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1 가로막호흡과머리-목굽힘운동이전방머리자세젊은성인의목빗근근활성도, 호흡기능에미치는영향 대한심장호흡물리치료학회지제 2 권제 1 호, PP.1-7 이현재 1, 권나영 1, 권유진 1, 황호정 1, 최종덕 1, 김미선 2 1 대전대학교자연과학대학물리치료학과, 2 대전대학교일반대학원물리치료학과 The Effect of Cranio-Cervical Flexion with Diaphragmatic Breathing on Respiratory Function and Muscle Activities of Sternocleidomastoid Muscle in Young Adults with Forward Head PostureTitle Hyun-Jae Lee 1, Na-Young Kwon 1, Yu-Jin Kwon 1, Ho-Jung Hwang 1, Jong-Duk Choi 1, Mi-Sun Kim 2 1 Dept. of Physical Therapy, College of Natural Science, Daejeon University, 2 Dept. of Physical Therapy, The Graduate School, Daejeon University Purpose : The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of diaphragmatic breathing and muscle activities of sternocleidomastoid(scm) from cranio-cervical flexion exercise(ccfe) and the changes in respiratory functions of young adults with forward head posture. Methods : The subjects of the study are thirty young adults with forward head posture. They were divided into two groups according to the way they exercise and they participated in the experiment two times a day for a week. A group has carried out CCFE with diaphragmatic breathing, and the other has only implemented CCFE. Spirometer was used to measure pulmonary function, and muscle activities SCM were measured by Surface electromyograph(emg). Measured value was analyzed by paired T-test. Results : There were significant differences in muscle activities of SCM between experimental group and control group(p<.05), but there was no big difference in variation(p>.05). There were only statistically evident differences in peak expiratory flow(pef) and maximal voluntary ventilation(mvv) regarding lung function(p<0.05). Conclusion : On the basis of these results, the study shows that CCFE could positively affect decreased muscle activities of SCM and the improvement of cardio pulmonary function. Key words : Cranio-Cerivical flexion, Diaphragmatic breathing, Forward head posture, Respiratory function Ⅰ. 서론전방머리자세는인체의중력중심선에서머리가전방으로벗어나과도한전방전위를나타내고, 위목뼈 (upper cervical) 의폄과아래목뼈 (lower cervical) 의굽힘된자세가합쳐져목뼈가전체적으로전방으로전위된자세를말한다 (Szeto 등, 2002). 머리의역학적안정화에서목근육은중요한역할을하는데 ( 전덕훈, 2011), 목근육의이상으로인한목장애를가진환자들은목뼈전만 (cervical lordosis) 의변형을동반하고 (Hayashi 등, 2002), 이로인한비정상적이고반복적인움직임으로발생되는근피로로인해심부목근육들의능력이저하되어목뼈의불안정성이발생, 목통증이유발되고있다 ( 정재훈, 2011). 이러한목통증환자의 60% 가전방머리자세 (forward head posture) 를가진다 (Chiu 등, 2002). 최근현대사회에서작업과관련된경부통증이점점증가하 는추세이며특히컴퓨터작업자에게서집중적으로나타난다 (Cagnie 등, 2011; Cook 등, 2000). 장시간컴퓨터사용으로인한근골격계질환은목과어깨통증으로이어지는불량한자세습관을가지게한다. 불량한자세습관과작업환경으로인해목굽힘자세가지속되고, 이러한자세는목주변근육들의활성도를증가시킨다 (Schuldt 등, 1986). 특히목빗근은일상적인호흡동안수축하지않고호흡보조근으로작용하는데 (de Mayo 등, 2005; Yokoba 등, 2003), 일반적인호흡시사용되면호흡기능에제한을줄수있다 (Cagnie 등, 2008). 전방머리자세로인해호흡근의약화가나타나게되고비정상적인호흡이유도되는것이장기간방치될경우만성적인호흡기질환으로이어질수있다 ( 장철, 2010). 가로막호흡은흉강과복강사이의가로막이위아래로움직이면서호흡을하고이로인해폐의하단이발달하게되어폐활량의향상에도움이되는데, 이러한주요호흡근인가로막의변화는호흡근의기능이상 교신저자 : 김미선주소 : 대전광역시동구대학로 62 대전대학교응용과학관 2506 호, 전화 : , ptsylph@naver.com 가로막호흡과머리 - 목굽힘운동이전방머리자세젊은성인의목빗근근활성도, 호흡기능에미치는영향 1

2 대한심장호흡물리치료학회지제 2 권제 1 호, 2014 을일으킬수있다 (Cohen 등, 1994). 선행연구에서는전방머리자세를포함한목통증환자들은가로막호흡보다상부흉곽호흡을함으로써불필요한목근육을주로사용하기때문에가로막호흡에대한교육을함으로써이러한근육들의긴장을줄이는것이필요하다고하였다 (Kisner 와 Colby, 2007; Page 등, 2009). 다른연구에서는정상성인 30명을대상으로머리- 목굽힘운동시목근육의근활성도가가로막호흡을하는대상자보다상부흉곽호흡을하는대상자에게서유의하게높았다고보고되었다 (Cagnie 등, 2008). 최근치료적운동중에서척추안정성을유지하는데주도적으로역할을하는심부근육인긴목근, 긴머리근등을강화하여목뼈의굽이를감소시켜중립자세에위치하도록하는안정화운동을주목하고있으며, 목의심부굽힘근활성화에대한치료적운동은바로누운자세에서의목굽힘운동 (cervical flexion exercise; CFEx)(Grimmer와 Trott, 1998) 과압력바이오피드백기구를사용한머리- 목굽힘운동 (cranio-cervical flexion exercise; CCFEx)(Jull 등, 2004) 이임상에서많이적용되고있다. 깊은흡기후천천히호기시머리- 목굽힘운동은목빗근의활동을억제시키고심부목굽힘근을좀더활성화시킨다고하였다 (Cagnie 등, 2008). 선행연구에서는머리 -목굽힘운동과가로막호흡의필요성을강조하였고전방머리자세를가진대상자들에게호흡패턴을바르게교정하는것이필요하다고제안하였다. 그러나아직까지머리자세와호흡방법에따른흡기보조근육들의활성도에관한연구가부족한실정이다 ( 이경순과정학영, 2009). 본연구에서는머리 -목굽힘운동과가로막호흡훈련이전방머리자세젊은성인들에게목빗근의근활성도와심폐기능에미치는영향을알아보고자하였다. 본연구의가설은단독적인머리 -목굽힘운동보다가로막호흡을동반하여머리- 목굽힘운동을시행하는것이호흡보조근육인목빗근의근활성도를낮춰주고심폐기능의향상에도움이될것이라고설정하였다. Ⅱ. 연구방법 1. 연구대상본연구는 D대학교에재학중인성인남녀중전방머리자세를가진학생을대상자로선정하였다. 연구대상자는남자 12 명, 여자 18명으로총 30명이참가하였으며, 경추, 복부, 흉부수술을한경험이있는자, 지난 12개월간경부운동프로그램에참여한적이있는자, 신경학적질환을가진자, 당뇨가있는자, 빈혈이있는자, 천식이있는자, 만성기관지염이있는 자, 폐기종또는악성종양이있는자는제외하였다. 연구에참여한대상자는모두실험에동의하였으며, 실험내용을충분히숙지한후실험에참가하였다. 2. 측정도구및방법 1) 전방머리자세측정봉우리 (acromion) 를수직으로지나는선을기준으로귀의이주 (tragus) 까지의수평거리가 5cm 이상인사람들을대상자로선정하였다 ( 최영준과황룡, 2011)( 그림 1). 그림 1. 전방머리자세측정 2) 압력바이오피드백 (pressure biofeedback) 대상자들의가로막호흡이잘수행되었는지를확인하고, 피드백을제공하기위해압력바이오피드백 (STABILIZER, Chattanooga Group, Canada) 을사용하였다. 3) 폐기능측정본연구에서는연구대상자들의폐기능을평가하기위하여폐활량측정기 (Chestgraph Hi-101, CHEST M.I.INC, Tokyo, Japan) 를사용하여앉은자세에서실시하였다. 폐기능지표중노력성폐활량 (Forced Vital Capacity; FVC), 1초간노력성호기량 (Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second; FEV1), 최대수의적환기량 (Maximal Voluntary Ventilation; MVV), 최대날숨속도 (Peak Expiratory Flow; PEF) 를측정하였다. 안정시폐활량은자연스러운호흡을 3회실시한뒤, 대상자가최대한들이마시고최대한내쉬도록하며마지막으로내쉰뒤, 자연스러운호흡을 5회실시하도록하였다. 노력성폐활량은대상자가자연스러운호흡을 3회실시하고, 천천히최대한들이쉰뒤최대한빠르고세게내뱉도록유도하고, 내쉬기가끝나면다시최대한들이마시게하였고, 호기가시작되기전측 2 The Effect of Cranio-Cervical Flexion with Diaphragmatic Breathing on Respiratory Function and Muscle Activities of Sternocleidomastoid Muscle in Young Adults with Forward Head PostureTitle

3 이현재, 권나영, 권유진, 황호정, 최종덕, 김미선 정종료하였다. 최대수의적환기량은자연스러운호흡을하다가부저음이울리면가능한크고깊은숨을빠르게내쉬도록하였고, 15초가경과되면검사를종료하였다. 4) 근활성도측정 4채널근전도기기 (QEMG-4 System, LXM 3204; Laxtha, Korea) 를사용하여목빗근에대한근전도를측정하였다. 전극을부착하기전피부저항을감소시키기위해각질을제거하고알코올솜으로닦은후전극을부착하였다. 전극은우세측근육에붙였으며, 우세측은구두로질문하여결정하였다. 목빗근은우세측반대방향으로머리를 45도돌린후 (Tan 등, 2010) 꼭지돌기 (mastoid process) 와빗장뼈 (clavicle) 의중간지점에부착하였으며 (Chrisl, 2010) 전극사이의거리는 2cm로일정하게부착하였다 ( 고은경과정도영, 2013). 접지전극은복장뼈 (sternum) 에부착하였다 (Cagnie 등, 2008). 근육의활동전위를정량화하기위하여최대등척성수축 (Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction; MVIC) 시의근활성도를측정하였다. 목빗근의최대등척성수축은대상자들에게머리 -목굽힘과목굽힘을결합해수행하게하였다. 머리를굽힐때저항은이마에적용했으며 5초간그자세를유지, 이를 3회하여반복측정하였다 ( 고은경과정도영, 2013). 특정동작의근수축을기준수축 (Reference Voluntary Contraction; RVC) 는 Incentive Spirometer를입에물고숨을힘껏들이마시면서 3칸에있는 3개의공을최대한위로올리고 5초동안유지하도록하였다 ( 김종혜와변영순, 1991). 근전도신호추출률은 1024 Hz, 증폭률 1785배, 잡음제거를위해 60 Hz와 120 Hz 노치필터를사용하였고대역통과필터는 Hz로설정하여실험하였다 (Yoon 등, 2014). 근육의근전도신호는처음과마지막 2초를제외한 5초동안의근활성도신호량을사용하였으며, 측정된자료를분석하기위하여 Telescan ver 프로그램을사용하였다. 측정된근육의근전도신호는제곱평균의제곱근법 (Root Mean Square; RMS) 값으로처리하였다. 행하였으며운동시간 1분, 휴식시간 1분으로구성되었다. 1) 가로막호흡운동가로막호흡운동은누운자세에서실시하였으며, 5초동안흉부의움직임이거의없이코로숨을들이마시면서의식적으로복부를최대로팽창하면서호흡하도록하였다. 호기시에는 5초를셀때까지복부가최대로수축되도록입을가볍게열고숨을내쉬도록훈련하였다. 각대상자가정확하게가로막호흡을하는지자가판단을할수있도록 1lb짜리아령을올려놓아서움직임을확인하였다 (Kisner와 Colby, 2007)( 그림 2). 그림 2. 가로막호흡운동. A: 흡기, B: 호기 2) 머리-목굽힘운동압력바이오피드백장치를목뒤에위치시키고, 대상자의목은수평만곡을이루도록하였다. 대상자는머리- 목굽힘움직임을만들어내고시각적피드백장치를보면서요구받은목표압력까지수축을유지하도록하였다. 시각적피드백장치는대상자의눈앞에위치하여, 실시간으로압력의수준을확인할수있도록하였다. 장비의압력은대상자가편하게누웠을때 20 mmhg로하였고, 이를기본수준으로하였다. 압력수준은총다섯단계로구성하였으며, 2 mmhg씩 20 mmhg부터 30 mmhg까지점차적으로수행하였다 ( 전덕훈, 2011). 이를두번반복하였으며, 각단계사이에 30초씩쉬는시간을주었다 (Cagnie, 2011) ( 그림 3). 3. 중재방법 본연구는전방머리자세를가진성인남녀대상자 30명을선정하고, 무작위로실험군과대조군에 15명씩배정하였다. 대상자들에게가로막호흡과, 머리- 목굽힘운동에대한사전교육을실시하였다. 대조군은머리- 목굽힘운동만실시하였으며, 실험군은가로막호흡을동반한머리 -목굽힘운동을실시하였다. 훈련은하루에 2번일주일동안시행하였고그중한번은 Home-exercise로실시하였다. 훈련은총 20분간시 그림 3. 머리 - 목굽힘운동 가로막호흡과머리 - 목굽힘운동이전방머리자세젊은성인의목빗근근활성도, 호흡기능에미치는영향 3

4 대한심장호흡물리치료학회지제 2 권제 1 호, 분석방법 표 1. 대상자의일반적인특성 (N=30) 기술통계로변수의평균및표준편차를산출하여실험전후변화는 paird T-test를이용하여분석하였다. 두집단간의차이는 independent T-test를이용하여분석하였다. 각군간차이를비교하기위하여 paird T-test를사용하였다. 통계학적유의성을분석하기위하여유의수준 α=.05로정하였다. 측정된자료들은윈도우용 SPSS version 20.0 프로그램으로분석하였다. Ⅲ. 연구결과 1. 연구대상자의일반적특성본실험의연구대상자는총 30명으로실험군, 대조군으로각 15명으로분류하였다. 실험군의평균연령은 22.53세, 평균신장 cm, 체중 kg이었다. 대조군의평균연령은 23.47세, 신장 cm, 체중 kg이었다 ( 표 1). 항목실험군대조군나이 ( 세 ) 22.53± ±1.51 신장 (cm) ± ±9.41 체중 (kg) 60.60± ± 운동방법에따른심폐기능의차이실험군과대조군의노력성폐활량, 1초간노력성호기량의측정값은유의한차이가없었다 (p>.05). 최대날숨속도와최대수의적환기량은대조군에서유의한차이가없었지만, 실험군에서는유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05)( 표 2). 3. 운동방법에따른목빗근의근활성도차이실험군과대조군에서중재전후유의한차이가있었다 (p<.05). 실험군과대조군에서변화량은유의한차이가없었다 (p>.05)( 표 3). 표 2. 운동방법에따른심폐기능의차이 (N=30) 노력성폐활량 (L) 1초간노력성호기량 (L) 최대날숨속도 (L/s) 최대수의적환기량 (L/m) a 평균 ± 표준편차 실험군 대조군 중재전 3.13±0.78 a 3.01±0.86 중재후 3.17± ±0.71 p 중재전 2.98± ±0.71 중재후 3.08± ±0.64 p 중재전 6.62± ±1.80 중재후 7.73± ±1.83 p.008 *.119 중재전 80.28± ±26.01 중재후 98.17± ±4.44 p.002 *.315 *p<.05 표 3. 운동방법에따른목빗근의근활성도차이 (N=30) 실험군대조군 p 목빗근 a 평균 ± 표준편차 (%RVC) 중재전 0.53±0.20 a 0.40± 중재후 0.32± ± p.007 *.010 * 변화량 0.09± ± *p<.05 4 The Effect of Cranio-Cervical Flexion with Diaphragmatic Breathing on Respiratory Function and Muscle Activities of Sternocleidomastoid Muscle in Young Adults with Forward Head PostureTitle

5 이현재, 권나영, 권유진, 황호정, 최종덕, 김미선 Ⅳ. 논의전방머리자세는흔히목의장애와통증을발생시키는요인으로인식되어왔다 (Harrison 등, 2003). 또한전방머리자세와같은부적절한자세는심폐기능에도영향을미치며목의통증을유발하고목뼈와등뼈의해부학적구조를비정상정석으로변화시켜심폐기능과가슴우리의변화를야기할수있다고하였다 (kapleri 등, 2008). 기존에시행된연구는호흡방법에따른목빗근의근활성도를알아보았고주로정상인을대상으로시행되었다 ( 고은경과정도영, 2013). 따라서본연구는전방머리자세를가진성인을대상으로단독적인머리- 목굽힘운동군과가로막호흡을동반한머리 -목굽힘운동군으로나누어운동전후에심폐기능과흡기보조근인목빗근의근활성도를비교하고자하였다. 본연구에서단독적인머리 -목굽힘운동군보다가로막호흡을동반한머리- 목굽힘운동군에서목빗근의근활성도값이더낮아졌다. 또한심폐기능에서는단독적인머리 -목굽힘운동군에서는유의한차이가없었지만, 가로막호흡을동반한머리- 목굽힘운동군에서는최대날숨속도와최대환기량이증가되었다. 선행연구에서 Falla 등 (2003) 은만성목통증환자들에게압력바이오피드백기구를이용한머리- 목굽힘운동을통해목깊은굽힘근육의근활성도가증가하였으며, 목빗근의근활성도는감소했다고하였다. 이와마찬가지로본연구에서도동일한운동을시행하였을때목빗근의근활성도가감소하였다. 또다른선행연구에서호흡운동을시행한후의심폐기능은노력성폐활량 (FVC), 1초간노력성폐활량 (FEV1), 최대날숨속도 (PEF) 에서유의하게향상되었다 ( 이지연등, 2013). 이전형 (2008) 의연구에서도뇌졸중환자에게호흡운동을적용했을때 1초간노력성폐활량 (FEV1), 최대날숨속도 (PEF) 에유의한변화가있었다고보고하였다. 본연구에서는노력성폐활량 (FVC), 1초간노력성폐활량 (FEV1) 에는유의한차이가없었다. 그이유는선행연구에서는정상인을대상으로 8주의중재기간을두었지만본연구에서는전방머리자세의대상자에게비교적짧은 1주의중재기간을두었기때문이라고사료되어진다. 최대날숨속도는공기를최대한들이마신후강하게불어내는속도를의미하고, 최대날숨속도의측정을통해기도저항을확인할수있다고하였다 ( 장철, 2010). 뇌졸중환자를대상으로목안정화호흡재교육운동을한실험에서최대날숨속도 (PEF) 에서유의한차이가있었고본연구또한최대날숨속도 (PEF) 가유의하게향상되었다 (p<.05). 또한호흡근의최대단축속도를반영하는최대수의적환기량 (MVV) 은흉벽과폐의확장과수축시에내재된저항에대한총체적일용량을의미하는호흡근의근지구력을간접적으로평가할수 있다고하였는데 (Quanjer 등, 1993) 본연구에서중재후에최대수의적환기량 (MVV) 이유의하게향상되었다 (p<.05). 본연구에서는기도저항과호흡근의근지구력을평가할수있는최대날숨속도 (PEF) 와최대수의적환기량 (MVV) 이유의하게증가하였으므로이러한기능들이중재전보다향상되었음을알수있었다. 본연구의제한점으로는첫째, 대상자들이젊은 20대성인남녀로한정되어있어일반화하기에어려움이있었고둘째, 중재기간동안 Home Exercise의유무를판별하였지만집에서는압력바이오피드백장비를사용하지못하였기때문에운동방법이정확하였는지파악할수없었다. 세번째는중재기간을 1주로두었기때문에확연한결과를보이기에는짧은기간이었다. 호흡운동에대한연구가미국과유럽을중심으로활발하게이루어지고있는것에비해우리나라는기본적인구성요소를고루갖춘호흡운동프로그램이현저하게부족한실정이다 ( 한숙정, 2003). 향후연구에서는본연구의이러한제한점을보완하여좀더폭넓은연구가진행되어야할필요가있다. Ⅴ. 결론 본연구는전방머리자세를가진성인남녀 30명을대상으로단독적인머리- 목굽힘운동법과가로막호흡을동반한머리 - 목굽힘운동법이목빗근과심폐기능에미치는영향을조사하였다. 본연구결과는심폐기능에서단독적으로시행한머리 - 목굽힘운동군은유의한차이가없는반면, 가로막호흡을동반한머리 -목굽힘운동군은최대날숨속도와최대수의적환기량에서유의하게증가하였다. 또한목빗근의근활성도는단독적인머리- 목굽힘운동군과가로막호흡을동반한머리 - 목굽힘운동군모두에서낮아졌다. 본연구의결과를종합해볼때, 가로막호흡을동반한머리 -목굽힘운동은흡기보조근인목빗근의활성을줄이고심폐기능을향상시키는방법임을알수있다. 그러므로전방머리자세를가진대상자들은머리 -목굽힘운동을통해머리의위치를중립으로유지시키고가로막호흡을실시할수있도록권장되어진다. 인용문헌 고은경, 정도영. 흡기호흡시머리자세와호흡패턴이목빗근과목갈비근의근활성도에미치는영향. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics. 2013;23(3): 김종혜, 변영순. Incentive Spirometer 를사용한심호흡방법이 가로막호흡과머리 - 목굽힘운동이전방머리자세젊은성인의목빗근근활성도, 호흡기능에미치는영향 5

6 대한심장호흡물리치료학회지제 2 권제 1 호, 2014 폐환기기능에미치는효과에관한연구. 간호학회지. 1991; 21(3): 이경순, 정학영. 컴퓨터사용시간에따른두부전방자세 (forward head posture) 의변화분석. 대한물리의학회지. 2009;4(2): 이전형. 피드백호흡운동이뇌졸중환자의폐기능에미치는영향. [ 석사학위논문 ]. 대구대학교재활과학대학원, 이지연, 정재헌. 피드백호흡운동과트레드밀운동이중년층의흉곽용적과폐기능에미치는영향. Journal of Special Education & Rehabilitationience. 2013:52(3): 장철. 호흡운동이두부전방전위에미치는영향. [ 이학박사학위논문 ]. 대구대학교, 전덕훈. 머리 - 목굽힘검사를적용한팔거상동작이목근육활성도에미치는영향. [ 석사학위논문 ]. 대구대학교대학원, 정재훈. 머리 - 목굽힘운동시압력차이에따른머리전방각도와심부목굽힘근의근활성비교. 석사학위문. 대구대학교재활과학대학원, 최영준, 황룡. 경추및흉추부스트레칭운동과근력강화운동프로그램이머리전방자세에미치는효과. 한국콘텐츠학회. 2011; 11(10): 한숙정. 만성폐쇄성폐질환자를위한호흡재활프로그램의효과. 박사학위논문. 서울, 가톨릭대학교대학원, Barbara Cagnie, Lieven Danneels, Ann Cools. The Influence of breathing type, expiration and cervical posture on the performance of the cranio-cervical flexion test in healthy subjects. Manual Therapy. 2008;13(4): Cagnie B, Dirks R, Schouten M, et al. Functional reorganization of cervical flexor activity because of induced muscle pain evaluated by muscle functional magnetic resonance Imaging. Man Ther. 2011;16(5): Chiu TT, Ku WY, Lee MH, et al. A study on the prevalence of and risk factors for neck pain among university academic staff in Hong Kong. J Occup Rehabil. 2002;12(2): Cohen E, Mier A, Heywood P, et al. Diaphragmatic movement in hemiplegic patients measured by ultrasonography. Thorax. 1994;49(9): Cook C, Burgess-Limerick R, Chang S. The prevalence of neck and upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms in computer mouse users. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2000;26(3): Chris welle. Introduction to surface Electromyography. 2nd edition. Jones and BartlettPublishers, Inc. New york de Mayo T, Miralles R, Barrero D, et al. Breathing type and body position effects on sternocleidomastoid and suprahyoid EMG activity. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2005;32(7): Falla DL, Campbell CD, Fagan AE, et al. Relationship between cranio-cervical flexion range of the motion and pressure change during the cranio-cervical flexion test. Man Ther. 2003;8(2): Grimmer K, Trott P. The association between cervical excursion angles and cervical short flexor muscle endurance. Aust J physiother. 1998;44(3): Harrison DE, Harrison DD, Betz JJ, et al. Increasing the cervical lordosis with chiropractic biophysics seated combined extension-compression and transverse load cervical traction with cervical manipulation: nonrandomized clinical control trial. J Manipulative Physisol Ther. 2003;26(3): Hayashi N, Masumoto T, Abe O, et al. Accuracy of abnormal paraspinal muscle findings on ontrast enhanced MR images as indirect signs of unilateral cervical root-avulsioninjury. Radiology. 2002; 223(2): Jull G, Kristjansson E, Dall Alba P. Impairmentin the cervical flexors: A comparison of whiplash andinsidious onset neck pain patients. Man Ther. 2004;9(2): Kapleri E, Vourazanis E, Strimpakos N. Neck pain causes respiratory dysfunction. Med Hypothesis. 2008;70(5): Kisner C, Colby LA. Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and techniques. 5th edition. Philadelphia, PA, F.A. Davis Co., Page P, Frank C, Lardner R. Assessment and Treatment of Muscle Imbalance: The Janda Approach. Human Kinetics, Illinois Quanjer PH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, et al. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. The European respiratory journal. 1993;6(16):5-40. Schuldt K, Ekholm J, Harms-Ringdahl K, et al. Effects ofchanges in sitting work posture on static neck and shoulder muscle activity. Ergonomics. 1986;29(12): Szeto GP, Straker L, Raine S. A field comparis on of neck and shoulder postures in symptomatic and asymptomatic 6 The Effect of Cranio-Cervical Flexion with Diaphragmatic Breathing on Respiratory Function and Muscle Activities of Sternocleidomastoid Muscle in Young Adults with Forward Head PostureTitle

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