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1 Original Article doi: 대한견 주관절학회지제14권제2호 Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow Volume 14, Number 2, December, 2011 회전근개파열크기에대한지방변성의양상변화 단국대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 서중배 김명호 이제민 Relationship of the Sagittal Extent of Rotator Cuff Tears to the Grade of Fatty Degeneration of the Rotator Cuff Muscles Joong-Bae Seo, M.D., Myung-Ho Kim, M.D., Je-Min Yi, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Dan Kook University, Cheonan, Korea Purpose: To investigate the relationship between the size of a rotator cuff tear and the grade of fatty degeneration of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. Materials and Methods: From a database of 541 patients who underwent a shoulder MRI between September 2004 and September 2010, we enrolled 148 patients that had a full-thickness rotator cuff tear. The anteroposterior diameter of the tear was measured in sagittal views on an MRI. The patients were divided into 6 groups reflecting the anteroposterior diameter: group 1 (a width of <10 mm), group 2 (10 mm width<15 mm), group 3 (15 mm width<20 mm), group 4 (20 mm width<25 mm), group 5 (25 mm width<30 mm) and group 6 (a width<30 mm). Fatty degeneration was rated according to Goutallier et al. Results: Fatty degeneration in the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles increased with the severity of the rotator cuff tear. The supraspinatus fatty degeneration increased prominently as the tear size increased from 15~19 mm to 20~24 mm and from 25~29 mm to over 30 mm. The infraspinatus fatty degeneration increased prominently as the tear size increased from 25~29 mm to over 30 mm. Seventeen patients had tear widths under 10 mm and 8 patients among them had fatty degeneration of the infraspinatus. Conclusion: Fatty degeneration in supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles increases prominently at specific tear sizes. The presence of tears under 10 mm with infraspinatus fatty degeneration indicates that the infraspinatus tendon may have an anatomical or functional effect even in small tears. Key Words: Rotator cuff tear, Tear size, Fatty degeneration 통신저자 : 서중배충청남도천안시동남구망향로 359 단국대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 Tel: 041) , Fax: 041) , ssjb1990@dku.edu 접수일 : 2011 년 9 월 28 일, 1 차심사완료일 : 2011 년 11 월 8 일, 2 차심사완료일 : 2011 년 11 월 20 일, 게재확정일 : 2011 년 11 월 24 일 159
2 대한견 주관절학회지제 14 권제 2 호 서론회전근개의지방변성은회전근개파열의중요한합병증으로지방변성이있는경우는없는경우에비해서수술후재파열의가능성이높고기능적인결과가좋지않다. 1,2) 지방변성은시간이경과함에따라진행하는것으로알려져있으며 3-5) 성공적인봉합이이루어질경우 Goutallier 등 2) 은극상근의경우지방변성이호전될수있다고하였으나 Gladstone 등 1) 은봉합할경우더진행하지않거나미세한진행소견을보인다고하였으며 Gerber 등 3) 은성공적인봉합후에도지방변성은회복되지않으며봉합이실패할경우지방변성이주목할만하게진행하였음을보고하였다. 모든회전근개파열에서지방변성이발생하지는않으며파열의만성도, 크기, 환자의연령등다양한인자에의한영향이있을것으로추측된다. 이에저자들은회전근개파열크기에따른지방변성의양상에대한이해를통해회전근개파열환자들의수술적치료의시기결정과예후판정등의치료에도움이될것으로하여본연구를시행하였다. 본연구에서는자기공명영상검사를바탕으로회전근개파열크기에따른극상근, 극하근의지방변성의양상을분석하고자하였다. 한 541 예중견관절의증상이있으면서극상근의가장앞쪽부터파열되었으며, 견갑하근의파열이나이두건의탈구가없는총 148 예를대상으로하였다. 남녀는각각 74명씩이었으며평균연령은 56.9세 (24~82) 였다. 2. 파열크기의측정회전근개파열의측정은 T2 강조영상의시상면에서최대전후직경을측정하였으며 (Fig. 1) 파열크기가상완골두의첨도 (convexity) 로인해하나의직선으로 연구대상및방법 1. 연구대상 2004 년 9 월부터 2010 년 9 월까지견관절 MRI 를시행 Fig. 2. When the width of a tear was too large to measure with one straight line over the convex humeral head, more than one straight line was drawn. Fig. 1. After examining a series of consecutive oblique sagittal T2-weighted MRI, the maximum AP diameter of a tear was measured. Fig. 3. The oblique sagittal T1-weighted image was used at level that shows the coracoid base where the spine and spine of the scapula form a Y shape. 160
3 서중배 : 회전근개파열크기에대한지방변성의양상변화 측정하기에지나치게큰경우에는하나이상의직선을상완골두의외형을따라그린후그합을파열크기로하였다 (Fig. 2). 파열크기에따라 10 mm 미만을한개그룹으로하고 10 mm 이상 30 mm 미만을 5 mm 간격으로 4개그룹으로나누었으며 30 mm 이상을한개그룹으로하여그룹 1에서 6으로명명하였다. 중 9예 (6.1%) 에서둘중하나에서지방변성이있었으며 101 (68.2%) 에서둘다에지방변성이발견되었다. 38예 (25.7%) 에서둘중어느하나에도지방변성이발견되지않았다. 2. 회전근개파열크기에따른지방화변성의양상 3. 지방변성의측정지방변성은 T1 강조영상의시상면에서오구돌기의기저부와견갑골의체부와견갑극이보이는단면에서측정하였으며 (Fig. 3) Goutallier 분류 2) 를사용하였다. 지방이보이지않는경우는 0도, 지방의흔적 (fatty streak) 이보이는경우는 1도, 지방이상당부분보이나근육보다적은경우는 2도, 근육과지방이비슷한정도인경우는 3도, 지방이근육보다많은경우를 4도로하였다. 4. 통계적분석회전근개파열크기와지방변성의상관관계를통계적으로분석하기위해 IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0 version을이용하여 Pearson correlation coefficient를구하였으며파열크기로구분한그룹간의지방변성의변화를분석하기위해분산분석을통한평균비교후 Scheffe의방법으로사후검정을시행하였다. 통계학적유의수준은 p값이 0.05 이하인경우로하였다. 결과 1. 지방변성의빈도전체 148 예중에서 110 예 (74.3%) 에서극상근과극하근중적어도하나에서지방변성이발견되었다. 이 회전근개의파열크기는극상근의지방변성 (r= 0.469, p=0.000) 및극하근의지방변성 (r=0.527, p=0.000) 과양의상관관계를보이며회전근개의파열크기가클수록극상근및극하근의지방변성이심해졌다 (Tabel 1). 회전근개파열크기가증가함에따라지방변성의유의한차이가있는지를알아보기위해파열크기에따라나눈각그룹간의극상근및극하근의지방변성에대해 Scheffe의다중대비검정을시행하였다 (Table 2). 극상근의경우통계적으로유의하게나타나지는않았으나도표를관찰하였을때파열의크기가 15~19 Table 2. Comparison tests of mean differences of fatty degeneration Mean differences of *FD p-value Supraspinatus Group ± Group ± Group ± Group ± Group ± Infraspinatus Group ± Group ± Group ± Group ± Group ± *FD = Fatty degeneration Table 1. Number and grade of fatty degeneration of supraspinatus and infraspinatus of each group Tear siz Number SS Fatty Degenerati IS Group ± ±0.86 Group ± ±0.79 Group ± ±0.84 Group ± ±0.99 Group ± ±0.75 Group ± ±1.26 *SS=Supraspinatus, *IS=Infraspinatus. Fig. 4. The relationship of the size of the rotator cuff tear and the grade of fatty degeneration of the supraspinatus. The increase of fatty degeneration was prominent between group 3 and 4, and between group 5 and
4 대한견 주관절학회지제 14 권제 2 호 Fig. 5. The relationship of the size of the rotator cuff tear and the grade of fatty degeneration of the infraspinatus. The increase of fatty degeneration was prominent between group 5 and 6. mm 인그룹과 20~24 mm인그룹간과 (p=0.798) mm인그룹과 30 mm이상 (p=0.393) 인그룹간에극상근의지방변성의차이가컸으며특히후자의경우더뚜렷한지방변성의차이를보였다 (Fig. 4). 극하근은 30 mm 이상에서 25~29 mm 그룹보다지방화변성이통계적으로유의하게심해지는양상을보였다 (p=0.000) (Fig. 5). 10 mm 미만의파열은 17 예가있었으며이중극상근과극하근의지방변성이동반된 8예가발견되었다. 이중 1등급이 4예, 2등급이 4예였다. 고 회전근개의지방변성은관혈적 6,7) 그리고관절경적 1,8,9) 회전근개봉합의임상적결과에영향을미치는중요인자로심한지방변성이있을경우에는회전근개의봉합이용이하지않다 10,11). 회전근개파열의크기에따른지방변성의양상에대한예측은치료계획수립및치료결과의추측에도움이될가능성을전망할수있을것으로생각된다. 본연구에서지방변성은회전근개파열크기가증가함에따라증가하였으나그룹간의지방변성의비교에서대부분유의한차이를보이지않았다. 극하근이 30 mm 이상에서 25~29 mm 그룹보다지방화변성이통계적으로유의하게심해지는양상을보이긴했으나 25~29 mm 그룹이 20~24 mm 그룹보다극하근의지방변성의평균이오히려낮은것으로미뤄볼때표본개수의부족으로인한왜곡된현상으로생각된다. 도표를관찰하였을때증가의양상은점진적이지않고특정구간에서저명하게증가되는양상을보였다. Gladstone 등 1) 은회전근개의치료에있어서 The point of no return 을알고예견하는것이중요하며이는지방변성 2등급또는그이상이라고하였으며 Melis 등 12) 은고령의환자에있어서지방변성의 2등급발현전에봉합술을시행해야함을주장하였다. 찰 본연구에서는파열크기가 30 mm 이하일때는극상근및극하근의지방변성의평균은 2등급이하이며 30 mm 이상에서는극상근및극하근의지방변성이 2등급이상으로증가하는소견을보였다. 본연구에서는회전근개의시상면에서의파열크기와지방변성의정도만을분석하였으며환자의성별, 나이, 증상이발현된기간, 관상면에서의파열의크기와의연관성은분석하지않은한계를가지고있다. 우세수의여부는본연구가후향적연구이므로의무기록을검토하였으나기재되지않은증례들이있어서구분하지않았다. 지방변성을 Goutallier 2) 의방법으로분류하였는데이는 Oh 13) 및 Tae 등 14) 에의해주장된것과정성적 (qualitative) 인분류로관찰자의주관에따라관찰자간신뢰도및관찰자간신뢰도가다양하게나타날수있는제한점을가질수있다. Mochizuki 등 15) 은극하근이상완골두대결절의중간와에국한된것이아니며상와의후외측 1/3 에도부착된다는해부학적조사결과를보고하였다. 본연구에서도 10 mm 미만의소파열 17예중 8예에서극하근의지방화변성이나타난결과는이러한새로운해부학적발견을뒷받침한다고할수있다. 극하근의근위축은가끔극상근의단독파열시에도나타나는데 Yao와 Mehta 16) 는불용과상견갑신경병증을원인으로지목했지만그들의가설은아직입증되지않았다. 본연구에서도근전도를시행하지않았기에상견갑신경병증의유무를확인할수없었다. 요약및결론 회전근개파열의크기가증가함에따라극상근및극하근의지방변성의정도가증가하였으며특정구간에서저명하게증가되는양상을보였다. 10 mm 미만의소파열에서도극하근의지방화변성이수예에서관찰되었는데이는극하근이소파열에서도해부학적또는기능적으로연관되었음을시사한다. REFERENCES 1) Gladstone JN, Bishop JY, Lo IKY, Flatow EL. Fatty infiltration and atrophy of the rotator cuff do not improve after rotator cuff repair and correlate with poor functional outcome. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35: ) Goutallier D, Postel JM, Bernageau J, Lavau L, Voisin MC. Fatty muscle degeneration in cuff ruptures. Pre- and post-operative evaluation by CT scan. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;304: ) Gerber C, Schneeberger AG, Hoppeler H, Meyer 162
5 서중배 : 회전근개파열크기에대한지방변성의양상변화 DC. Correlation of atrophy and fatty infiltration on strength and integrity of rotator cuff repairs: a study in thirteen patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007;16: ) Yamaguchi K, Sher JS, Andersen WK, et al. Glenohumeral motion in patients with rotator cuff tears: a comparison of asymptomatic and symptomatic shoulders. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2000;9: ) Zingg PO, Jost B, Sukthankar A, Buhler M, Pfirrmann CW, Gerber C. Clinical and structural outcomes of nonoperative management of massive rotator cuff tears. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89: ) Bryant L, Shnier R, Bryant C, Murrell GAC. A comparison of clinical estimation, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and arthroscopy in determining the size of rotator cuff tears. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002;11: ) Fuchs B, Gilbart MK, Hodler J, Gerber C. Clinical and structural results of open repair of an isolated onetendon tear of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;88: ) Choi ES, Park KJ, Kim YM, et al. The result of rotator cuff repair using arthroscopic margin convergence technique in irreparable large and massive rotator cuff tears. J Korean Shoulder Elbow Soc. 2011;14: ) Yoo JC, Ko KH, Woo KJ. Clinical result of arthroscopic partial repairs in massive rotator cuff tears. J Korean Shoulder Elbow Soc. 2009;12: ) Mellado JM, Calmet J, Olona M, et al. Surgically repaired massive rotator cuff tears: MRI of tendon integrity, muscle fatty degeneration, and muscle atrophy correlated with intraoperative and clinical findings. Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184: ) Sugihara T, Nakagawa T, Tsuchiya M, Ishizuki M. Prediction of primary reparability of massive tears of the rotator cuff on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12: ) Melis B, DeFranco MJ, Chuinard C, Walch G. Natural history of fatty infiltration and atrophy of the supraspinatus muscle in rotator cuff tears. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468: ) Oh JH, Kim SH, Choi JA, Kim Y, Oh CH. Reliability of the grading system for fatty degeneration of rotator cuff muscles. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;468: ) Tae SK, Oh JH, Kim SH, Chung SW, Yang JY, Back YW. Evaluation of fatty degeneration of the supraspinatus muscle using a new measuring tool and its correlation between multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39: ) Mochizuki T, Sugaya H, Uomizu M, et al. Humeral insertion of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus. New anatomical findings regarding the footprint of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90: ) Yao L, Mehta U. Infraspinatus muscle atrophy: implications? Radiology. 2003;226:
6 대한견 주관절학회지제 14 권제 2 호 초록 목적 : 회전근개파열의크기에따른극상근, 극하근의지방변성의정도를분석하였다. 대상및방법 : 2004년 9월부터 2010년 9월까지견관절 MRI를시행한 541예중회전근개전층파열이있는 148 예를대상으로하였다, 회전근개의파열은 MRI 상시상면에서전후직경을측정하여크기에따라 10 mm 미만을한개그룹으로하고 10 mm 이상 30 mm 미만을 5 mm 간격으로 4개그룹으로나누었으며 30 mm 이상을한개그룹으로하여 1에서 6까지모두 6개그룹으로구분하였고지방변성은 Goutallier 분류에의하여구분하여회전근개파열크기와극상근, 극하근의지방변성정도와관계를보았다. 결과 : 파열크기가증가할수록극상근및극하근의지방변성이증가하는양상보였다. 극상근에서는회전근개파열의크기가 15~19 mm 그룹과 20~24 mm 그룹사이에서, 그리고 25~29 mm 그룹과 30 mm 이상그룹사이에서타그룹간에비해지방화변성이두드러지게심해지는양상을보였으며극하근은회전근개파열크기가 25~29 mm 그룹과 30 mm 이상그룹사이에서타그룹간에비해지방화변성이두드러지게심해졌다. 10 mm 미만의파열은 17 예가있었으며이중극하근의지방화변성이 8예에서발견되었다. 결론 : 회전근개파열에따른극상근및극하근의지방화변성은특정파열크기이상에서급속히심해지는양상을보였다. 10 mm 미만의소파열에서도극하근의지방화변성이수예에서관찰되었는데이는극하근이소파열에서도해부학적또는기능적으로연관되었음을시사한다. 색인단어 : 회전근개파열, 파열크기, 지방변성 164
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