않았다. 나머지 26종에는와편모조류가 8종, 규질편모조류가 1종, 유글레나조류가 1종, 규조류가 16종으로고군산군도해역의환경변화와함께식물플랑크톤군집도많은변화를나타내는것으로추정할수있었다. 특히이들 26종은서해에서우점출현하거나일반적으로관찰되는종이다 [9, 32, 53]. 그리고고군산군도해역에서겨울과가을최우점하는 Skeletonema costatum-like species는우리나라연안 / 내만해역은물론범지구적으로부영양화해역에극우점하는종인 S. costatum이었다 [48]. 이 S. costatum은 Skeletonema 속에단일종만이있었으나최근분자생물학적연구에서다른몇개의종으로분리될가능성이제기되었다 [62]. 그리고전자현미경과분자생물학적분류가재정립되어 Skeletonema 속은 2005년 [63] 에서 2011년 [64] 까지를 Skeletonema shock wave 라고할정도로세분화되어 [65-67], 지금은약 20종으로구분되어있다 (algaebase, 또한지금까지연안및내만해역의대표종으로알려진 S. costatum 는우리나라를포함한동북아시아해역에서는그다지많이출현하지않은것으로보고된다 [68]. 때문에여기서는기존문헌에서 S. costatum 으로분류된종을포함하여금번동정된유사종을모두합해 S. costatum-like species로정리하였다. 엽록소 a 농도는봄과여름에평균 μg /L, μg /L, 가을과겨울에 3.82 μg /L, 5.91 μg /L, 그리고최대농도인 μg /L은개방된해역에서관찰되기에는쉽지않은이례적인농도로부영양화가진행된내만해역에서관찰되는농도이다 [54, 69]. 실제 Choi et al.[53] 에의하면 년까지서해연안해역, 황해중앙부및동부해역, 천수만, 경기만, 영광연안해역등 8개해역에서관찰된엽록소 a 농도는 μg /L의범위이고 1991년폐쇄역인인천연안에서최대 μg /L가기록된것으로보고하고있다. 그러나여기에서관찰되는최고엽록소 a 농도는이들내용과비교하기어려울정도의높은값으로식물플랑크톤현존량의변화요인과같이부영양화진행에따른결과라할수있었다. 즉고군산군도해역은새만금방조제건설이후매우빠르게부영양화가진행되고있음을시사하는내용ㅇ이라할수있었다. 그러나고군산군도해역의식물플랑크톤현존량과엽록소 a의계절변화는일치하지않고서로다른경향을나타내었다. 이런결과는우리나라연안해역에서어렵지 2296

11 고군산군도해역의식물플랑크톤군집의시ㆍ공간적분포및출현환경특성 않게관찰되는현상으로우점식물플랑크톤의단위세포당엽록소 a 함량의차이 [54, 70] 와세포체적이차이 [71] 그리고고수온기에주로출현하는무각편모조류및광학현미경으로동정과계수가어려운초미소플랑크톤에의한점유률차이등 [72-77] 으로발생한다. 즉고수온기식물플랑크톤군집에는현미경관찰이어려운초미소식물플랑크톤에의한점유률이높아엽록소 a 농도에는반영되지만, 세포밀도에는반영되지않기때문에세포밀도가과소평가되는것으로해석되었다 [78]. 연안해역의식물플랑크톤군집의분포와성장은주로영양염류의공급과계절성등에크게지배된다 [39, 40, 46, 79]. 주성분분석으로고군산군도해역의식물플랑크톤분포와출현을해석한환경인자특성에서도크게다르지는않았다. 다만영양염류자료가포함되지않아정확한결과도출은할수없지만, 고군산군도해역은금강과새만금호의영향을모두받으나계절적으로고수온기는새만금호의배출수의영향을직접받는것으로, 저수온기에는금강수괴의영향을강하게받는것으로추정되었다. 그리고규조류에서부유성특성이강한중심목과저서성특성이강한우상목의출현특성은서로상반되는것으로판단되었다. 결론적으로식물플랑크톤군집에서도출된고군산군도해역의생물해양학적특성은새만금방조제가완공된이후수년이지난지금매우빠르게부영양화가진행되어내만성환경으로변화되는것으로판단되었다. References [1] Y. H. Yoon, Red Tides -Uprising from the Sea. Gibmoondang, Seoul, 531pp [2] V. A. Guinder, C.A. Popovich, J. C. Molinero and J. Marcovecchio, Phytoplankton summer bloom dynamics in the Bahḯa Blanca Estuary in relation to changing environmental conditions, Cont. Shelf Res., 52, , DOI: [3] M. Garmendia, Á. Borja, J. Franco and M. Revilla, Phytoplankton composition indicators for the assessment of eutrophication in marine waters: Present state and challenges within the European directives, Mar. Poll. Bull., 66, 7-16, DOI: [4] J. H. Shim, Y. K. Shin and W. H. Lee, Environmental properties and phytoplankton community of the lower Mankyeong river, Korean J. Limnol. Soc., 24, 45-54, [5] H. J. Jeong, Y. D. Yoo and J. S. Kim, Outbreak of red tides in the coastal waters off the southern Seamankeum areas, Jeonbuk, Korea 2. Temporal variations in the heterotrophic dinoflagellates and ciliates in the summer-autumn of 1999, The Sea J. Korean Soc. Oceanogr., 7, , [6] Y. D. Yoo, H. J. Jeong, J. H. Shim, J. Y. Park, K. J. Lee, W. H. Yih, H. K. Kweon, S. J. Pae and J. K. Park, Outbreak of red tides in the coastal waters off the southern Seamankeum areas, Jeonbuk, Korea 1. Temporal and spatial variations in the phytoplankton community in the summer-autumn of 1999, The Se a J. Korean Soc. of Oceanogr., 7, , [7] Kim, Y.G., Park, J.W. Jang, K.G. and Yih, W., 2009, Cyclic change of phytoplankton community in Mankyeong River estuary prior to the completion of the Saemankeum Seawall, Ocean and Polar Res., 31, DOI: [8] H.-G. Yeo, Diversity of planktonic micro algae in Saemangeum water regions, J. Korea Acad.-Indust. Coop. Soc., 11, , DOI: [9] H.-G. Yeo, Annual variations( ) of phytoplankton standing stocks in Saemangeum water region, J. Korea Acad.-Indust. Coop. Soc., 13, , DOI: [10] C. H. Choi, S. W. Jung, S. M. Yun, S. H. Kim and J. K. Park., Changes in phytoplankton communities and environmental factors in Seamangeum artificial lake, south Korea between 2006 and 2009, Korean J. Environ. Biol., 31, , DOI: [11] S.S. Cha, S. J. Chun, J. S. Yang and K. W. Choi, Species composition and abundance of ichthyo-plankton in the waters of Saemangeum, Korea 2003, Korean J. Ichthyol., 16, , [12] S. H. Oh and C. H. Koh, Distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of the Mangyung and Dongjin tital flat. west coast of Korea (Eastern Yellow Sea), Mar. Biol., 122, , DOI: [13] S.-J. Oh, C.-H. Moon and M. O. Park, HPLC analysis of biomas and community composition of microphytobenthos in the Seamangeum tital flat, west coast of Korea, J. 2297

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