문성민외 환자의호흡상태와다양한인공물 (artifact) 들로인해폐감쇄도의기준점에차이가발생할수있어정확한폐관류상태를평가하기는쉽지않을수있다. 최근각광을받고있는영상진단기법으로이중에너지 (dual-energy computed tomography; 이하 DECT) 는서로다른에너지
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1 Original Article pissn / eissn J Korean Soc Radiol 2015;72(1): Diagnostic Usefulness of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography in Evaluation of the Severity of Acute Pulmonary Thromboembolism 1 급성폐혈전색전증의중증도평가에있어이중에너지전산화단층촬영의진단적유용성에관한연구 1 Sung Min Moon, MD 1, Hyun Ju Seon, MD 2,3, Jang Mi Baek, MD 1, Seung Jin Lee, MD 4, Yeon Hong Yoon, MD 1, Yun-Hyeon Kim, MD 1,3 1 Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea 2 Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea 3 Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea 4 Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Bitgoeul Hospital, Gwangju, Korea Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) in severity assessment of patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism (APTE). Materials and Methods: We evaluated 61 patients diagnosed as APTE from 2011 to 2012 in a retrospective analysis of the severity assessment indices according to Criteria by European Society of Cardiology as well as pulmonary CT angiographic obstruction score (OS) and lung perfusion index (pulmonary perfusion defect score; DS) by DECT. The correlation between OS, DS and the severity of pulmonary thromboembolism was evaluated using logit analysis. Results: Patients with high OS also showed significantly higher DS values (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between both the OS and DS values and the severity of the pulmonary thromboembolism using simple sequence logit analysis (p < 0.001). However, only the DS value showed a very high correlation with the severity of pulmonary thromboembolism using multiple sequence logit analysis. Conclusion: DECT provides a more useful marker for the diagnosis and severity assessment of pulmonary thromboembolism by checking the degree of lung perfusion as well as determining the existence of APTE in patients with suspected pulmonary thromboembolism. Index terms Acute Pulmonary Thromboembolism Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Received October 27, 2014; Accepted October 29, 2014 Corresponding author: Yun-Hyeon Kim, MD Department of Radiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju , Korea. Tel Fax yhkim001@jnu.ac.kr This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This study was supported by a grant (CRI ) Chonnam National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute. 서론 폐혈전색전증은상대적으로흔한심폐혈관계질환으로미국에서연간 10 만명당 40~53 명의발병률을보이며경우에따라높은사망률을보이는치명적인질환이다 (1, 2). 폐혈전색전증에의해폐혈관이막히게되면혈역학적불안정을일으키고치명적인우심실부전을초래할수있기때문에이를조기에진단하여치료하는것은매우중요하다. 폐혈전색전증은진단당시환자의혈역학적인상태와임상적인중증도에따라치료방법이결정되며이는환자의조기사망률에상당한영향을미친다. 그러므로폐혈전색전증은이와관련된환자의혈역학적징후, 임상양상을반영할수있는다양한위험요소들과폐실질의전반적인관류상태를함께고려하여평가하여야한다 (1, 3). 현재까지폐혈전색전증이의심되는환자에서폐동맥전산화단층촬영혈관조영술 (pulmonary CT angiography; 이하 PCTA) 은가장좋은영상학적확진방법으로받아들여지고있으며, 이를바탕으로폐동맥내색전의분포와양을평가하여대략적인중증도를평가하고있다. 하지만때때로 PCTA 에서보이는폐혈전색전증의정도와폐의관류상태는차이를보일수있으며이러한불일치를해결하기위해조영증강 CT와조영증강전 CT 영상을통해폐실질의조영증강정도를평가하여폐관류상태를평가해보기도하였다 (4-7). 기존의 CT로는 38 Copyrights 2015 The Korean Society of Radiology
2 문성민외 환자의호흡상태와다양한인공물 (artifact) 들로인해폐감쇄도의기준점에차이가발생할수있어정확한폐관류상태를평가하기는쉽지않을수있다. 최근각광을받고있는영상진단기법으로이중에너지 (dual-energy computed tomography; 이하 DECT) 는서로다른에너지준위의두 X-선 (80 kv와 140 kv, 혹은 100 kv 와 140 kv) 에서특정물질이일으키는감쇄정도의차이로물질의종류를구분할수있다는원리를이용한방법으로조영증강전 CT 영상과비교하지않고도 CT 영상처리기법을통해요오드조영증강정도에의한폐관류상태를반영할수있게되었다 (8-10). 폐혈전색전증이의심되는환자의임상양상과진단적검사방법을통해폐혈전색전증의치료방법을결정하고예후를예측한연구방법들은다양하게소개되어왔다 (7, 11, 12). 최근몇몇연구들에서우심실부전에의한쇼크가있는경우높은사망률을보고하였고 (3, 9), 이에근거하여심장표지자나우심실 / 좌심실직경비등을비교하여우심실부전을분석하고폐혈전색전증의중증도를평가하려는연구들이계속되고있으며급성폐혈전색전증환자에서우심실부전의유무가환자의예후에영향을미친다는사실을제시하였다 (6, 11, 12). 이에본연구는 DECT 를이용하여폐혈전색전증의분포정도와전반적인폐실질의관류상태를정량화하고 2008 년 European Society of Cardiology ( 이하 ESC) 지침 (1) 에의한급성폐혈전색전증의중증도에따라환자를계층화하여이들을통계학적으로비교분석함으로써 DECT 가급성폐혈전색전증환자의진단및중증도평가에있어원스톱진단기법으로의가능성이있는지에대하여알아보고자하였다. 대상과방법 대상환자본연구는기관연구윤리심의위원회 (Institutional Review Board) 의승인을받은후실시되었다. 2011년 6월부터 2012 년 6월까지갑작스런흉통과호흡곤란등을주소로응급실에내원한환자들중폐혈전색전증이의심되어 DECT 를시행한이들을후향적방법으로조사하였다. 이중 84 명이 DECT 를통해급성폐혈전색전증으로진단되었고이들중폐혈전색전증중증도평가에필요한혈청학적검사나심장초음파등이시행되지않은 19 명과기저에악성폐종양이나심각한폐기종, 심근경색등의심각한심폐질환이있는 4명은본연구에서제외하였다. 나머지 61 명의급성폐혈전색전증환자 ( 남성 22 명, 여성 39 명, 평균나이 66 ± 21 세 ) 를최종대상으로하였고이들은 ESC 지침에따라중증도평가및분류가가능하였다. ESC 지침에따른중증도분류에서평가기준은크게세가지이며내용은다음과같다. 1) 임상적으로쇼크나저혈압을보일때, 2) 우심실부전을보일때 (RV dilatation, hypokinesis or pressure overload on echocardiography, RV dilatation on spiral computed tomography, BNP or NT-proBNP elevation, elevated right heart pressure at RHC), 또는 3) 심근손상 (cardiac troponin T or I positive) 이있을때이며본연구에서는우심실부전을평가하기위해심장초음파결과를반영하였고심근손상평가를위해심장표지자수치를체크하였다 (1). 본연구에서폐혈전색전증의중증도는 ESC 지침에따라세그룹으로분류하였다. 즉, 쇼크나저혈압등의임상증상이있으면고위험군 ( 조기사망률 > 15%) 으로, 쇼크나저혈압등의임상증상은없지만우심실부전이나심근손상이동반되었다면중등도위험군 ( 조기사망률 3~15%) 으로, 임상증상, 우심실부전또는심근손상중모두음성인경우를저위험군 ( 조기사망률 < 1%) 으로정의하였다. 이중에너지전산화단층촬영술 (Dual-Energy CT) 모든검사는 2세대이중선원 CT (dual source CT, SOMA- TOM Definition Flash; Siemens Medical Solution, Erlangen, Germany) 를이용하여이중에너지모드로시행하였다. 각각의튜브관전압은 140 kvp 와 80 kvp 로, 질지표관전류 (quality reference mas) 는 80 mas 와 189 mas 로설정하였다. 또한검출기폭조절 (collimation) mm, matrix , 회전시간 (rotation time) 0.28초를사용하였다. 촬영은 CT 개괄촬영 ( 토포그램 ) 을작성한후폐첨부에서횡격막하부까지의스캔범위를한번의호흡정지기간에촬영하였다. 모든환자에서이오프로마이드성분의비이온성조영제 120 ml (Ultravist 370; Bayer Schering Pharma, AG, Berlin, Germany) 를자동주입기 (Stellant, Medrad, Whippany, NJ, USA) 를이용하여 3.3 ml/sec 의속도로전주와정맥으로급속주입 (bolus injection) 하였으며곧이어 50 ml 식염수 (5% D/W, JW Pharmaceutical) 를주입하였다. CT 영상은조영제주입후대략 20 초에획득하였고조영증강전의사진은촬영하지않았다. 이중에너지 CT 촬영은조영제투여후폐동맥의감쇄계수가 100 HU 이상이되면폐첨부에서부터촬영을시작할수있도록설정되었다. 촬영된영상은 3차원영상재구성소프트웨어가설치된워크스테이션 (Multi Modality Workplace, Siemens Healthcare, Whippany, NJ, USA) 으로전송하여두개의튜브에서얻어진평균영상 (merged or mixed image, 140 kv:80 kv 40%:60%) 을이용하여흉부 CT 영상을얻었다. 이후폐관류결손을보기위해각각의튜브에서얻어진영상을가상조영전도구 (virtual non- jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2015;72(1):
3 급성폐혈전색전증의중증도평가에있어이중에너지전산화단층촬영의진단적유용성에관한연구 contrast tool) 를이용하여가상조영전영상과요오드맵으로분리해낸후두영상을일정한비율로겹쳐최종적인이중에너지관류영상을얻었다. 관류영상은물질분해이론에근거하여워크스테이션소프트웨어 (Syngo Dual Energy, Siemens, Berlin, Germany) 에서칼라영상으로코딩하며적색, 갈색, 혹은검은색부위는관류가떨어진부위로, 노랑색과주황색부위는관류가정상인부위로코딩하였다. 또한 CT의축상영상에서폐동맥내의조영제결손부위를확인하고이부위에서의관류영상과비교하였다. 하 OS) 를이용하여정량화하였다양쪽폐동맥은각각 10 개씩총 20 개의분절폐동맥들 ( 양측상엽에각각 3개, 우중엽과설상부에각각 2개, 양측하엽에각각 5개 ) 로나누었다. 만약주폐동맥에색전이있으면이에서분지하는분절폐동맥의개수로계산하였다. 폐동맥색전지수는 ( n i=1e i /40) 100 으로표현할수있는데 i는연관된분절폐동맥이고 E i 는각분절폐동맥에서얻어진색전의양이다. 예를들어모든분절의폐동맥이완전히막힌경우최대로얻을수있는색전값은 40 이고이것을백분율로환산하면 100% 이다 (7, 13). 영상분석폐관류결손지수 (DS) DECT 로얻어진폐관류영상들은 2명의영상의학과의사가합의하여분석하였고영상의학과의사들에게환자에대한임상정보및 PCTA 로확인된폐혈전색전증의양이나분포등에대한정보는주어지지않았다. 양쪽폐실질은각각 10 개씩총 20 개의폐분절들 ( 양측상엽을각각 3개, 우중엽과설상부를각각 2개, 양측하엽을각각 5개 ) 로나누었다. 각각의폐분절에서관류결손은아래와같이 3단계로나누었다 : 0, 정상관류 ; 1, 중등도관류결손 ; 2, 심각한관류결손또는관류없음. 색구분에따른관류영상은다음과같다 : 정상관류 (0점) 는노랑또는주황색 ; 중등도관류결손 (1점) 은빨강또는밝은갈색, 심각한관류결손또는관류없음 (2점) 은어두운갈색또는검정색. 이론상관류장애시최대로얻을수있는값은 40 점으로 20 개의모든분절들에서각각 2점씩얻어야한다. 폐관류저하율은각분절의 pulmonary perfusion defect score ( 이하 DS) 를구하여합산하고이를 DS 의최대값 (20 2 = 40) 으로나눈후 100 을곱하여정량화하였다. 그러므로 DS는 ( n i=1d i /40) 100 으로표현할수있는데 i는연관된폐분절이고 D i 는각분절에서얻어진관류결손정도이다. 상대정맥과주위의높은조영제농도로인해나타나는줄인공물 (streak artifact) 등은영상분석시가능한배제하였다. 통계적분석폐동맥혈전색전증이있는환자에서 DECT 를통해얻어진영상들로 DS와 OS 를각각구한후이값들이상승할수록폐혈전색전증의중증도가심화될것인지에대한상관성을통계학적으로증명하기위해회귀식을설정하였고이분석을위하여 DS 와 OS 를각독립변수로, 폐혈전색전증의중증도에따라분류된환자군들을각각종속변수로설정하였다. 이때종속변수, 즉폐혈전색전증의중증도에따라분류된환자군들은저위험군을 A그룹, 중등도위험군을 B그룹, 고위험군을 C그룹으로처리하였고회귀식의추정은종속변수가순서형척도변수이기때문에서열로짓회귀분석 ( 순서로지스틱회귀분석, ordered logistic regression) 을이용하였다. 변수들간의상관성을살펴보기위해다음과같은 4가지가설을확인하였다. 첫째로단순상관분석 (bivariate correlation analysis) 을통하여 DS와 OS의상관관계를살펴보았다. 둘째로단순서열로짓회귀분석을통하여 DS와 OS 가각각폐혈전색전증의중증도에유의한영향을미치는지에대하여살펴보았다. 마지막으로다중서열로짓회귀분석을통하여 DS 및 OS 가폐혈전색전증의중증도에유의한영향을미칠것인지에대하여살펴보았다. 통계학적분석을위해 statistical analysis system ( 이하 SAS, version 9.2; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) 을사용하였다. 또한, G-power Version (Heinrich-Heine- Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany) 을이용하여사후검정력을산출하였고유의수준 0.05, 표본수 61 명으로할경우사후검정력은 0.94 로계산되었다. 폐동맥혈전색전지수 (OS) 환자에대한임상정보및폐관류결손정도에대한정보는주어지지않았으며, 기억편향 (recall bias) 을배제하기위해폐관류영상을분석한후 2주뒤에 2명의영상의학과의사가합의하여다시영상을분석하였다. 색전의양은 Qanadli 등 (13) 이제안하였던 pulmonary CT angiographic obstruction score ( 이 결과 ESC 지침에따른급성폐색전증환자의중증도분류총 61 명의환자는각각고위험군 21 명, 중등도위험군 20 명, 그리고저위험군 20 명으로분류되었고각각환자군에서 DS 와 OS 의최대값과최소값, 그리고평균값을정리하였다 (Table 1). 40 대한영상의학회지 2015;72(1):38-45 jksronline.org
4 문성민외 Table 1. The Value of Each Group [Mean (Maximum-Minimum)] Risk Group DS OS Patient Number High (5 75) (0 100) 21 Intermediate (0 70) (5 80) 20 Low (0 45) (0 45) 20 Note.-DS = pulmonary perfusion defect score, OS = pulmonary CT angiographic obstruction score Table 2. Univariate Analyses of Predictors for Pulmonary Thromboembolism Severity Score Variables Odds Ratio; Exp (b) 95% Wald Confidence Limits p-value Pulmonary perfusion defect score (0 100) < 0.001*** Pulmonary CTA obstruction score (0 100) * Note.-*p < 0.5. ***p < CTA = computed tomography angiography Table 3. Multivariate Analysis of Predictors for Pulmonary Thromboembolism Severity Score Variables Odds Ratio; Exp (b) 95% Wald Confidence Limits p-value Pulmonary perfusion defect score (0 100) < 0.001*** Pulmonary CTA obstruction score (0 100) Note.-***p < CTA = computed tomography angiography DS와 OS 간의상관관계 DS 와 OS 간의상관계수 (R) 는 이었고유의확률 (p) < 로서로매우유의한연관성을가지고있었다. 즉폐동맥색전의정도가증가할수록폐관류결손정도도높아지는경향이있음을알수있다 (Fig. 1). DS와폐혈전색전증의중증도에따른환자군, OS와폐혈전색전증의중증도에따른환자군간에단순서열로짓분석폐혈전색전증의중증도에따라환자군을저위험군을 A그룹, 중등도위험군을 B그룹, 고위험군을 C그룹으로분류하고 DS 와중증도에따른환자군간의단순서열로짓회귀분석을시행하였을때 DS 의오즈 (odds) 는기준치의 배였다. 즉, 폐혈전색전증환자에서 DS가높을수록저위험군보다고위험군에속할추정오즈비가 배높다는의미이며 (95% 신뢰구간 : 1.025~1.073, 유의확률 : < 0.001), 이에 DS와폐혈전색전증의중증도간의상관성이매우높음을알수있다. 또한 OS 와폐혈전색전증의중증도에따른환자군간의단순서열로짓회귀분석을시행하였을때 OS 의오즈 (odds) 는기준치의 배였다. 즉, 폐혈전색전증환자에서 OS 가높을수록저위험군보다고위험군에속할추정오즈비가 배높다는의미이며 (95% 신뢰구간 : 1.006~1.049, 유의확률 : 0.013), 이에 OS 와폐혈전색전증의중증도간에상관성이높음을알수 Perfusion score Fig. 1. Correlation between pulmonary perfusion defect score and pulmonary CT angiographic obstruction score in patient based analysis. 있다 (Table 2). DS 및 OS 와폐혈전색전증의중증도에따른환자군간다중 서열로짓분석 Obstruction score 다중서열로짓회귀분석을하였고 DS 와 OS 를각각독립변 수로설정하여폐혈전색전증의중증도에미치는영향을종합적 jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2015;72(1):
5 급성폐혈전색전증의중증도평가에있어이중에너지전산화단층촬영의진단적유용성에관한연구 A B C Fig year-old woman with pulmonary thromboembolism, who had high obstruction score (75/100) and low perfusion defect score (42.5/100). Pulmonary CT angiography (A, B) shows extensive thromboembolic filling defect in both main, lobar, and segmental pulmonary arteries, but lung perfusion is relatively well preserved on pulmonary perfusion image (C). A B C Fig year-old woman with pulmonary thromboembolism, who had low obstruction score (12.5/100) but relatively high perfusion defect score (60/100). Pulmonary CT angiography (A) shows only focal thromboembolic filling defect in right lower lobar and segmental pulmonary arteries, but prominent low attenuation on lung window setting image (B) and perfusion defect areas on pulmonary perfusion image (C). 으로평가하였을때 DS에서만유의확률이 이하로통계학적인의의가있으며종속변수인폐혈전색전증의중증도에영향을미침을알수있다. 즉, 폐혈전색전증환자에서 DS가높을수록저위험군보다고위험군에속할추정오즈비가 배높다는의미이며 (95% 신뢰구간 : 1.019~1.073, 유의확률 : < 0.001), DS 가 OS 보다폐혈전색전증의중증도에크게영향을미치고있음을확인할수있었다 (Table 3, Figs. 2, 3). 고찰 급성폐혈전색전증은폐혈관이폐색에의해혈역학적불안정을일으키고치명적인우심실부전을초래하여높은병원내사망률을보이는질환으로조기에진단하여치료하는것이매우중요하지만호흡곤란, 빈호흡, 또는흉통등비특이적인증상으로인하여조기진단이쉽지않다 (1, 2). 폐혈전색전증이발생하면폐혈관의저항과폐정맥압이증가하여우심실의후부하가 급격히상승하게되고결국우심실의심박출량감소와함께우심실에울혈이생기면서우심실의장애를초래한다. 이는좌심실의전부하를감소시키고좌심실의심박출량을감소시키며심근허혈및순환장애를일으켜쇼크를일으키게되며, 나아가불충분한조직관류에의해산소와기질의전달과조직의요구량사이에불균형이생기고세포의기능장애를일으켜환자의사망을유발할수도있다. 급성폐혈전색전증환자에서폐관류를진단하기위해핵의학방법인폐관류-폐환기검사 (RI perfusion/ventilation study) 나 MRI 가사용되어왔다 (8). 하지만핵의학방법인폐신티그라피는급성폐혈전색전증을진단함에있어서민감도는높지만상대적으로낮은특이도를보인다 (10). 또한폐신티그라피검사의경우심장이나폐의기저질환을알기어려우며폐경색등의진단에제한점이있다. 폐관류-폐환기검사의진단적민감도와특이도를높이기위해 SPECT 기법 (2~3 msv) 이사용되었고이는흉부 PCTA (2~6 msv) 와비교하여방사선노출량은좀더 42 대한영상의학회지 2015;72(1):38-45 jksronline.org
6 문성민외 낮으나폐혈전색전증에의한폐동맥의폐색정도를평가하는데있어서는한계가있다 (14, 15). 또한 SPECT 기법은검사시간이길어급성기환자의경우이용하기에어려운점이있다. MRI 에의한관류검사는만성폐혈전색전증에의한폐고혈압을평가하는데있어유용하였고 (16-18), 폐동맥 MR 혈관조영술 (pulmonary MR angiography) 과폐관류 MRI (perfusion MRI) 를함께사용하여급성폐혈전색전증을평가하였을때 90% 이상의민감도와특이도를보였다 (19). 하지만 MRI 검사는급성기환자의경우이용하기어려운점이있으며, 특히여러가지모니터링장비를몸에달고있는중환자의경우이용에많은제약점이있다. 다중검출 CT 촬영기 (multidetector CT) 는조영증강영상에서조영증강전영상을감산하여폐관류를평가하는방법으로급성폐혈전색전증을진단하며폐쇄성혈전의발견, 혈전의급 만성구분, 폐혈관의크기, 우심방의형태및폐실질의변화등을잘관찰할수있다. 하지만이러한장점에도불구하고상태가위중한환자의경우적절한조영증강시간을찾지못하거나환자의움직임또는불규칙한호흡으로인하여폐동맥내에존재하는혈전을발견하기어려운경우가있을수있다. 특히작은혈관내에존재하는혈전의경우발견율이현저히낮아지는단점이있으며두번의스캔으로인해방사선조사량은증가한다. 폐혈전색전증의진단에있어서기존에이용되어왔던흉부 MRI 나폐신티그라피의단점을보완하고, 흉부 CT에서얻을수있는정보에부가된임상정보를얻고자하는노력이계속되고있다 (8). 여기에새롭게부각되고있는영상기법이 DECT 를이용하는것이다. DECT 에의하면조영증강후에촬영한한번의검사만으로조영증강전 CT 영상을촬영하지않고서도가상조영전영상을얻을수있어방사선피폭을줄일수있으리라기대되며, 단순조영증강 CT에서관찰하기어려운작은혈관에서의색전증과미만성색전에의한폐관류저하를보여줄수있는유용한진단기법으로국내외적으로많은연구가진행되고있다. 본연구에서 DS 와 OS 를비교해보았을때둘은높은상관관계를보이고있었다 ( 유의확률 : < 0.001). 또한 DS, OS, 그리고폐혈전색전증의중증도간에상관관계를각각비교해보았을때각각은높은상관관계를보이고있었다 ( 유의확률 : < 0.001, 유의확률 : 0.013). 하지만 DS와 OS 가폐혈전색전증의중증도간에미치는영향을함께비교해보았을때 OS 보다는 ( 유의확률 : 0.662) DS 가폐혈전색전증의중증도에좀더영향을미치고있음을알수있었다 ( 유의확률 : < 0.001). 이러한결과는폐혈전색전증환자에서그중증도는폐혈전색전증의양, 모양, 또는분포보다는진단당시환자의폐혈전색전증과관련된혈 역학적징후, 임상양상을반영할수있는다양한위험요소와폐실질의전반적인관류상태를고려하여평가되어야한다는최근경향과부합한다 (1, 3). 이러한결과를바탕으로 DECT 에의한기능성폐관류영상이보편화될경우, 응급실등의위급한상황에서심초음파와혈청심장표지자등을시행하기전의짧은시간내에 DECT 를통해폐혈전색전증의양과해부학적인분포와아울러폐실질관류의동반평가가가능할것으로생각되며 DECT 는폐혈전색전증을조기진단하고임상적중증도를제시하는원스톱진단기법으로사용될수있을것으로생각된다. 또한이는기존에시행되어왔던고식적방법인핵의학검사에의한폐관류-폐환기검사 (lung scintigraphy) 의번거로움을대치할수있을것으로기대되며, 보다빠른시간내에적은양의방사선피폭으로폐혈전색전증을진단할수있어진료에많은발전을가져올수있을것으로기대된다. 본연구에포함된 61 명의환자중 20 명 (33.3%) 은 OS 가 DS 보다상대적으로더높게분석되었으며, 36 명은 OS 보다폐관류결손지수가상대적으로더높게분석되었다 (59.0%). OS 가 DS보다높은부분은폐동맥의부분폐색에의해원위부폐실질의관류가비교적잘유지되고있는것으로생각해볼수있다. 반면 DS가 OS 보다높은부분은작은혈관내의미세색전에의한순환장애로설명할수있다. Chung 등 (5) 과 Chae 등 (7) 에의하면두종류의색전물질을돼지 6마리의폐동맥에주입하여실험적으로폐혈전색전증모델을만들고이의영상을얻었을때, 큰크기의색전물질은 PCTA 에서폐관류영상보다더잘진단해낼수있었지만작은크기의색전물질은폐관류영상에서 PCTA 보다좀더높은민감도를보였고특히횡단면 (axial plane) 의주변부폐동맥과평행하였을때더잘관찰되었다. 이는폐관류결손지수가 OS 보다높은부분은부분용적효과에의해미세색전이가려졌을가능성이있음을제시한다. 반면에작은색전은큰관류결손을유발할수있기때문에폐관류영상에서는좀더쉽게작은색전증도찾아낼수있을것으로생각한다. 이와같은결과를바탕으로 DECT 를통해얻어진폐관류영상과 PCTA 영상을함께분석한다면작은폐분절에서의폐혈전색전증을진단하는데있어정확도가좀더향상될것으로생각한다. 하지만본연구는몇가지제한점을가지고있다. 첫째로 DS 는기존의폐신티그라피나폐관류 MRI 같은다른관류평가방법을통해얻을수있는결과와비교하지못하였으며각환자폐혈전색전증의경과및예후와비교평가하지못하였다. 둘째로상부정맥이나심장주위의높은조영제농도로인해생길수있는줄인공물등으로인해관류결손이가려지거나판단에오류가생겼을수있다. 또다른제한점으로폐관류영상은특 jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2015;72(1):
7 급성폐혈전색전증의중증도평가에있어이중에너지전산화단층촬영의진단적유용성에관한연구 정시간에폐실질이요오드에의해조영증강되는정도를반영한다는것이다. 이는혈액의양, 혈류속도, 혈구통과속도등관류에영향을미칠수있는다른요인들에의해영향을받을수있어실제폐관류정도가정확히반영되지않았을수있다. 결국폐관류영상은요오드조영제의양과스캔시간에의해관류의정도가달라질수있는근본적인한계를가지고있다. 때문에조영제의적절한투여방법및효과적인촬영방법은아직도많은연구가필요하리라생각된다. 또한비록두명의영상의가합의를통해비교적정확히영상을분석하기위해노력하였지만영상을분석하고 DS와 OS 를통해색전과관류결손정도를정량화하는과정에서각점수들의경계부위에서해석에오류가생겼을가능성이있다. 관찰자간의연구가좀더진행되었다면더욱정확한연구가진행되었을것으로생각된다. 마지막으로후향적연구였기때문에대상환자를선택하는데있어오류가있었을수있다. 하지만본연구에서폐혈전색전증환자의임상발현이나예후에영향을미칠수있는기존의심폐질환을가진환자는가능한연구에서제외하였다. DECT 를통해얻어진 DS와 OS 는각각폐혈전색전증의중증도와높은상관관계를보이고있었으며, 이들중 DS가폐혈전색전증의중증도에더욱크게영향을미치고있었다. 그러므로 DECT 를통해얻은 PCTA 를통해급성폐혈전색전증의양과해부학적인분포를확인하고동시에폐의기능적영상을통해폐실질의관류정도를확인해폐혈전색전증의중증도를함께평가함으로써, 폐혈전색전증의조기진단을위해서뿐만아니라치료계획을세우는데있어 DECT 를원스톱진단기법으로사용할수있을것으로생각한다. 참고문헌 1. Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galiè N, Pruszczyk P, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2008;29: Anderson FA Jr, Wheeler HB, Goldberg RJ, Hosmer DW, Patwardhan NA, Jovanovic B, et al. A population-based perspective of the hospital incidence and case-fatality rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The Worcester DVT Study. Arch Intern Med 1991;151: Kasper W, Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Olschewski M, Hein- rich F, Grosser KD, et al. Management strategies and determinants of outcome in acute major pulmonary embolism: results of a multicenter registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30: Wildberger JE, Schoepf UJ, Mahnken AH, Herzog P, Ditt H, Niethammer MU, et al. Approaches to CT perfusion imaging in pulmonary embolism. Semin Roentgenol 2005;40: Chung MJ, Goo JM, Im JG, Lee KS, Kim KG, Park JH. CT perfusion image of the lung: value in the detection of pulmonary embolism in a porcine model. Invest Radiol 2004;39: Hoey ET, Mirsadraee S, Pepke-Zaba J, Jenkins DP, Gopalan D, Screaton NJ. Dual-energy CT angiography for assessment of regional pulmonary perfusion in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: initial experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;196: Chae EJ, Seo JB, Jang YM, Krauss B, Lee CW, Lee HJ, et al. Dual-energy CT for assessment of the severity of acute pulmonary embolism: pulmonary perfusion defect score compared with CT angiographic obstruction score and right ventricular/left ventricular diameter ratio. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;194: Thieme SF, Johnson TR, Lee C, McWilliams J, Becker CR, Reiser MF, et al. Dual-energy CT for the assessment of contrast material distribution in the pulmonary parenchyma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;193: Flohr TG, McCollough CH, Bruder H, Petersilka M, Gruber K, Süss C, et al. First performance evaluation of a dualsource CT (DSCT) system. Eur Radiol 2006;16: Johnson TR, Krauss B, Sedlmair M, Grasruck M, Bruder H, Morhard D, et al. Material differentiation by dual energy CT: initial experience. Eur Radiol 2007;17: Dogan H, Kroft LJ, Huisman MV, van der Geest R, Li O Y, Lamb HJ, et al. Assessment of right ventricular function in acute pulmonary embolism using ECG-synchronized MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;195: Seon HJ, Kim KH, Lee WS, Choi S, Yoon HJ, Ahn Y, et al. Usefulness of computed tomographic pulmonary angiography in the risk stratification of acute pulmonary thromboembolism. Comparison with cardiac biomarkers. Circ J 2011;75: 대한영상의학회지 2015;72(1):38-45 jksronline.org
8 문성민외 13. Qanadli SD, El Hajjam M, Vieillard-Baron A, Joseph T, Mesurolle B, Oliva VL, et al. New CT index to quantify arterial obstruction in pulmonary embolism: comparison with angiographic index and echocardiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;176: Petersson J, Sánchez-Crespo A, Larsson SA, Mure M. Physiological imaging of the lung: single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT). J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007;102: Ryan KL, Fedullo PF, Davis GB, Vasquez TE, Moser KM. Perfusion scan findings understate the severity of angiographic and hemodynamic compromise in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Chest 1988;93: Kreitner KF, Kunz RP, Ley S, Oberholzer K, Neeb D, Gast KK, et al. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertensionassessment by magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 2007;17: Ley S, Kreitner KF, Fink C, Heussel CP, Borst MM, Kauczor HU. Assessment of pulmonary hypertension by CT and MR imaging. Eur Radiol 2004;14: Nikolaou K, Schoenberg SO, Attenberger U, Scheidler J, Dietrich O, Kuehn B, et al. Pulmonary arterial hypertension: diagnosis with fast perfusion MR imaging and highspatial-resolution MR angiography--preliminary experience. Radiology 2005;236: Fink C, Thieme S, Ley S, Clevert D, Reiser MF, Kauczor HU, et al. [MRI of pulmonary embolism]. Radiologe 2007;47: 급성폐혈전색전증의중증도평가에있어이중에너지전산화단층촬영의진단적유용성에관한연구 1 문성민 1 선현주 2,3 백장미 1 이승진 4 윤연홍 1 김윤현 1,3 목적 : 급성폐혈전색전증환자의중증도평가에있어이중에너지전산화단층촬영 (dual-energy computed tomography; 이하 DECT) 의유용성에대해알아보고자했다. 대상과방법 : 2011년부터 2012 년까지급성폐혈전색전증으로진단된 61 명의환자를대상으로후향적분석을했다. 대상환자의중증도평가와함께 DECT 를이용해폐동맥혈전색전지수 (pulmonary CT angiographic obstruction score; 이하 OS) 와폐관류결손지수 (pulmonary perfusion defect score; 이하 DS) 정도를평가했고서열로짓분석을통해 OS, DS, 그리고폐혈전색전증의중증도간의상관관계를분석했다. 결과 : 높은 OS 를가진폐혈전색전증환자는 DS도높은값을보였다 (p < 0.001). 단순서열로짓분석때는 OS 와 DS 모두폐혈전색전증의중증도와높은상관관계 (p < 0.001) 를보였지만다중서열로짓분석이후에는 DS만이폐혈전색전증의중증도와매우높은상관관계를보였다. 결론 : 폐혈전색전증이의심되는환자에서 DECT 는급성폐혈전색전증유무를확인하는동시에폐실질의관류정도를확인하여폐혈전색전증의진단뿐아니라중증도평가에더유용한지표를제공하는것으로사료된다. 1 전남대학교병원영상의학과, 2 화순전남대학교병원영상의학과, 3 전남대학교의과대학영상의학교실, 4 빛고을전남대학교병원영상의학과 jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2015;72(1):
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