안면마비환자를위한안면근육운동프로그램의효과 543 한안면마비환자의증상은 80% 이상이완전히회복되기는하나발병초기의치료가미흡하면 20% 의환자는다양한후유증을갖게된다 [1]. 더구나안면마비는발병부위가얼굴에해당하여기능적, 미용적, 정신적측면과나아가일상적인사회생활까지도영향을미친다
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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE 대한간호학회지제 46 권제 4 호, 2016 년 8 월 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) X J Korean Acad Nurs Vol.46 No.4, 안면마비환자를위한안면근육운동프로그램의효과 최형주 1 신성희 2 1 강동경희대학교병원간호부, 2 경희대학교간호과학대학 동서간호학연구소 Effects of a Facial Muscle Exercise Program including Facial Massage for Patients with Facial Palsy Choi, Hyoung Ju 1 Shin, Sung Hee 2 1 Department of Nursing, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 2 College of Nursing Science and East-West Nursing Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a facial muscle exercise program including facial massage on the facial muscle function, subjective symptoms related to paralysis and depression in patients with facial palsy. Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental research with a non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. Participants were patients with facial palsy (experimental group 35, control group 35). For the experimental group, the facial muscular exercise program including facial massage was performed 20 minutes a day, 3 times a week for two weeks. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, χ 2 -test, Fisher s exact test and independent sample t-test with the SPSS 18.0 program. Results: Facial muscular function of the experimental group improved significantly compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in symptoms related to paralysis between the experimental group and control group. The level of depression in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group. Conclusion: Results suggest that a facial muscle exercise program including facial massage is an effective nursing intervention to improve facial muscle function and decrease depression in patients with facial palsy. Key words: Facial paralysis; Massage; Exercise; Facial muscle; Depression 서론 1. 연구의필요성 안면마비는제7뇌신경이마비되어생기는질환으로 벨마비 (Bell palsy) 또는 구안와사 라고도부르며, 한해에인구 10만명당 20~30명이발생하는드물지않은이비인후과질환이다 [1]. 건강보험심사평가원에의하면안면마비로병원에입원하는우리나라의환 자수는 2010 년 61,029 명에서 2011 년 63,128 명, 2012 년 66,961 명으로지속적으로증가하고있다 [2]. 안면마비의원인은아직까지확실하게밝혀지지는않았으나, 자가면역현상이나바이러스염증, 한랭노출, 혈관장애, 감정적불안이나충격, 불규칙한생활과과로및스트레스등과관련이있다 [3]. 증상으로는유양돌기부위의통증을시작으로눈을감기가어렵고, 침을흘리고, 구음장애가생기며, 누액분비량의감소, 청각과민, 혀 2/3 부위의미각저하및타액분비의감소등이나타난다. 이러 주요어 : 안면마비, 마사지, 운동, 안면근육, 우울 * 이논문은제 1 저자최형주의석사학위논문의일부를발췌한것임. * This article is based on a part of the first author s master s thesis from Kyung Hee University. Address reprint requests to : Shin, Sung Hee College of Nursing Science and East-West Nursing Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea Tel: Fax: sunghshin@khu.ac.kr Received: January 11, 2016 Revised: April 19, 2016 Accepted: May 14, 2016 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License. ( If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium Korean Society of Nursing Science
2 안면마비환자를위한안면근육운동프로그램의효과 543 한안면마비환자의증상은 80% 이상이완전히회복되기는하나발병초기의치료가미흡하면 20% 의환자는다양한후유증을갖게된다 [1]. 더구나안면마비는발병부위가얼굴에해당하여기능적, 미용적, 정신적측면과나아가일상적인사회생활까지도영향을미친다 [4]. 또한변형된안면모습으로대인관계시심리적위축을초래하고치료가잘되지않았을경우, 마비자각증상정도가심하고심각한우울을경험하게된다 [5]. 따라서, 입원초기부터안면근육의기능을향상시키고, 마비자각증상과우울을감소시킴으로써안면마비의빠르고완전한회복과후유증을예방할수있는치료와간호중재가필요하다. 일반적인안면마비의치료는안면신경에발생한부종을감소시키거나, 소염작용을위한스테로이드치료, 그외기혈순환을원활하게하여위축된근육을풀어주는침치료, 적외선을안면부에조사하여전기적자극을주는물리요법등이있다 [6]. 그러나이러한치료들은입원기간에만적용이가능하거나입원기간중이라도물리치료실등의특정장소에서만치료를받을수있어시간과공간의제약을받는다. 그러므로입원시병실에서도중재가가능하고퇴원후환자스스로안면근육기능의완전한회복을위해시행할수있는지속적이고적극적인간호중재가필요하다. 안면근육기능향상과관련한선행연구를살펴보면, 경직성마비성구어장애인의입술관련근육강화, 길항운동, 낭독속도와같은구어산출에미치는효과연구 [7], 구강안면운동이뇌졸중환자의연하기능과구강안면근력에미치는효과연구 [8], 호흡및구강운동훈련이경직형뇌성마비아동의자음정확도와발성호기시간에미치는효과연구 [9] 등으로주로외상성뇌손상, 뇌성마비, 뇌졸증환자등을대상으로실시한연구가대부분이며, 안면마비환자를대상으로근육기능향상을위한중재를실시한연구는전무한실정이다. 안면근육운동은입술, 혀, 얼굴, 하악골주위의근육들의근력과관절가동범위를증가시키는것을목적으로하는운동으로, 이때마사지를포함하면경직된안면근육들을이완시켜주어근육운동의효과를극대화시킬수가있다 [7,10,11]. 따라서, 안면마비환자를대상으로합병증이없고경제적이면서도시간과공간, 연령의제한없이누구나쉽게적용이가능한마사지를포함한구조화된안면근육운동프로그램이필요하다. 마사지를적용한선행연구로는경락과경혈지압등을이용한안면마사지가안면마비환자의마비회복, 자각증상, 우울, 통증과불안감소에긍정적인효과가있었으며 [12,13], 연옥 ( 軟玉 ) 을이용한손마사지도안면부종을경감시켜근육기능향상에긍정적인효과가있었다 [14]. 더욱이마사지는신체접촉을통해서근육을자극하고이완시키며혈액순환을증가시켜긴장과불안, 스트레스를감소시키는효과가있고, 타인을통해시술될경우는시술자와대상자사이 의치료적관계를촉진함으로써대상자의신체적, 정신적이완감을제공한다 [11]. 그러나경락과경혈지압등의마사지만으로근육기능향상의효과를보기에는시간적인제약이따르고, 대상자가직접마사지만을적용하여근육기능의효과가나타나도록교육하는데는한계가있으므로마사지와근육운동의통합적인프로그램의적용이필요하다. 선행연구에서교통사고로인한외상성뇌손상환자를대상으로마사지를안면근육운동프로그램에포함시켜적용한후입술근육기능향상에긍정적인효과를얻었다 [7]. 그러나이는물리치료실에서치료사에의해서만제공받을수있도록구성되어있어환자가스스로입원병실에서지속적으로적용하기에는제한점이있고, 짧은기간만병원에입원하는안면마비환자의특성을고려하여적절한시간과방법을재구성하여안면마비환자에게미치는효과를확인할필요가있다. 이에본연구는선행연구를바탕으로안면마비환자가병실에서나퇴원후가정에서쉽게활용할수있도록마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램의내용과적용시간을재구성하고구조화하여, 프로그램적용이안면마비환자의안면근육기능, 마비자각증상및우울에미치는효과를확인하고자시도되었다. 이를통해안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램이환자의지속적인자가간호교육자료로활용되고, 임상에서보다효과적인간호중재방안으로활용될수있는이론적근거를마련하고자한다. 2. 연구목적및가설본연구의목적은안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램이안면마비환자의안면근육기능, 마비자각증상및우울에미치는효과를검증하고자함이며, 이를위한연구의가설은다음과같다. 가설 1. 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을제공받은실험군은대조군보다안면근육기능이향상될것이다. 부가설 1-1. 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을제공받은실험군은대조군보다 House-Brackmann Grading System (HBGS) 점수가감소할것이다. 부가설 1-2. 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을제공받은실험군은대조군보다 Facial Nerve Grade Systems (FNGS) 점수가감소할것이다. 부가설 1-3. 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을제공받은실험군은대조군보다낭독속도시간이감소할것이다. 가설 2. 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을제공받은실험군은대조군보다마비자각증상점수가감소할것이다. 가설 3. 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을제공받은실험군은대조군보다우울점수가감소할것이다.
3 544 최형주 신성희 연구방법 1. 연구설계 본연구는안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램이안면마비환자의안면근육기능, 마비자각증상및우울에미치는효과를규명하고자시도된비동등성대조군전후시차설계 (Non-equivalent control group non- synchronized design) 의유사실험연구이다. 2. 연구대상본연구는서울시에소재한 K대학교병원에 2013 년 9월 27일부터 2014 년 3월 30일까지안면마비진단으로입원한환자 명을대상으로실시되었다. 안면마비는발병후 24~48 시간사이에증상이악화되고 5일안에마비정도가최대가된다 [15] 는보고에따라 1) 안면마비진단을처음받고발병일로부터 5일이내인자, 2) 입원시다른질환을동반하지않은자, 3) 안면부위에상처나감염성질환이없는자, 4) 의사소통이가능한자로서본연구의목적을이해하고연구참여를동의한자로본연구대상자를선정하였다. 표본크기는안면마비환자를위한마사지프로그램과안면근육운동프로그램의효과에대한선행연구결과 [7,12,14] 를근거로, 유의수준.05, 검정력.80, 효과크기. 으로정하고 G*power 프로그램을이용하여 Independent t-test에필요한최소표본수를산출한결과각군당 26명이요구되었다. 본연구에서는탈락률을고려하여실험군, 대조군각각 35명을대상으로실시하였으며연구진행시탈락자없이실험군, 대조군각각 35명의자료를최종분석에이용하였다. 3. 연구도구안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램의효과는안면근육기능, 마비자각증상과우울도구를이용하여측정하였다. 이중안면근육기능은객관성을확보하기위해 House-Brackmann Grading System (HBGS), Facial Nerve Grade System (FNGS) 과낭독속도로나누어측정하였다. 1) House-Brackmann Grading System (HBGS) House와 Brackmann [16] 의안면마비상태측정도구를 Kim 등 [17] 이번안한 HBGS 안면마비판정기준표를통해이비인후과전공의 1인이측정한후의무기록에작성한값을이용하였다. 이는얼굴외관, 정지시대칭성및긴장도, 운동시이마, 눈, 입의상태등을 종합적으로평가하여정상 (normal) 1점, 경도마비 (good) 2점, 중등도마비 (fair) 3점, 중등고도마비 (poor) 4점, 고도마비 (trace) 5 점, 완전마비 (zero) 6점의여섯단계로구분하며, 점수가낮을수록안면근육기능이양호한것을의미한다. 2) Facial Nerve Grade System (FNGS) House 와 Brackmann [16] 이객관적지표로제시하고 Kim 등 [17] 이번안한 FNGS 안면마비판정기준표를이용하여측정하였으며번안자에게도구사용을승인받았다. 이는눈썹의움직임은수직으로 1 cm를 0.25 cm씩나누어 4점처리하고, 입술의움직임은수평으로 1 cm를 0.25 cm씩나누어 4점처리한뒤두점수를합하여정상에서완전마비까지 8점을 6점척도로환산한값을의미한다. 1단계정상 (normal: 8점 ), 2단계경도마비 (good: 7점 ), 3단계중등도마비 (fair: 5~6점 ), 4단계중등고도마비 (poor: 3~4 점 ), 5단계고도마비 (trace: 1~2 점 ), 6단계완전마비 (zero: 0점 ) 의여섯단계로구분하여단계점수가낮을수록안면근육기능이양호한것을의미한다. 도구는정확한길이의측정을위해전문가용인스틸제질의야마다 (YA- MADA) 15 cm 자 ( 제조국 : 일본 ) 를이용하여측정하였다. 3) 낭독속도낭독속도는 Lee와 Kwon [18] 가개발한문장발화속도검사예문을이용하여시간을측정하였다. 69음절로된두개의문장을제시하고읽는데걸리는시간을초시계로 3회측정한후평균값을이용하였으며, 시간이빠를수록안면근육기능이좋음을의미한다. 도구는카시오스톱워치 HS-3V초시계 ( 제조사 : 카시오, 원산지 : 중국, 측정범위 : 9:59 ~59.99, 정밀도 : 99.99%) 를이용하여측정하였다. 4) 마비자각증상마비자각증상은 Lee 등 [19] 의안면신경마비증상도구를 Lee [13] 가이비인후과전문의에게자문을구해수정 보완한도구를이용하여측정하였으며 Lee [13] 에게도구사용을승인받았다. 이는이후통, 두통, 눈물과다분비, 안구건조, 뒷목뻣뻣함, 안면통, 미각손실, 청각과민, 언어장애, 코로호흡힘듦을포함한총 10문항으로 전혀느끼지않는다 1점에서 거의언제나그렇다 4점의 Likert 4 점척도로구성되어있다. 점수의범위는 4~40 점이며, 점수가높을수록마비자각증상정도가심한것을의미한다. 도구의신뢰도는 Lee [13] 의연구에서 Cronbach s α=.85였고, 본연구에서 Cronbach s α=.81 이었다. 5) 우울우울은정상적인기분변화로부터병적인상태의연속선상에있으
4 안면마비환자를위한안면근육운동프로그램의효과 545 며, 침울감, 근심, 무력감및무가치함등의기분장애를의미하는것으로, 본연구에서는 Radloff [20] 가개발하고 Cho와 Kim [21] 이번안한 Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) 도구를이용하여측정하였다. 이는총 20문항의 4점 Likert 척도로구성되어 거의그렇지않았다 0점에서 항상그랬다 3점으로점수의범위는 0~60점이며, 점수가높을수록우울정도가심각한것을의미한다. Cho와 Kim [21] 의연구에서도구의신뢰도는 Cronbach s α=.91 이었고, 본연구에서의도구의신뢰도는 Cronbach s α=.87이었다. 4. 실험처치 -안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램본연구의실험처치는한방협진 K대학교병원이비인후과병동에서안면마비환자에게기본적으로시행하고있는스테로이드치료, 침치료, 물리요법의일반적처치외에추가로제공되는안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램이다 (Table 1). 프로그램의구성은 Gongole [22] 의 The source for oral-facial exercises 와경직형마비성구어장애인을대상으로구성된 Hwang [7] 의운동프로그램을기초로안면마비환자에게적절하도록프로그램내용과적용시간을재구성하고체계화한후, 이비인후과의사 1인, 이비인후과병동수간호사 1인, 간호학교수 1인에게마사지와안면근육운동의적용시간과적용가능성및안면마비환자에대한프로그램타당성을검증받았다. 프로그램재구성당시에는온열마사지를적용하고자하였으나타당성검증과정에서안면마비환자의감각기능저하와관련하여화상의위험성이지적되어온열마사지가아닌단순마사지로구성하였다. 안면마사지는근육운동을실시하기전에경직된안면근육들을이완시켜주어안면근육운동프로그램을준비할수있도록도와주는역할을하며, 안면근육운동프로그램은기능적훈련을통해약해진안면근육조직들을향상시키기위한능동적운동으로가벼운스트레칭운동으로시작하여점차운동량이많아지는단계로구성하였다. 프로그램의적용시간과횟수는선행연구와안면마비환자의재원기간및적용의용이성을고려하여결정되었고전문가집단의타당도검증과예비조사를통해프로그램을최종확정하였다. 여러연구 [12,13] 에서안면마비환자에게 1회 20분간주 3회씩 2주동안총 6회의처치를적용하여유의한효과를얻었다. 그러므로본연구에서는안면마사지 5분, 안면근육운동프로그램 15분의회당총 20분간의안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을주 3회씩 2주동안총 6회를실험군에게적용하였다. 퇴원후가정에서도지속적으로시행할수있도록교육을실시하였으며, 대조군에게도윤리적문제를고려하여퇴원후가정에서실시할수있도록안면마사지를포함한근육운동프로그램의방법을서면자료를통해교육하였다. 5. 연구진행절차 1) 예비조사본연구를실시하기전 K대학교병원기관생명윤리심의위원회 (KHNMC IRB ) 의심의를통과하였으며, 해당과의담당의사와수간호사에게대상자선정을위한협조를구하였다 년 9월 27일부터 10월 11일까지연구의실행가능성을확인하고문제점을파악하기위해예비조사를실시하였다. 안면마비로입원중인환자 3명에게안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을시행한후안면근육기능, 마비자각증상및우울을측정하여실험의가능성, 프로그램의순서와시간의적절성등을확인하였다. 2) 연구자훈련연구자는한방협진대학병원의경력간호사로서보완대체요법의이해를위해세미나및한방관련보수교육을이수하였으며, 본연구를실시하기위해 K대학교한의학과교수와간호학교수에게안면마사지에대한자문을구하고정확한시술을위한훈련을받았다. 실험처치를정교화하기위하여마사지기법을충분히숙지한후손으로느낌, 기법, 강도의일관된견해를가지도록하였으며, 예비조사를통해본중재의적용가능성을확인하고훈련하였다. 또한실험자효과를최소화하기위하여보조연구원 1인이사전조사와사후조사를실시하였으며, 측정오차를줄이기위해연구시작전정확한측정방법을숙지할수있도록반복하여훈련하였다. 3) 본조사본조사는실험확산의우려가있어대조군의자료를먼저수집하고실험군에게처치를하는비동등성대조군전후시차설계를이용하였다. 본조사의자료수집기간은 2013 년 10월 20일부터 2014 년 3월 30일까지였으며구체적인자료수집과정은다음과같다. (1) 입원첫날연구자가직접대상자에게방문하여연구의목적을설명하고동의를구하였다. (2) 연구참여에동의한대조군과실험군에게일반적특성, 안면근육기능, 마비자각증상및우울에대한사전조사를실시하였다. (3) 대조군에게는한방협진 K대학교병원이비인후과병동에서안면마비환자에게시행하고있는기존처치인스테로이드치료, 침치료, 물리요법만을제공하였다. 실험군에게는기존처치에추가로안면마사지 5분, 안면근육운동 15분의운동프로그램을주 3회 2 주동안총 6회를실시하였다. 실험처치는병실커튼을구비한상태로환자의침상에서연구자가직접시행하여대상자가편안한가운데처치를받을수있도록하였다. 안면근육운동프로그램은사진이포함된교육자료를제공하고실험군이익숙해지도록연구자가직
5 546 최형주 신성희 Table 1. Facial Muscular Exercise Program including Facial Massage Categories Step Excercise contents Time (sec) Facial massage 1 1 Place middle and index fingers on the philtrum. Sweep downward towards the right angular while applying suitable pressure. Once again, sweep downward towards the left angular with moderate pressure. Repeat 5 times on both sides, slowly. 1 2 Place right hand (except the thumb) on the right side of the patient s chin. Push palm against cheek starting from the chin and ending at the eyebrow. Repeatedly stretch the cheek muscles by pushing the muscles towards the brow. Be mindful to always start at the chin and to apply appropriate pressure. Repeat 5 times on both the right and left cheeks. 1 3 Place index finger inside the mouth while placing the thumb on the cheek. Gently pinch the cheek with the index finger and thumb and pull it toward the lips. Execute slowly in order to fully stretch the rigid cheek muscles. Perform on both cheeks. 1 4 Just like step I 3. Place the index finger inside the mouth while locating the thumb on the cheek. Lightly pinch the cheek using the two fingers, and pull it towards the lips. Stretch both cheeks in the same manner. 1 5 Place palm under the cheekbone. Push palm against the cheekbone with moderate pressure, as if attempting to lift the cheekbone in to the air. Apply on both sides of the face. 1 6 Position thumb and index finger in a V shape on the chin. Pushes outward up to the mandibular joints along the jaw line. Always start from the chin and push outward. 1 7 Apply appropriate pressure on the temporomandibular joints using index and middle fingers, and rub in a circular motion. The jaws should maintain a relaxed state. After the initial rub, repeat the massage, only in the opposite direction. (Clockwise/Counterclockwise) Muscular exercise program 2 1 Lead the patient to purse the his/her lips and kiss the nurse s fingers. Use thumb and index fingers to gently push the patient s lips so that the lips may be closed. Lead the patient to pronounce Mumumumu, Bubububu, and Pupupupu sounds. 2 2 Guide the patient to hold a handkerchief with the patient s lips. It is critical that only the lips be used Apply bio yogurt to the edge of the patient s lower lip. Lead the patient to use his/her to use is upper lip to lick the applied yogurt. 2 4 Guide the patient to lightly pucker the patient s lips and repeatedly vibrate them for 5 seconds. 2 5 Have patient close lips. Then the patient should suck his/her lips and inner cheeks as if he/she drinks from a straw. Maintain the posture for 10 seconds, and repeat. 2 6 Inflate cheeks by sucking in air and shutting the mouth. Purse down on the lips with force so that the inflated cheeks does not release air. The air inside the mouth shouldn t escape through the nose or mouth. Move the ball of air to the right cheek so that only the right cheek remains inflated. Once completed, move the ball of air to the left. 2 7 Tightly shut both upper and lower lips. Keeping the lips closed, stretch both ends of the lips to a smile. Break into a wide smile while stretching the lips as much as possible. Equal amount of force should be applied to the two lips. 2 8 Drag the lower lip up as much as possible to cover the upper lip. Use the neck to lift up the head. 2 9 Tie a button to a 30cm long dental floss. Hold the floss in one s mouth and drag the floss upward using the lips, until the button reaches the patient s lips. Be careful to not let the button go inside the patient s mouth Roll both lips between teeth. Stretch the edge of the lip toward the chin so that it forms a straight line. Maintaining the posture, stretch wider and wider, and break into a smile. The neck should remain in a relaxed state Roll lips between teeth and slightly open jaws. With the lips still rolled, gradually open the jaw wider. The neck should remain relaxed Gently bite down on the lower lip. Repeat covering the lower lip with the upper lip and uncovering the lower lip. The other parts of the face should remain relaxed. Be mindful that the patient does not glance sideways or move his/her cheeks Lift the upper lip so that the teethridge is revealed. Pull the upper lip towards the ear in order to maximize stretching. The jaw should remain relaxed. 80 접시범을보이면서대상자가따라하는방식으로적용하였다. (4) 2주후대조군과실험군의안면근육기능, 마비자각증상과우울에대한사후조사를실시하였다. 사전조사와사후조사는훈련받은보조연구원에의해측정되었으며, 보조연구원에게대조군과실험군을밝히지않는맹검법을적용함으로써연구의타당도를높이기위한노력을하였다. 6. 자료분석방법수집된자료는 SPSS/WIN 18.0 프로그램을이용하여통계처리하였다. 실험군과대조군의일반적특성은빈도와백분율을이용하였고, 안면근육기능, 마비자각증상, 우울은평균과표준편차로분석하였다. 실험군과대조군의일반적특성과종속변수에대한동질성검정은 Chi- square, Fisher s exact test와 independent sample t-
6 안면마비환자를위한안면근육운동프로그램의효과 547 test로분석하였다. 안면근육운동프로그램의효과에대한두군간의차이는 Independent t-test 로검정하였다. 연구결과 1. 실험군과대조군의일반적특성과사전종속변수에대한동질성검정 (54.2%, 51.4%) 이가장많은것으로나타났으나, 실험군과대조군의일반적특성은통계적으로모두유의한차이가없어동질한것으로나타났다. 본연구의종속변수인안면근육기능의 HBGS, FNGS, 낭독속도와마비자각증상및우울에대한사전동질성검정결과, 모든변수에서실험군과대조군간에통계적으로유의한차이가없어두집단이동질한것으로확인되었다. 실험군과대조군의일반적특성과사전종속변수에대한동질성을검정한결과는 Table 2와같다. 연령은실험군은 50~59세 (31.4%) 가, 대조군은 60세이상 (22.9%) 이가장많았고, 성별은실험군과대조군모두여성 (68.6%, 60.0%) 이많았다. 종교는실험군은있는경우 (62.9%) 가, 대조군은없는경우 (60.0%) 가많았다. 학력은실험군은고졸과대졸이상 ( 각 40.0%) 이많았고, 대조군은대졸이상 (48.6%) 이가장많았다. 안면신경마비기왕력은실험군과대조군모두없는경우 (88.6%, 94.3%) 가많았으며, 안면신경마비부위는실험군과대조군모두왼쪽 (60.0%, 68.6%) 이많은것으로나타났다. 발병후입원까지의기간은실험군과대조군모두 0~1 일 2. 가설검정본연구의가설검정은 Figure 1과 Table 3과같다. 가설 1. 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을받은실험군은대조군보다안면근육기능점수가증가할것이다 는 HBGS, FNGS, 낭독속도의부가설로나누어검정하였다. 부가설 1-1 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을제공받은실험군은대조군보다 House-Brackmann Grading System (HBGS) 점수가감소할것이다 를확인하기위해실험전후의차이변화를 t-test로분석한결과, 실험군의 HBGS는 Table 2. Homogeneity Test of Characteristics and Dependent Variables between Experimental and Control Group (N =) Variables Subcategories n (%) or M±SD Cont.(n=35) n (%) or M±SD χ 2 or t p Age (year) <40 40~49 50~59 >60 7 (20.0) 7 (20.0) 11 (31.4) 10 (28.6) 9 (25.7) 6 (17.1) 8 (22.9) 12 (34.3) Gender Male Female 11 (31.4) 24 (68.6) 14 (40.0) 21 (60.0) Religion Yes No 22 (62.9) 13 (37.1) 14 (40.0) 21 (60.0) Education Middle school High school College 7 (20.0) 14 (40.0) 14 (40.0) 8 (22.8) 10 (28.6) 17 (48.6) Past history of facial palsy * Yes No 4 (11.4) 31 (88.6) 2 (5.7) 33 (94.3) Facial palsy site Right Left 14 (40.0) 21 (60.0) 11 (31.4) 24 (68.6) Duration after palsy attack (days) 0~1 2 3~5 19 (54.2) 10 (28.6) 6 (17.2) 18 (51.4) 5 (14.3) 12 (34.3) Muscular function HBGS FNGS Reading time (sec) 3.77± ± ± ± ± ± Palsy subjective symptoms 16.40± ± Depression 17.60± ± * Fisher s exact test; Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group; HBGS=House Brackmann grading system; FNGS=Facial nerve grade system.
7 548 최형주 신성희 Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group; HBGS=House-Brackmann Grading System; FNGS=Facial Nerve Grade System. Figure 1. Effects of facial muscle exercise program including facial massage on facial palsy patients muscular function, palsy subjective symptom, and depression. Table 3. Comparison of Dependent Variables between Two Groups after Treatment (N =) Variables Groups Pretest Posttest Difference M±SD M±SD M±SD t p HBGS Cont. (n=35) 3.77± ± ± ± ± ± FNGS Cont. (n=35) 4.57± ± ± ± ± ± <.001 Reading time (sec) Cont. (n=35) 33.10± ± ± ± ± ± Palsy subjective symptoms Cont. (n=35) 16.40± ± ± ± ± ± Depression Cont. (n=35) 17.60± ± ± ± ± ±2.44 Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group; HBGS=House Brackmann grading system; FNGS=Facial nerve grade system <.001 사전평균 3.77 점에서사후 2.97 점으로감소하였고, 대조군은사전평균 3.57 점에서사후 3.26 점으로감소하여두군간에통계적으로유의한차이를보여가설이지지되었다 (t=2.75, p =.008). 부가설 1-2 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을제공받은실험군은대조군보다 Facial Nerve Grade Systems (FNGS) 점수가감소할것이다 를확인하기위해실험전 후의차이변화를 t-test로분석한결과, 실험군의 FNGS는사전평균 4.57 점에서사후 3.57 점으로감소하였고, 대조군은사전평균 4.43 점에서사후 4.20 점으로감소하여두군간에통계적으로유의한차이를보여가설이지지되었다 (t=5.93 p <.001). 부가설 1-3은 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을제공받은실험군은대조군보다낭독속도가빨라질것이다
8 안면마비환자를위한안면근육운동프로그램의효과 549 를확인하기위해실험전후의차이변화를 t-test 로분석한결과, 실험군의낭독속도는사전평균 초에서사후 초로감소하였고, 대조군은사전평균 초에서사후 초로증가하여두군간에통계적으로유의한차이를보여가설이지지되었다 (t=2.90, p =.005). 이와같이안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램이안면마비환자의안면근육기능을향상시키는데효과가있음이확인되었다. 가설 2. 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을받은실험군은대조군보다마비자각증상점수가감소할것이다 를확인하기위해실험전후의차이변화를 t-test 로분석한결과, 실험군의마비자각증상점수는사전평균 점에서사후 점으로감소하였고, 대조군은사전평균 점에서사후 점으로감소하여두군간에통계적으로유의한차이를보이지않아가설이기각되었다 (t=1.40, p =.167). 가설 3. 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을받은실험군은대조군보다우울점수가감소할것이다 를확인하기위해실험전후의차이변화를 t-test 로분석한결과, 실험군의우울점수는사전평균 점에서사후 점으로감소하였고, 대조군은사전평균 점에서사후 점으로증가하여두군간에통계적으로유의한차이를보여가설이지지되었다 (t=3.98, p <.001). 즉, 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램이안면마비환자의우울감소에효과가있음이확인되었다. 논의 본연구는안면마비환자에게안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을실시하여안면근육기능, 마비자각증상및우울에미치는효과를확인하고자실시되었다. 마사지를포함한근육운동프로그램의통합적인선행연구가없어직접적인비교는어려우나안면마사지와안면근육운동각각의선행연구결과와본연구에서측정한종속변수를중심으로효과를논의하면다음과같다. 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램이안면마비환자의안면근육기능에미치는효과는객관성을확보하기위해 HBGS, FNGS, 낭독속도로평가하였고, 각각에서모두긍정적인효과가확인되었다. 먼저 HBGS로근육기능향상정도를평가한결과, 대조군은사전보다사후에 HBGS 점수가더작은폭으로감소되었고, 실험군은실험전보다실험후에더큰폭으로감소하여안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램이근육기능향상에효과가있는것으로나타났다. 이는안면신경마비환자에게근전도바이오피드백을이용한운동훈련을적용후안면근육의근활성도가증가한연구결과를통해신경근육재훈련이안면마비환자의안면근육기능 향상에효과가있음을확인한선행연구 [23] 와일관된결과이다. 그러나안면마비환자에게경혈지압마사지를 2주일간처치한후안면회복도를측정한 Lee [13] 의연구에서통계적으로유의한결과를얻지못한것과는차이가있다. Lee [13] 는 Kim과 Jung [24] 의연구에서안면경락마사지를 1주일간시행하여긍정적인결과를얻지못해 2주일로처치기간을늘려실시하였음에도불구하고유의한결과를얻지못했다. 본연구의경우안면마사지는근육의적절한긴장과이완을유지해주고경직된안면근육들을이완시켜주어근육운동을준비할수있도록도와주는역할을위해적용하고, 근육운동프로그램을추가하여마사지만의제한점을보완함으로써근육기능을향상시키는복합적인효과를높여긍정적인효과를얻은것으로사료된다. 그러므로안면마비환자의근육기능향상을위해서는마사지단독의적용보다는근육운동프로그램의통합적인적용이더효율적인것으로판단된다. FNGS로안면근육기능정도를객관적으로평가한결과, 대조군은사전보다사후에 FNGS 점수가더작은폭으로감소되었고실험군은실험전보다실험후에 FNGS 점수가더큰폭으로감소하여안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램이안면마비환자의근육기능향상에효과가있는것으로나타났다. 이는뇌졸중환자에게안면경락마사지간호중재를시행하여좌우안면길이의차이와언어표현의유연성, 음식을씹는상태, 침을흘리는상태를 7점척도로측정하여안면마비회복에효과가있는것으로확인된연구 [25] 와 FNGS를이용하여눈꼬리의움직임과입꼬리의움직임을정량적으로평가하여통계적으로유의한결과를얻은선행연구 [13] 와일관된결과이다. 이는간단하고쉽게평가할수있어국제적으로상용되고있는 HBGS가안면상하의기능상태에따라기준이주관적이라는단점을보완하여근육기능을정확하고객관적으로평가하는 FNGS 로안면근육기능정도를평가함으로써본실험처치가안면마비환자의안면근육기능향상에효과적인간호중재가되는이론적근거마련에객관적인지표를제시했다는점에큰의의가있다. 또한낭독속도로안면근육기능정도를객관적으로평가한결과, 대조군은사전보다사후조사에오히려낭독속도가증가되었으나, 실험군은실험전보다실험후에낭독속도가감소하여안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램이안면근육기능향상에효과가있는것으로나타났다. 이는마비성구어장애환자에게조음기관훈련프로그램을적용한결과마비성구어장애환자의문장발화속도가빠르게향상되었던선행연구 [18] 와일관되며, 경직형마비성구어장애인에게마사지와안면근육운동프로그램을적용하여입술근육기능향상에미치는영향을확인하여낭독속도가향상된결과를얻은선행연구 [16] 와도일관된결과이다. 이와같이근육기능향상이 HBGS, FNGS, 낭독속도의유의한결과로지지되어안면마
9 550 최형주 신성희 사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램은안면마비환자의안면근육기능을향상시키는데효과가있는것으로확인되었다. 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램이안면마비환자의마비자각증상에미치는효과는본연구에서통계적으로유의한결과를얻지못하였다. 이는중년주부를대상으로운동참여여부별스트레스자각증상에관한비교연구 [26] 에서운동참여가스트레스자각증상에는유의한차이가있었으나이를기간, 주기, 시간에따라비교한결과유의한차이를보이지않았다는연구결과를고려할때, 안면마비환자의마비자각증상도 2주간의기간으로유의한결과를얻기에는한계가있었던것으로사료된다. 또한안면마비발생후 2개월내에 80% 의환자가회복되지만발병한지 10일이지나도록신경손상이있으면 2년이상의회복과정이이어져불완전한회복을보인다고한선행연구 [27] 를고려하여추후처치기간을늘려그효과를재확인할필요가있다. 그러나본연구결과는구안와사환자에게경혈지압마사지를적용하여안면마비자각증상감소에유의한결과를얻은선행연구 [13] 와는상반된결과이며, 호텔종사자들에게맞춤운동프로그램을적용하여신체부위별근골격계의자각증상을분석한결과발, 발목, 발가락을제외한모든자각증상완화에효과가있음을확인한연구 [28] 와도상반된결과이다. 이러한결과는안면마사지와경락, 경혈지압마사지가자각증상에미치는특성의차이와함께마비자각증상은환자자신이느끼는주관적인증상이므로추후경락과경혈지압을이용한마사지와운동프로그램을병행하여마비자각증상에대한효과를확인할필요가있다. 더불어국소또는전신의혈액증가를촉진시키고신진대사를활발하게하여근긴장을완화시키는효과가있는온열요법이나아로마요법등을추가적용함으로써마비자각증상에미치는효과를반복확인해볼필요가있다. 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을실시하여우울감소에효과가있는지확인한결과, 대조군은실험전과실험후에우울의변화가없고실험군은실험전보다실험후에우울이감소하여안면마비환자에게안면마사지를포함한근육운동프로그램이우울감소에효과가있는것으로나타났다. 이는우울정도가급성기안면마비환자의안면근육운동기능회복에유의한영향을미친다는연구결과 [29] 와구안와사환자에게경락마사지를시행하여우울이감소된연구 [13] 와도일관된결과이다. 즉, 안면마비로인해변형된외모로대인관계시심리적위축을초래할수있으며치료가잘되지않을경우마비자각증상정도가심하고이로인해심각한우울을경험할수있으며, 안면마비로부터불완전한회복은환자에게고통을주고사회적상호관계에부정적인영향을끼치게된다는지적과맥을같이한다 [5]. 인간은자신의감정이나생각을안면표정을통해전달하기때문에안면마비는심리적불안감을초래하고 [12], 최근미용적관심이증대되는분위기와더불어사회적측면에서생활하는데중대한영향을미칠수있다는측면에서본연구결과는의미있는결과이다. 지속적이고적극적인안면마사지와안면근육운동프로그램의적용을통해스스로질병에대한극복감과자기통제감을가질수있도록하며, 적절한기분전환과위안등으로우울한상태를개선하는데도움을줄수있을것으로사료된다. 이와같이안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램은안면마비환자의안면근육기능향상및우울감소에효과가있음이확인되었다. 즉, 본연구의프로그램이안면근육기능향상뿐만아니라안면마비환자의부정적정서인우울에도효과가있다는것은안면마비환자의우울예방을위한간호중재방안으로서도의의가있다. 또한안면마비환자들에대한진단, 치료및경과에대한많은보고들이있었음에도불구하고, 아직까지직접적인안면근육운동프로그램을적용하여안면근육기능을향상시키는효과를밝히는간호중재연구가없었던바본연구의간호학적의의가크다고할수있다. 그러므로자연치유능력을향상시켜주고정신적인건강까지영향을미칠수있는비침습적인대체요법의본프로그램이지역사회및임상간호현장에서안면마비환자를위한보다적극적인간호중재로활용될수있기를기대한다. 결론 본연구는안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램이안면마비환자의안면근육기능, 마비자각증상및우울에미치는효과를규명하고자실시된비동등성대조군전후시차설계의유사실험연구였다. 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램을매회 20분씩주 3회 2주동안총 6회를실시한결과안면마비환자의안면근육기능과우울에긍정적인효과가있었다. 이는안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램이비침습적인보완대체요법으로안면마비환자의지속적인자가간호교육자료로활용되고, 대상자의신체적심리적기능을향상시키므로임상에서보다효과적인간호중재방안으로활용될수있는이론적근거를마련했다는점에서본연구의의의가있다. 본연구의결과를토대로다음과같이제언하고자한다. 첫째, 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램의효과를규명하기위해병원및지역사회와대상자를확대한반복연구가필요하다. 둘째, 교육의효율성과지속성을위해안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램의동영상제작및프로그램의효과를비교하는연구가필요하다. 셋째, 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운동프로그램에온열요법, 아로마요법등보완대체요법을추가하여그효과를확인하는연구가필요하다. 넷째, 안면마사지를포함한안면근육운
10 안면마비환자를위한안면근육운동프로그램의효과 551 동프로그램의적용기간과횟수를달리하고, 퇴원후자가관리에의한지속적인운동프로그램의효과를측정하는연구를제언한다. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors declared no conflict of interest. REFERENCES 1.Korean Society of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Otorhinolaryngology. Seoul: Ilchokak; p National Health Insurance Service. Facial nerve palsy patient[internet]. Seoul: Author; 2013[cited 2016 January 10]. Available from: 3.Choi SW, Yook TH, Song BY. A clinical study about factors to have an influence on the prognosis of Bell s palsy. The Journal of Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 2004;21(3): Min YK, Ahn CB, Jang KJ, Yoon HM, Kim CH, Song CH, et al. An analysis of clinical prognosis factors of Bell s palsy. The Journal of Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 2008;25(3): Kwon HY, Cho TS, Son IS, Youn HM, Seo JC, Jang KJ, et al. The evaluation of improvement of Bell s palsy by Yanagihara s system. The Journal of Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 2002; 19(1): Koo GH. Facial nerve palsy. The Journal of the Korean Pain Society. 1996;9(1): Hwang YJ. The effects of massage and oro-facial exercise program (MOEP) on spastic dysarthric s lip muscle function[master s thesis]. Daegu: Taegu University; p Kang BM, Kwon HC, Kim H, Cho YN. Effect of orofacial exercise on the swallowing function of stroke patients. The Journal of Korean Society of Occupational Therapy. 2013;21(3): Seo JE, Jeon BU. The effect of respiration and oral motor training on correctness of consonants and the vocalization prolongation, for children with spastic cerebral palsy. The Educational Journal for Physical and Multiple Disabilities. 2007;49: Hardy E, Robinson NM. Swallowing disorders treatment manual. 2nd ed. Austin, TX: Pro-ed; Park KS, Lee MH, Kang SK. The influence of skin temperature s change in manipulative therapy. Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology. 2006;12(3): Lee JS, Seo NS, Han MS. Effects of meridian massage on facial paralysis, pain, and anxiety in Bell s palsy patients. Journal of East-West Nursing Research. 2009;15(2): Lee J. The effect of acupressure massage on the change of digital infrared thermologic imaging, facial paralysis status, subjective symptoms, and depression in Bell s palsy patients[dissertation]. Naju: Dongshin University; p Ahn KM, Hong KH, Lee JS, Shin KO. A study on regulation of sebum moisture, elasticity and edema in face by combination of manual & jade massage. The Journal of Cosmetological Science. 2010;6(4): Lee YW, Jeong JY, Kim HJ, Shin YS. Changes of infrared thermographic findings in bilateral Bell s palsy treated with stellate ganglion block. Journal of the Korean Pain Society. 2001;14(1): House JW, Brackmann DE. Facial nerve grading system. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 1985;93(2): Kim MB, Kim JH, Shin SH, Yoon HJ, Ko WS. A study of facial nerve grading system. The Journal of Korean Oriental Medical Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology & Dermatology. 2007;20(3): Lee OB, Kwon DH. The effects of the articulatory training program on the dysarthric speech in subjects with dysarthria. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. 1998;7(2): Lee CW, Park IB, Kim SW, Kim HG, Heo SW, Kim CH, et al. The effect of acupuncture and Dong s acupuncture about Bell palsy. The Journal of Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society. 2004;21(2): Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement. 1977;1(3): Cho MJ, Kim KH. Diagnostic validity of the CES-D (Korean version) in the assessment of DSM-III-R major depression. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. 1993;32(3): Gongole DC. The Source for oral-facial exercises: Updated and expanded. East Moline, IL: LinguiSystems; Kim WH, Park EY, Chang KY, Lee YJ. Effect of electromyographic biofeedback training on the muscle activities of unilateral facial palsy. Physical Therapy Korea. 2002;9(3): Kim EM, Jung HM. The effect of facial meridian massage on facial paralysis status, pain and stress of Bell s palsy patients. Clinical Nursing Research. 2006;11(2): Lee HY, Kim BE. The effect of meridian points massage nursing intervention on the recovery of facial paralysis. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2001;31(6): Kang YR. A study on self-consciousness and coping method for middle-aged housewives, stress based on exercise[master s thesis]. Seoul: Ewha Woman University; p Marra CM. Bell s palsy and HSV-1 infection. Muscle and Nerve. 1999;22(11): (SICI) (199911)22:11<1476 ::AID-MUS2>3.0.CO;2-N 28.Yu JH. The effect of exercise program to ease the musculoskeketal symptoms among the people working in a hotel. Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing. 2008;17(2): Kim ES, Lee SH, Nam SS, Kim YS. A study of psychological distress, anxiety and depression on motor recovery of acute Bell s palsy patients facial muscle. The Acupuncture. 2014;31(1):
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