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1 006 년 월전자공학회논문지제 43 권 SD 편제 호 89 논문 00643SD 주파수종속다중전송선의신호천이특성 (Signal transient simulation of multicoupledm frequencyvariant transmission lines ) 조영일 *, 어영선 ** (Youngil Cho and Yungseon Eo ) 요 약 다중배선의주파수변화에따른전송전파라미터를계산하고이를이용하여다중배선의주파수종속신호천이특성을조사한다. 제시한방법으로다중배선입력신호의스위칭패턴, 상승 / 하강시간 (tr, tf) 및길이에따른신호의흔들림 ( 오버슛, 언더슛 ) 과크로스톡에고주파효과를반영하여시그널인테그러티를정확하게결정할수있다. 고속디지털회로에서주파수종속특성을고려하지않으면최악의신호동작환경에서글로벌배선의경우 6% 와 60%, 패키지배선은 % 와 70% 정도의신호천이와크로스톡노이즈오차를갖을수있다는것을보인다. Abstract Frequencyvariant transmission line parameters are determined. Then the signal transient characterizations of frequencydependent multicoupled lines are investigated. With the proposed method, an accurate signal integrity degradation such as signal ringing (overshoot, undershoot) and crosstal noises relevant to the switching patterns of signals, rising / falling time(tr, tf) and line lengths is investigated. It is shown that there may be approximately 6% discrepancy of signal transients and 60% difference of crosstal noises between the constant RLC model and frequencyvariant RLC model in onchip global interconnects while those of pacage lines are % and 70%, respectively. Keywords : 전송선, 크로스톡, 시그널인테그러티, 고주파효과, 모드분석 I. 서론 최근나노스케일의 CMOS 공정기술은수억개의트랜지스터를하나의반도체칩에집적시킬수있게되었을뿐만아니라수 Hz로동작하는고성능집적회로설계를가능하게해주었다 [][3]. 하지만방대한트랜지스터들을상호연결하는칩내의배선과패키지배선에서발생하는시그널인티그러티의열화는회로의성능을심각하게악화시키고있다 [][3]. 따라서고성능회로설계시초기단계에서부터배선에서발생하는시그널인테그러티를정확히분석하는것은필수불가결한회로설계의일부분으로간주되었다. * ** 학생회원, 정회원, 한양대학교전자컴퓨터공학 (Hanyang University, Dep. of Electrical and Computer Engineering) 접수일자 : 006년7월3일, 수정완료일 : 006년월일 배선과관련된시그널인테그러티의검증은회로의동작주파수가수백 MHz이상으로증가하고배선의임계경로가수센티미터이상으로증가함에따라전송선으로모델하지않으면안되게되었으며, 칩내의일부국부영역배선을제외하면인덕턴스의영향을무시할수없기때문에 RLC 전송선회로로모델하지않으면안된다 [4][6]. 특히최근의회로설계자들은과거보다집적도와동작주파수가더욱증가하는반면타이밍마진과노이즈마진은더욱적은악조건하에서회로를설계해야하기때문에더욱엄밀한시그널인테그러티의검증이필요하게되었다. 고집적고속회로에서데이터패스, 클럭배선, 제어신호배선혹은패키지배선과같은광대역배선은근본적으로주파수에종속한전송특성 ( 도선의표피효과, 근단효과, 기판특성, 에디전류등에기인함 ) 을갖는다. 따라서이들주 (946)
2 90 주파수종속다중전송선의신호천이특성조영일외 파수종속파라미터 (frequencyvariant RLC: FV RLC) 를반영하여시그널인테그러티를검증해야한다. rotelschen et al. 은실리콘기판위의두신호선에대해주파수종속파라미터 (R,L,C,) 추출법을제시하였다 [7][8]. 이방법은실리콘기판의표피효과, 근접효과및기판의손실을잘반영하고있다 [9]. 하지만이들은두선에국한시켰기때문에다중전송선으로확장시킬필요가있으며패키지혹은칩내부글로벌배선에서추가적으로배선의표피효과를고려할필요가있다 [0]. 반면에, 다양한장해석기를사용한전송선의주파수종속특성은주파수변화에따른전송선의특성은잘반영할수있지만, 회로설계자에게직접적으로필요한시그널인테그러티정보 ( 신호의천이특성및노이즈특성 ) 를충분히제공할수없다 []. 본논문에서는이상의사항을개선하여 3개전송선 ( 가장일반적인다중배선의신호특성모델 ) 에서배선의표피효과를고려한주파수종속파라미터를추출한다. 그리고주파수영역에서배선의주파수종속 RLC를반영할수있는전송특성을수학적으로모델한후다중배선에모드분석법을적용하여다중배선의신호전송특성을시간영역에서계산한다 [3][4]. 이때실제적인시스템의동작을위해다양한스위칭조건에따른신호변화를고찰한다. 본논문의주파수종속 RLC 모델을이용하면다중배선에서발생하는신호의흔들림 ( 오버슛, 언더슛 ) 과크로스톡을스위칭, 라인길이및경계시간의변화에서기존의주파수독립 RLC 모델보다더정확하게예측할수있다는것을보인다. Ⅱ. 주파수종속전송선파라미터. 다중배선의임피던스파라미터 [7] 과 [8] 에서는아래와같은배선구조에서 선의임피던스를계산하였다. 그라운드배선을각각 ( 좌측 ), ( 우측 ), 및 3( 실리콘기판 ) 으로나타내고두신호선을 i와 j로나타내면 와 는왼쪽신호라인의전류와전압이고,, 와,, 는왼쪽신호라인에서좌우그라운드, 실리콘기판의세개의리턴패스로흐르는전류와인가된전압으로표현하면 이고 이다. 따라서단위길이당 셀프임피던스 는다음과같이표현할수있다. () : 행렬 를역변환한행렬의 (m, n) 성분 : b 리턴패스전류에의해 a 리턴패스가받 는 임피던스 ( 그림 에서 a,,3 b,,3) : i 번째라인의단위길이당 dc 저항 유사하게단위길이당상호임피던스 는 () 과마찬가지방법으로구할수있다. ij ii j Km Ymn m n ii Ymn m n j V V Z ij ( ω ) j I 0 i i I z I z () 이들 개전송선파라미터계산방법을일반화하면 n개의배선으로확장하여임피던스를구할수있다. 본논문에서는 3개의배선으로확장하여전송선의특성을분석한다. 그림 의 3개전송선에대한임피던스행렬 는다음과같다. (3) (3) 에서아래첨자 i, j, r은신호라인 i, j, r을나타낸다. 세신호라인의구조가동일하면 는 그리고 가되어세가지성분 및 로부터 를구할수있다. 그림는이들셀프, 상호임피던스성분을위한모델이다. 셀프임피던스 와상호임피던스 와 는 (), () 와마찬가지방법으로계산할수있다. V Z R R i i i ii ( ω ) j 0 dc + I i dc + ii ii r I z I 0 + jω C ii Y mn m n (4) (947)
3 006 년 월전자공학회논문지제 43 권 SD 편제 호 9 Return path (Left ground) I i Signal i Signal j Signal r I i I i I j I r V i V i V i 7 Return path 3 ( Substrate ( σ [ S / m]) copper ) I i 3 Return path (Right ground) o x i d e 그림. 패키지의세신호선모델 Fig.. 3 coupled transmission lines model on pacage. Z Z ij ii j j Km Ymn V V m n ij ( ω ) j I 0 i i r I z I z I 0 ii Y mn m n ir ii r r Km Ymn V V m n ir ( ω ) j I 0 i i r I z I z I 0 ii Y mn m n (5) (6) 칩내부의글로벌라인이나패키지라인에서는신호라인과그라운드라인자체에대한표피효과도함께고려해주어야한다. 따라서그림 구조체에대해서표피효과 [0] 를고려하면 δ 66 ϖµσ f R ac ( f) σ S σ δ ( W + t) (7) (8) W W i W j W r W a l S S S b Oxide 7 Substrate ( σ [ S / m ]) C opper 그림 3. 자기벡터전위를위한구조체의입력값 Fig. 3. Crosssection and dimension for magnetic vector potential. 여기서 n i, j, r ( 전송선 ) 이고, 은리턴패스의저항으로서 (9) 와마찬가지로표피효과를고려하고부분임피던스 를거리에따른벡터포텐셜의함수로표현할수있다 [8]. 즉, µ 0 µ 0 E0 mw mw j i Pi, j PW ( i, Wj, b, d) + + Esi ( ) si( )cos( mb ) π l 여기서 W j Wi b+ ( i, j,, ) W ln j Wi b i j t h d () ( x x ) + ( d) PW W b d dxdx WW ( x x ) E B B + C e qh qh Ce e md B q + m, C q m π q m + jωµ 0σ, m l, sin( x) si( x) x R R + R ( f) (9) i i i dc+ sin dc ac 가된다. 윗식 (7)(8) 에서 는 i 신호선의 AC저항 (mohm/mm) 이고 와 t는신호선의폭 (um) 과두께 (um) 이며는주파수 (Hz) 이다. (4) (6) 의임피던스행렬 및 성분은 [7] 을이용하여부분임피던스 로표현할수있다. K R + jω( P P + P ) in in, i,, K jω( P P P + P ) in in, i, i,, K jω( P P ) in 3 in, i, K jω( P ) in 33 in, (0). 다중배선의어드미턴스파라미터 그림 4에서단위길이당어드미턴스 Y 는 V0 와 V 로부터다음과같이표현할수있다 [8]. Y + jωc jωq V V 0 () 또한전하밀도함수 qx ( ) 와 V 0 ( y d), V ( y 0) 는 다음과같이구한다. Q qx ( ) forx< W πw x ( ) W 0 (3) V0 V( x, y d) dx W S, V V( x, y 0) dx W L( R) (4) (948)
4 9 주파수종속다중전송선의신호천이특성조영일외 V 0 S (Signal) + Q W0 d Y W V 0.5 Q Silicon Substrate L (Left ground) (determined by σ, ε) a W 0.5 Q R (Right ground) 그림 4. 어드미턴스계산을위한모델 Fig. 4. Model for admittance determination. O x i d e y d y 0 [ Z ] 와비슷하게다음과같이표현할수있다. Y Y Y [ Y ] Y Y Y 3 3 Y 3 Y 3 Y 33 세신호선이동일하다면 (7) Y Y 33, Y Y Y 3 Y 3, Y 3 Y 3, Y 로서네 K K ε 0 ε ε ε+ε 0 0 ε ε0ε r ε ε ε +ε ε ε0ε r y 3d d d d d K Kq K Kq K q q Kq KKq Silicon Substrate K K q 3d K K q o x i d e multiple images x multiple images (a) 세신호선의 +Q 에해당하는 Y (a) Y on three signal lines corresponding to +Q 그림 5. 선전하의다중영상 Fig. 5. Multiple images of a line charge. 주파수와도전율에따른기판의손실을반영하기위해복소유전율 ε ε j( σ/ ω) 을고려하고 V 0 및 (b) 좌측신호선의 Y (b) Y on left signal line. V 에상응하는그린함수 과 를그림 5로부터다음과같이구할수있다. ( x x, y d, y d) K ln ( x x) + ( y y) πε + n n { } n n K K ln ( x x ) ( nd) K K ln ( x x ) ( nd) n (c) 중앙신호배선의 Y (c) Y on middle signal line. (5) ( x x, y d, y 0) K ln ( x x) + ( y y) πε + n n { } n n K K ln ( x x ) ( d nd) K K ln ( x x ) ( d nd) n (6) 따라서세전송라인에서어드미턴스행렬 [Y ] 는 (d) 좌, 우측신호배선의 Y (d) Y on left and right signal lines. 그림 6. 세신호배선의어드미턴스모델 Fig. 6. Admittance model of 3 signal lines. (949)
5 006 년 월전자공학회논문지제 43 권 SD 편제 호 93 성분 Y, Y, Y 3, Y 로부터 [ Y ] 를구할수있다. 다음그림 6에서그림 4 모델과같은방법을사용하여 어드미턴스를구한후이네방정식을연립하여 Y, Y, Y 3, Y 를결정할수있다. 그림 7. 하나의전송선회로모델 Fig. 7. A single interconnect line circuit model. Y + Y + Y Y + Y 33 jω(3 Q) V V 0 (8) 로부터다음과같이구할수있다 [3][6]. Vl (, ω ) Il (, ω) ZL, V(0, ω ) Vin I(0, ω ) Z () 여기서 qx ( ) ( x x, y dy, ddx ) S V + q( x ) ( x x, y d, y d) dx qx ( ) ( x x, y dy, d) dx 0 W S S 0 S qx ( ) ( x x, y dy, 0) dx L dx.5 qx ( ) ( x x, y dy, 0) dx R V(, x ω) Z ( ω ) e +ρ ( ω) e H(, x ω ) V Z Z e γ( ω) x γ( ω)( l x) C L γ( ω) l in( ω) C( ω ) + ( ω) ρ ( ω) ρl( ω) (3) 여기서 Z ρ ( ω ) Z ( ω) ZC( ω) ( ω ) + Z ( ω) C ZL( ω ) ZC( ω), ρl( ω ) Z ( ω+ ) Z ( ω) L C qx ( ) ( x x, y 0, y ddx ) S V + q( x ) ( x x, y 0, y d) dx qx ( ) ( x x, y 0, y ddx ) + W L S S 3 3 Y + Y + Y.5 qx ( ) ( x x, y 0, y 0) dx L dx.5 qx ( ) ( x x, y 0, y 0) dx R jω(3 Q) V V 0 Y + Y + Y Y + Y jω(3 Q) V V 0 Y + Y + Y + Y Y + Y jω(3 Q) V V 0 (9) (0) () 일반적으로 n개의다중전송선에대해서도유사한방법으로확장하여주파수종속전송선파라미터를계산할수있다. Ⅲ. 모달해석을통한과도현상해석 앞절에서구한주파수에따라변하는단위길이당파라미터를이용하여다중전송라인을흐르는신호의오버슛, 인접라인에미치는크로스톡등의전송특성을정확하게결정할수있다. 전송함수 H ( ω) 는텔레그레퍼방정식과경계조건으 γω ( ) ( R+ jω L)( + jω C), Z ( ω ) ( R+ jω L)/( + jωc) 다중전송라인에는셀프파라미터성분뿐만아니라상호파라미터성분이함께존재하여서로독립적이지않기때문에 n개인접라인의신호전송특성을분석하기위해주파수영역에서저주파와고주파의파라미터를 [4] 의모드분석에반영하여전송함수 H( x, ω) 를구한다. 그림 8에서세라인이모두동일하고유전손실을무시하며소스및부하임피던스가 Z Z Z Z3 와 Z L ZL ZL ZL3라면전송선파라미터는다음과같이표현할수있다 [7]. R( ω) 0 0 [ R( ω)] 0 R( ω) R( ω) L( ω) L( ω) L3 ( ω) [ L( ω)] L( ω) L( ω) L ( ω) L3( ω) L( ω) L( ω) C( ω) C( ω) C3( ω) [ C( ω)] C ( ω) C( ω) C( ω) C3 ( ω ) C( ω) C( ω) C (4) (5) (6) 이때 (6) 의 [ C] 는맥스웰캐패시턴스이다. 이상의라인에서표준전압고유벡터 [ S ] nor 로부터모드파라 (950)
6 94 주파수종속다중전송선의신호천이특성조영일외 Z ρmn( ω ) Z ( ω) ZCM n( ω) ZL( ω) ZCM n( ω) ρlm n( ω ) ( ω ) + Z ( ω ), Z ( ω ) + Z ( ω) CM n ( M n ( n,,3): st, nd,3 rd mode) 따라서출력전압을다음과같이표현할수있다. L CM n 그림 8. 세개의전송선회로모델 Fig coupled interconnect lines circuit model 그림 9. 3 모드회로 Fig modes circuit. 미터행렬과모드입력전압 Vin M 할수있다 [8]. [ R ( )] [ ] [ ( )] ([ ] ) T M Snor R Snor 는다음과같이구 ω ω (7) m out j (, ω ) nor (, ) nor (, ) in ( ω) M n(, ω) n V x S j n S n V H x (34) 여기서 는입력펄스라인, n 은모드, m 은모드의 개수, j (j ) 는 x 위치의펄스, j ( j ) 는 x 위치의크로스톡 ( 그림 8의경우,,,3 n,,3 m3 j,,3) 이다. 일반적으로비균질구조에서 [ RM ( ω )] 에는비대각성분이존재한다. 고유벡터방정식에서 [ L( ω)][ C( ω)] 가아닌 [ L( ω)][ C( ω)] 의 [ Snor ] 를이용하면모드레지스턴스행렬 [ RM ( ω )] 의비대각성분이크게감소하여시스템의정확성이높아진다 []. 이때 [ CM ( ω)] 는 [ C ( )] [ ] [ ( )]([ ] ) T M Snor C Snor ω ω (35) [ L ( )] [ ] [ ( )]([ ] ) T M Snor L Snor ω ω (8) [ C ( )] [ ] T M ω Snor [ C( ω )][ Snor ] (9) Vin M ( ω ) [ Snor ] [ Vin( ω) ] (30) (30) 과같이모드로분리하면다중배선을그림 9와같이표현할수있다. 각각의모드에대해전파상수, 특성임피던스및전송함수는다음과같다. γmn( ω ) ( RMn( ω ) + jωlmn( ω)) ( jωcmn( ω )) (3) ZCMn( ω ) ( RMn( ω ) + jωlmn( ω)) / ( jωcmn( ω )) (3) H Mn γmn( ω) x γ Mn( ω)( l x) ZCMn() ω e +ρlmn () ωe γ Mn( ω) l CMn() ω+ () ω ρmn( ωρ ) LMn( ω) (, xω ) Z Z e (33) 이며지연계단함수를이용한입력펄스 V in ( ω) 는다음과같다 [][5]. V in n A ωtf jωtf jω( i ) tr ( ω ) t f sinc exp exp i n n (36) 여기서 n : 지연계단함수의갯수 t t f r, : 상승시간, 하강시간 A : Vin ( ω) 의최대절대값이상의주파수영역의해 Vout j ( x, ω) 를역푸리에변환하여시간영역의 Vout j( x, t) 를구할수있으며다중배선의동시입력에대한해를중첩의방법을사용하여구할수있다. IV. 모델의검증및고찰 여기서 본절에서는임의의 3 배선구조 ( 그림 8) 에대해서 (95)
7 L 006 년 월전자공학회논문지제 43 권 SD 편제 호 95 Left ground line Signal lines Right ground line w t o x i d e b w0 er d c a s Substrate ( Copper) h 그림 0. 3개의전송배선모델 Fig coupled interconnect lines model. 표. 그림0 구조체의단면치수 Table. Dimension of fig.0 structure. (A) 온칩상의글로벌배선 (A) lobal lines on chip (B) 패키지배선 (B) Pacage lines W0 3 [um] W [um] a 3 [um] b 5 [um] c 54.5 [um] t.5 [um] d.5 [um] h.5 [um] ε r 3. 8 s [S/m] L 5, 0 [mm] W0 40 [um] W 00 [um] a 500 [um] b 80 [um] c 000 [um] t 5 [um] d 60 [um] h 5 [um] ε r 3. 8 s [S/m] L 5, 0 [mm] 주파수변화에따른파라미터 (F V RLC) 를결정하고입력신호의스위칭패턴, 상승시간 (Tr) 등의변화에대한신호의흔들림과크로스톡노이즈를계산한다. [] 의 90nm 공정에기반한표의글로벌라인의경우그두께가표피두께보다크므로표의패키지라인과함께표피효과를반영해야한다. 다음그림 과그림 는표의주파수종속 RLC값이다. 인덕턴스는고주파에서기판의근접효과의영향으로감소하고레지스턴스는라인과기판의표피효과의영향으로증가하며커패시턴스는실리콘기판과달리일정하다는것을알수있다. 그림3그림5는표의칩내글로벌배선구조에서 모델과논문에서제시한모델의파형을스위칭변화에따라 L5[mm], tr00[ps], Rs50[ohm], CL0.[pF] 의조건에서비교한결과이다. DC 파라미터를이용한논문의모델은 (a) 에서 모델과일치하지만고주파파라미터성분을반영한 (b) 에서는 보다더작은값을보인다. 그림 3은 0 스위칭의신호천이와크로스톡으로모든스위칭조건중가장큰크로스톡노이즈가발생한다. 이때 와크로스톡의오차는 60% 이다. 그림 4는 그림. 실리콘상 3개글로벌배선의파라미터 Fig.. lobal 3 line parameters (R,L,C) on wafer. 그림. 3개패키지배선의파라미터 Fig.. 3 line parameters (R,L,C) on pacage. (95)
8 96 주파수종속다중전송선의신호천이특성조영일외.4..0 : DC RLC (Analytical).4..0 Silent line (crosstal) Silent line (crosstal) (a) 계산한 (Analytical) DC RLC vs. : Two Lines FV RLC (Switching Condition: 0) (b) 계산한 (Analytical) FV RLC vs. 그림 3. 표(A) 의스위칭패턴 : 0 Fig. 3. Switching pattern of table(a): : DC RLC (Analytical) : Two Lines FV RLC (Switching Condition: ) (a) 계산한 (Analytical) DC RLC vs (b) 계산한 (Analytical) FV RLC vs. 그림 4. 표(A) 의스위칭패턴 : Fig. 4. Switching pattern of table(a):...0 : DC RLC (Analytical)..0 : Two Lines FV RLC (Switching Condition: ) (a) 계산한 (Analytical) DC RLC vs (b) 계산한 (Analytical) FV RLC vs. 그림 5. 표(A) 의스위칭패턴 : Fig. 5. Switching pattern of table(a):. 스위칭의신호천이로모든스위칭조건중가장큰흔들림 ( 오버슛, 언더슛 ) 이발생하고이때중앙라 인에서 와신호천이오차는 6.% 이다. 그림 5 는 스위칭의신호천이로서크게흔들리는우측 (953)
9 006 년 월전자공학회논문지제 43 권 SD 편제 호 : DC RLC (Analytical) Silent line (crosstals).4 : Two Lines FV RLC..0 (Switching Condition: 0) Silent line (crosstals) (a) 계산한 (Analytical) DC RLC vs. (b) 계산한 (Analytical) FV RLC vs. 그림 6. 표(B) 의스위칭패턴 : 0 Fig. 6. Switching pattern of table(b): : DC RLC (Analytical).6.4 : Two Lines FV RLC (Switching Condition: ) (a) 계산한 (Analytical) DC RLC vs. (b) 계산한 (Analytical) FV RLC vs. 그림 7. 표(B) 의스위칭패턴 : Fig. 7. Switching pattern of table(b):..4. : DC RLC (Analytical).4. : Two Lines FV RLC (Switching Condition: ) (a) 계산한 (Analytical) DC RLC vs. (b) 계산한 (Analytical) FV RLC vs. 그림 8. 표(B) 의스위칭패턴 : Fig. 8. Switching pattern of table(b): (954)
10 98 주파수종속다중전송선의신호천이특성조영일외 표. 표 (A) 구조의스위칭에대한신호천이특성 Table. Transient signal characteristics for variant switching patterns of table(a). Switching patterns Overshoot [V] (Active line) Crosstal [V] Center line Side(right) line 표 3. 표 (B) 구조의스위칭에대한신호천이특성 Table 3. Transient signal characteristics for variant switching patterns of table(b). Switching patterns Overshoot [V] (Active line) Crosstal [V] Center line Side(right) line mm 5mm 0mm mm < Signal transients > < Crosstal noises > (a) 신호천이 (a) Signal transients (b) 크로스톡노이즈 (b) Crosstal noises 그림 9. 표(A) 의배선길이변화 Fig. 9. Line length variation of table(a) ps 00 ps ps 00 ps 0. < Signal transients > < Crosstal noises > (a) 신호천이 (a) Signal transients (b) 크로스톡노이즈 (b) Crosstal noises 그림 0. 표(A) 의상승시간변화 Fig. 0. Rising time(tr) variation of table(a) 라인에서 와.6% 의오차를갖는다. 이상의신호천이특성은표 에정리하였다. 그림 6그림8 은표 의패키지배선구조에서 모델과논문에서제시한모델의파형을스위칭 변화에따라 L0[mm], tr00[ps], Rs50[ohm], CL[pF] 의조건에서비교한결과이다. 패키지구조에서도주파수종속파라미터를이용한신호전송특성이 보다더작은변화를보인다. 그림6의 0 (955)
11 006 년 월전자공학회논문지제 43 권 SD 편제 호 99 표 4. 표 (A) 의각각의길이에대한신호천이특성 Table 4. Transient signal characteristics for each length of table(a). Length Overshoot [V] (Active line) Crosstal [V] (Quiet line) 5 mm mm 표 5. 표(A) 의상승시간에따른신호천이특성 Table 5. Transient signal characteristics for each rising time of table(a). Rising Overshoot [V] Crosstal [V] Time (Active line) (Quiet line) (Tr) 50 ps ps mm mm mm 0mm < Signal transients > (a) 신호천이 (a) Signal transients 그림. 표(B) 의배선길이변화 Fig.. Line length variation of table(b). 표 6. 표(B) 의각각의길이에대한신호천이특성 Table 6. Transient signal characteristics for each length of table(b). Length Overshoot [V] (Active line) Crosstal [V] (Quiet line) 5 mm mm < Crosstal noises > (b) 크로스톡노이즈 (b) Crosstal noises 표 7. 표 (B) 의상승시간에따른신호천이특성 Table 7. Transient signal characteristics for each rising time of table(b). Rising Time (Tr) Overshoot [V] (Active line) FV RLC 오차 [%] Crosstal [V] (Quiet line) FV RLC 오차 [%] 50 ps ps 스위칭에서가장큰크로스톡노이즈가발생하며 와 73.6% 의크로스톡오차를갖는다. 그림7은 스위칭의신호천이로가장큰흔들림 ( 오버슛, 언더슛 ) 이발생하고중앙라인에서 와 % 의오차를갖는다. 그림8은 스위칭에서흔들림이큰우측라인이 와 5.6% 의오차를갖는다. 자세한신호천이특성은표3에정리하였다. 그림9와그림0은표의칩내글로벌배선구조에서 tr00[ps], Rs50[ohm], CL0.[pF] 일때의배선길이변화와 L5[mm], Rs50[ohm], CL0.[pF] 일때의상승시간 (tr) 변화에따른신호천이특성을보였 다. 그림9에서배선이길어짐에따라신호와노이즈의정착시간이늘어나고그림0에서신호의동작속도가빨라질수록신호와노이즈의흔들리는폭이커지는것을알수있다. 이그래프에서도주파수종속 RLC 모델의신호변화는 의신호변화보다더작게나타난다. 이들의흔들림과오차는표4, 5에서정리하였다. 그림 과그림 는표 의패키지배선구조에서 tr00[ps], Rs50[ohm], CL[pF] 일때의배선길이변화와 L0[mm], Rs50[ohm], CL[pF] 일때의상승시간 (tr) 변화에따른신호천이특성을보여준다. (956)
12 00 주파수종속다중전송선의신호천이특성조영일외.4..0 Tr 50 [ps] Tr 00 [ps] < Signal transients > (a) 신호천이 (a) Signal transients Tr 50 [ps] Tr 00 [ps] < Crosstal noises > (b) 크로스톡노이즈 (b) Crosstal noises 그림. 표(B) 의상승시간변화 Fig.. Rising time(tr) variation of table(b). 그림에서배선이길어짐에따라신호와노이즈의흔들림폭이커지고정착시간이크게늘어나며그림에서동작속도가빨라질수록신호와노이즈의흔들림폭이다소증가한다. 이들주파수종속 RLC 모델의신호변화도 의신호변화보다더작게나타난다. 이들의흔들림과오차는표6, 7에서정리하였다. 이상과같이글로벌및패키지구조에서는인덕턴스효과가크게나타난다. 이때주파수종속 RLC를이용하면표피효과에의한레지스턴스의증가, 근접효과에의한인덕턴스의감소로인해신호, 크로스톡의흔들림과정착시간이 DC RLC모델보다감소한다. V. 결론본논문에서는, 다중전송선에서주파수의변화에따른파라미터를이용해신호천이특성을조사하였다. 칩내부배선의파라미터는표피효과, 근접효과, 와전류, 기판이갖는도체적성질등의영향으로주파수에따라변한다. 주파수종속전송선의파라미터를계산하고다중배선의시스템함수를주파수도메인에서모드로분석하여신호천이를계산하였다. 고속디지털회로에서주파수종속특성을고려하지않으면가장나쁜신호동작환경에서글로벌배선의경우 6% 와 60%, 패키지배선은 % 와 70% 정도의신호천이와크로스톡노이즈오차를갖기때문에정확한신호천이분석을위해서는전송선의주파수종속모델을사용하지않으면안된다. 참고문헌 [] International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, SIA Report, 003. [] A. Deutsch et al., "When are transmissionline effects important for onchip interconnections?," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 45, pp , Oct [3] A. Deutsch et al., "Onchip wiring design challenges for gigahertz operation," Proc. IEEE, vol. 89, pp , Apr. 00. [4] Y. I. Ismail, E.. Friedman, and J. L. Neves, Equivalent Elmore delay for RLC trees," IEEE Trans. ComputerAided Design, vol. 9, pp. 8397, Jan [5] Y. Cao et al., "A new analytical delay and noise model for onchip RLC interconnect," in Proc. Int. Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), pp.8386, Dec [6] R. Venatesan, J. A. Davis, and J. D. Meindl, Compact distributed RLC interconnect modelspart III:transients in single and coupled lines with capacitive load termination," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices., vol. 50, pp.08093, Apr [7] Enno rotelschen, Lohit S. Dutta and Zaage, "Quasianalytical analysis of the broadband properties of multiconductor transmission lines on semiconducting substrates," IEEE Trans. Components, Pacaging, Manufact. Tech., vol. 7, pp.37638, Aug [8] Enno rotelschen, Lohit S. Dutta and Zaage, "Fullwave analysis and analytical formulas for the line parameters of transmission lines on (957)
13 006 년 월전자공학회논문지제 43 권 SD 편제 호 0 semiconductor substrates," INTERRATION, VLSI J., vol. 6, pp.3358, 993. [9] Uwe Arz, Hartmut rabinsi and Dylan F. Williams, "Influence of the substrate resistivity on the broadband propagation characteristics of silicon transmission lines," US overnment wor [0] Howard W. Johnson and Martin raham, "Highspeed digital design (A handboo of blac magic)," Prentice Hall PTR, New Jersey, pp.555, 993. [] S. Shin and Y. Eo, "Nonphysical pseudowave based modal decoupling technique of multicoupled coplanar transmission lines with homogeneous dielectric media," in Proc. ISQED., vol. 7, pp. 7883, Mar [] Y. Eo and W. R. Eisenstadt, "eneralized coupled interconnect transfer function and highspeed signal simulations," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.,vol. 43, pp. 5, May 995. [3] H. You and M. Soma, "Crosstal analysis of interconnection lines and pacages in highspeed integrated circuits," IEEE Trans.Circuits Syst.,vol. 37, pp. 0906, Aug [4] H. You and M. Soma, "Crosstal analysis of highspeed interconnects and pacages," IEEE Trans. Custom Integrated Circuits Conf., May [5] Y. Iawa, W. R. Eisenstadt, and R. W. Dutton,"Modeling of highspeed, largesignal transistor switching transients form Sparameter measurements," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED 9, pp , Apr. 98. [6] Y. Eo and W. R. Eisenstadt, "Sparametermeasurementbased highspeed signal transient characterization of VLSI interconnects on SiOSi substrate," IEEE Trans. Adv. Pacag., vol. 3, pp , Aug [7] Y. Eo and W. R. Eisenstadt, "Simulation an measurements of picosecond signal transients, propagation, and crosstal on lossy VLSI interconnect," IEEE Trans. Comp., Pacag., Manufact, Technol. B, vol. 8, pp.55, Mar [8] K.D.ranzow, Digital Transmission Lines, New Yor: Oxford Univ. Press, pp.3368, 998. 저자소개 조영일 ( 학생회원 ) 005 년한양대학교전자컴퓨터공학부학사졸업 007 년한양대학교전자전기제어계측공학과석사졸업예정 < 주관심분야 : 고속회로설계 > 어영선 ( 정회원 ) 한양대학교전자컴퓨터공학부정교수 (958)
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