2015수특(영어)해설(001~071)

Transcription

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2 Part 01 Gateway Exercises Cheverly The state law requires [that a pedestrian may not walk along or on an adjacent roadway {where a sidewalk is provided}]. requires an adjacent roadway The Cheverly Police have been receiving numerous complaints from residents [fearing that they are going to hit a pedestrian as a result of {those individuals not walking on the sidewalk}]. residents those individuals Once you build this connection, it s not as important (as it) [{where you teach} or {how much you charge}]. important as it it or 02

3 It s important [for students to know that they have a teacher {that knows what they are doing and has a passion for the guitar}]. It students to a teacher knows what they are doing has a passion for the guitar and 03 SIM SD SIM SD SIM [When getting rid of your old device], it s important to take steps ~. When you get rid of your old device [Remove them from your device] or [delete the data {that s stored on them}]. or the data 04 Houston Honors College Ted Estess Samuel Beckett Estess The Cream Pitcher: Mississippi Stories Estess The Tylertown Times Estess Estess Mississippi Mississippi Ted Estess Dr. Ted Estess, [founding dean of the University of Houston Honors College], has long emphasized the importance of stories and storytelling, ~. Dr. Ted Estess Some of the book is devoted to Estess family stories, as well as stories [passed down from family and friends]. stories According to a review in The Tylertown Times, these stories [ passed down as an Estess family tale] would be suited to any other family, [especially in the Mississippi area where the Estess family lived]. these stories any other family 03

4 Part 02 If you are studying communications, media studies, social studies, humanities or English, you will probably Gateway need either [to write about a television programme], or [to prepare and present a project about television at some point in the course of your studies]. either ~ or... Exercises need [Precisely because television is so easy to watch], it seems to resist our efforts to analyze it critically. seems it television 02 [The provision of non-slip flooring], [a good standard of lighting], and [minimizing the need {to block aisles during the restocking of merchandise}] are typical measures [that many stores use {to reduce such accidents}]. and typical measures the need 04

5 Other measures include [the wearing of suitable footwear by employees], [adequate handrails on stairways], [the highlighting of any floor level changes], and [procedures {to ensure a quick and effective response to any reports of floor damage or spillages}]. and include procedures 03 When a person [watches a television movie] or [listens to a compact disc], it is reasonably clear that the prime purpose of the communication is entertainment. when or it that But [talking by telephone for hours with a distant friend] is an entertaining way [to keep in contact and exchange information of what is happening]. an entertaining way 04 It would be a mistake [to believe {that adults eat everything and leave nothing for the children}]. It believe The problem is [that many times the only food available to families consists of vegetables and roots {high in fibre but low in calories}]. that is vegetables and roots 05

6 Part 05 Wimbledon Pat Cash Planet Ark Environmental sustainability is [not only making sporting events more marketable, but it is attracting the kind of corporate sponsors {who are keen to use public approval to enhance corporate reputation}]. not only ~ but (also)... but but not only making ~ marketable but attracting ~ corporate reputation more marketable making sporting events corporate sponsors Within the societal cultures of the United States, subcultural differences [once ignored by many managers] now command significant attention and sensitivity. subcultural differences command Moreover, in the last ten years [the number of women and minorities {assuming managerial positions in the U.S. workforce}] has grown by over 25 percent. has grown women and minorities It is becoming and will continue to become even more important [for managers to know about and be ready to respond to the challenges {deriving from individual differences in abilities, personalities, and motives}]. It 06

7 for managers the challenges 07 If you used different brands of microwave ovens with different brands of popcorn, the percentage of unpopped kernels could be caused [by the different brands of popcorn] or [by the different brands of ovens]. or Under such circumstances, the experimenter would be unable to conclude confidently [whether the popcorn or the oven caused the difference]. conclude 08 Surprisingly, though, the more one widens the road, the more congested the road becomes. the the Increased demand for cars tends to [{increase competition among carmakers} and {drive down prices}], [leading to still more cars on the road]. and to 07

8 Part 03 [Letting your eyes {get too taken in by all of the Gateway scientific equipment in the laboratory}] prevents you from noticing anything of significance about the man in that same room. Exercises your eyes Letting We cannot allocate our attention to multiple things at once and expect it to function at the same level as it would (function) [were we to focus on just one activity]. it our attention would function if we were to focus on just one activity if were (we) to to focus on just one activity Or worse still, none (of these tasks) will have the focus and all (the tasks) will be, [although (they are) slightly clearer (than the noise to be filtered out)], noise, but (all (the tasks) will be) degrees of noise all the same. none of these tasks all the tasks they(= all the tasks) are than the noise to be filtered out but but all (the tasks) will be

9 It strengthens the cells in ways [that only raw foods can (strengthen the cells)] [because {the human body, as well as all life on Earth}, has been conditioned to receive its nutrients in that way for billions of years]. It Building the body s cells with raw foods ways can condition ~ to that way the way that only raw foods can (strengthen the cells) It has continued its sudden rise since the 1930s, and [now {one of every three people in the United States} will get cancer in their lifetime]. It Cancer 03 [For an employee to receive feedback {that can truly help him or her improve performance}], it must be provided on a regular and more frequent basis. an employee to feedback Similarly, [feedback about an individual s good job performance] should also be communicated and reinforced [on a frequent and regular basis]. and communicated reinforced Thomas Edison John F. Kennedy 60 NASA throw one s knapsack over the wall Thomas Edison John F. Kennedy In 1962, [when John F. Kennedy declared to the world that the United States was going to land a man on 09

10 Part the moon by the end of the decade], [{some of the metals necessary for the journey had not yet been invented,} and {the technology required for completing the journey was not available}]. and 1962 declared was not available Though making a verbal commitment, no matter how bold and how inspiring, does not ensure that we reach our destination, it does enhance the likelihood of success. no matter how no matter how bold and how inspiring inspiring it(=the verbal commitment) is now) (history) 20 [What makes it a lemon] is a narrative we construct about [{how it started} and {how it came to be the way it is now}]. and about Or consider a fake $20 bill [that you have just seen {come off your friend s color laser printer}]. a fake $20 bill a fake $20 bill seen (how it started and how it came to be the way it is 06 Nicholas Humphrey 10

11 He argues that colors can send approach signals, such as the colors of flowers [that attract pollinating bees], or avoid signals, such as the colors of poisonous toads [that warn off potential predators]. the colors of flowers the colors of poisonous toads The underlying idea is that [because colors carry information about which kinds of objects an organism should or should not interact with], it would be of benefit if the organism liked the colors {that send approach signals} and disliked the ones {that send avoid signals}, [as these aesthetic experiences will lead the organism to behave adaptively]. that that because as the colors the ones(= the colors) 07 The idea [that the masses generally come up with good overall decisions] is sometimes referred to as the wisdom of crowds, ~. that the idea Thus, we should be aware of such media biases in order to minimize the likelihood that they ll throw off our political judgment, even though there s no way to permanently fix them. they them such media biases 08 If you don t know and trust [that this seed is growing], you will doubt [whether anything at all is happening underneath the surface]. know trust that doubt And from there, you watch it [grow {stronger} and 11

12 Part {more vital} every day] (as long as you keep looking after it and watering it!). watch it and as long as 09 ~, surely our primary concern ought to be [to advance human and environmental well-being the most], ~. to our primary concern While cutting CO2 will save some people from dying of heat, it will at the same time cause more people to die from cold. cutting CO2 it cutting CO2 10 At times they commit a double fault at such a crucial stage of the game that it becomes suicidal. such ~ that... In no case should any opportunity be lost in the hope [that more opportunities will come]. any opportunity the hope 11 12

13 By eating in a way [that is suitable both for our own health and for the health of the biosphere], we can help our society to face and to overcome [the enormous environmental challenges of our times]. a way face overcome The more people move toward plant-based food choices, the greater the possibility [that our species will not only survive but will thrive]. The ~, the... the possibility We [walk among them] and [live inside them] but [are largely passive residents in cities ~]. We and but Design is not the icing on the cake but what makes architecture out of buildings, ~. not ~ but

14 Part 04 Culture Note plug-in hybrid (car) Gateway Exercises ~90 It is hoped, though, [that models will be available within a few years {that will be cost competitive with regular cars}]. It models models It is not an exaggeration [to say {that plug-in hybrids could help save us from oil dependence, air pollution, and a deteriorating atmosphere}]. It that say 02 14

15 Over the years I have asked thousands of people to do a simple exercise of [stating {how they intend to influence others every day}]. of a simple exercise stating A receptionist in a law firm, for example, told me that her intention was [that every person {who met her all day long} got a shot of friendliness {so that they felt the world was a friendlier place because they encountered her}]. that her intention every person so that Your position does not limit the way [you can influence others]. the way ~ and, because these negative ions promote alpha waves of longer amplitude in the brain, [which are associated with creative thinking], suddenly your creativity receives a boost. alpha waves of longer amplitude So, [next time {your creative spirit feels burdened}], [{spend two minutes taking deep breaths, breathing in and out every five seconds}, and {repeat the cycle at least 12 times}]. next time and 04 15

16 Part If patience is not already part of your nature, you ll have to develop it quickly or you ll never survive the teaching profession. or There will be times during your first year [when you will want to scream at your students or show your anger and frustration in other physical ways]. times Another is to [stop whenever you feel overwhelmed], [take a deep breath], and [give yourself a minute to figure out how to best handle the situation]. and to 05 Albert Einstein Yo-Yo Ma Barack Obama Wikipedia MIT OpenCourseWare For every Albert Einstein, Yo-Yo Ma, or Barack Obama [who has the opportunity for education], there are uncountable others [who never get the chance]. every Albert Einstein Yo-Yo Ma or Barack Obama uncountable others In a world [where economic ruin is often tied to collapse], societies are well advised to exploit all the human capital (that) they have. a world all the human capital they that 06 16

17 100 [That swimming was regularly taught] is also suggested by many depictions of the crawl stroke a form of swimming [that is not natural to man] and [which was invented again for competition less than a century ago]. and a form of swimming 07 Unless writers have the legal ability [to prevent others from copying their work], it would be very difficult [to hinder others from using the fruits of the writer s labor without compensation]. the legal ability it Fortunately, there are strong copyright laws [that enable writers to prevent others from wrongfully appropriating their work]. strong copyright laws enable ~ to Center for Women s Business Research

18 Part No one could deny, [once they ve given it any thought at all], [that women are responsible for the majority of consumer purchases]. deny Finally, women write an estimated eight out of ten personal checks in the United States, [making their financial power even greater]. 05 Gateway Exercises

19 An incomplete jigsaw puzzle sat on the floor a few feet from the windows, its image faded nearly white by the southern sunlight [that had moved slowly across the room every day for the past fifteen or so years]. its image faded ~ and its image was faded ~ the southern sunlight To the right of the windows, a metal shelf was packed with a large variety of dolls and stuffed animals, some of which had fallen to the ground, [lying like corpses at a murder scene]. some of which ~ scene and some of them ~ scene and they lay like corpses at a murder scene 02 Boon Huat Boon Huat Boon Huat He [kept his eyes fixed on the door], [waiting for it to be opened any moment]. his eyes kept fixed on the door it the door And [looking into the mirror], he realised [that he was sweating in the cold air-conditioned room]. as he looked into the mirror that realised 03 Kino Juana Kino Juana Juana Kino 19

20 Part He could see the little image of the consecrated candle [reflected in the soft surface of the pearl], ~. see the little image of the consecrated candle everyday life: ~]. and Their distant paradise Sigismund, the young husband, had promised himself [that from now {there should be no stone in his bride s path}, nor {should any shadow fall across it}]. promised nor nor should any shadow 04 Sigismund Lovisa emotional poetic Their distant paradise [had descended to earth] and [had proved, surprisingly, to be filled with the things of 20

21 06 Andersson Gunder Hȧ. gg Gateway Exercises Lennart Strand Arne (A) intense valuable (B) Yet forgotten remembered (C) Lennart Strand more It is so intense that I used to say to myself, Why do I put myself through this? I don t want ever to do it again. so ~ that... used to do ~ he [{was forced to retire} and {became a concert pianist}], [which he found much less stressful]! and 02 21

22 Part (A) contract compete (B) inclusion omission (C) agrees refuse A park [wanting to host a fireworks display] may contract with another company to be responsible for the show. A park One method of transferring the risk to the fans is the inclusion of a statement on the back of the event ticket [saying that the promoter is not responsible for any harm to the ticket holder]. a statement 03 Kung Bushmen Kalahari Kung Bushmen Bushman Bushman Bushmen (A) Bushman crowded uncrowded (B) Bushman ensure avoid (C) choice by choice by force [{How physically close we tolerate or enjoy the presence of others}, {for how long (we tolerate or enjoy the presence of others)} and {under what conditions (we tolerate or enjoy the presence of others)}] vary noticeably from culture to culture. and Typically huts are so close [that people {sitting at different hearths} can hand items back and forth without getting up]. so close people 04 22

23 (A) helpful harmful (B) hindrance motivation (C) In fact lower [The quarterback {who needs to read the defense before deciding which receiver to throw to}] would likely perform better if he were not angry. The quarterback which receiver to throw to which receiver he should throw to Players [at football positions {that require a lot of decision making}] tend to demonstrate lower levels of anger than players at positions that do not (require a lot of decision making). Players football positions do not require a lot of decision making 05 George Jessel Winston Churchill 20 Churchill satisfaction anxiety [Standing up in front of a large group of people, {with a hundred or more pairs of eyeballs all staring in our direction}] can be very intimidating. a hundred or more pairs of eyeballs staring The human brain starts working the moment you are born and never stops until you stand up to speak in public. not never until

24 Part comfortable uncomfortable [Taking steps to keep others connected with the rational part of their brain, even in intense conflict situations], helps minimise the impact of behaviours acted out in anger. helps So [keep {your volume down} and {your voice even}] and others will start to reciprocate. keep your volume down keep your voice even and 07 1,000 refused used This factor, [when combined with the pressure from investors for higher returns on capital], has resulted in pressure [to increase productivity and reduce costs]. when it is combined ~ on capital to pressure In many cases, managers seek to reduce labor costs by [running leaner operations] or [using technology to replace humans for some tasks]. or by 08 Typica Bourbon 200 distinct subtle In discussing coffee varieties, it should be kept in mind that nearly all the coffee in the New World is descended from just a few beans and two varieties Typica and Bourbon. it that nearly all ~ Bourbon In turn, this led [to very subtle differences in taste] and [to the appearance of very fine-tuned cups of coffee]. and led 24

25 07 Gateway Exercises (A) these things forget be forgotten (B) begins and allows (C) instructions memory is It should be written as soon as possible after it is given [so the memory of the instructions is fresh and you can capture all the detail you were provided]. It it the task or project 02 (A) because there be exist areas where ~ not desirable it to that (B) For example, [in buildings {that display precious artworks}] strong ultraviolet light is one of the chief causes of degradation, ~. buildings 25

26 Part strong ultraviolet light being is (C) Other spaces ~ include entertainment spaces such as concert halls and theatres. In these entertainment spaces the lighting needs to focus entirely on the performances. in which where which where and there [Other spaces where natural light may not be desirable] include entertainment spaces ~. include Culture Note (A) but unless many whom them (B) Enjoying means (C) and remaining productive enjoying life managing [Enjoying the longer life {afforded to us by new public health measures and technology}] means [maintaining a high standard of health and independence for many more years than most people ever anticipated]. the longer life means (A) Often the distinction between science and technology is said to be like that between basic and applied knowledge. the distinction that (B) For example, new knowledge produced in physics [might {be applied to problems only of interest to theorists} and {thus be labeled basic, }] ~. 26

27 and might new knowledge produced in physics apply label be labeled (C) ~, consider the biotechnology industry, [where fundamental processes of genetics and protein chemistry are explored with the goal of developing therapeutic products]. the biotechnology industry in which where where For example, new knowledge produced in physics might be applied to problems only of interest to theorists ~. of interest to work students space to work neither group or committee work leads both This honor be honored In all honesty, teachers would not enjoy their work environment quite as much [with someone constantly looking over their shoulder], and neither do the students. would 06 the practical people is are one ideas ones one I like the blue shirt better than the red one. it I bought a blue shirt and gave it to my brother. the potential to just as ~ just as the point that which which Its predictable 27

28 Part end is the point. The device is most attractive to consumers and investors at the point. And [because ideas are all around us in abundance], [the practical people {who have made enough money to finance your idea} are not likely to be attracted to it unless you take certain steps to develop it and demonstrate that it is not just another me, too concept]. unless the practical people believed that the sun and all the planets revolving revolved critically important is it the universe and opened This shift in point of view dramatically changed the way [individuals thought about the universe and their individual roles within it]. the way Physical inactivity, [now recognized as an increasingly important determining factor of health], is the result of a progressive shift of lifestyle towards more sedentary patterns, ~. Physical inactivity is is be known to to play [What is apparent at the global level] is [that great changes have swept the entire world since the second half of the twentieth century, ~]. that [Traditional], [largely plant-based] diets have been ~. diets and plant-based diets largely plant-based 28

29 But diet, [while critical to prevention], is just one risk factor. while it is critical to prevention 08 Gateway Exercises Brenda Brenda Brenda A 29

30 Part Brenda Brenda She earned an A in the course, [which inspired her to set a higher goal]. which 02 Porson Richard Porson Oxford Sophocles Sophocles Euripides Porson Euripides Aeschylus Porson Aeschylus Bodleian Culture Note Bodleian Library 145km Oxford Porson In an attempt [to impress the ladies present], the young man let slip a Greek quotation [which he said was from Sophocles]. an attempt to a Greek quotation [Not discouraged], the student said [{that he had made a mistake} and {that the quotation was in fact from Euripides}]. the student said that and 03 Buddy Collette Dootsie Williams Buddy Collette Dootsie Williams Mr. Williams Buddy 12 Mr. Williams Buddy Buddy Frank Sinatra Ella Fitzgerald Buddy Collette Dootsie Williams The music had all the instruments laid out what the trombone would play, what the trumpet would play, what the saxophone would play, and so on. all the instruments lay laid 30

31 A 79-year-old woman sought counseling to deal with her lifelong distress about her older sister, [whom she described as a bitter, envious woman {who had never been a friend to her}]. her older sister a bitter envious woman When the 83-year-old sister broke her hip and had other medical complications, the younger sister thought that this was an opportunity [to be of real help] and [perhaps to get the recognition {for which she had longed for more than 75 years}]. and an opportunity the recognition For the first time, the woman realized [how much thought and energy she had devoted to the distress concerning her sister]. how realized 09 Gateway Exercises Igor Sikorsky Kiev Igor Sikorsky Jules Verne Leonardo da Vinci 1913 Grand Il ya Muromets Sikorsky

32 Part Culture Note Il ya Muromets Bylina Igor Sikorsky Grand Il ya Muromets Il ya Muromets In 1913, he constructed the world s first fourengined airplane that could fly. As a boy he developed an interest in flight through reading [the science fiction of French novelist Jules Verne] and [accounts of Leonardo da Vinci s designs for helicopters]. and reading [Known as the Grand], it formed the prototype for the Il ya Muromets, [later adapted as a long-range bomber for World War ]. it know adapt 02 Emerald Amazon Explorer Emerald Amazon Explorer Ecuador Napo Guests can see abundant wildlife, guided by experts speaking many languages [The Emerald Amazon Explorer], [specifically designed for adventures in the Amazon], is a 30-meterlong riverboat that cruises the Napo River in Ecuador. is The Emerald Amazon Explorer This is an ideal way of [exploring the rainforest without having to camp or even suffer from mosquitos] [as the ship {is surrounded by flowing water} and {is fully air-conditioned}]. of an ideal way and 03 Austin Holy Terrain Farm Joyful Orchard Golden Winery Art Gallery KG Visitor s Center Local Farms First

33 [email protected] 6 12 Reservations are necessary, and should be made by Friday afternoon, June 12: or [email protected]. There will be a van [leaving from the KG Visitor s Center parking lot at 9:30 a.m.], or drive solo. a van 04 Farmington 3 Farmington 3 Farmington 3 Farmington Farmington :30 7:30 Farmington Gardens: Farmington Farmington No reservations needed! All the pizza you can eat! You can eat all the pizza! all the pizza National Conservation Seattle, WA All posters must be created by an individual student rather than a team of students. Artwork [entered into the national competition] must 33

34 Part have gone through a poster contest [sponsored by a local conservation district] and another contest [sponsored by a state conservation association]. Artwork a poster contest another contest This is the only title [eligible for the national poster contest]. the only title 06 John Ericsson John Ericsson Cornelius H. Harry DeLamater John Ericsson failed to win contracts for them He invented the screw propeller and built the first screw-powered steamship [to cross the Atlantic], as well as the first ship [powered by twin screws]. the first screw-powered steamship to the first ship His principal income came from hot-air engines and small screw-driven steamships [that he built with his friend and business partner Cornelius H. Harry DeLamater]. hot-air engines and small screwdriven steamships 07 Andrew Wiles Andrew Wiles Wiles Richard L. Taylor 1995 Although he worked on other parts of mathematics while obtaining his Ph.D. ~. ~, Andrew Wiles became interested in the solution to the problem [known as Fermat s Last Theorem]. the problem ~, he remained interested in the Fermat theorem. remain interested he he interesting interested 08 Sky Band Young Artist Competition Sky Band Young Artist Competition Sky Band 34

35 Sky Band Franklin Cumberland Adams Fulton Perry Washington Paul Berg [email protected] Applications are due: October 1, 2015 / Competition Date: October 18, 2015 Winners will perform their pieces at the Sky Band s Autumn Concert, [which will be on a Saturday afternoon in November, 2015]. which the Sky Band s Autumn Concert (624) Drop off the enlargements. A drop box will be available at the entrance of our school office. Find pictures [that you would like to {share} and/or {embarrass your child with} one last time]. pictures pictures share with 10 Fall Shade Tree Distribution

36 Part 10 6 In mid-september, if your application is approved, you will receive a confirmation letter specifying which species you will receive and where to pick up your tree(s) on October 6, ~, you will receive a confirmation letter [specifying {which species you will receive} and {where to pick up your tree(s) on October 6, 2015}]. a confirmation letter and specifying where to pick up your tree(s) where you should pick up your tree(s) 10 Gateway Exercises % % % % 1/4 36

37 % % more than doubled % 64% [When asked about the importance of screen size], 56% of women said that it would be an important consideration while less than half the men thought it important. When they were asked about 46% 6% % 69% 55% The percentage of consumers [who don t know yet but plan to look around] is higher in Germany than in any other country listed on the graph. than any other consumers The percentage of Spanish consumers [who plan to renew or purchase their insurance products with their current providers] is higher than that of their Brazilian counterparts. Spanish consumers that The percentage their Brazilian counterparts Brazilian consumers who plan to renew or purchase their insurance products with their current providers

38 Part EU EU EU , EU 2,000 EU 4 1 The EU has been a leading traditional trading partner of sub-saharan Africa, and over the period its trade with this region has more than doubled. EU has been has doubled the former(new York) the latter (California) The graph above shows the total number of children [enrolled in state-funded pre-k in the Big Four from 2001 to 2011]. children During the given years, Texas always served more children in state-funded pre-k programs than any other state in the United States. more ~ than any other

39 [No matter how they are normalized], red meat is more GHG-intensive than any other food group. no matter how Dairy products are an interesting second, [as {normalization by cost produces a GHG intensity fairly similar to that of red meat}, but {normalization by calories produces a number around half as intensive as red meat}]. as but as that the GHG intensity 11 Gateway Exercises

40 Part In his office he has a button on the dentist s chair [which you can hold on to during treatment]. a button on the dentist s chair The reason behind this is [that, {by having access to the button}, people feel they have control]. that The reason behind this that people 02 IQ IQ When people with above-average IQ encounter claims [that they know little about] (which is most claims for most of us), ~. claims ~ the smarter they are the better they are at rationalizing those beliefs the the 03 Scientific experiments [should be designed {to show that your hypothesis is wrong}], and [should be conducted completely objectively with no possible subjective influence on the outcome]. and 40

41 It is all too easy to justify to yourself [why an experiment {which does not fit with your expectations} should be ignored], and [why one {which provides the results you hoped for } is the right one]. and justify an experiment one one an experiment This can be partly avoided [by (your) conducting experiments (while you are) blinded ] and [by (your) asking others to check your data or repeat experiments]. and Copenhagen Copenhagen ~, [the mere fact {that the Internet is lying in wait on your computer}] causes damage to your work performance. that the mere fact Afterward, some of them were allowed to watch a funny video, while the others were faced with a play button for the video, ~. some ~, the others... When (they were) confronted with an additional task afterward, [those who had to resist the video] performed worse than [those who were allowed to watch it]. When confronted they were worse than Rick Snyder Good Morning America Good Morning America Charles Gibson Gibson 90 Gibson 41

42 Part An edge [that happy people have for building physical resources] is [how well they deal with unexpected, difficult events]. An edge How well they deal with unexpected, difficult events! 06 Daniel Gilbert Benedict de Spinoza Gilbert William James Gilbert Benedict de Spinoza Psychologist Daniel Gilbert says that our brains must believe something in order to process it, [if only for a split second]. if [Only after the conception] do we effortfully engage in disbelieving something ~. Only do we engage only: only Only John can do it. John

43 [The sentiments {expressed in the tweets regarding political issues}] can be as accurate a measure as is found with traditional telephone surveys. The sentiments a/an as as a/an This result suggests that Twitter users should not be considered an unusual subset of the general population, but rather a group [whose opinions are (at least collectively) fairly mainstream and representative]. not ~, but... a group 08 Mark Twain Ernest Hemingway Winston Churchill 5 5 Edwin Arlington Robinson ~; if they had had more time, the work would have been half as long. Winston Churchill is supposed to have said [that he {could talk for a day with five minutes notice} but {needed a day to prepare if he had only five minutes in which to speak}]. said but 09 Eleanor Roosevelt 43

44 Part [If you become unhappy {because someone in a room or in your class or in your group of friends is smarter than you, better looking than you, or richer than you}], [you are bound to be unhappy all of your life {because inevitably someone will be smarter, richer, etc.}] if if because someone in a room or in your class or in your group of friends because ~, some excel at kindness to others, some at sports, some at math, some at selling, and some at managing others. excel (B) believing [The fact {that we ve heard a claim repeated over and over again}] doesn t make it correct. that The fact it a claim ~ [hearing one person {express an opinion ( Joe Smith is the best qualified person to be President! ) 10 times}] can lead us to assume [that this opinion is as widely held as hearing 10 people express this opinion once]. one person hearing assume as ~ as Brightshine Joe Smith (A) familiarity 11 Charles Darwin Freud Plautus However (A) sympathy it 44

45 (B) ignores Every individual has a biologically based inner nature [comprised of elements {that are common to the species} and those {that are unique to that individual}]. a biologically based inner nature elements those those the elements Furthermore, it ignores the mountain of evidence [that humans can be cooperative and caring as well as unfriendly and uncaring]. the mountain of evidence emotions] is a good match for one [who does]. A partner one one a partner does does well with managing emotions A partner [quick to jump to conclusions] works well with one [who is more considered in his judgments]. A partner a partner one 12 (A) complementary (B) perfection A partner [who doesn t do well with managing 45

46 Part 12 Gateway Exercises Carmen (A) For instance (B) Likewise Adults provide feedback to children regarding the appropriateness of the ways [they choose to express their emotions]. the ways However, when she laughs at another child [who is struggling to recite a poem by heart], her teacher frowns slightly and shakes his head no. another child 02 Robert Zajonc Zajonc 20 ah e u u.. ah e u u.. (A) Conversely (B) In short 46

47 To demonstrate, Zajonc and his colleagues conducted a study [in which they asked participants to repeat certain vowels 20 times each, including the sounds ah, e, u, and the German vowel u.. ]. a study (A) Instead (B) However When Pope Julius asked Michelangelo to design a tomb for him, Michelangelo devised a design calling for 40 sculptures, [only a few of which were completed {before Pope Julius decided not to spend any more money}]. which 40 sculptures Michelangelo was insulted at [being asked to paint a ceiling], [which was not considered a very prestigious assignment]. at Michelangelo ask being asked which to paint a ceiling 04 (A) in effect (B) Thus I propose [that {the reason people enjoy the book version of a story more than the film version} is {that each reader creates the details in his or her favorite scenes}]. that propose 47

48 Part that The more these details are solidified in a certain way, the more the artist [invades the audience s domain], and [confines the reader s imagination to {what is presented to them by others}]. the the and 13 Gateway Exercises

49 [What characterizes the social lives of humans] is the intense interest [we show in each other s doings]. the intense interest Monkeys and apes are just as social as we are, just as intensely interested in scores of social activities around them. just as ~ as... just as just as as we are [The most cost-effective way {to prevent these infections}] is [for doctors, nurses, and other health care professionals to regularly wash their hands]. to The most cost-effective way doctors nurses and other health care professionals to And many of the efforts [to get more people washing their hands more often] have been sadly ineffective. to the efforts get more people get washing their hands more often 03 C. Daniel Batson Experiments by the psychologist C. Daniel Batson and his colleagues find [that {being asked to adopt someone else s perspective} makes participants more likely to favor that person over others]. Experiments by ~ colleagues 49

50 Part find 04 that 3 1 [Reflecting a group-oriented culture], the values of cooperation and sharing are emphasized, while competitive behavior is discouraged. the values of cooperation and sharing while Children and adolescents are further encouraged to [participate in tribal ceremonies] and [develop an appreciation for their cultural heritage]. and to 05 The virtual communities [that have formed on the Internet] are an initial indication [that new types of human relationships may be created]. The virtual communities an initial indication The convenience and freedom [enabled by wireless communications technologies] are changing the way [we access networks and use electronic devices in the enterprise, the home and on the road]. The convenience and freedom the way 06 Einstein 50

51 Furthermore, graph-reading and geometry by their nature require you [to use your visual skills to understand complex numerical data], [which immediately involves regions of the right temporal lobe]. [What we do know] is [that {when a math problem is presented visually}, it becomes clearer, more accessible, and the brain is more capable of recalling the knowledge later on]. that that 07 Like adults, children need to eat a variety of foods from different food groups [to get all the nutrients {necessary for growth and good health}]. all the nutrients At the same time, [establishing good habits {by avoiding excess fat (especially saturated and trans fats)}] is important for a child s future health

52 Part Global warming has been driven by the enormous growth in energy use [which has gone hand in hand with the rise in human population over the last half century in particular]. the enormous growth in energy use In fact, quite a small proportion of people in the developed world are responsible for the massive energy consumption [that has started the global warming ball rolling]. the massive energy consumption start the global warming ball rolling 14 Gateway Exercises (B) (A) (C) 52

53 (B) (A) (C) As with the processing of cheese, new methods [born from these discoveries] led to newer and better products. new methods 02 Benjamin Bloom (B) (C) (A) (B) (C) (A) Psychologist Benjamin Bloom found [that the first steps toward high achievement begin {when parents expose their children to music, swimming, scientific ideas, and so forth, just for fun}]. found that that 03 C) 1 (B) (A) (C) (B) (A) In addition, people [excluded from groups] were, almost by definition, unlikely to reproduce themselves. people People go to extraordinary lengths [to {connect with others}, {be liked by others}, and {belong to groups}]. to and to 04 (B) Joel Ethan Coen 53

54 Part Miller s Crossing (A) Tom Reagan Tom (C) Tom Tom (B) Joel Ethan Coen Miller s Crossing (A) (A) (C) ~, creative editing makes the audience [experience {the sudden disorientation of being knocked out and then waking up in a confused state}]. the audience experience The audience therefore has a degree of perceptual subjectivity in this scene because it sees only what Tom sees and not the events that occur while he is unconscious. it The audience 05 (C) (B) (A) (C) (B) (A) Let s move on to the concept of [how we create our own reality]. of In other words, fear can create [precisely what we don t want]. create 06 (B) (A) (C) 54

55 (B) (A) (B) (C) I ve probably spent months of my life exploring beaches and tide pools, but there is always [something new]. spend ~ -ing new something 07 (B) (A) (C) (B) (A) (B) (C) [Classrooms {that represent only this view of science}], however, fail to catch an essential feature of science: evidence-based explanation. Classrooms What does it mean [to explain something] in science? it 08 Renè Descartes (C) (B) (A) (C) (B) (A) Thus, Descartes notion of mind-body dualism proposes [that some human behaviors are automatic reactions {that are driven by external stimulation}, while other behaviors are freely chosen and controlled by the mind]. 55

56 Part of Descartes notion mind-body dualism that proposes automatic reactions while 15 Gateway Exercises Gail Sheehy 56

57 This is in part [because, as Gail Sheehy once said, the story {we tell to ourselves} becomes the story we are living]. the story With their human leading characters, dramas, and climaxes, they engage listeners on an emotional and intuitive level [that is rarely touched by the purely rational argument]. an emotional and intuitive level 02 these children Children Despite [the diversity {suggested by this arrangement}], much of the assessment of children s cognitive development ~. despite the diversity This model has had enormous impact not just on the way [children are viewed in school] but on Western thinking about intelligence in general. not only/just/merely ~ but (also)... the way 03 faith belief George Vaillant faith belief trust faith 50 Culture Note the six senses intuition faith belief 57

58 Part For example, I might [stand at the bottom of a rockclimbing wall] and [tell someone, I believe in the rockclimbing techniques {I ve just been taught}]. and might the rock-climbing techniques 04 But Researchers have evidence [that suggests {that helping by children really is motivated by genuine care for others}]. evidence that suggests My colleagues conducted an experiment [in which an adult played with a three-year-old and asked him or her to hand over certain objects for certain tasks]. an experiment 05 But The power of physics has been due to the fact [that it is a very definite science], [which has profoundly altered daily life]. that the fact and it has profoundly ~ life [Given a science equally definite, and capable of altering man directly], physics would be put in the shade. would But now there are two ways of approaching psychology which are obviously important: one (is) that of the physiologists, and the other (is) that of psychoanalysis. two ways one the other is that the way 58

59 06 Being very frightened can also lead ~ also [Whether such campaigns do succeed in shocking people to change their behavior] is the subject of ongoing debate. whether Protection Motivation theory suggests [that fear only works {if the threat is perceived as serious and likely to occur if the person does not follow the recommended advice}]. suggests that works if if only ~ if its own mix of fat, protein, carbohydrates, fiber, and sugars each of these many different diets [A better understanding of basic human genetics] might help explain what kind of diet is best for human bodies. When modern humans migrated out of Africa, they quickly expanded to all corners of the earth, including some places [where there was no whole grain bread, lean beef, or gardens full of leafy greens]! some places 08 59

60 Part The introduction of automation in manufacturing allowed many manufacturing processes to be done by less skilled workers. allow ~ to... ~, [some of the tasks {secretaries and bookkeepers normally do}] could now be handled by wordprocessing and spreadsheet programs [that a manager could use himself or herself]. the tasks word-processing and spreadsheet programs 16 Gateway Exercises

61 hit smashed collided bumped contacted smash collide bump contact hit (A) (B) perceptions shockingly Some of the viewers were asked to estimate [how fast the cars were going when they hit each other]; others were asked to estimate [how fast the cars were going when they smashed, collided, bumped, or contacted each other]. estimate Though everyone saw the same cars [involved in the same accidents], their estimates differed widely. the same cars (A) ignorance (B) knowledge If one imagined instead a young person expressing interest in learning that ~, one would not feel shock or horror, but rather surprise. The point is [that the knowledge in itself is less important than the state of mind {that it illustrates}]. that The point that the state of mind it the knowledge Bellevue Medical Center J. C. Wright 15 Wright Wright

62 Part J. C. Wright 15 J. C. Wright (A) (B) natural sunlight stopping Dr. Wright had become attracted to the idea [that light energy entering the eyes might possibly be a growthregulating factor as far as tumor development was concerned]. that the idea Afterward it was discovered that the one patient [whose condition had gotten worse] had continued to wear prescription glasses [which blocked the ultraviolet portion of natural sunlight from reaching the eyes]. the one patient prescription glasses 04 (A) establish (B) threatening The Canadian, [delighted with the offer], suggested [that they meet again the next morning with their respective lawyers {to finalize the details}]. suggested meet The Canadian [regarded the lawyers presence {as facilitating the successful completion of the negotiation}]; the Egyptian [interpreted it {as signaling the Canadian s mistrust of his verbal commitment}]. regard interpret as as 05 62

63 (A) relate (B) experienced About what goes on today hangs [a cloud of thoughts concerning similar things {undergone in bygone days}]. hangs about what goes on today hangs similar things Hence he lives not, like the beasts of the field, in a world of merely physical things, but in a world of signs and symbols. not ~ but... in a world of merely physical things in a world of signs and symbols 06 New Guinea 800 7,000 Mark Pagel Ruth Mace (A) (B) unfriendly separation In New Guinea, for instance, there are more than 800 languages, [some (being) spoken in areas just a few miles across yet as not understandable to those on either side as French and English]. being those as ~ as... [There are still 7,000 languages spoken on earth] and [the people {who speak each one} are remarkably resistant to {borrowing words, traditions, rituals or tastes from their neighbors}]. and the people to one language 63

64 Part 17 01~ Gateway Exercises People [who change] do not [question whether 64

65 change is possible] or [look for reasons {(why) they cannot change}]. People or do not reasons they why You cannot fly no matter how hard you flap your arms. no matter how 03~ I also know that the great English humanist Sir Thomas More died in 1535 [because {I ve done research on More for years}, and {that is what the historical records show}]. because and because that 1535 I even know [that the sum of the interior angles of every triangle {that ever has existed or ever will exist} is 180 degrees]. know the sum ~ will exist every triangle 05~ Matt Biondi Biondi 1972 Mark Spitz Biondi Biondi 1 Biondi Biondi Martin Seligman Biondi 65

66 Part Biondi Seligman Biondi Biondi Biondi 05 Biondi 06 Biondi Biondi In his next event, the 100-meter butterfly, Biondi was inched out for the gold by another swimmer [who made a greater effort in the last meter]. the 100-meter butterfly his next event another swimmer [One viewer {who was not surprised by Biondi s recovery}] was Martin Seligman, [a psychologist at the University of Pennsylvania], who had tested Biondi for optimism earlier that year. One viewer Martin Seligman In an experiment done with Seligman, the swimming coach told Biondi [during a special event {for the public viewing of Biondi s best performance}] [that he had a worse time than was actually the case]. a special event told that 07~

67 08 (A) (B) Also keep in mind [that diets {that seem to be good for people whose days are full of hard physical labor} aren t necessarily good for people {who slave at a desk all day}]. keep diets people In northern Europe, for example, the short growing season makes it difficult to eat fruits and vegetables year-round. it to eat ~ year-round difficult 18 Gateway

68 Part Exercises ~ Steven Spielberg Chuck Silvers (A) Steven Spielberg Universal Pictures Chuck Silvers 1965 Canoga Park 17 Steven Universal Pictures Steven (D) Steven Chuck Silvers Steven Silvers Steven (C) Steven Silvers Steven 35 Silvers Universal TV Sidney J. Sheinberg 26 (B) Sheinberg Steven 7 Steven Steven Silvers Silvers 26 Silvers Steven 01 (A) 17 Steven Spielberg Universal Pictures Steven Silvers (D) (A) Steven Silvers Universal TV Sidney J. Sheinberg Steven (C) Sheinberg Steven 7 Steven Silvers (B) 02 (a) (b) (c) (d) Steven (e) Silvers 03 Steven Silvers Steven told Mr. Silvers about the contract and asked what he could do to repay him. The tram was not stopping at the sound stages, [where Steven wanted to go], [so he sneaked away during a bathroom break and started wandering around]. be -ing the sound stages so so that and so I quit college so fast [(that) I didn t even clean out my locker]. so that I want you to help, [in any way you can (help)], [young people like yourself]. help help can help 04~ Suzuki (A) 1931 Shinichi Suzuki 68

69 Suzuki (C) Osaka Osaka Suzuki Tohoku Tohoku Suzuki (D) Suzuki Toshiya Eto Toshiya Eto Suzuki (B) Suzuki Toshiya Dvor ák Humoresques 16 1 Koji Toyoda Suzuki Suzuki 04 (A) Suzuki (C) Suzuki (D) Suzuki Toshiya Eto (B) Suzuki 05 (b) (c) (d) (e) Shinichi Suzuki (a) a four-year-old boy 06 Suzuki Suzuki was horrified by this interpretation. A local newspaper trumpeted the wonders of threeyear-old Koji Toyoda, [who played one of Dvor ák s Humoresques on a one-sixteenth-size violin]. Koji Toyoda Little Toshiya Eto responded beautifully, [prompting Suzuki {to teach more young pupils and refine his methods further}]. which prompted Suzuki ~ methods further He came to quickly believe, in fact, [{that early musical training has an unusually powerful advantage over later training} and that it was a road to an enriching life}]. believe that and it early musical training 07~ Roger Crawford (A) Roger Crawford 69

70 Part (C) Roger Roger Roger (D) Roger Roger Roger (B) John McEnroe John Roger Roger 07 (A) Roger Roger Roger Roger (C) (A) Roger Roger (D) Roger (B) 08 (a) (c) (d) (e) Roger Crawford (b) John McEnroe 09 Roger I slept like a baby. I woke up every two hours and cried. He had just [a thumb-like projection {coming directly out of his right wrist}] and [a thumb and one finger {sticking out of his left wrist}]. and a thumb-like projection a thumb and one finger Roger says [that the night before the tennis match, I slept like a baby. I woke up every two hours and cried. ] says that I asked Dad to write a note to my teachers, [asking for a two-day extension on my assignments]. a note Not surprisingly, [Roger s father always encouraged him to get involved in sports, {teaching Roger to catch and throw a volleyball and play backyard football after school}]. Not surprisingly Roger s father 10~ Galen Litchfield (A) 1942 Galen Litchfield Asia Life Insurance Company Galen (D) 75 70

71 (B) Galen (C) Galen Galen Galen 6 all the various courses of action He calmly decided to go down to the office as usual on Monday morning, [reasoning {acting as if nothing had gone wrong} would be the best to escape the Bridge house]. reasoning as if had 10 Galen (A) (D) (B) (C) 11 (a) (b) (c) (e) Galen (d) 12 Galen He calmly decided to go down to the office as usual on Monday morning When Galen heard the frightening news on Sunday afternoon, he spent hours thinking out [all the various courses of action {he could take}], and [what the probable consequence of each action would be]. and thinking out 71

72 Part 19 Gateway was able to earn her high school diploma ~ The experience made her more aware of [what was going on in the world]. of [After graduating from the institute], she remained active with it and the museum there. she After she graduated from the institute Exercises Tina McElroy 1949 Georgia Macon Tina McElroy 1971 Atlanta Spelman College Atlanta Constitution 20 North Carolina Charlotte Observer 1982 Brunswick College Spelman College Emory University Postcards from Georgia CBS Sunday Morning Quick Review 1 committed 2 celebrated 3 inherent 4 sympathetic 5 timid Tina McElroy 1982 began writing freelance articles and newspaper columns 1. Born in Macon, Georgia, in 1949, the youngest of five 72

73 children, Tina McElroy grew up [listening {to her mother read books} and {to her grandfather tell stories}]. and listening 02 Barry Mazur Barry Mazur MIT 3 Bronx Princeton 2 MIT Barry 1 Princeton Mazur Princeton Barry NSF Mary McQuillen Mazur This little fact Mazur Princeton headaches To make a long story short, the only degree [that Mazur ever got] was the PhD from Princeton. the only degree 03 Elizabeth Gibson Manhattan Upper West Side (C) (A) Gibson 20 Rufino Tamayo (B) Gibson 20 Sotheby s Gibson (C) (A) (B) [Had Gibson come along twenty minutes later], it would have already been picked up by garbage collectors. If If Gibson Had Instead, the painting was [returned to the original owners] and [auctioned by Sotheby s for over a million dollars]. and was 04 Danny Thomas Abraham J. Twerski 3 Danny Thomas 4 73

74 Part Mr. Thomas Marquette University Mr. Thomas 4 Mr. Thomas Abraham J. Twerski Danny Thomas Mr. Thomas had met with officials from Marquette University, and they had told him about a Rabbi [who needed financial help to get through medical school]. had Twerski a Rabbi 20 Gateway The origins of contemporary Western thought can be traced back to the golden age of ancient Greece, [when Greek thinkers laid the foundations for modern Western politics, philosophy, science, and law]. the golden age of ancient Greece 74

75 when and then This approach is the foundation for the modern Western way of life, [in which politics, commerce, science, and law are all rooted in orderly competition]. the foundation for the modern Western way of life in which and in it(=the foundation for the modern Western way of life) Quick Review 1 relative 2 tolerance 3 approach 4 dominate 5 migrate Exercises (B) (A) (C) (B) (A) (C) Plus (C) (A) Surely the plants and animals and people [he discovered] were nothing at all like [what Marco Polo had reported from his travels eastward from Europe {where he had met the Great Khan and absorbed Asian culture}]. the plants and animals and people what like his travels eastward from Europe his travels ~ where Marco Polo s reports of Asia were imperfect at best, [allowing huge amounts of wiggle room for interpreting New World data as Old World facts]. which allowed ~ Old World facts interpret ~ as John Adams 75

76 Part Benjamin Lincoln 1792 Adams Lincoln Henry Ford Civilization directs us to remove [as fast as possible] that natural growth from the lands. remove from the lands The Adams-Lincoln mode of thought [did make possible {America s rapid expansion to the Pacific, the Chicago school of architecture, and Henry Ford s assembly line}]. did make make possible 03 90% 80% 20% % 80 (A) In contrast (B) However However, it is worth remembering [that each baby {born in the USA today} will consume eighty times more resources in their lifetime than a baby {born today in India}]. it each baby a baby

77 capable incapable Man is so much smarter now than he was even ten years ago that anything from the past is outdated and irrelevant to us. so ~ that... Our ignorance of the past is not the result of a lack of information, but of indifference. not ~ but... the result 21 Gateway (C) (A) (B) Organic farmers grow crops [that are no less plagued by pests than those of conventional farmers]; ~ crops no less ~ than... those the crops [With pests often consuming up to 40 percent of the crops {grown in the United States}], they do so as a matter of course. 77

78 Part with pests consume consuming the crops do so rely on chemicals as necessary supplements to their operations Quick Review 1 renewable 2 potential 3 release 4 Flexibility 5 devastate Exercises (A) intrinsic practical (B) recreational educational (C) scientific symbolic Some [have a strong respect for all life] and [respect the right of all creatures to live], [no matter what the social or economic costs (are)]. and Some costs are They believe [that nature {is beautiful} and {should be available for picnics, camping, fishing, or just for peace and quiet}]. believe and (C) (B) World Food Programme (A) 78

79 (C) (B) (A) [A significant problem with alternative fuels {produced from crops}] is [that they can decrease the supply of important foods]. alternative fuels The World Food Programme has already warned [that {its ability to respond to famine} is decreased by having to pay fuel prices for food], although some studies disagree with such claims [that demand for biofuels increases food prices]. warned that such claims This has increased the overall price of food, [making it more difficult {for the world s poor to afford adequate nutrition}]. which makes it ~ nutrition it for the world s poor to 03 have analyze books analyzing neither ~ nor... help save by far the most common practical step that other problems are Recycling is a favorite topic of books [full of household hints to help save the planet ]; [nothing, it seems, is better suited for do-it-yourself environmental improvement than household waste]. books

80 Part When oil is discovered beneath some wildlife reserve, it is no longer enough to argue [that the wildlife is worth preserving {because it brings an economic return}]. argue It may be possible [to argue that with a 100-year projection], [for oil fields run dry {while ecosystems can persist forever}]. while run Of course they should probably bring some economic return; but [it is the ethical point {that their conservation is good } that will enable them to prevail even when their destruction could bring even greater return]. it is ~ that... the ethical point the ethical point 22 Gateway If the solar surface, not the center, were as hot as this, [the radiation {emitted into space} would be so great that the whole Earth would be vaporized within a few minutes]. the radiation so ~ that... Indeed, this is just [what would happen if some cosmic giant were to peel off the outer layers of the Sun like skinning an orange], [for the tremendously hot inner regions would then be exposed]. this for would were 80

81 Quick Review 1 simulate 2 emit 3 observe 4 deny 5 atmosphere Exercises as an imported herbal product It was described as the mystery herb [taken by Soviet athletes] [that allowed them to win the 1980 Olympics]. the mystery herb the mystery herb taken by Soviet athletes Millions of Russians have consumed Russian ginseng in one form or another in the belief [that it has desirable medicinal effects]. the belief 02 (B) (A) (C) (B) (A) (C) As it turns out, the law of conservation of energy isn t completely accurate. not completely ~ This is one of the most important laws [you will ever learn]. the most important laws 81

82 Part 03 Just as in ancient days men kept slaves to work for them, so some ants raid the homes of other ants, and, [making them captives], bring them back to their own nests and compel them to work for their captors. just as ~, so... raid bring compel some ants some ants [Why the ants allow these mere boarders to stay] no one knows. knows The whole field of Darwinism/evolution is based on the critical assumption [that life is shaped by the outer environment]. that the critical assumption Potential is fulfilled by action, [just as a seed, {with its inward certainty of bursting life and future fruit generation}, is fulfilled by action through water, soil, and Sun]. a seed is fulfilled a seed 04 82

83 23 Gateway Quick Review 1 explore 2 lasting 3 overwhelmed 4 exhausted 5 endurance Abebe Bikila The true champion recognizes [that excellence often flows most smoothly from simplicity], [a fact {that can get lost in these high-tech days}]. that recognizes a fact Contrast his approach with that of the late Abebe Bikila, [the Ethiopian {who won the 1960 Olympic Marathon running barefoot}]. that the approach the late Abebe Bikila the Ethiopian Exercises (B) (C) (A) (B) (They) (C) (A) 83

84 Part Today in a highly competitive sporting world [where one mistake or one slow reaction can ruin a sporting career], good vision is as important to sporting performance as [good physical conditioning and consistent mental concentration]. a highly competitive sporting world as ~ as... good vision In fact, today at the elite levels, vision is the one thing [that makes a difference between a good athlete and an exceptional one]. the one thing one athlete 02 Specifically, it refers to tourism products [where the primary attraction is the opportunity for tourists to experience a culture different from their own]. it cultural tourism tourism products These are issues [that are incorporated in some conceptual approaches to ecotourism], but they refer to [social impacts, not product packaging]. issues not

85 It wasn t many years ago that dog-talking owners would have been considered the crazy people on the block. it is ~ that... After all my years of being pulled into dialogue with my dogs, the prove it to me scientific community is finally agreeing with me [that you could actually end up happier, healthier, and better adjusted emotionally if you talk to your loving companion]. agreeing you your or sport In particular, there are widespread concerns [that economic and political forces {are becoming too influential} and {are distorting the role and place of sport in societies across the world}]. that widespread concerns and that economic and political forces enhancing distorting [Many of the old ideas about sport {embracing noble and educational values}, {offering disadvantaged peoples a way out }, {bringing nations closer together}, or {creating healthy bodies}] seem increasingly to lack credibility. 4 85

86 Part 24 Gateway Quick Review 1 shoot 2 adaptation 3 plot 4 release 5 narrative which the proscenium of a stage on on which where appear actors Adapting is other filming film seem suitable ~, while a book [that calls itself the novelization of a film] is considered barbarous. a book Exercises

87 ~ a music student once [approached Mozart] and [asked him for advice on {what he should compose} and {how he should do it to create something really good}]. and and This young man got upset and told Mozart [that he too was still young], and [that since he had composed more serious music than duets, why shouldn t he]? that and why shouldn t he he compose more serious music than duets 02 Itzhak Perlman Perlman (A) removes (B) (B) visual ~, for performers express themselves [not only through the sound of their voices or instruments but with their faces and bodies]. for not only ~ but (also)... What would pop be without the wriggling and jiggling, the leaping and strutting, the leather and skin, the smoke and fire? if without 03 87

88 Part It s a powerful means of storing memories, ~ views [which does not ~]. a powerful means ~ views ~ views which does not insist that you be good at words. insist that insist that [What photography demands of you] are skills of a different sort [that are independent of the technology used to capture the picture]. what skills of a different sort ~, it will be possible [to align it perfectly to make the most of the sun] and [to have windows {that open} because there will be very little noise]. it to windows It will not, however, be possible [for most users of the building {to reach it by public transport} or {to walk or cycle there}]. It to or for most users of the building to 04 88

89 25 Gateway the question those students (C) (B) (A) Since [group performance in problem solving] is superior to even the individual work of the most expert group members, it should not be surprising [that students learn better when they cooperate]. since it Specifically, [the technique of having students help one another] raises the question of [whether {students with lower ability} are being helped at the expense of those with higher ability]. technique Quick Review 1 discipline 2 aptitude 3 facilitate 4 occupation 5 curriculum Exercises

90 Part [One way {this feeling is created}] is with school uniforms. way One way In preschools [where the parents cannot afford uniforms], name tags are issued; these have the child s family name, given name, preschool name, and name of the class written on them. preschools 02 (A) the giver gets nothing nonprofit commercial (B) to help fund a new science facility support evaluate (C) difference fortune The catch is [that the giver gets nothing in return except the knowledge {that he or she has used money to do something good (and get a few tax breaks)}]; therefore, soliciting grant money works best when the grant writer asks someone to support programs [that fit with the interests of that individual]. The catch the knowledge programs This simple strategy changes the dynamics of the process [from begging for money to matching money with opportunities {to make a difference}]. from ~ to... opportunities 03 90

91 Team sports such as basketball and soccer provide an opportunity for students [to develop skills] and [to enjoy {working and competing together as a team}]. to and students an opportunity enjoy [Only through a balanced program of team, dual, and individual sports] is it possible to develop well-rounded individuals. Only it is responsibility for their education}], most have already internalized the inability to enjoy what they are doing. the time when to enough They learn from their parents [that grades and prizes are the measure of success], [that their responsibility is to produce outstanding report cards rather than to enjoy learning for learning s sake]. that learn that that to that their responsibility 04 Yet by the time [students are mature enough {to take 91

92 Part 26 Gateway Quick Review 1 implicit 2 privilege 3 distinction 4 accumulate 5 represent (A) For example (B) That is In spite of the verbal comment, the lack of expressive enthusiasm suggests [that the plan isn t viewed very positively]. suggests the plan It is then the partner s responsibility [to {interpret the nonverbal message} and {make some adjustment in the plan}]. It and to Exercises you was Was were I m hurrying, are I not? I m hurrying, aren t I? Many people were there Many Many a man was there. a be 92

93 There s no inherent reason [why these things should be so]. no inherent reason 02 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows If it were otherwise If it were otherwise, nobody would ever bother to read a book twice. If would [The idea {that someone could ruin a novel by revealing its ending}] is like saying you could ruin the Mona Lisa [by revealing {that it s a picture of a woman with a center part}]. that The idea by -ing revealing 03 ngoko kromo ngoko kromo ngoko Soko ngendi? kromo Saking pundi? Aku ora iso Kulo mboten saged ngoko kromo slightly markedly Ngoko is the basic form of that language, [used to talk to people of equal status {whom one knows intimately} or to social inferiors]. and it(=ngoko) is used ~ inferiors people of equal status While the great majority of vocabulary items do not 93

94 Part change between levels, the ones that do are the most common. ones vocabulary items do change between levels 04 TV Unlike the television executive [whose advertising income depends on the ratings], the film-maker or publisher may feel [that the promotion has done its job if the public has put its money down]. the television executive feel Even though some additional sales will be lost because of bad reputations, people will tend to rationalize the wisdom of purchases [they have already made]. purchases 27 Gateway (senses of touch and smell) TV Soaring Over California Wearers [become immersed in the computerized scene and use the gloves {to pick up and move simulated objects}]. Wearers become use and ~ at the California Adventure theme park, [where audiences smell orange orchards and pine forests 94

95 {while (they are) enjoying a simulated hang-gliding experience across the countryside}]. the California Adventure theme park Quick Review 1 artificial 2 congestion 3 compatible 4 shipment 5 manipulate The rise of computer technologies and networking is due to collective action similar to that of other social movements, ~. that the collective action ~, they all focus on [correcting some situation {to which they object}] or [changing the circumstances for a group that suffers some sort of social disadvantage]. or on some situation Exercises TV 95

96 Part Such studies alone are not sufficient evidence [that media violence causes aggression]. sufficient evidence ~, and so it is their predisposition toward violence that leads to viewing violent TV, and not the other way around. it is ~ that... and not the other way around 03 (A) flaws shifts (B) imbalance tension (C) worse brighter Paradoxically, one of the biggest reasons for being optimistic about our future is [that there are systemic flaws in the reported worldview]. one of the one of the biggest reasons for being optimistic about our future one is that Once you realize [you re being misguided into believing {that things are worse than they are}], you can, with a little courage, step out into the sunshine. once realize believing 04 96

97 28 It remains unfortunately true [that public transportation often takes longer than driving a private automobile, particularly in regions {where public transportation spending has not been made a government priority}]. It that regions They talk about whatever they want to, including the people and things they see along the way. to to talk about She said she enjoys these conversations far more than she did when she was driving because her attention isn t split. did enjoyed these conversations Gateway Edmund Pellegrino Empathy is a character trait [that we value in ourselves and in our friends, colleagues, and the professionals {who serve us}]. a character trait the professionals ~, she loses the objectivity [essential to the most precise assessment {of what is wrong, of what can be done, and of what should be done to meet those needs}]. 97

98 Part the objectivity assessment of what and 1 isolation 2 sensitivity 3 perspective 4 conscience 5 confess Quick Review Exercises careless alert Accepting [that emotions and feelings are a normal and natural part of existence] is central to their effective management. that Accepting Accepting is [The signal allows the animals to predict the shock], and [{with their anxiety thus removed}, their bodies can relax]. and with 02 98

99 Guilt may have evolved because it helps us to change our course of action and make compensations. may have It [forces us to pause] and [provides us the opportunity to regain control of ourselves]. and It When [dimly lit nightclubs flash on bright lights], it is often a signal [that closing time is near] and allows patrons some time to make the transition from one mood to another. nightclubs flash dimly lit nightclubs it is allows and a signal 03 Carr Dabbs 04 Instead When we take the perspective of others, we try to 99

100 Part grasp [{what something means to them} and {how they perceive things}]. grasp and We can t appreciate someone else s perspective when we re imposing our own evaluations of [whether it is right or wrong, sensible or crazy]. of evaluations 29 Gateway People were not particularly motivated to produce more goods for stockpiling, as there was little incentive to do so [where there was little security from raids]. do so produce more goods for stockpiling These rituals were more important than the potential hardships [such celebrations might later bring], [as they served to bind people together and distribute resources]. 100

101 the potential hardships Quick Review as 1 consumption 2 tendency 3 anticipated 4 governed 5 guarantee 6 merge The universe is built on natural laws, and animals had them long before men did. did had them them natural laws For example, animals [move in groups and post guards], [fly in formations], [care for the young], and [organize kingdoms (as ants or bees do)]. and Exercises (B) (C) Venice Beach (A) Frank Gehry (B) 101

102 Part (C) (C) Venice Beach this spectacular building (A) Culture Note header = lintel [Featuring binoculars large enough to walk into {which cover most of the store frontage}], this spectacular building by star architect Frank Gehry says: ~. binoculars Guild symbols instantly trigger the brain script of [a place, its meaning and the activities expected to happen there]. of 03 The 5000 Year Leap Skousen (A) For example (B) However While each of these forms of government has their strengths, there are enormous dangers [attached to each] as well. each of these forms of government has their its enormous dangers /10 1/2 1 1/ ignoring exploiting Because [productivity in China is rising so quickly] and [the value of its currency is rising against the 102

103 dollar], that point will probably be reached by the end of this decade. and because Many countries like Mexico have done the same, [only to stumble before becoming rich]. to Many countries like Mexico 30 Gateway the popularity of fine breads and pastries popularity are is In the twentieth century, [advances in technology, from refrigeration to sophisticated ovens to air transportation {that carries fresh ingredients around the world}], contributed immeasurably to baking and pastry making. advances air transportation They are looking to reclaim some of the flavors of old-fashioned breads [that were lost {as baking became more industrialized and baked goods became more refined, standardized, and some would say flavorless}]. the flavors of old-fashioned breads as and 103

104 Part Quick Review 1 refrigeration 2 compound 3 refined 4 supplement 5 squeeze Exercises Some people find [that {exercising when they have a mild cold} makes them feel better]. find The old saying [that you can sweat out a cold with exercise] is untrue. The old saying 02 (A) which (B) combining incorrectly (C) All potentially poisonous substances use be used For example, medications are safe [when used as prescribed], but [{overdosing} and {incorrectly combining medications with another substance}] may result in poisoning. when (they are) used as (they are) prescribed they medications and 104

105 03 For example, [if milk {was a staple food in their diet before moving} and {is unusually expensive in the new environment}], milk may be replaced by a cheaper, nutritionally inferior beverage such as soda, coffee, or tea. and milk [Someone {who is not familiar with the nutritive values of foods}] can easily make such mistakes in food selection. Someone 04 Thomas McKeown 19 (A) effective scientific (B) advances differences (C) minor significant It has been argued that medicine is not as effective as is often claimed. not as as less than He concluded [that {social advances in general living conditions}, {such as improved sanitation and better nutrition made available by rising real wages}, have been responsible for most of the reduction in mortality achieved during the last century]. that concluded that advances social advances in general living conditions achieved the reduction in morality achieve 105

106 Part TEST Society for Arts Society for Arts Society for Arts [email protected] Each year, Society for Arts provides [{millions of dollars of supplies} as well as {inspiration}] to our city s artistic and educational communities. provides as well as There is no charge for any item [obtained by a recipient through Society for Arts]. any item 02 TV TV Because people use the media out of habit and conformity and for the comfort of spending time agreeably they often come to them for reasons [that have very little to do with their specific content]. them the media reasons A great deal of movie-going merely provides young audiences with an excuse [{for leaving the house} or {for being together with someone in the dark}]. (excuse) or

107 John Maynard Keynes 1930 But there is always the possibility of new evidence arising [which contradicts the existing theories]. new evidence It s the very essence of science [that its conclusions can change, that is, that its truths are not absolute]. It 04 But why do we personalize the bad things [that happen to us]? the bad things Take comfort [(in the fact) that your experiences are universal]. 05 William McNamara In writing about solitude, Father William McNamara says [that it is a misunderstanding {to equate solitude with isolation}]. says it The Dalai Lama stresses [that {to make changes in 107

108 Part our lives} we need solitude], [by which he means ~]. by which solitude 06 Culture Note Henry Louis Gehrig( ) that s something it s a blessing that s the finest I know When [the New York Giants, {a team you would give your right arm to beat, and vice versa}], sends you a gift that s something. When the New York Giants When [everybody down to {the groundskeepers} and {those boys in white coats}] remember you with trophies ~. and to down to ~ coats everybody remembers Principle of Proximity those boys in white coats remember 07 unsuitable valuable [The stories about Edison s capacity {to work long hours and endure thousands of frustrations}] are almost 108

109 like legends. Edison s capacity He took frequent pauses on it because he knew [that {only when the mind is in a restful state} does it work most creatively]. knew only does it the mind and they sometimes even saw them put on wildlife acts For the most part, animals are no longer captured in the wild, but are instead bred at zoos, [which exchange them through the Species Survival Plan for breeding purposes]. which zoos them animals 08 (A) Zoos play playing (B) to to closely simulate (C) decide remaining habitats which Zoos were once nothing more than entertainment places [where people could go and look at exotic species, {sometimes even seeing them put on wildlife acts}]. entertainment places 09 Cecil John Rhodes Cecil John Rhodes Kimberley Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Cecil John Rhodes [A young man {invited to eat dinner with him in Kimberley}] arrived by train and had to go directly to Rhodes s house in his travel-stained clothes. A young man [Told of the traveler s dilemma], Rhodes had at once returned to his room and put on an old suit. Rhodes Rhodes tell Told 109

110 Part 10 Luce Irigaray Luce Irigaray 1930 Belgium 1955 Louvain 1959 Brussels 1962 Jacques Lacan École freudienne 1968 Le langage de déments Vincennes Speculum of the Other Woman Irigaray Le langage de déments Vincennes 8 (In 1968, she earned her doctorate in linguistics with a work entitled Le langage de déments. This led to a teaching post at the University of Paris VIII at Vincennes.) She [attended Jacques Lacan s seminars], [became a member of his École freudienne], and [trained to become an analyst]. and She [Upon {publishing Speculum of the Other Woman}] she lost her faculty position. Upon Blueacre Seafood Restaurant Culture Note 50/50 draw (A vegetarian meal can be reserved in advance.) At this time, your sons and daughters can thank their parents and friends for all the help and support [they have provided throughout the years]. all the help and support 12 Giving for Life Giving for Life Jackson Valley Giving for Life 110

111 110 AIDS Giving-Life (Those 15 and 16 years of age must provide Giving for Life with written parental consent.) All prospective donors should [{be free of infections or illness}, {weigh at least 110 pounds}, and {not be at risk for AIDS or hepatitis}]. and should Furthermore, England s livestock composition was completely opposite to that of Wales, [with pigs ranking first, poultry (ranking) second, cattle (ranking) third, and sheep (ranking) last]. with 14 Place a coin on a piece of ice (to cool it) [while (you are) maintaining another similar coin at room temperature]. This observation suggests [that tiny nerve endings {that respond to pressure} also respond to changes in temperature]. suggests tiny nerve endings 111

112 Part 15 A A 40 As far as we know, [the best way {to reap the benefits of plants}] is by eating them in their natural forms. the best way For instance, studies have shown [that {consuming fruits and vegetables high in carotenoids} lowers the risk of developing several kinds of cancer]. shown 16 What you want to do here is [not {simply adopt the solution of some wiser person} but {learn enough from experts to form your own independent opinion} so you can choose the solution that s best for you and your unique situation]. not ~ but... If I was thinking of becoming a marine scientist, I would talk with at least a dozen of them [to get a wide and deep variety of perspectives]. If were was 112

113 (A) Rather (B) As a result [Spending any amount of time around preschool children] quickly leads one to the conclusions [{that most preschoolers have friends} and {that their friends are highly valued}]. the conclusions that and As a result, friendships provide preschool children someone [with whom {to test out various behaviors and emotions while at play}]. someone whom someone to preschool children 18 CD-ROM CD-ROM Often, much of the instruction [necessary for engaging in a game or activity in an educational CD- ROM] is presented in the form of verbal instructions [that are spoken by a narrator or on-screen character]. the instruction verbal instructions 19 (B) (C) 113

114 Part (A) (B) (C) (A) It can perform all kinds of creative tasks [such as {imagining the future}, {constructing fantasies}, and {contemplating an infinitely wide range of if-then speculations}]. such as and It also performs many ordinary tasks with remarkable efficiency by using automatic routines, [which are sequences of behaviors or thoughts {that we learn from experience and then apply again and again with little effort}]. automatic routines sequences of behaviors or thoughts 20 (B) (A) (C) (B) (A) (C) You are there [because you and others can {benefit from} and {contribute to} this event]. and from to this event however, you have failed to take one crucial preparation step before you left [to help ensure your evening s success]. to one crucial preparation step

115 Indeed, there is a well-established principle in sociology [suggesting {that social groupings larger than become increasingly hierarchical in structure}]. a well-established principle suggesting There must be [{chiefs to direct}, and {a police force to ensure that social rules are followed}]. and But larger businesses require formal management structures to channel contacts and ensure [that each employee knows {what he or she is responsible for} and {whom they should report to}]. ensure and knows 22 Culture Note take The adhesives are so strong [that {unless they are removed with great care} the actors skin can be so badly affected that shooting may be held up]. so strong so badly affected that This happened recently during the production of a Hollywood film [in which a makeup artist was careless]. the production of a Hollywood film

116 Part (A) (B) No river contains a spirit, no tree is the life principle of a man, no snake (is) the symbol of wisdom, no mountain cave (is) the home of a great devil. is His contact with nature has gone, and with it has gone [the great emotional energy {that this symbolic connection supplied}]. and the great emotional energy 24~ Paul Galvin Paul Galvin Paul Galvin Paul Paul Galvin 24 Paul Galvin 25 Paul Galvin Paul Galvin Paul Galvin, a founder of Motorola, [never intended to be anything more than a successful small businessman], but [learned that failures can become growth experiences {which ultimately lead to success}]. but Paul Galvin a founder of Motorola Paul Galvin growth experiences If the new facts they supplied stood the test of his inspection, he would accept their analysis. would willingness [He pursued good, clear thinking and did not stand on his position or office], [because he was not too arrogant or proud to back down or accept other ideas]. 116

117 too ~ to... not 26~ (A) Kyle Rick Rick Kyle (C) Kyle Rick Rick Rick Kyle Kyle (B) Kyle Rick Kyle Rick (D) Kyle Rick Kyle 26 (A) Kyle Rick Rick (C) (A) Kyle Rick Kyle (B) Kyle Rick (D) 27 (a) (b) (d) (e) Kyle (c) Rick 28 Kyle Rick (he stood over him, watching his every move) But encouraged by Kyle s previous praise and his emotional openness, Rick [took a leap of faith] and [decided to trust him with the truth {that he was now getting in his way}]. encouraged openness and Rick the truth Because his working relationship with Kyle had always been based on honesty and goodwill, Rick suggested to him [that if he left him alone for the rest of the day he could be more productive]. Rick Kyle (suggested) had been based suggested [Fatigued at this point], Kyle did almost nothing but point out what wasn t going to work, [which put a damper on the creative process of web design]. which 117

118 Part TEST We can wait [until water rates {rise sharply} and {cause people to just let their lawns go brown}], or we can take action in advance. and water rates [Just how efficient the transfer is at these stages] no one knows. knows It would also be very difficult [to devise an experiment {to find out the efficiency}]. It an experiment Just reflect for a moment on the proportion of the total information [you retain after {reading a book} or {listening to a lecture}]. the total information or after 03 Boston College 118

119 A study by two researchers at the Graduate School of Social Work at Boston College found that a child s sense of well-being is affected [{less by the long hours their parents put in at work} and {more by the mood their parents are in when they come home}]. affected and the long hours the mood Working late does not negatively affect our children, but rather, [{how we feel at work} does]. does negatively affects our children 04 [{Distinguishing facts from values} and {keeping our inquiries from being biased by values}] is very useful. and We had better learn how to control it [or it will lead us in directions {that have the effect of controlling us}]. directions or otherwise

120 Part Sometimes, though, your meaning for a word is different than someone else s, [which could pose trouble]. which A better understanding of language and its use can help you [make arguments more effectively], [avoid some misunderstandings {that can harm relationships}], and [repair other misunderstandings without trying to blame the other person]. and help you some misunderstandings 06 Vicky Vicky Vicky Vicky She heard [the clamor of many feet coming down stairs] and [the ding of an elevator]. and heard many feet coming [A short distance from Vicky], there were many sets of feet and hands [holding cardkeys and photo identifications]. A short distance from Vicky hands

121 notice ignore Good reading, like good chess, requires the rapid activation of background knowledge [that {has already been acquired} and {does not have to be worked out on the spot}]. background knowledge that and These demanding tasks quickly overload their shortterm memories, [making their performance slow, hard, and ineffective]. which makes ~ and ineffective 08 (A) while African popular songs some African elements retaining (B) of music performed in new contexts appreciating (C) those the outside influences ones the these those of Western music In time, [those {exposed to Western cultural practices}] influenced the development of music in Africa. those Changes in music reflected the changes in society, and new songs reflected these changes, [bringing an expansion of repertoire to traditional African music]. which brought an expansion of repertoire to traditional African music 09 Lace Stella Lace Jason Stella Stella Stella Bowsville Stella Jason Stella Lace Stella Lace Stella (It was) Not [that she did not know Stella]. Not It was She watched her restless gestures and the shifting lines of her light blonde hair against her delicately pink smooth cheek, [while Stella seemed not {to sit upon her 121

122 Part stool} but {to fly above it}]. Stella not ~ but... not ~ but Heliantbus sun flower 67 Heliantbus tubersa 3,000 1,000 3 (Wild ancestor plants having highly branched stems and relatively small flower heads.) Today, sunflowers are grown in many places around the world for the garden industry, for use as home remedies, and for their seeds [used as birdseed, human snack food, and as a source of food oil]. for their seeds Wild ancestor plants [having {highly branched stems} and {relatively small flower heads}] were transformed into three-meter-tall, single-stalked plants [that produce {as many as 1,000 seeds per head}]. Wild ancestor plants and having three-meter-tall single-stalked plants produce Southwind Community Barn 9 5km 10km Norah Gualtieri [email protected] (group registrations of 10 or more are $25 per person) The event features [a 5K and 10K Pathways Run/Walk {that begins at 9:00 am}]. features a 5K and 10K Pathways Run/Walk

123 Carroll County Public Schools Community Classroom Community Classroom Community Classroom Charles Carroll Elementary Cranberry Station Elementary Friendship Valley Elementary (In the classroom eight children with special needs study with eight peer students without special needs.), The Community Classroom is an inclusive classroom [where {children with and without special needs} learn alongside one another]. an inclusive classroom Coral Triangle Region Coral Triangle Region 45% 25% Coral Triangle Region 2030 Coral Triangle Region 4/ Coral Triangle Region 2050 Coral Triangle Region Coral Triangle Region 16% 8% By 2050, [the percentage gap between {the combined categories of high, very high, and critical in the Coral Triangle Region} and {those in the global average}] is projected to be approximately 20 percentage points. gap between those the combined categories of high, very high, and critical

124 Part Meanwhile, the mind works overtime [drawing its own pictures of {what happened} or {what will happen}]. or of [Only {when the mind has achieved a satisfactory evaluation and integration}] will it cease its struggle to give meaning. when Only 15 At the same time, they deal with conflict more constructively [than do peers]. than peers deal with conflict constructively Thus, the strategies [that children use to resolve their differences] vary depending on the extent [to which they like their opponent]. the strategies that use the extent

125 However, the results of several recent studies demonstrate [how important nutrition is for both {how the brain develops} and {how it functions}]. demonstrate both and for Babies [born to mothers {who maintained poor diets during pregnancy}] are at a higher risk for mental or behavioral problems. Babies mothers 17 Andalucia (A) (A) However (B) for example However, another approach is [simply to let the building itself act as a filter, {selectively letting in daylight, warmth, and cool air, depending on the needs of the moment}]. which selectively lets ~ the moment The designers of Moorish palaces in Andalucia, for example, knew all about how to set the slope of a roof [so that it would {block the burning summer sun}, but {let in the gentler, more sloping sunlight of winter}]. but it it the slope of a roof For instance, [starting in 1929], the collapse of the New York stock market led to a worldwide, economic depression and mass unemployment [that lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s]. starting a worldwide, economic depression and mass unemployment 125

126 Part The economic decline [that began in 2008] has had a similar impact on U.S. consumers, [who turned to inexpensive (store) brands, discount retailers, and basic styles for their clothing needs]. The economic decline (U.S. consumers) do so imagine everything that will take place We know [{that medical talk and activity will occur}, and {that we may be asked to sit on a table or to take deep breaths}]. know and 19 (C) (A) (B) (C) (A) (B) We do not, in fact, imagine everything that will take place, [{nor do we attempt to do so}, {nor could we do so}]. nor nor 20 (C) uncle (A) (B) uncle (C) (A) (B) In those cultures, it would seem very peculiar [to refer to such a male relative generically, without using words {that signaled the important elements of family relationships}]. if one referred to ~ family relationships refer 126

127 words signaled There is no widely used English word and consequently no clearly identified concept [to signal whether the uncle {one is referring to} is the father s brother or the mother s brother]. no widely used English word the uncle 21 This It is important [to keep in mind {that your distribution of eggs may need to be a bit unbalanced at certain times}]. It keep This can make [{the pain of grieving the loss of the relationship} even worse]. make even worse 22 Instead, they learn to control the movement of muscles in the throat [so as to reproduce certain tones and sounds]. Other people theorize [{that parrots voice mechanisms and hearing work more slowly than other birds} and {that the sounds made by humans closely resemble the sounds made naturally by parrots}]. theorize and 23 (non-western) Schildkrout Keim 127

128 Part Isidore Okpewho (A) (B) Westerners have trouble accepting the idea [that non- Western societies have art for art s sake {just as Western societies do}]. the idea do have art for art s sake In the oral arts, for example, the audience is much more interested [in the delivery and performance of the artist] than [in the particular god {for whom the performer may be speaking}]. than the particular god 24~ TV Ronald Reagan Walter Mondale ABC Peter Jennings CBS Dan Rather NBC Tom Brokaw Rather Brokaw Jennings Reagan Peter Jennings Reagan 24 Reagan Mondale Reagan Jennings Reagan TV 25 Jennings Mondale Reagan They then carefully examined the facial expressions [displayed when the newscasters spoke of two presidential candidates, {Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale}]. the facial expressions two presidential candidates The researchers found out [which newscaster viewers watched] and [which presidential candidate they voted 128

129 for]. and found out watched which newscaster [Those respondents {who turned to Peter Jennings for their nightly news}] were far more likely to cast their vote for Reagan than were [those {who favored the rival newscasters}]. Those respondents those than were 26~ (A) (D) 5 (C) (B) 26 (A) 9 (D) (A) (C) (B) 27 (a) (b) (d) (e) (c) 28 (This had never happened to either of us before.) Since [{it was already nine o clock} and {we hadn t had dinner yet}], I asked my husband [if he would like to stop at a nearby restaurant]. and Since asked [We will always wonder who this thoughtful, generous man was] and [we wish we could have thanked him]. and She then informed us [that an old man at a nearby table had {admired the love we had for one another} and {decided to pay for our entire dinner}]. informed and we had for one another the love The old man also told her to wish us [a life of prosperity], [long life] and [continued joy]. and 129

130 Part TEST Zero-Sort 2 2 Despite this early success, we need to resolve [one problem {that may prevent the process from working even better}]: the larger cardboard items which come from time to time. one problem This will help reduce the risk of [{blockages in the chute} and {resulting delays}]. of and 02 TV TV Advertising support has also made it possible for teams to expand the length of their seasons, pay everincreasing player salaries, play games against teams [that would have been too costly to play without support], and even move teams to larger, more profitable places. it and to for teams to games Game locations and times are also changed [so that networks can get the biggest viewing audience (thereby charging more for advertising during the game)]. so that thereby charging charging networks 130

131 03 Many people seem to think [that a universal conception of morality requires {that we find moral principles that admit of no exceptions}]. think requires Morality could be a lot like chess: there are surely principles [that generally apply], but they might admit of important exceptions. principles 04 1 On the other hand, the least successful don t reserve time off, because they don t think [they ll {deserve it} or {be able to afford it}]. think or will they You re also letting everyone else know well in advance [when you ll be out] [so (that) they can plan accordingly]. know so that

132 Part That is, children mentally chart their experiences and make note of [{which behaviors make them feel guilty}, {which make them feel good}, {which are rewarded, and which are not}, and {under what circumstances those conditions apply}]. of and In addition, their increased developmental competence enables them [{to interpret more accurately the cues they receive} and {to imagine more varied responses to those cues}]. enables them and 06 Mae Bobbie Lee Mae Mae Flora Gebler When they saw [what Aunt Mae and the woman were doing], the other dancers [{moved back in a circle} and {let them have the whole floor}]. saw the other dancers and Mother and I stood up on our chairs [to see over the heads of all the people {who had crowded around the floor}]. to all the people

133 overestimate respect It was [his keen insight into human behavior] that made his writing so powerful. It is was that When we make that choice, not [in a particular set of circumstances], but [as a way of life], we begin to understand [what it means {to be an authentic person}]. not ~ but... understand it 08 (A) adults score scored (B) subjects who were allowed to listen to music and wrote (C) trancelike states that[which] [The role of music {in stimulating the creative unconscious}] is supported by several research studies. (The role of music) It appears that music has unique properties [that unlock the floodgates to new thoughts and insights]. unique properties 09 One day a friend sat [talking with the old lady in her tiny, poorly furnished cottage]. 133

134 Part They were bank notes from America [amounting to thousands of dollars]. bank notes from America 10 Henri Bergson Henri Bergson 1859 Matter and Memory 1896 Collège de France 1920 William James Henri Bergson (he took up philosophy as a career, initially teaching in schools) Despite this, he took up philosophy as a career, [initially teaching in schools]. and he initially taught in schools (Awards and speeches will begin at 7:30 pm sharp.) Note [that the competition {is available to all students across the school not just those studying Visual Arts subjects} and {can be completed as a drawing, photograph, painting or digital work}]. Note and Eastlake High School Eastlake High School IOA 2015 IOA Eastlake High School 134

135 (The exam schedule will be determined closer to the start of Summer School.) These online classes allow flexible hours [that enable students {to travel and participate in other activities over the summer}]. flexible hours travel participate and enable students DVD CD 1/3 2/3 9% 5% (70%) (33%) 37 (68%) (27%) 41 4 [The percentage of other adults {who browsed shelves in the library}] was twice as high as that of other adults who borrowed DVDs, CDs, or videotapes in the library. other adults that The percentage [The percentage gap between {other adults browsing shelves} and {their attending classes or events for children}] was larger than [that between {other adults borrowing print books} and {their using computers or the Internet}]. than and between that The percentage gap 14 The activity of art is based on the fact [that a man is capable of experiencing the emotion {which moved the 135

136 Part man who expressed it}]. the fact the emotion A man suffers, [expressing his sufferings by groans and fits], and this suffering transmits itself to other people A man and he expresses ~ and fits 15 [To say {that it is important to examine both sides of an issue}] does not mean that both sides are equal in merit. say [Often there will be enough merit on each side {to make judgment difficult}], but that never justifies the avoidance of judgment. enough that 16 Argument concerns itself [with neither fact nor taste], but [with that vast middle area of statements that are more or less probable ]. not ~ but... not ~ neither ~ nor... statements But even the side [that wins this argument] has not 136

137 established a truth, [(but it has established) only the probable wisdom of a particular choice]. the side 17 How are you? Okay Fine Praise to God Culture Note pragmatics (A) Okay Fine Praise to God However (B) In other words However, I eventually noticed [that when I asked a similar question, people generally answered with a phrase {that had the literal meaning of Praise to God}]. noticed a phrase My first type of answer wasn t wrong (my vocabulary and pronunciation weren t inaccurate), but it did convey the meaning [that I was a social outsider{who answered in an unexpected way}]. the meaning a social outsider Consumerism as a way of life demands a social imagination [an ability to project {how we will look and feel once we own and use goods}, or {what our families and friends will think of us once we do}]. a social imagination or project The marketplace is not merely the institution [upon 137

138 Part which we hang our economic survival], but a major source of meaning. not merely[only] but 19 the institution (C) (A) (B) (C) (A) (B) For many people, most of the time, the mine-isbetter tendency is balanced by the awareness [that other people feel the same way about their things], [that it s an unavoidable part of being human {to do so}]. the awareness it to feel the same way about their things In other words, many people realize [that we all see ourselves in a special way, {different from everything that is not ourselves}], and [that whatever we associate with ourselves becomes part of us in our minds]. and realize in a special way 20 (A) (C) 20 Naguib Mahfouz (B) Mahfouz (A) (C) (B) Hence, [the huge American market] is seen as driving the imbalance. see Bookstores in the United States, for example, rarely 138

139 stock more than Nobel Prize winner Naguib Mahfouz s Cairo Trilogy, [a masterful, realistic account {of life in Cairo} and {of a merchant family} in the mid-20th century]. Nobel Prize winner Naguib Mahfouz s Cairo Trilogy and a masterful realistic account 21 The earth is full of various things and [it is difficult to study in isolation]. it The earth study It will, therefore, be quite proper to define geography as [the study of the earth as the home of man], or [the study of the environment of man, particularly in its relation to human activities]. or as 22 Thomas Edison (these people) these people these people Thomas Edison experimented with hundreds of filaments before he came up with one [that led to the lightbulb]. one one a filament Someone with high idea flow might have [given up] and [gone on to other projects]. and have might have 139

140 Part 23 (A) (B) The widely accepted theory is [that an infant s attraction to faces emerges as an adaptive mechanism {to promote parent-child attachment}]. an adaptive mechanism [Being able to recognize and engage the primary caregiver] increases the likelihood [that an infant will {become emotionally bonded with that individual} and {receive proper nurturance}]. the likelihood and an infant 24~

141 He was [exceptionally fond of gardening] and [extremely upset {that someone would ruin his masterpiece and show such complete disregard for his dedication}]. and was ruin his masterpiece show his dedication and would [Expecting a neighborhood wanderer], he was surprised the next afternoon when a group of four adolescents [showed up {carrying a football}] and [began playing two-on-two in his backyard]. when and a group of four adolescents He said he would provide them each with a dollar every day [so that they would come to his lawn]. In fact, they became disturbed [that they were no longer being paid {what they were worth}]. paid 26~ Lang Lang Han (A) Lang Lang 2008 Lang Lang (D) Lang Lang Lang Lang Lang Lang (B) Lang Lang Lang Lang Lang Lang (C) Han Lang Lang Lang Lang 2 Lang Lang Lang Lang Transformer 26 (A) Lang Lang (D) (D) Lang Lang (B) (D) (C) 27 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) Lang Lang 28 Lang Lang [Another thing {that helped Lang Lang to start playing the piano again}] was a letter from the children in a choir [he had been accompanying]. Another thing 141

142 Part a choir but he picked up and held a watermelon [that he wished he had money to buy]. that a watermelon buy wish (that) ~ 142

143 M E M O

144 M E M O