2015수특(영어)해설(001~071)

Transcription

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2 Part 01 Gateway Exercises Cheverly The state law requires [that a pedestrian may not walk along or on an adjacent roadway {where a sidewalk is provided}]. requires an adjacent roadway The Cheverly Police have been receiving numerous complaints from residents [fearing that they are going to hit a pedestrian as a result of {those individuals not walking on the sidewalk}]. residents those individuals Once you build this connection, it s not as important (as it) [{where you teach} or {how much you charge}]. important as it it or 02

3 It s important [for students to know that they have a teacher {that knows what they are doing and has a passion for the guitar}]. It students to a teacher knows what they are doing has a passion for the guitar and 03 SIM SD SIM SD SIM [When getting rid of your old device], it s important to take steps ~. When you get rid of your old device [Remove them from your device] or [delete the data {that s stored on them}]. or the data 04 Houston Honors College Ted Estess Samuel Beckett Estess The Cream Pitcher: Mississippi Stories Estess The Tylertown Times Estess Estess Mississippi Mississippi Ted Estess Dr. Ted Estess, [founding dean of the University of Houston Honors College], has long emphasized the importance of stories and storytelling, ~. Dr. Ted Estess Some of the book is devoted to Estess family stories, as well as stories [passed down from family and friends]. stories According to a review in The Tylertown Times, these stories [ passed down as an Estess family tale] would be suited to any other family, [especially in the Mississippi area where the Estess family lived]. these stories any other family 03

4 Part 02 If you are studying communications, media studies, social studies, humanities or English, you will probably Gateway need either [to write about a television programme], or [to prepare and present a project about television at some point in the course of your studies]. either ~ or... Exercises need [Precisely because television is so easy to watch], it seems to resist our efforts to analyze it critically. seems it television 02 [The provision of non-slip flooring], [a good standard of lighting], and [minimizing the need {to block aisles during the restocking of merchandise}] are typical measures [that many stores use {to reduce such accidents}]. and typical measures the need 04

5 Other measures include [the wearing of suitable footwear by employees], [adequate handrails on stairways], [the highlighting of any floor level changes], and [procedures {to ensure a quick and effective response to any reports of floor damage or spillages}]. and include procedures 03 When a person [watches a television movie] or [listens to a compact disc], it is reasonably clear that the prime purpose of the communication is entertainment. when or it that But [talking by telephone for hours with a distant friend] is an entertaining way [to keep in contact and exchange information of what is happening]. an entertaining way 04 It would be a mistake [to believe {that adults eat everything and leave nothing for the children}]. It believe The problem is [that many times the only food available to families consists of vegetables and roots {high in fibre but low in calories}]. that is vegetables and roots 05

6 Part 05 Wimbledon Pat Cash Planet Ark Environmental sustainability is [not only making sporting events more marketable, but it is attracting the kind of corporate sponsors {who are keen to use public approval to enhance corporate reputation}]. not only ~ but (also)... but but not only making ~ marketable but attracting ~ corporate reputation more marketable making sporting events corporate sponsors Within the societal cultures of the United States, subcultural differences [once ignored by many managers] now command significant attention and sensitivity. subcultural differences command Moreover, in the last ten years [the number of women and minorities {assuming managerial positions in the U.S. workforce}] has grown by over 25 percent. has grown women and minorities It is becoming and will continue to become even more important [for managers to know about and be ready to respond to the challenges {deriving from individual differences in abilities, personalities, and motives}]. It 06

7 for managers the challenges 07 If you used different brands of microwave ovens with different brands of popcorn, the percentage of unpopped kernels could be caused [by the different brands of popcorn] or [by the different brands of ovens]. or Under such circumstances, the experimenter would be unable to conclude confidently [whether the popcorn or the oven caused the difference]. conclude 08 Surprisingly, though, the more one widens the road, the more congested the road becomes. the the Increased demand for cars tends to [{increase competition among carmakers} and {drive down prices}], [leading to still more cars on the road]. and to 07

8 Part 03 [Letting your eyes {get too taken in by all of the Gateway scientific equipment in the laboratory}] prevents you from noticing anything of significance about the man in that same room. Exercises your eyes Letting We cannot allocate our attention to multiple things at once and expect it to function at the same level as it would (function) [were we to focus on just one activity]. it our attention would function if we were to focus on just one activity if were (we) to to focus on just one activity Or worse still, none (of these tasks) will have the focus and all (the tasks) will be, [although (they are) slightly clearer (than the noise to be filtered out)], noise, but (all (the tasks) will be) degrees of noise all the same. none of these tasks all the tasks they(= all the tasks) are than the noise to be filtered out but but all (the tasks) will be

9 It strengthens the cells in ways [that only raw foods can (strengthen the cells)] [because {the human body, as well as all life on Earth}, has been conditioned to receive its nutrients in that way for billions of years]. It Building the body s cells with raw foods ways can condition ~ to that way the way that only raw foods can (strengthen the cells) It has continued its sudden rise since the 1930s, and [now {one of every three people in the United States} will get cancer in their lifetime]. It Cancer 03 [For an employee to receive feedback {that can truly help him or her improve performance}], it must be provided on a regular and more frequent basis. an employee to feedback Similarly, [feedback about an individual s good job performance] should also be communicated and reinforced [on a frequent and regular basis]. and communicated reinforced Thomas Edison John F. Kennedy 60 NASA throw one s knapsack over the wall Thomas Edison John F. Kennedy In 1962, [when John F. Kennedy declared to the world that the United States was going to land a man on 09

10 Part the moon by the end of the decade], [{some of the metals necessary for the journey had not yet been invented,} and {the technology required for completing the journey was not available}]. and 1962 declared was not available Though making a verbal commitment, no matter how bold and how inspiring, does not ensure that we reach our destination, it does enhance the likelihood of success. no matter how no matter how bold and how inspiring inspiring it(=the verbal commitment) is now) (history) 20 [What makes it a lemon] is a narrative we construct about [{how it started} and {how it came to be the way it is now}]. and about Or consider a fake $20 bill [that you have just seen {come off your friend s color laser printer}]. a fake $20 bill a fake $20 bill seen (how it started and how it came to be the way it is 06 Nicholas Humphrey 10

11 He argues that colors can send approach signals, such as the colors of flowers [that attract pollinating bees], or avoid signals, such as the colors of poisonous toads [that warn off potential predators]. the colors of flowers the colors of poisonous toads The underlying idea is that [because colors carry information about which kinds of objects an organism should or should not interact with], it would be of benefit if the organism liked the colors {that send approach signals} and disliked the ones {that send avoid signals}, [as these aesthetic experiences will lead the organism to behave adaptively]. that that because as the colors the ones(= the colors) 07 The idea [that the masses generally come up with good overall decisions] is sometimes referred to as the wisdom of crowds, ~. that the idea Thus, we should be aware of such media biases in order to minimize the likelihood that they ll throw off our political judgment, even though there s no way to permanently fix them. they them such media biases 08 If you don t know and trust [that this seed is growing], you will doubt [whether anything at all is happening underneath the surface]. know trust that doubt And from there, you watch it [grow {stronger} and 11

12 Part {more vital} every day] (as long as you keep looking after it and watering it!). watch it and as long as 09 ~, surely our primary concern ought to be [to advance human and environmental well-being the most], ~. to our primary concern While cutting CO2 will save some people from dying of heat, it will at the same time cause more people to die from cold. cutting CO2 it cutting CO2 10 At times they commit a double fault at such a crucial stage of the game that it becomes suicidal. such ~ that... In no case should any opportunity be lost in the hope [that more opportunities will come]. any opportunity the hope 11 12

13 By eating in a way [that is suitable both for our own health and for the health of the biosphere], we can help our society to face and to overcome [the enormous environmental challenges of our times]. a way face overcome The more people move toward plant-based food choices, the greater the possibility [that our species will not only survive but will thrive]. The ~, the... the possibility We [walk among them] and [live inside them] but [are largely passive residents in cities ~]. We and but Design is not the icing on the cake but what makes architecture out of buildings, ~. not ~ but

14 Part 04 Culture Note plug-in hybrid (car) Gateway Exercises ~90 It is hoped, though, [that models will be available within a few years {that will be cost competitive with regular cars}]. It models models It is not an exaggeration [to say {that plug-in hybrids could help save us from oil dependence, air pollution, and a deteriorating atmosphere}]. It that say 02 14

15 Over the years I have asked thousands of people to do a simple exercise of [stating {how they intend to influence others every day}]. of a simple exercise stating A receptionist in a law firm, for example, told me that her intention was [that every person {who met her all day long} got a shot of friendliness {so that they felt the world was a friendlier place because they encountered her}]. that her intention every person so that Your position does not limit the way [you can influence others]. the way ~ and, because these negative ions promote alpha waves of longer amplitude in the brain, [which are associated with creative thinking], suddenly your creativity receives a boost. alpha waves of longer amplitude So, [next time {your creative spirit feels burdened}], [{spend two minutes taking deep breaths, breathing in and out every five seconds}, and {repeat the cycle at least 12 times}]. next time and 04 15

16 Part If patience is not already part of your nature, you ll have to develop it quickly or you ll never survive the teaching profession. or There will be times during your first year [when you will want to scream at your students or show your anger and frustration in other physical ways]. times Another is to [stop whenever you feel overwhelmed], [take a deep breath], and [give yourself a minute to figure out how to best handle the situation]. and to 05 Albert Einstein Yo-Yo Ma Barack Obama Wikipedia MIT OpenCourseWare For every Albert Einstein, Yo-Yo Ma, or Barack Obama [who has the opportunity for education], there are uncountable others [who never get the chance]. every Albert Einstein Yo-Yo Ma or Barack Obama uncountable others In a world [where economic ruin is often tied to collapse], societies are well advised to exploit all the human capital (that) they have. a world all the human capital they that 06 16

17 100 [That swimming was regularly taught] is also suggested by many depictions of the crawl stroke a form of swimming [that is not natural to man] and [which was invented again for competition less than a century ago]. and a form of swimming 07 Unless writers have the legal ability [to prevent others from copying their work], it would be very difficult [to hinder others from using the fruits of the writer s labor without compensation]. the legal ability it Fortunately, there are strong copyright laws [that enable writers to prevent others from wrongfully appropriating their work]. strong copyright laws enable ~ to Center for Women s Business Research

18 Part No one could deny, [once they ve given it any thought at all], [that women are responsible for the majority of consumer purchases]. deny Finally, women write an estimated eight out of ten personal checks in the United States, [making their financial power even greater]. 05 Gateway Exercises

19 An incomplete jigsaw puzzle sat on the floor a few feet from the windows, its image faded nearly white by the southern sunlight [that had moved slowly across the room every day for the past fifteen or so years]. its image faded ~ and its image was faded ~ the southern sunlight To the right of the windows, a metal shelf was packed with a large variety of dolls and stuffed animals, some of which had fallen to the ground, [lying like corpses at a murder scene]. some of which ~ scene and some of them ~ scene and they lay like corpses at a murder scene 02 Boon Huat Boon Huat Boon Huat He [kept his eyes fixed on the door], [waiting for it to be opened any moment]. his eyes kept fixed on the door it the door And [looking into the mirror], he realised [that he was sweating in the cold air-conditioned room]. as he looked into the mirror that realised 03 Kino Juana Kino Juana Juana Kino 19

20 Part He could see the little image of the consecrated candle [reflected in the soft surface of the pearl], ~. see the little image of the consecrated candle everyday life: ~]. and Their distant paradise Sigismund, the young husband, had promised himself [that from now {there should be no stone in his bride s path}, nor {should any shadow fall across it}]. promised nor nor should any shadow 04 Sigismund Lovisa emotional poetic Their distant paradise [had descended to earth] and [had proved, surprisingly, to be filled with the things of 20

21 06 Andersson Gunder Hȧ. gg Gateway Exercises Lennart Strand Arne (A) intense valuable (B) Yet forgotten remembered (C) Lennart Strand more It is so intense that I used to say to myself, Why do I put myself through this? I don t want ever to do it again. so ~ that... used to do ~ he [{was forced to retire} and {became a concert pianist}], [which he found much less stressful]! and 02 21

22 Part (A) contract compete (B) inclusion omission (C) agrees refuse A park [wanting to host a fireworks display] may contract with another company to be responsible for the show. A park One method of transferring the risk to the fans is the inclusion of a statement on the back of the event ticket [saying that the promoter is not responsible for any harm to the ticket holder]. a statement 03 Kung Bushmen Kalahari Kung Bushmen Bushman Bushman Bushmen (A) Bushman crowded uncrowded (B) Bushman ensure avoid (C) choice by choice by force [{How physically close we tolerate or enjoy the presence of others}, {for how long (we tolerate or enjoy the presence of others)} and {under what conditions (we tolerate or enjoy the presence of others)}] vary noticeably from culture to culture. and Typically huts are so close [that people {sitting at different hearths} can hand items back and forth without getting up]. so close people 04 22

23 (A) helpful harmful (B) hindrance motivation (C) In fact lower [The quarterback {who needs to read the defense before deciding which receiver to throw to}] would likely perform better if he were not angry. The quarterback which receiver to throw to which receiver he should throw to Players [at football positions {that require a lot of decision making}] tend to demonstrate lower levels of anger than players at positions that do not (require a lot of decision making). Players football positions do not require a lot of decision making 05 George Jessel Winston Churchill 20 Churchill satisfaction anxiety [Standing up in front of a large group of people, {with a hundred or more pairs of eyeballs all staring in our direction}] can be very intimidating. a hundred or more pairs of eyeballs staring The human brain starts working the moment you are born and never stops until you stand up to speak in public. not never until

24 Part comfortable uncomfortable [Taking steps to keep others connected with the rational part of their brain, even in intense conflict situations], helps minimise the impact of behaviours acted out in anger. helps So [keep {your volume down} and {your voice even}] and others will start to reciprocate. keep your volume down keep your voice even and 07 1,000 refused used This factor, [when combined with the pressure from investors for higher returns on capital], has resulted in pressure [to increase productivity and reduce costs]. when it is combined ~ on capital to pressure In many cases, managers seek to reduce labor costs by [running leaner operations] or [using technology to replace humans for some tasks]. or by 08 Typica Bourbon 200 distinct subtle In discussing coffee varieties, it should be kept in mind that nearly all the coffee in the New World is descended from just a few beans and two varieties Typica and Bourbon. it that nearly all ~ Bourbon In turn, this led [to very subtle differences in taste] and [to the appearance of very fine-tuned cups of coffee]. and led 24

25 07 Gateway Exercises (A) these things forget be forgotten (B) begins and allows (C) instructions memory is It should be written as soon as possible after it is given [so the memory of the instructions is fresh and you can capture all the detail you were provided]. It it the task or project 02 (A) because there be exist areas where ~ not desirable it to that (B) For example, [in buildings {that display precious artworks}] strong ultraviolet light is one of the chief causes of degradation, ~. buildings 25

26 Part strong ultraviolet light being is (C) Other spaces ~ include entertainment spaces such as concert halls and theatres. In these entertainment spaces the lighting needs to focus entirely on the performances. in which where which where and there [Other spaces where natural light may not be desirable] include entertainment spaces ~. include Culture Note (A) but unless many whom them (B) Enjoying means (C) and remaining productive enjoying life managing [Enjoying the longer life {afforded to us by new public health measures and technology}] means [maintaining a high standard of health and independence for many more years than most people ever anticipated]. the longer life means (A) Often the distinction between science and technology is said to be like that between basic and applied knowledge. the distinction that (B) For example, new knowledge produced in physics [might {be applied to problems only of interest to theorists} and {thus be labeled basic, }] ~. 26

27 and might new knowledge produced in physics apply label be labeled (C) ~, consider the biotechnology industry, [where fundamental processes of genetics and protein chemistry are explored with the goal of developing therapeutic products]. the biotechnology industry in which where where For example, new knowledge produced in physics might be applied to problems only of interest to theorists ~. of interest to work students space to work neither group or committee work leads both This honor be honored In all honesty, teachers would not enjoy their work environment quite as much [with someone constantly looking over their shoulder], and neither do the students. would 06 the practical people is are one ideas ones one I like the blue shirt better than the red one. it I bought a blue shirt and gave it to my brother. the potential to just as ~ just as the point that which which Its predictable 27

28 Part end is the point. The device is most attractive to consumers and investors at the point. And [because ideas are all around us in abundance], [the practical people {who have made enough money to finance your idea} are not likely to be attracted to it unless you take certain steps to develop it and demonstrate that it is not just another me, too concept]. unless the practical people believed that the sun and all the planets revolving revolved critically important is it the universe and opened This shift in point of view dramatically changed the way [individuals thought about the universe and their individual roles within it]. the way Physical inactivity, [now recognized as an increasingly important determining factor of health], is the result of a progressive shift of lifestyle towards more sedentary patterns, ~. Physical inactivity is is be known to to play [What is apparent at the global level] is [that great changes have swept the entire world since the second half of the twentieth century, ~]. that [Traditional], [largely plant-based] diets have been ~. diets and plant-based diets largely plant-based 28

29 But diet, [while critical to prevention], is just one risk factor. while it is critical to prevention 08 Gateway Exercises Brenda Brenda Brenda A 29

30 Part Brenda Brenda She earned an A in the course, [which inspired her to set a higher goal]. which 02 Porson Richard Porson Oxford Sophocles Sophocles Euripides Porson Euripides Aeschylus Porson Aeschylus Bodleian Culture Note Bodleian Library 145km Oxford Porson In an attempt [to impress the ladies present], the young man let slip a Greek quotation [which he said was from Sophocles]. an attempt to a Greek quotation [Not discouraged], the student said [{that he had made a mistake} and {that the quotation was in fact from Euripides}]. the student said that and 03 Buddy Collette Dootsie Williams Buddy Collette Dootsie Williams Mr. Williams Buddy 12 Mr. Williams Buddy Buddy Frank Sinatra Ella Fitzgerald Buddy Collette Dootsie Williams The music had all the instruments laid out what the trombone would play, what the trumpet would play, what the saxophone would play, and so on. all the instruments lay laid 30

31 A 79-year-old woman sought counseling to deal with her lifelong distress about her older sister, [whom she described as a bitter, envious woman {who had never been a friend to her}]. her older sister a bitter envious woman When the 83-year-old sister broke her hip and had other medical complications, the younger sister thought that this was an opportunity [to be of real help] and [perhaps to get the recognition {for which she had longed for more than 75 years}]. and an opportunity the recognition For the first time, the woman realized [how much thought and energy she had devoted to the distress concerning her sister]. how realized 09 Gateway Exercises Igor Sikorsky Kiev Igor Sikorsky Jules Verne Leonardo da Vinci 1913 Grand Il ya Muromets Sikorsky

32 Part Culture Note Il ya Muromets Bylina Igor Sikorsky Grand Il ya Muromets Il ya Muromets In 1913, he constructed the world s first fourengined airplane that could fly. As a boy he developed an interest in flight through reading [the science fiction of French novelist Jules Verne] and [accounts of Leonardo da Vinci s designs for helicopters]. and reading [Known as the Grand], it formed the prototype for the Il ya Muromets, [later adapted as a long-range bomber for World War ]. it know adapt 02 Emerald Amazon Explorer Emerald Amazon Explorer Ecuador Napo Guests can see abundant wildlife, guided by experts speaking many languages [The Emerald Amazon Explorer], [specifically designed for adventures in the Amazon], is a 30-meterlong riverboat that cruises the Napo River in Ecuador. is The Emerald Amazon Explorer This is an ideal way of [exploring the rainforest without having to camp or even suffer from mosquitos] [as the ship {is surrounded by flowing water} and {is fully air-conditioned}]. of an ideal way and 03 Austin Holy Terrain Farm Joyful Orchard Golden Winery Art Gallery KG Visitor s Center Local Farms First

33 localfarmsfirst@me.com 6 12 Reservations are necessary, and should be made by Friday afternoon, June 12: or localfarmsfirst@me.com. There will be a van [leaving from the KG Visitor s Center parking lot at 9:30 a.m.], or drive solo. a van 04 Farmington 3 Farmington 3 Farmington 3 Farmington Farmington :30 7:30 Farmington Gardens: Farmington Farmington No reservations needed! All the pizza you can eat! You can eat all the pizza! all the pizza National Conservation Seattle, WA All posters must be created by an individual student rather than a team of students. Artwork [entered into the national competition] must 33

34 Part have gone through a poster contest [sponsored by a local conservation district] and another contest [sponsored by a state conservation association]. Artwork a poster contest another contest This is the only title [eligible for the national poster contest]. the only title 06 John Ericsson John Ericsson Cornelius H. Harry DeLamater John Ericsson failed to win contracts for them He invented the screw propeller and built the first screw-powered steamship [to cross the Atlantic], as well as the first ship [powered by twin screws]. the first screw-powered steamship to the first ship His principal income came from hot-air engines and small screw-driven steamships [that he built with his friend and business partner Cornelius H. Harry DeLamater]. hot-air engines and small screwdriven steamships 07 Andrew Wiles Andrew Wiles Wiles Richard L. Taylor 1995 Although he worked on other parts of mathematics while obtaining his Ph.D. ~. ~, Andrew Wiles became interested in the solution to the problem [known as Fermat s Last Theorem]. the problem ~, he remained interested in the Fermat theorem. remain interested he he interesting interested 08 Sky Band Young Artist Competition Sky Band Young Artist Competition Sky Band 34

35 Sky Band Franklin Cumberland Adams Fulton Perry Washington Paul Berg paulberg@pa.net Applications are due: October 1, 2015 / Competition Date: October 18, 2015 Winners will perform their pieces at the Sky Band s Autumn Concert, [which will be on a Saturday afternoon in November, 2015]. which the Sky Band s Autumn Concert (624) Drop off the enlargements. A drop box will be available at the entrance of our school office. Find pictures [that you would like to {share} and/or {embarrass your child with} one last time]. pictures pictures share with 10 Fall Shade Tree Distribution

36 Part 10 6 In mid-september, if your application is approved, you will receive a confirmation letter specifying which species you will receive and where to pick up your tree(s) on October 6, ~, you will receive a confirmation letter [specifying {which species you will receive} and {where to pick up your tree(s) on October 6, 2015}]. a confirmation letter and specifying where to pick up your tree(s) where you should pick up your tree(s) 10 Gateway Exercises % % % % 1/4 36

37 % % more than doubled % 64% [When asked about the importance of screen size], 56% of women said that it would be an important consideration while less than half the men thought it important. When they were asked about 46% 6% % 69% 55% The percentage of consumers [who don t know yet but plan to look around] is higher in Germany than in any other country listed on the graph. than any other consumers The percentage of Spanish consumers [who plan to renew or purchase their insurance products with their current providers] is higher than that of their Brazilian counterparts. Spanish consumers that The percentage their Brazilian counterparts Brazilian consumers who plan to renew or purchase their insurance products with their current providers

38 Part EU EU EU , EU 2,000 EU 4 1 The EU has been a leading traditional trading partner of sub-saharan Africa, and over the period its trade with this region has more than doubled. EU has been has doubled the former(new York) the latter (California) The graph above shows the total number of children [enrolled in state-funded pre-k in the Big Four from 2001 to 2011]. children During the given years, Texas always served more children in state-funded pre-k programs than any other state in the United States. more ~ than any other

39 [No matter how they are normalized], red meat is more GHG-intensive than any other food group. no matter how Dairy products are an interesting second, [as {normalization by cost produces a GHG intensity fairly similar to that of red meat}, but {normalization by calories produces a number around half as intensive as red meat}]. as but as that the GHG intensity 11 Gateway Exercises

40 Part In his office he has a button on the dentist s chair [which you can hold on to during treatment]. a button on the dentist s chair The reason behind this is [that, {by having access to the button}, people feel they have control]. that The reason behind this that people 02 IQ IQ When people with above-average IQ encounter claims [that they know little about] (which is most claims for most of us), ~. claims ~ the smarter they are the better they are at rationalizing those beliefs the the 03 Scientific experiments [should be designed {to show that your hypothesis is wrong}], and [should be conducted completely objectively with no possible subjective influence on the outcome]. and 40

41 It is all too easy to justify to yourself [why an experiment {which does not fit with your expectations} should be ignored], and [why one {which provides the results you hoped for } is the right one]. and justify an experiment one one an experiment This can be partly avoided [by (your) conducting experiments (while you are) blinded ] and [by (your) asking others to check your data or repeat experiments]. and Copenhagen Copenhagen ~, [the mere fact {that the Internet is lying in wait on your computer}] causes damage to your work performance. that the mere fact Afterward, some of them were allowed to watch a funny video, while the others were faced with a play button for the video, ~. some ~, the others... When (they were) confronted with an additional task afterward, [those who had to resist the video] performed worse than [those who were allowed to watch it]. When confronted they were worse than Rick Snyder Good Morning America Good Morning America Charles Gibson Gibson 90 Gibson 41

42 Part An edge [that happy people have for building physical resources] is [how well they deal with unexpected, difficult events]. An edge How well they deal with unexpected, difficult events! 06 Daniel Gilbert Benedict de Spinoza Gilbert William James Gilbert Benedict de Spinoza Psychologist Daniel Gilbert says that our brains must believe something in order to process it, [if only for a split second]. if [Only after the conception] do we effortfully engage in disbelieving something ~. Only do we engage only: only Only John can do it. John

43 [The sentiments {expressed in the tweets regarding political issues}] can be as accurate a measure as is found with traditional telephone surveys. The sentiments a/an as as a/an This result suggests that Twitter users should not be considered an unusual subset of the general population, but rather a group [whose opinions are (at least collectively) fairly mainstream and representative]. not ~, but... a group 08 Mark Twain Ernest Hemingway Winston Churchill 5 5 Edwin Arlington Robinson ~; if they had had more time, the work would have been half as long. Winston Churchill is supposed to have said [that he {could talk for a day with five minutes notice} but {needed a day to prepare if he had only five minutes in which to speak}]. said but 09 Eleanor Roosevelt 43

44 Part [If you become unhappy {because someone in a room or in your class or in your group of friends is smarter than you, better looking than you, or richer than you}], [you are bound to be unhappy all of your life {because inevitably someone will be smarter, richer, etc.}] if if because someone in a room or in your class or in your group of friends because ~, some excel at kindness to others, some at sports, some at math, some at selling, and some at managing others. excel (B) believing [The fact {that we ve heard a claim repeated over and over again}] doesn t make it correct. that The fact it a claim ~ [hearing one person {express an opinion ( Joe Smith is the best qualified person to be President! ) 10 times}] can lead us to assume [that this opinion is as widely held as hearing 10 people express this opinion once]. one person hearing assume as ~ as Brightshine Joe Smith (A) familiarity 11 Charles Darwin Freud Plautus However (A) sympathy it 44

45 (B) ignores Every individual has a biologically based inner nature [comprised of elements {that are common to the species} and those {that are unique to that individual}]. a biologically based inner nature elements those those the elements Furthermore, it ignores the mountain of evidence [that humans can be cooperative and caring as well as unfriendly and uncaring]. the mountain of evidence emotions] is a good match for one [who does]. A partner one one a partner does does well with managing emotions A partner [quick to jump to conclusions] works well with one [who is more considered in his judgments]. A partner a partner one 12 (A) complementary (B) perfection A partner [who doesn t do well with managing 45

46 Part 12 Gateway Exercises Carmen (A) For instance (B) Likewise Adults provide feedback to children regarding the appropriateness of the ways [they choose to express their emotions]. the ways However, when she laughs at another child [who is struggling to recite a poem by heart], her teacher frowns slightly and shakes his head no. another child 02 Robert Zajonc Zajonc 20 ah e u u.. ah e u u.. (A) Conversely (B) In short 46

47 To demonstrate, Zajonc and his colleagues conducted a study [in which they asked participants to repeat certain vowels 20 times each, including the sounds ah, e, u, and the German vowel u.. ]. a study (A) Instead (B) However When Pope Julius asked Michelangelo to design a tomb for him, Michelangelo devised a design calling for 40 sculptures, [only a few of which were completed {before Pope Julius decided not to spend any more money}]. which 40 sculptures Michelangelo was insulted at [being asked to paint a ceiling], [which was not considered a very prestigious assignment]. at Michelangelo ask being asked which to paint a ceiling 04 (A) in effect (B) Thus I propose [that {the reason people enjoy the book version of a story more than the film version} is {that each reader creates the details in his or her favorite scenes}]. that propose 47

48 Part that The more these details are solidified in a certain way, the more the artist [invades the audience s domain], and [confines the reader s imagination to {what is presented to them by others}]. the the and 13 Gateway Exercises

49 [What characterizes the social lives of humans] is the intense interest [we show in each other s doings]. the intense interest Monkeys and apes are just as social as we are, just as intensely interested in scores of social activities around them. just as ~ as... just as just as as we are [The most cost-effective way {to prevent these infections}] is [for doctors, nurses, and other health care professionals to regularly wash their hands]. to The most cost-effective way doctors nurses and other health care professionals to And many of the efforts [to get more people washing their hands more often] have been sadly ineffective. to the efforts get more people get washing their hands more often 03 C. Daniel Batson Experiments by the psychologist C. Daniel Batson and his colleagues find [that {being asked to adopt someone else s perspective} makes participants more likely to favor that person over others]. Experiments by ~ colleagues 49

50 Part find 04 that 3 1 [Reflecting a group-oriented culture], the values of cooperation and sharing are emphasized, while competitive behavior is discouraged. the values of cooperation and sharing while Children and adolescents are further encouraged to [participate in tribal ceremonies] and [develop an appreciation for their cultural heritage]. and to 05 The virtual communities [that have formed on the Internet] are an initial indication [that new types of human relationships may be created]. The virtual communities an initial indication The convenience and freedom [enabled by wireless communications technologies] are changing the way [we access networks and use electronic devices in the enterprise, the home and on the road]. The convenience and freedom the way 06 Einstein 50

51 Furthermore, graph-reading and geometry by their nature require you [to use your visual skills to understand complex numerical data], [which immediately involves regions of the right temporal lobe]. [What we do know] is [that {when a math problem is presented visually}, it becomes clearer, more accessible, and the brain is more capable of recalling the knowledge later on]. that that 07 Like adults, children need to eat a variety of foods from different food groups [to get all the nutrients {necessary for growth and good health}]. all the nutrients At the same time, [establishing good habits {by avoiding excess fat (especially saturated and trans fats)}] is important for a child s future health

52 Part Global warming has been driven by the enormous growth in energy use [which has gone hand in hand with the rise in human population over the last half century in particular]. the enormous growth in energy use In fact, quite a small proportion of people in the developed world are responsible for the massive energy consumption [that has started the global warming ball rolling]. the massive energy consumption start the global warming ball rolling 14 Gateway Exercises (B) (A) (C) 52

53 (B) (A) (C) As with the processing of cheese, new methods [born from these discoveries] led to newer and better products. new methods 02 Benjamin Bloom (B) (C) (A) (B) (C) (A) Psychologist Benjamin Bloom found [that the first steps toward high achievement begin {when parents expose their children to music, swimming, scientific ideas, and so forth, just for fun}]. found that that 03 C) 1 (B) (A) (C) (B) (A) In addition, people [excluded from groups] were, almost by definition, unlikely to reproduce themselves. people People go to extraordinary lengths [to {connect with others}, {be liked by others}, and {belong to groups}]. to and to 04 (B) Joel Ethan Coen 53

54 Part Miller s Crossing (A) Tom Reagan Tom (C) Tom Tom (B) Joel Ethan Coen Miller s Crossing (A) (A) (C) ~, creative editing makes the audience [experience {the sudden disorientation of being knocked out and then waking up in a confused state}]. the audience experience The audience therefore has a degree of perceptual subjectivity in this scene because it sees only what Tom sees and not the events that occur while he is unconscious. it The audience 05 (C) (B) (A) (C) (B) (A) Let s move on to the concept of [how we create our own reality]. of In other words, fear can create [precisely what we don t want]. create 06 (B) (A) (C) 54

55 (B) (A) (B) (C) I ve probably spent months of my life exploring beaches and tide pools, but there is always [something new]. spend ~ -ing new something 07 (B) (A) (C) (B) (A) (B) (C) [Classrooms {that represent only this view of science}], however, fail to catch an essential feature of science: evidence-based explanation. Classrooms What does it mean [to explain something] in science? it 08 Renè Descartes (C) (B) (A) (C) (B) (A) Thus, Descartes notion of mind-body dualism proposes [that some human behaviors are automatic reactions {that are driven by external stimulation}, while other behaviors are freely chosen and controlled by the mind]. 55

56 Part of Descartes notion mind-body dualism that proposes automatic reactions while 15 Gateway Exercises Gail Sheehy 56

57 This is in part [because, as Gail Sheehy once said, the story {we tell to ourselves} becomes the story we are living]. the story With their human leading characters, dramas, and climaxes, they engage listeners on an emotional and intuitive level [that is rarely touched by the purely rational argument]. an emotional and intuitive level 02 these children Children Despite [the diversity {suggested by this arrangement}], much of the assessment of children s cognitive development ~. despite the diversity This model has had enormous impact not just on the way [children are viewed in school] but on Western thinking about intelligence in general. not only/just/merely ~ but (also)... the way 03 faith belief George Vaillant faith belief trust faith 50 Culture Note the six senses intuition faith belief 57

58 Part For example, I might [stand at the bottom of a rockclimbing wall] and [tell someone, I believe in the rockclimbing techniques {I ve just been taught}]. and might the rock-climbing techniques 04 But Researchers have evidence [that suggests {that helping by children really is motivated by genuine care for others}]. evidence that suggests My colleagues conducted an experiment [in which an adult played with a three-year-old and asked him or her to hand over certain objects for certain tasks]. an experiment 05 But The power of physics has been due to the fact [that it is a very definite science], [which has profoundly altered daily life]. that the fact and it has profoundly ~ life [Given a science equally definite, and capable of altering man directly], physics would be put in the shade. would But now there are two ways of approaching psychology which are obviously important: one (is) that of the physiologists, and the other (is) that of psychoanalysis. two ways one the other is that the way 58

59 06 Being very frightened can also lead ~ also [Whether such campaigns do succeed in shocking people to change their behavior] is the subject of ongoing debate. whether Protection Motivation theory suggests [that fear only works {if the threat is perceived as serious and likely to occur if the person does not follow the recommended advice}]. suggests that works if if only ~ if its own mix of fat, protein, carbohydrates, fiber, and sugars each of these many different diets [A better understanding of basic human genetics] might help explain what kind of diet is best for human bodies. When modern humans migrated out of Africa, they quickly expanded to all corners of the earth, including some places [where there was no whole grain bread, lean beef, or gardens full of leafy greens]! some places 08 59

60 Part The introduction of automation in manufacturing allowed many manufacturing processes to be done by less skilled workers. allow ~ to... ~, [some of the tasks {secretaries and bookkeepers normally do}] could now be handled by wordprocessing and spreadsheet programs [that a manager could use himself or herself]. the tasks word-processing and spreadsheet programs 16 Gateway Exercises

61 hit smashed collided bumped contacted smash collide bump contact hit (A) (B) perceptions shockingly Some of the viewers were asked to estimate [how fast the cars were going when they hit each other]; others were asked to estimate [how fast the cars were going when they smashed, collided, bumped, or contacted each other]. estimate Though everyone saw the same cars [involved in the same accidents], their estimates differed widely. the same cars (A) ignorance (B) knowledge If one imagined instead a young person expressing interest in learning that ~, one would not feel shock or horror, but rather surprise. The point is [that the knowledge in itself is less important than the state of mind {that it illustrates}]. that The point that the state of mind it the knowledge Bellevue Medical Center J. C. Wright 15 Wright Wright

62 Part J. C. Wright 15 J. C. Wright (A) (B) natural sunlight stopping Dr. Wright had become attracted to the idea [that light energy entering the eyes might possibly be a growthregulating factor as far as tumor development was concerned]. that the idea Afterward it was discovered that the one patient [whose condition had gotten worse] had continued to wear prescription glasses [which blocked the ultraviolet portion of natural sunlight from reaching the eyes]. the one patient prescription glasses 04 (A) establish (B) threatening The Canadian, [delighted with the offer], suggested [that they meet again the next morning with their respective lawyers {to finalize the details}]. suggested meet The Canadian [regarded the lawyers presence {as facilitating the successful completion of the negotiation}]; the Egyptian [interpreted it {as signaling the Canadian s mistrust of his verbal commitment}]. regard interpret as as 05 62

63 (A) relate (B) experienced About what goes on today hangs [a cloud of thoughts concerning similar things {undergone in bygone days}]. hangs about what goes on today hangs similar things Hence he lives not, like the beasts of the field, in a world of merely physical things, but in a world of signs and symbols. not ~ but... in a world of merely physical things in a world of signs and symbols 06 New Guinea 800 7,000 Mark Pagel Ruth Mace (A) (B) unfriendly separation In New Guinea, for instance, there are more than 800 languages, [some (being) spoken in areas just a few miles across yet as not understandable to those on either side as French and English]. being those as ~ as... [There are still 7,000 languages spoken on earth] and [the people {who speak each one} are remarkably resistant to {borrowing words, traditions, rituals or tastes from their neighbors}]. and the people to one language 63

64 Part 17 01~ Gateway Exercises People [who change] do not [question whether 64

65 change is possible] or [look for reasons {(why) they cannot change}]. People or do not reasons they why You cannot fly no matter how hard you flap your arms. no matter how 03~ I also know that the great English humanist Sir Thomas More died in 1535 [because {I ve done research on More for years}, and {that is what the historical records show}]. because and because that 1535 I even know [that the sum of the interior angles of every triangle {that ever has existed or ever will exist} is 180 degrees]. know the sum ~ will exist every triangle 05~ Matt Biondi Biondi 1972 Mark Spitz Biondi Biondi 1 Biondi Biondi Martin Seligman Biondi 65

66 Part Biondi Seligman Biondi Biondi Biondi 05 Biondi 06 Biondi Biondi In his next event, the 100-meter butterfly, Biondi was inched out for the gold by another swimmer [who made a greater effort in the last meter]. the 100-meter butterfly his next event another swimmer [One viewer {who was not surprised by Biondi s recovery}] was Martin Seligman, [a psychologist at the University of Pennsylvania], who had tested Biondi for optimism earlier that year. One viewer Martin Seligman In an experiment done with Seligman, the swimming coach told Biondi [during a special event {for the public viewing of Biondi s best performance}] [that he had a worse time than was actually the case]. a special event told that 07~

67 08 (A) (B) Also keep in mind [that diets {that seem to be good for people whose days are full of hard physical labor} aren t necessarily good for people {who slave at a desk all day}]. keep diets people In northern Europe, for example, the short growing season makes it difficult to eat fruits and vegetables year-round. it to eat ~ year-round difficult 18 Gateway

68 Part Exercises ~ Steven Spielberg Chuck Silvers (A) Steven Spielberg Universal Pictures Chuck Silvers 1965 Canoga Park 17 Steven Universal Pictures Steven (D) Steven Chuck Silvers Steven Silvers Steven (C) Steven Silvers Steven 35 Silvers Universal TV Sidney J. Sheinberg 26 (B) Sheinberg Steven 7 Steven Steven Silvers Silvers 26 Silvers Steven 01 (A) 17 Steven Spielberg Universal Pictures Steven Silvers (D) (A) Steven Silvers Universal TV Sidney J. Sheinberg Steven (C) Sheinberg Steven 7 Steven Silvers (B) 02 (a) (b) (c) (d) Steven (e) Silvers 03 Steven Silvers Steven told Mr. Silvers about the contract and asked what he could do to repay him. The tram was not stopping at the sound stages, [where Steven wanted to go], [so he sneaked away during a bathroom break and started wandering around]. be -ing the sound stages so so that and so I quit college so fast [(that) I didn t even clean out my locker]. so that I want you to help, [in any way you can (help)], [young people like yourself]. help help can help 04~ Suzuki (A) 1931 Shinichi Suzuki 68