Table 1. Characteristics of patients with isolation of P. urinalis in 2016 Case Sex Age Admitted for Specimen Numbers of blood culture bottle set Numb
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1 증례보고 Lab Med Online Vol. 7, No. 4: , October 2017 임상미생물학 임상검체에서분리된그람다양성세균 Paenibacillus urinalis 5 예와 Paenibacillus 균종의임상적의의 Five Cases of the Gram Variable Bacterium Paenibacillus urinalis Isolated from Clinical Specimens and its Clinical Significance 구현정 * 김영진 * 류지윤 조선영 이희주 Hyunjung Gu, M.D.*, Young Jin Kim, M.D.*, Jiyun Ryu, M.D., Sun Young Cho, M.D., Hee Joo Lee, M.D. 경희대학교의과대학진단검사의학과 Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea Paenibacillus urinalis was first isolated from the urine of a woman in 2008, and was reported to be a contaminant. Here, we report 5 cases of P. urinalis isolated over 5 months at a tertiary hospital. Using an API kit, 4 cases were classified as Cellulomonas species. Owing to the low reliability of API kit results and Gram stain results indicating gram variable bacilli for few specimens, MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rrna gene sequencing were performed for identification. The last case showed Gram variable bacilli, and therefore, based on previous experience, 16S rrna gene base sequence analysis was carried out without an additional API kit. All isolated strains were confirmed to be P. urinalis, and were judged to be contaminants. As for Gram variable bacteria, the use of current biochemical identification systems may lead to misidentification as other bacteria, which may cause unnecessary or improper use of antibiotics. Moreover, whereas most of the Paenibacillus species are reported to be contaminants, some of them are being reported as sources of infection. Therefore, more accurate identification will be necessary in the future. Accordingly, it is expected that accurate identification of this genus will help clinical physicians make decisions regarding appropriate treatment and use of antibiotics. Key Words: Paenibacillus urinalis, Paenibacillus species, Gram variable organism, MALDI-TOF MS, 16S rrna sequencing 진단도구의발달에힘입어임상미생물검사실에서는과거에비 해매우다양한미생물종들이동정되고있다. Paenibacillus 균 속은 1993 년에새롭게분류되었으며, 토양과대변에서흔히발견 된다 [1]. 과거 Paenibacillus 군은생화학적기반의동정방법으로 는거의동정되지않았다. 그러나최근 Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) 나염기서열분석기와같이해상도높은검사방법이검사실에도 Corresponding author: Hee Joo Lee Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea Tel: , Fax: , leehejo@khmc.or.kr *The first two authors contributed equally to this work. Received: April 18, 2017 Revision received: May 19, 2017 Accepted: May 24, 2017 This article is available from , Laboratory Medicine Online This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 입됨에따라이균종들이종종동정이되기시작하였다. Paenibacillus 균속에의한인체감염은 P. polymyxa 에의한혈액감염 [2] 과 CSF shunt valve에서검출된 P. turicensis를포함한 [3] 소수의증례가보고된바있지만아직까지는그들의병원성은명확하게알려져있지않았고, 임상검체에서분리된증례보고역시드물다. Paenibacillus urinalis는 2008년한여성의소변에서처음으로분리동정되며새롭게보고된균종이며, 임상적으로는오염균으로간주되었다. 앞선보고에의하면 P. urinalis 는중심정맥관 needle connector의바이오필름이나위장관생검표본에서관찰된사례가있다 [4]. 한국에서의문헌보고는 2011년혈액배양통계데이터보고서에서처음보고된적이있는데한명의여성환자에게서분리된것이었으며, 해당환자의임상정보는기술되어있지않았다 [5]. P. urinalis 는그람다양성세균이며현재검사실에서통상적으로사용하는생화학적방법으로는동정되기어렵다. 또한임상적으로중요하다고알려진균종에대한동정을우선시하는임상검사실의특성상임상검체에서 P. urinalis 의분리빈도는실제보고되는것과는차이가있을것으로예상할수있다. 이보고에서는 5개월동안우리검사실에서분리동정된 P. urinalis 다섯증례 eissn
2 Table 1. Characteristics of patients with isolation of P. urinalis in 2016 Case Sex Age Admitted for Specimen Numbers of blood culture bottle set Numbers of positive bottles Identification results by API kits (%) Procalcitonin (ng/ml) (at first day/ CRP (mg/l) (at first day/ WBC (10 3 /μl) (at first day/ 1 M 46 Intracranial hemorrhage Blood 2 1 Cellulomonas spp.* F 58 Osteosarcoma Blood from chemoport 3 M 21 Intervertebral disc disorders 4 F 48 Subarachnoid hemorrhage 2 1 Cellulomonas spp.* Blood 2 1 Cellulomonas spp. (99.5) CSF Not used Not used Cellulomonas spp. (99.8) M 76 Aspiration pneumonia Blood 2 1 Not tested Reference range: Procalcitonin ~0.046 ng/ml; CRP, ~0.30 mg/l; WBC, /μl. *Presented as an unacceptable profile; Culture performed using blood agar, chocolate agar, and thioglycolate broth; As for the 5th case, as Gram variable bacilli were observed on the Gram stain, 16S rrna gene capillary sequencing was carried out immediately without an API kit test, based on experience. 를임상적특징과함께보고하고자한다. 2016년 7월부터 11월까지총 5명의환자에서분리되었으며, 이들은 1개의뇌척수액과 4개의혈액배양에서분리되었다 (Table 1). 해당기간동안동기관에서시행된혈액배양건수는총 7,413 건이었다. 증례 1 46세남자환자가뇌내출혈로입원하여뇌내압력감압술을시행받았다. 체외뇌실배액도관 (external ventricular drainage catheter) 이삽입되었으며 2일후제거되었다. 환자는입원하여재활치료를받던중 2달후미열이발생하였고이에따라혈액배양을시행하였다. 경험적항균제치료는시행하지않았다. 증례 2 골육종진단을받고일주일에 2회의병합화학요법을시행받던 58세여자환자가호중구감소증과 Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases 생성 Escherichia coli에의한요로감염으로입원하여 meropenem으로치료를시작하였다. 환자는화학요법을받기위해위쇄골하정맥에항암치료용 chemoport를삽입하고있었다. 환자는호중구감소증치료로과립구집락자극인자 (G-CSF) 치료를받았다. 입원 20일후 38.1 C의발열과오한이발생하였으며, chemoport가감염원으로의심되었다. 확인을위하여혈액배양과함께 chemoport를통한혈액검체를채취하였다. 혈액배양검사당일의혈중 procalcitonin은 ng/ml이었고전혈구검사상총백혈구수는 /μl이었다. 경험적항균제로반코마이신이추가되었다. 3일뒤증상이호전되었으나앞선배양결과그람양성간균으로보고되어 chemoport를제거하고 tip 배양을시행하였으나 4 일후배양음성결과가보고됨과동시에항균제치료를중단하였 다. 배양 6일째피부홍반과함께호산구가증가하고 ( 총백혈구의 10%) 비정형림프구가관찰되며 AST가상승소견을보여환자의발열원인은호중구감소성발열과 drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome (RegiSCAR score 5) 으로판단되어스테로이드치료를시작하였다. 증례 3 군복무중인 21세남자환자가허리통증으로내원하였다. 환자는침술을받았으며그외에는비침습적인치료를받았다. 입원 1 주일후, 환자는코막힘을주소로이비인후과진료를받았으며촬영한 X-ray상상악동염소견을보였고진료후 39 C의발열이발생하였다. 환자의발열원인을확인하기위하여혈액배양을시행하였고, moxifloxacin 을이용한경험적항균제치료를받았고발열은다음날해소되었다. 증례 4 48세여자환자가거미막밑출혈로입원하였다. 뇌혈관조영술 (transfemoral cerebral angiography, TFCA) 을시행하며요추도관 (lumbar catheter) 이삽입되었고이후 1일후도관은제거되었다. 입원 1주일후부터환자는발열 (38.0 C) 이있었으며, 발열원인의확인을위하여뇌척수액배양검사가시행되었다. 환자는경험적항균제 (ceftriaxone/tazobactam) 치료를받았으며발열은항균제치료 1일후호전되었다. 증례 5 76 세남자환자가흡인성폐렴으로입원하였다. 그는반복되는 202
3 뇌수막종으로인한여러번의수술력을가지고있었으며이로인하여요양병원에장기입원중이었다. 환자는내원당시 38.3 C의발열을보였으며전혈구검사상총백혈구수는 /μl이었고 C-reactive protein (CRP) 은 mg/l이었다. 혈액배양검사시행후경험적항균제 (piperacillin/tazobactam, levofloxacin) 치료를시작하였다. 모든혈액배양은호기성및혐기성배양병 (BD BACTEC Plus Aerobic/F, BD BACTEC lytic/10 Anaerobic/F culture vials, Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, USA) 에담겨자동혈액배양기 (BD BAC- TEC FX instrument, Becton Dickinson) 에서배양되었다. 배양된균주는혈액우무배지 (blood agar plate) 와 MacConkey 배지에접종되었다. 5% CO 2, 37 C 조건하에서 24시간동안배양하였고, 혈액우무배지에 1 3 mm 가량의비용혈성 (non-hemolytic), 원형, 회색을띄는집락을확인할수있었으며 (Fig. 1A), MacConkey 배지에서는집락이관찰되지않았다. Catalase는양성이었으며 oxidase 는음성을나타내었다. 뇌척수액배양은각각혈액우무배지, chocolate 배지, thioglycolate broth에시행되었으며, 역시혈액우무배지에혈액배양검체에서배양된것과동일한집락이관찰되었다. 그람염색상모두직선형의막대모양인그람염색다양성간균 (Gramvariable bacilli) 을보였으며, 포자형성 (spore forming) 의특징을나타냈다 (Fig. 1B). 네개의균주들 ( 증례 1-4) 은검사실에서사용하는 API coryne v4.0 kit (BioMerieux SA, Marcy-l etoile, France; Lot No ) 를이용하였을때모두 Cellulomonas 균속으로동정되었으나각각의신뢰도는증례 1과 2의경우 unacceptable profile이었고증례 3과 4의경우각각 99.5%, 99.8% 이었다. 증례 5 는앞증례들과의시간적간격상, 경험적으로 API kit를생략하고그람염색후바로 MALDI-TOF MS와 16S rrna sequence를시행하였다. 그람염색상이 Cellulomonas 균속과상이하였으므로추가동정을시행하였다. MALDI-TOF MS에서검체전처리는직접법 (direct method) 을이용하였고 IVD MALDI Biotyper software 2.3 및 IVD 6,763 Library 6.0 version 를이용한 MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) 를이용하였다. 그결과모든균주는 P. urinalis 로동정되었다 (cutoff score range: ). 16S rrna gene 염기서열분석에서 PCR primer에는 27F 5 (AGA GTT TGA TCM TGG CTC AG) 3 와 1492R 5 (TAC GGY TAC CTT GTT ACG ACT T) 3 를사용하였고, Sequencing primer에는 785F 5 (GGA TTA GAT ACC CTG GTA) 3 와 907R 5 (CCG TCA ATT CMT TTR AGT TT) 3 을사용하여균주당 1,401 1,403개의염기서열정보를얻을수있었으며 BLAST (the GenBank Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) 를이용하여분석한결과모두 P. urinalis (Gen- Bank accession no. NR_ ) 에대하여 % 의일치율을보였다. 차순위동정으로 Paenibacillus provencensis (Gen- Bank accession no. NR_ ) 에대하여 % 의일치율을보여다섯환자의균주는모두 P. urinalis 로최종동정되었다. 본증례에서분리한다섯균주와임상검체에서분리가보고된적이있는다른 Paenibacillus 균속의관계를 16S rrna를이용하여 MEGA5 프로그램으로계통분석을수행하였으며 (Fig. 2)[6], 그결과다섯균주모두 P. urinalis 와가장가까운결과를보여주었다. P. urinalis 는최초임상증례에서음성간균으로보고가되었으나 [1], 실제로는그람양성균의세포벽구조를가지고있다 [7]. 그러 A B 10 μm Fig. 1. (A) Blood agar plate after a 24-hour incubation at 37 C, 5% CO2; Colonies are non-hemolytic, circular, greyish, smooth and 1 3 mm in diameter, (B) Gram stain of the clinical isolate shows Gram variable rods
4 Fig. 2. The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rrna sequences showing the phylogenetic position of the isolates from the studied cases and related Paenibacillus species. Bootstrap tests (1,000 replicates) are shown adjacent to the branches. The scale bar length of 0.01 indicates 1% sequence distance. 나그람염색상이강하지않아염색다양성간균으로보고될수있으며 (Fig. 1B), 혈액배양양성시우선시행하는그람염색에서그람음성균으로보고하여불필요한항균제치료를야기할위험또한가지고있다. 그람염색양상에따라동정에사용하는생화학동정 kit의종류를선택하는검사실에서는이러한특징이균동정에혼란을초래할가능성이있다. Paenibacillus에속한종은그종류에따라그람음성, 양성, 다양성으로나타날수있으므로 [8], MALDI-TOF MS를이용한동정결과와그람염색결과를맞추어확인할때종별그람염색상을정확히파악하고있어야할것이다. 최근 MALDI-TOF MS가임상미생물검사실에정규검사법으로도입되면서 P. urinalis 는과거보다자주동정될수있다. P. polymyxa, P. lavae 그리고 P. turicensis와같이동일 genus에의한인체감염사례등이보고되고있으나 [2, 3, 9, 10], 사람에서감염의원인균으로증명된 P. urinalis 증례는아직까지보고된바가없으며우리의증례도대부분오염균으로간주된다. 혈액배양을시행한증례 1, 2, 3과 5에서는 2쌍의배양병중 1쌍에서만 P. urinalis 가검출되었고각환자의임상양상에따라오염균의가능성이높다고판단하였다 (Table 1). 증례 1의경우혈액배양이후경험적항균제치료를시행하지않았음에도불구하고염증지표는호전되는양상을보였으며추후혈액배양결과는음성이었다. 다섯증례중 procalcitonin이 ng/ml로가장높은수치를보였던증례 2의경우발열의원인이호중구감소성발열과 DRESS 증후군으로판단되었고 chemoport 배양은음성인반면 chemoport에서채혈한혈액배양만양성이어서감염의원인균일 가능성은낮을것으로판단하였다. 증례 3에서는환자에게어떠한의료기도삽입되어있지않았으며면역능이정상인군복무자이었고침술외에는비침습적인치료만받아오염균으로간주하였다. 증례 5에서는백혈구증가증과 CRP의상승이관찰되었으나, 이는 P. urinalis 감염에의한것이라기보다는환자의기저질환인흡인성폐렴이원인인것으로판단하였다. 뇌척수액을배양한증례 4에서는발열이항균제치료에도불구하고 1주일가량지속되었으나 3일뒤시행한혈액배양결과가음성이었고, procalcitonin의상승이현저하지않았으며 (0.057 ng/ml) CRP (0.7 mg/l) 와백혈구수치 ( /μl) 가유의하게높지않으므로오염균의가능이높다고판단하였다. 5개월동안발견된 5건의 P. urinalis 사이의물리적인연관성을찾아보았으나, 환자들은같은시기에같은병동에입원한경우는없었으며채혈자또한달라연결점은찾지못하였다. P. urinalis 가생화학적동정시스템에서분리되기어려운부분이나다양한그람염색양상으로판독될가능성이높은특징들로볼때충분히이전에도분리되었지만정확하게동정이되지않았을가능성이추정된다. 하지만이증례는균종이출현한시기적접근성등을미루어짐작컨데병원내환경오염이나검사실내오염을완전히배제할수는없다고판단된다. 이러한부분은차후환경배양이나, 지속적인그람다양성염색결과를보이는검체들을추적관찰하고상기증례들처럼다른기법을이용한동정을통해보다정확한이유를판단할수있을것이라생각된다. 다양한 Paenibacillus 균속에의한인체감염이보고되고있는 204
5 가운데 P. urinalis 의인체감염사례는현재까지보고된바없다. 현재의보고증례에서도역시면역저하자가일부포함되어있지만 P. urinalis 가감염증의원인균으로판단되지않았다. 하지만처음보고된그람음성 Cellulomonas 균종의경우드물지만병원균으로보고된케이스가있으므로 [9], 우리의증례에서도 1예를제외하고모든증례에서임상에서는바로경험적항균제를사용한것을확인할수있었다. 이러한정확한동정이수반되지않는항균제의사용은내성균주의출현및불필요한항균제사용으로인한환자의비용, 치료기간증가, 약제로인한부작용등을유발할수있다. 또한 Paenibacillus 균속자체도대부분오염균으로알려져있지만, 몇몇균종에대해서는이에의한감염이보고된바있으므로 [2, 3, 10, 11], 정확한균종의분리가임상적인치료선택에있어매우중요한시작점이될수있을것이다. 현재검사실에서주로사용하는그람염색이나생화학적동정시스템하에서그람다양성균종이그람음성으로보일수있는염색상모호함이나이에따라올바른생화학적동정방법이적절하게적용되지않을가능성이충분히있을수있다. 따라서이러한이유로발생할수있는잘못된미생물동경결과와이로인한부적절한항생제사용을방지하기위하여적절한검사기법을이용한 Paenibacillus 균속의정확한동정과보고는검사실과임상에서모두중요한문제이며, 이는향후임상에서환자의효과적인항균제치료에큰도움이될것으로생각한다. 요약 Paenibacillus urinalis는 2008년한여성의소변에서처음으로분리되었으며, 오염균으로보고되었다. 우리는 3차의료기관에서 5 달동안분리된 5예의 P. urinalis 에대하여보고하는바이다. 4개의증례는 API kit를이용시, Cellulomonas 균속으로분류되었다. 이중일부검체에서 API kit 결과의신뢰도가떨어지고그람염색이그람다양성세균으로보이는특이점을보여, 정확한동정을위하여 MALDI-TOF MS와 16S rrna gene sequencing을시행하였다. 마지막 1예는그람다양성간균으로이전의경험에비추어추가적인 API kit 시행없이 16S rrna gene 염기서열분석을시행하였다. 모든분리균주들은 P. urinalis 로확인되었고환자들의임상적정보를통해모두오염균으로판단하였다. 그람다양성세균의경우현재생화학적동정시스템을이용할경우다른균으로잘못동정되어불필요하거나잘못된항균제의사용이야기될수있다. 또한대부분의 Paenibacillus 균속은오염균으로알려져있지만, 현재일부종들은감염원으로보고되고있기때문에앞으로정확한동정이필요하다. 따라서이균속에대한정확한동정이임상의사의 치료결정및올바른항균제사용에도움을줄것으로생각한다. REFERENCES 1. Roux V, Fenner L, Raoult D. Paenibacillus provencensis sp. nov., isolated from human cerebrospinal fluid, and Paenibacillus urinalis sp. nov., isolated from human urine. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2008;58: Nasu Y, Nosaka Y, Otsuka Y, Tsuruga T, Nakajima M, Watanabe Y, et al. A case of Paenibacillus polymyxa bacteremia in a patient with cerebral infarction. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2003;77: Bosshard PP, Zbinden R, Altwegg M. Paenibacillus turicensis sp. nov., a novel bacterium harbouring heterogeneities between 16S rrna genes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2002;52: Khosravi Y, Dieye Y, Poh BH, Ng CG, Loke MF, Goh KL, et al. Culturable bacterial microbiota of the stomach of Helicobacter pylori positive and negative gastric disease patients. Scientific World Journal 2014; 2014: Yu W, Lee K, Hwang K. Resource Development of Unidentified Human Pathogens using Automated Identification Systems, Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevetion, PUBLIC HEALTH WEEKLY RE- PORT, 2015;42: Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 2011;28: Priest FG. Paenibacillus. In: Whitman WB, ed. Bergey s manual of systematics of archaea and bacteria Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2015: Grady EN, MacDonald J, Liu L, Richman A, Yuan ZC. Current knowledge and perspective of Paenibacillus: a review. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15: Salas NM, Prevost M, Hofinger D, Fleming H. Cellulomonas, an emerging pathogen: a case report and review of the literature. Scand J Infect Dis 2014;46: Rieg S, Martin Bauer T, Peyerl-Hoffmann G, Held J, Ritter W, Wagner D, et al. Paenibacillus larvae Bacteremia in injection drug users. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16: Quénard F, Aubry C, Palmieri M, Edouard S, Parola P, Lagier JC. First case of bone infection caused by Paenibacillus turicensis. New Microbes New Infect 2016;11:
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