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1 Printed in the Republic of Korea ANALYTICAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Vol. 29, No. 2, 79-84, Note ( 단신 ) Performance of MiniPCR TM mini8, a portable thermal cycler Han-Sol Kwon, Hyun-Chul Park, Kyungmyung Lee, Sanghyun An, Yu-Li Oh, Eu-Ree Ahn, Ju Yeon Jung and Si-Keun Lim Forensic DNA Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju , Korea (Received November 24, 2015; Revised March 20, 2016; Accepted April 20, 2016) 휴대용 DNA 증폭기 MiniPCR TM mini8 Thermal Cycler 의성능검토 권한솔 박현철 이경명 안상현 오유리 안으리 정주연 임시근 국립과학수사연구원법유전자과 ( 접수, 수정, 승인 ) Abstract: A small and inexpensive thermal cycler (PCR machine), known as the MiniPCR TM Mini8 Thermal Cycler (Amplyus, Cambridge, MA, USA), was developed. In this study, the performance of this PCR machine was compared with the GeneAmp PCR system 9700 (Applied Biosystems) using four autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) kits, a Y-chromosome STR kit, and a mitochondrial DNA HV1/HV2 sequence analysis. The sensitivity and stochastic effects of the STR multiplex kits and the quality of the DNA sequence analysis were similar between the two PCR machines. The MiniPCR TM Mini8 Thermal Cycler could be used for analyses at forensic DNA laboratories and crime scenes. The cost of the PCR is so economical that school laboratories and individuals could use the machines. 요약 : 최근손안에들어올정도로크기가작아범죄현장등에서사용이가능하며, 다른일반적인장비들에비해가격이 1/10이하로저렴하여누구나사용할수있는 MiniPCR TM mini8 Thermal Cycler (Amplyus, Cambridge, MA, USA) 가개발되었다. 본연구에서는 DNA감식에일반적으로사용되고네가지종류의상염색체 STR 다중증폭키트들과한종류의 Y 염색체 STR 증폭키트, 그리고미토콘드리아 DNA HV1/HV2 의염기서열분석법을사용하여 MiniPCR TM mini8 Thermal Cycler의성능을 Applied Biosystems사의 GeneAmp PCR system 9700와비교하였다. STR 다중증폭키트키트들의민감도와증폭불균형정도를비교한결과두 PCR 장비에서큰차이가없었으며, 미토콘드리아 DNA HV1/HV2의염기서열분석결과도동등하였다. MiniPCR TM mini8 Thermal Cycler는 DNA 감식실험실은물론이고, 가격이저렴해학교와개인이간편하게사용할수있으며, 휴대가간편해차량이나야외에서활용될수있을것으로기대된다. Key words: MiniPCR TM mini8 Thermal Cycler, GeneAmp PCR system 9700, performance, STR multiplex kits, mtdna HV1/HV2 Corresponding author Phone : +82-(0) Fax : +82-(0) neobios@korea.kr This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 79
2 80 Han-Sol Kwon et al. 1. 서론 1983년 Kary Mullis에의해개발된중합효소연쇄반응 (PCR; Polymerase chain reaction) 은 DNA의일부분을증폭시키는기술로서분자생물학발전에큰영향을끼쳐왔다 1. PCR은사용목적에따라다양한분석방법이개발되어왔다. 2-4 DNA감식에의한개인식별과신원확인은법과학분야에혁명적발전을가져왔으며, 지문분석과함께막강한도구로자리잡고있다. 현재 STR좌위의분석은개인식별에가장유용하게사용되는 DNA감식수단이며, 5-7 PCR 증폭기는성공적인 DNA감식을결정하는가장중요한장비중하나이다. 최근미국의스타트업기업인 Amplyus사 (Cambridge, MA, USA) 에서손안에들어올정도로크기가작고, 스마트폰어플을이용해 PCR 증폭조건을설정하고모니터링할수있으며, 기존의일반적인 PCR장비에비해가격이 1/10정도로저렴한 MiniPCR TM mini8 Thermal Cycler ( 이하 MiniPCR) 를개발하였다 (Fig. 1). 본연구에서는 MiniPCR의성능을현재많은 DNA감식실험실에서사용중인 GeneAmp PCR systems 9700 thermal cycler (Life Technologies, 이하 9700) 와비교해보았다. 이를위해개인식별과신원확인에주로사용되고있는상염색체 STR 다중증폭키트인 AmpFlSTR Identifiler amplification kit ( 이하 ID), AmpFlSTR Identifiler Plus amplification kit ( 이하 ID plus), GlobalFiler TM PCR amplification kit(applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA, 이하 GF), PowerPlex Fusion system (Promega, Madison, WI, USA, 이하 Fusion) 과 Y 염색체 STR 다중증폭키트인 PowerPlex Y23 system (Promega, Madison, WI, USA, 이하 Y23) 를사용하여 DNA 농도에따른증폭민감도및대립유전자증폭불균형 (Stochastic effect) 정도를분석하였다. 또한분해된시료등과모계혈통확인에주로사용되는미토콘드리아 DNA의 HV1과 HV2의염기서열을분석하여두 PCR 장비의성능을비교하였다. 2. 재료및방법 Fig. 1. MiniPCR TM mini8 Thermal Cycler (source: minipcr.com) 2.1. DNA 시료본실험에서는 DNA감식의표준 DNA인 2800M DNA (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) 를사용하였다. DNA는연속 2배희석하여 1,000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, pg/µl의농도로준비하였다. Table 1. Constitution of PCR mixtures and PCR protocols for STR Multiplex kits Reagents (µl) PCR Protocol ID a ID plus b GF c Fusion d Y23 e Master mix Primer Set Taq gold D.W Target DNA Total Volume Initial step 95 o C (11 min) 95 o C (11 min) 95 o C (1 min) 96 o C (1 min) 9 5 o C (2 min) Denaturation 94 o C (1 min) 94 o C (20 sec) 94 o C (10 sec) 94 o C (10 sec) 94 o C (10 sec) Annealing 59 o C (1 min) 59 o C (3 min) 59 o 59 (1 min) 61 o C (1 min) C (90 sec) Extension 72 o C (1 min) 72 (30 sec) 72 o C (30 sec) Final 60 o C (60 min) 60 o C (10 min) 60 o C (10 min) 60 o C (10 min) 60 o C (20 min) a AmpFlSTR Identifiler amplification, b AmpFlSTR Identifiler Plus amplification, c GlobalFiler TM PCR, d PowerPlex Fusion system amplification, e PowerPlex Y23 system Analytical Science & Technology
3 Performance of MiniPCR TM mini8, a portable thermal cycler 증폭및모세관전기영동 각 STR 다중증폭키트들의반응액조성과증폭조건은제조자의지시에따랐다 (Table 1). 각 PCR 장비에서증폭된 PCR 산물 1 µl에 GeneScan 600 LIZ size standard (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) 0.4 µl 그리고 Hi-Di Formamide (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) 9.6 µl를혼합한후, 3500 xl genetic analyzer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) 에서전기영동을수행하였으며, GeneMapper ID-X 소프트웨어 v1.4 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) 와엑셀프로그램 (Microsoft) 을사용하여결과를분석하였다 미토콘드리아 DNA HV1/HV2 염기서열분석미토콘드리아 DNA의과변이부위 (Hypervariable region) 인 HV1과 HV2의증폭과염기서열분석을위 Fig. 2. PCR product (A) and plot of PowerPlex Fusion system(b) amplified by MiniPCR and Vol. 29, No. 2, 2016
4 82 Han-Sol Kwon et al. 해 Gold ST R 10X buffer (PROMEGA, Madison, WI, USA), AmpliTaq DNA polymerase 1.25 unit에프라이머 (F15910/R16410 및 F15/R484, 10 mm each) 를넣고반응시켰다. 8 PCR산물의확인을위해 Agilent DNA kits(agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) 및 Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer를사용하였다 민감도 3. 결과 MiniPCR과 9700을이용해 STR 다중증폭키트를각농도별표준 DNA시료에서증폭한후, 피크의높이 (peak height) 와대립유전자의검출율을비교하였다. Agilent 2100 Bioanaylzer를이용해확인한 PCR 증폭산물과 Genetic analyzer와 GeneMapper를이용해분석한 STR plot은 Fig. 2와같다. 실험에사용한네가지종류의상염색체 STR 다중증폭키트들은모두 pg/µl 이상의 DNA에서 MiniPCR과 9700사이에피크높이에큰차이없이성공적으로증폭되었다 (Fig. 3). 그러나 Y23 키트의경우에는 MiniPCR에서 9700에비해상대적으로낮은피크높이를보여주었다. 또한각 STR 다중키트별로대립유전자검출율을비교한결과 MiniPCR과 9700 사이에큰차이가없었다 (Fig. 4) 대립유전자증폭불균형분석 DNA의농도가낮을경우에나타나는이형접합대립유전자의증폭불균형현상 (stochastic effect) 은 PCR 다중증폭키트는물론이고 PCR 증폭기의성능을비교할수있는기준이된다. MiniPCR과 9700을사용해증폭한다섯가지의 STR 다중증폭키트모두에서이형접합대립유전자증폭산물의피크및좌위의균형에큰차이가없었다 (Fig 5) 미토콘드리아 DNA HV1/HV2 염기서열분석법과학분야에서미토콘드리아 DNA 분석은오래되거나변질되어핵 DNA의분석이불가능할경우나신원확인을위해모계혈통분석이필요한경우에사 Fig. 3. Comparison of peak heights with regard to six STR multiplex kits using MiniPCR and Analytical Science & Technology
5 Performance of MiniPCR TM mini8, a portable thermal cycler 83 Fig. 4. Comparison of detected allele ratio with regard to five autosomal STR multiplex kits using MiniPCR and Fig. 5. Comparison of peak balance of heterozygous alleles from STR multiplex kits amplified by MiniPCR and Fig. 6. PCR products and DNA sequence of mtdna HV1(A), and HV2(B) amplified by MiniPCR and Vol. 29, No. 2, 2016
6 84 Han-Sol Kwon et al. 용된다. 미토콘드리아 DNA의 HV1 ( ) 과 HV2 (73-340) 은사람마다염기서열에차이가있는데, 염기서열분석을위해먼저 PCR을통해두부분을증폭해야한다. MiniPCR과 9700을이용해 HV1과 HV2를증폭한후염기서열을분석해비교한결과, 모두동일한염기서열을얻을수있었다 (Fig. 6). 4. 고찰 PCR은 DNA 감식은물론이고거의모든생명과학분야에서필수적인분석방법이되었다. 지금까지수많은 PCR 증폭기가개발되어실험실에서사용되고있는데, 대부분가격이비싸고부피가커서실험실이아닌곳에서는사용할수없었다. 본연구에서는작고저렴한 MiniPCR 장비의성능을검토하기위해 DNA 감식실험실에서개인식별과신원확인을하기위해일반적으로수행되고있는 STR 다중증폭과 DNA 염기서열분석을수행하여기존의일반적인 PCR 증폭기와비교하였다. 본연구에사용된 STR 다중증폭키트들은최소 15 개에서 23 개의좌위를동시에증폭할수있는데, MiniPCR과 9700에서거의유사한결과를얻을수있었다. 또한두장비를사용해미토콘드리아 DNA HV1/HV2의염기서열분석을위한 PCR을수행하여그결과를비교한결과도큰차이가없었다. 본연구에서수행한 MiniPCR의성능은가격과작은부피를감안하면현재사용되고있는고가의 PCR 장비를충분히대체할수있으며, 나아가범죄현장등야외에서도유용하게사용할수있을것으로사료된다. 감사의글이논문은정부의재원으로국립과학수사연구원과학수사감정기법연구개발사업의지원을받아수행한연구임. References 1. Bartlett, J. M. S. and Stirling, D. A Short History of the Polymerase Chain Reaction. PCR Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, 226 (2nd ed.). pp doi: / :3. ISBN (2003). 2. Newton, C. R. Graham, A., Heptinstall, L. E., Powell, S. J., Summers, C., Kalsheker, N., Smith, J. C., and Markham, A. F., Nucleic Acids Research, 17(7), (1989). 3. Stemmer, W. P., Crameri, A., Ha, K. D., Brennan, T. M., and Heyneker, H. L., Gene, 164(1), (1995). 4. Hayden, M. J., Nguyen, T. M., Waterman, A., and Chalmers, K. J., BMC Genomics, 9, 80, doi: / (2008). 5. Bartlett, J. M. J. Forensic Sci., 51, (2006). 6. Hammond, H. A., Jin, L., Zhong, Y., Caskey, C. T., and Chackraborty, R., Am J. Hum. Genet., 55, (1994). 7. Tautz, D., Nucleic Acids. Res., 17, (1989). 8. Lee, E. J., Choung, C. M., Moon, S. H., Chung, J. Y., Jin, G. N., Kim, M. I., Lee, J. Y., Kim, S. H., and Lee, Y. H., Korean J. Forensic Sci., 15(1), (2014). Analytical Science & Technology
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