ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci & Dis 2014;19(3): Original Article Kristl, 2001). 따라서알렉산더테크닉은자신의몸의균형과자세및조화로운사용을재학습함으로

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1 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci & Dis 2014;19(3): Original Article Kristl, 2001). 따라서알렉산더테크닉은자신의몸의균형과자세및조화로운사용을재학습함으로써비효율적인나쁜습관을인식하고스스로자제할수있는능력의효율성을향상시키기위해도와주는방법이다. 즉, 우리의음성사용을효율적이고융통성있게하기위해우리몸전체를효율적이고편안하게사용하는것이다 (Murphy, 2010). 호흡및음성산출에영향을줄수있는알렉산더테크닉효과에관한선행연구를살펴보면, 알렉산더테크닉은일상생활에서허리척추주위근육과복부사용의움직임을촉진함으로써근육의새로운패턴사용으로근육을단단하고강하게만들어준다. 그로인해호기근육의기능을향상시키는것으로나타났다 (Austin & Aushttp://dx.doi.org/ /csd Changes in Respiration and Phonation in Acting Students after training with the Alexander Technique Mi Geum Lee a, Hong Shik Choi b, Hyun Mook Choi c, Hee Sook Baek c, Sung Eun Lim b, Sang Ken Kauh d, Yaelin Choi a a Department of Speech Language Pathology, Myongji University, Seoul, Korea b Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Institute of Logopedics & Phoniatirics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea c Korean Alexander Technique Association, Seoul, Korea d Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Correspondence: Yaelin Choi, PhD Department of Speech Language Pathology, Myongji University, 34 Geobukgol-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: Fax: yaelinchoi@gmail.com Received: July 5, 2014 Revised: August 14, 2014 Accepted: September 7, 2014 This paper was summarized from the master s thesis of the first author (2014). Objectives: The Alexander Technique helps respiration and the projection of voice through changes in the location of the head and relaxation of neck muscles. This study provides objective data on changes in respiration and phonation after training with the Alexander Technique. Methods: A total of 8 students majoring in acting (4 female, 4 male) were selected to participate in a program under the guidance of an Alexander Technique specialist. In order to objectively compare figures, tests were done on respiratory function, aerodynamic analysis, acoustic analysis, and electroglottography (EGG). GRBAS and Korean- Voice Handicap Index (K-VHI) were also taken and evaluated. Results: In the respiratory function test, the FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC had no significant differences. In the aerodynamic analysis, the MPT, GR, and VE significantly increased and the MFR, Psub significantly decreased. In the acoustic analysis, the NHR significantly decreased. In the EGG, the CAx and DQx significantly decreased. The GRBAS evaluation showed that the grade significantly decreased and the K-VHI evaluation showed that the total and the physical area (P) both significantly decreased. Conclusion: This study provides objective and subjective values on voice changes after the Alexander Technique was used for training. The effectiveness of the training technique was verified through objective data showing changes in respiration and phonation. Keywords: Alexander Technique, Respiratory function test, Aerodynamic analysis, Acoustic analysis, Electroglottography, GRBAS, K-VHI 알렉산더테크닉 (Alexander Technique) 은프레드릭마티아스알렉산더 (Frederick Matthias Alexander) 에의해개발된신체에대한진단및치료기술이다 (Baek & Baek, 2004; Kristl, 2001). 알렉산더는연극을하던중목소리를잃게되자발성상의문제점을스스로해결하기위하여자신의몸을세심하게관찰하였다. 그결과머리와목의위치를변화하는동안자신의음성과표정을방해하는습관적인움직임에대해중요한사실을발견하고자신의문제점을스스로치유하였다 (Jain, Janssen, & DeCelle, 2004; Kristl, 2001). 그로인해알렉산더는오래된습관과관념으로부터자유로워질수있는방법을발견하고성대, 음성, 호흡등의증상들이호전되었으며그의삶에커다란변화를가져오게되었다 (Baek & Baek, 2004; Copyright 2014 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

2 Mi Geum Lee, et al. Respiration and Phonation after Training the Alexander Technique ubel, 1992). 또한머리의위치와목근육의이완으로음성산출에도움을준다. 따라서머리가척추의상단에서균형이이루어지면서목근육은이완되고후두는자연적인위치에있게된다 (Murphy, 2010). 발성에있어서가장기초는호흡이며음성을직업적으로사용해야할필요가있는사람들에게는호흡이더욱중요하다 (Han & Jeong, 2002). 직업적음성사용자 (professional voice user) 는특수한호흡, 발성, 공명기능이필요하며배우, 가수, 교사, 판매원, 성직자, 전화판매원, 정치가, 방송인등을말한다 (Boone, McFarlance, Von Berg, & Zraick, 2010). 직업적음성사용자의경우자신의음성의질에대한높은요구와기대를가지고있으며음성산출과음성질의작은변화에도민감하게반응한다. 그리고직업적음성사용자에게나타나는음성문제는자신의직업과전반적인삶의행복에나쁜영향을준다 (Franco & Andrus, 2007; Schneider & Sataloff, 2007). 이러한직업적음성사용자중연기자에게있어서알렉산더테크닉은자신의몸을자유롭고편리하게사용하도록해준다. 이것으로자유로운표현이가능해지고특히호흡법을통한긴장완화에의해목소리조절이수월해지고대화를명확히하고강한소리를낼수있도록도와준다. 또한정신적인면에서는공연에서오는긴장을완화시켜주고, 바른자세나움직임의향상으로자신감을갖게되며호흡량의향상으로에너지의효율적인사용이가능해진다 (Baek & Baek, 2004). 또한직업적음성사용자의치료에중요하게사용되는접근법은올바른자세, 근육이완, 호흡지지, 편안한발성시작등이제시되었으며실제임상에서효과적이라고보고하였다 (Pyo, 2011). 따라서배우는자신의신체에대한생물학적인지식을가지고잘못된습관을고쳐야하며자연스러운호흡과움직임이가능하도록지속적인훈련이필요하다 (Park, 2010). 국내외의선행연구들은직업적음성사용자들의바른자세를통한올바른호흡및발성에대한중요성을나타내고있다. 또한 Austin과 Ausubel (1992) 은호흡근육기능을나타내는최대호기율 (peak expiratory flow, PEF), 최대환기량 (maximal voluntary ventilation, MVV), 최대흡기량 (maximal inspiratory pressure, MIP), 최대호기량 (maximal expiratory mouth pressure, MEP) 증가를통해알렉산더테크닉의효과를보여주고있다. 이처럼알렉산더테크닉효과에대해입증된국외선행연구들을통해최근국내에서알렉산더테크닉을훈련한연기자, 연주자등을위한자세에대한연구는진행되었으나, 음성변화에대한연구는찾을수가없었다. 따라서본연구는음성을전문적으로사용하는연기과학생을대상으로알렉산더테크닉을훈련한후호흡및음성변화를객관적평가가가능한검사기기와 GRBAS 척도및 Korean-Voice Handicap Index (K-VHI) 를이용하여훈련전 후음성측면에서의차이 를비교하고자하였다. 또한이를토대로음성장애환자들을대상 으로알렉산더테크닉을훈련한후의음성치료효과에대한기초 자료를제공하고자한다. 연구방법 연구대상 본연구대상은 대연기과학생남자 4 명과여자 4 명총 8 명 을대상으로하였다. 이는그룹수업과개별수업을병행함으로써수 업의효율성을높이기위해인원수를 10 명이하로제한하였다 (Austin & Ausubel, 1992). 구체적인선정기준은다음과같다. 대상자는척추측만증, 비만 ( 이상적인몸무게의 15% 이상 ), 1 주 일동안 16 km 이상운동하는달리기선수, 가수, 댄서는연구대상 에서제외하였고, 최근 1 년안에호흡기및음성질환을경험하거나 치료받은경험이없는비흡연자를최종연구대상자로선정하였다 (Austin & Ausubel 1992) (Table 1). 실험방법 본연구는 2014 년 4-5 월 OO 병원이비인후과에서알렉산더테 크닉훈련전 후음성전문가에의해음성평가를받았으며사후음 성평가는알렉산더테크닉전문가가참여하여자세교정지도하에 시행되었다. 훈련은미국 American Center for the Alexander Technique (ACAT) 에서 3 년과정을졸업하고 10 여년이상미국알렉산 더테크닉협회 (AmSAT) 의국제강사및한국에서활동중인전문 지도교사의지도하에 2014 년 4-5 월 OO 대학교에서 6 주동안주 1 회 3 시간씩총 18 시간으로진행하였다. 자세한알렉산더테크닉프 로그램예시는 Appendix 1 에제시하였다. Table 1. Participants characteristics Participant no. Gender Age (yr) Height (cm) Weight (kg) Smoking Voice disorder 1 M No No 2 M No No 3 M No No 4 M No No 5 F No No 6 F No No 7 F No No 8 F No No Total (N= 8) (4.4) 174 (9.5) 64.2 (6.9) - - Values are presented as number or mean (SD)

3 연기과학생의알렉산더테크닉훈련전 후호흡및발성특성변화비교 이미금외 폐활량검사 (vital capacity) 폐활량검사는호흡능력을평가하기위해폐활량계 microquark (Cosmed, Italy) 를이용하여측정하였다. 대상자가똑바로선자세에서공기를모두내뱉게하였다. 그다음비강을막은후마우스피스를입에물고편안하게 3회호흡을한후, 이어지는네번째호흡은흡기를통해공기를최대한많이들이마신다음최대한빠른속도로가능한폐의공기를모두호기하도록하였다. 연습을통해올바르게수행하는것으로판단된경우연속으로총 3회반복하여노력성폐활량 (forced vital capacity, FVC), 1초간노력성호기량 (forced expiratory volume at one second, FEV 1), 1초간노력성폐활량에대한비 (1 second forced expiratory volume/ forced vital capacity, FEV 1/FVC) 를측정하였다. 결과중최대치를분석의대상으로하였다 (Choi, 2009; Choi, Kim, Nam, & Choi, 2007). 공기역학검사최대발성지속시간 (maximum phonation time, MPT) 최대발성지속시간은 Phonatory Aerodynamic System (Model 6600; KayPENTAX, Lincoln Park, NJ, USA) 을이용하여측정하였다. 편안한상태에서평상시사용하는음도와강도를유지하며모음 / 아 / 를최대한길게발성하여총 3회반복실시후가장길게발성한결과를분석의대상으로하였다 (Choi et al., 2007). 서대상자의입으로부터 10 cm 떨어진위치에서평상시사용하는음도와강도를유도하기위해 OOO입니다. 아- 라고대상자의이름뒤에모음 / 아 / 를 5초간연장발성하여안정된중간 3초구간을분석하였다 (Kim, 2009; Yun & Kwon, 1998). 이를통해측정요소중성대진동의문제, 편측혹은양측성대마비, 다른후두에문제가있는경우음질을평가하는데매우유용한변수인기본주파수 (fundamental frequency, F 0), 주기간주파수변동율 (jitter), 주기간진폭변동율 (shimmer), 잡음대배음비 (noise-to-harmonic ratio, NHR) 를분석하였다. 전기성문파형검사전기성문파형검사는 Lx Speech Studio (Laryngograph Ltd., London, UK) 의 Speech Pattern Element Acquisition and Display (SPEAD) 프로그램을이용하여측정하였다. 편안한자세로앉은상태에서 EGG 전극 (electrode) 을대상자의갑상연골양측에고정시키고평상시의편안한목소리로 가을 문단을읽게하였다. 이를통해발성시성대내전과접촉을통해발성양상을알수있는중요한변수인평균기본주파수분포 (DFx mean), 평균음성강도분포 (DAx mean), 평균성문폐쇄율분포 (DQx mean), 주파수불규칙성 (CFx), 강도불규칙성 (CAx) 을측정하였다 (Kim, 1996; Lee et al., 2003). 평균호기류율및성문하압평균호기류율과성문하압은 Phonatory Aerodynamic System을이용하여측정하였다. 직경 2 mm의구강내튜브 (intraoral tube) 를마스크에끼운후기류가새어나가지않도록마스크를코와구강에완전히밀착하여착용하였다. 튜브를혀위에위치시킨후평상시사용하는음도와강도로 / 파 / 를 1초에 1회산출하는속도로 5 회산출하였다. 분석은 5회반복하여시작과끝구간을제외하고중간 3회의평균값을내어발성시성문폐쇄능력의변화를반영해주고성대조절의능력을나타내는중요한변수인평균호기류율 (mean airflow rate, MFR), 평균성문하압 (subglottal pressure, Psub), 성문저항 (glottal resistance, GR), 음성효율 (vocal efficiency, VE) 을측정하였다 (Choi et al., 2007; Ko, Choi, Lim, & Choi, 2012). 음향학검사음향학검사는 Sound Blaster Audigy 2 ZS를활용하여음성녹음하고 Multi-Speech 소프트프로그램의 Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP) Model 5105 (KayPENTAX) 를이용하여음질을분석하였다. 소음이통제된방에서편안한자세로앉은상태에 청지각평가 GRBAS GRBAS평가는대상자가 가을 문단을읽는동안숙련된 1인의언어치료사가복잡한음질의특성을총체적이고융통성있게평가하기위해널리사용되는 GRBAS scale을사용하여음질을주관적으로평가하였다. GRBAS 척도의등급은 4점척도 (0, 정상 ; 1, 경도 ; 2, 중등도 ; 3, 고도 ) 로구성되어있다. 척도의구분이명확하지않을경우.5까지세부분할하여표시하였다 (Choi et al., 2007; Kim, 1996; Pyo et al., 1999). 한국어판음성장애지수 (Korean-Voice Handicap Index) K-VHI 평가는음성장애의삶의질을측정하는도구로써대상자의주관적인평가를실시하였다. 각영역은신체적, 기능적, 정서적영역으로나누어져있으며각영역당 10문항씩총 30문항으로구성되어있다. 평가범위는 0-4점으로 5점척도로구성되어있다 (Yun, Kim, Son, & Choi, 2008)

4 Mi Geum Lee, et al. Respiration and Phonation after Training the Alexander Technique 통계분석통계분석은 SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 통계프로그램을이용하였다. 알렉산더테크닉활용전 후의호흡및음성변화를알아보고자윌콕슨부호순위검정 (Wilcoxon signedrank test) 을실시하였다. 통계적유의수준은.05로검정하였다. 공기역학검사공기역학검사결과, MPT, GR, VE가알렉산더테크닉활용전에비하여활용후가통계적으로유의하게증가하였다 (p<.05). 또한 MFR, Psub가알렉산더테크닉활용전에비하여활용후가통계적으로유의하게감소하였다 (p<.05) (Table 3). 연구결과 폐활량검사 폐활량검사결과, FVC, FEV 1, FEV 1/FVC 는알렉산더테크닉활 용전에비하여활용후가증가하는양상을보였으나통계적으로 유의한차이가없었다. 또한성별에따른폐활량의정상수치를전 후비교하고자하였으며성별에따른 FVC, FEV 1, FEV 1/FVC 는통 계적으로유의한차이가없었다 (Table 2). Table 2. Wilcoxon signed-rank test in respiratory function tests before and after training with Alexander Technique FVC (L) Total FEV1 (L) Total FEV1/FVC (%) Total Training before (N = 8) Training after (N= 8) 5.0 (4.0, 5.4) 3.6 (3.6, 3.8) 3.8 (3.6, 5.1) 4.2 (3.6, 4.4) 3.1 (2.7, 3.4) 3.4 (2.9, 4.2) 86.7 (79.0, 90.8) 84.2 (72.5, 95.5) 86.7 (74.5, 93.9) 4.9 (4.4, 5.1) 3.4 (3.1, 3.7) 4.0 (3.4, 5.0) 4.2 (4.0, 4.3) 2.9 (2.6, 3.3) 3.7 (2.8, 4.2) 85.8 (80.2, 96.7) 89.2 (79.7, 93.7) 87.6 (80.2, 93.7) Q1 = 25 percentile; Q3 = 75 percentile; FVC = forced vital capacity; FEV1= forced expiratory volume at one second. Table 3. Wilcoxon signed-rank test in aerodynamic analysis before and after training with Alexander Technique MPT (sec) 13.8 (12.7, 17.2) 16.2 (14.1, 23.2).012 MFR (L/sec).14 (.05,.22).05 (.03,.12).018 Psub (cmh2o) 6.4 (4.9, 7.7) 5.5 (4.7, 6.4).036 GR (ds/cm 5 ) 54.2 (26.2, 122.4) 93.0 (48.5, 175.0).012 VE (ppm) (127.8, 563.7) (299.7, ).012 Q1 = 25 percentile; Q3= 75 percentile; MPT= maximum phonation time; MFR= mean airflow rate; Psub= subglottal pressure; GR= glottal resistance; VE= vocal efficiency. 음향학검사 음향학검사결과, 변수중성별에따라영향을많이미치는 F 0 는 남녀각각통계적으로분석하고자하였으며알렉산더테크닉훈련 전 후성별에따른 F 0 는통계적으로유의한차이가없었다 (Table 4). 그리고그외변수중에서는 NHR 이알렉산더테크닉활용전에비 하여활용후가통계적으로유의하게감소하였다 (p<.05) (Table 5). 전기성문파형검사 전기성문파형검사결과, 변수중성별에따라영향을많이미치 는 DFx 와 CFx 는남녀각각통계적으로분석하고자하였으며알렉 산더테크닉훈련전 후성별에따른 DFx 와 CFx 는통계적으로유 의한차이가없었다 (Table 6). 그리고그외변수중에서는 CAx, DQx 가알렉산더테크닉활용전에비하여활용후가통계적으로 유의하게감소하였다 (p<.05) (Table 7). GRBAS 및 K-VHI GRBAS 평가결과, grade 가알렉산더테크닉활용전에비하여 활용후가통계적으로유의하게감소하였다 (p <.05) (Table 8). K- Table 4. Wilcoxon signed-rank test in fundamental frequency (F0) before and after training with Alexander Technique F0 (Hz) Training before (N= 8) Training after (N = 8) 95.0 (92.2, 96.4) (190.2, 196.7) Q1= 25 percentile; Q3= 75 percentile (92.3, 95.3) (188.8, 201.9) Table 5. Wilcoxon signed-rank test in acoustic analysis before and after training with Alexander Technique Jitter (%) 1.10 (.49, 1.57).63 (.50,.93).050 Shimmer (%) 3.00 (2.40, 3.55) 2.88 (1.82, 3.10).263 NHR.13 (.12,.13).11 (.10,.12).012 Q1= 25 percentile; Q3= 75 percentile; NHR= noise-to-harmonic ratio

5 연기과학생의알렉산더테크닉훈련전 후호흡및발성특성변화비교 이미금외 Table 6. Wilcoxon signed-rank test in DFx and CFx before and after training with Alexander Technique DFx (Hz) CFx (%) (92.0, 103.8) (188.2, 201.7) 9.8 (7.5, 13.0) 4.6 (4.0, 9.3) (95.7, 103.6) (181.3, 193.0) 7.3 (6.5, 11.0) 6.3 (5.4, 9.3) Q1 = 25 percentile; Q3 = 75 percentile; DFx = frequency distribution; CFx = pitch crossplot irregularity. Table 8. Wilcoxon signed-rank test in GRBAS before and after training with Alexander Technique Grade.5 (.1, 1.0).0 (.0,.5).034 Rough.0 (.0,.5).0 (.0,.0).157 Breathy.5 (.0,.5).0 (.0,.3).083 Asthenic.0 (.0,.0).0 (.0,.0) Strained.0 (.0,.3).0 (.0,.0).157 Q1= 25 percentile; Q3= 75 percentile. Table 7. Wilcoxon signed-rank test in electroglottography before and after training with Alexander Technique DAx (db) 49.1 (46.9, 51.3) 48.4 (47.2, 49.9).161 CAx (%) 6.1 (3.6, 11.7) 4.2 (2.8, 11.8).017 DQx (%) 46.9 (43.5, 48.8) 43.3 (40.5, 45.3).025 Q1 = 25 percentile; Q3 = 75 percentile; DAx = amplitude quotient distribution; CAx = amplitude crossplot irregularity; DQx = quotient distribution. Table 9. Wilcoxon signed-rank test in K-VHI before and after training with Alexander Technique Total 13.0 (4.2, 19.5) 7.0 (1.5, 18.5).018 P (physical) 9.5 (2.2, 12.7) 5.5 (.2, 9.2).011 F (functional) 2.0 (.2, 5.0) 1.5 (.2, 5.7).414 E (emotional) 1.0 (.0, 4.5).0 (.0, 4.0).157 Q1= 25 percentile; Q3= 75 percentile; K-VHI= Korean-Voice Handicap Index. VHI 평가결과, 총합계와신체적영역 (P) 이알렉산더테크닉활용전에비하여활용후가통계적으로유의하게감소하였다 (p<.05) (Table 9). 논의및결론본연구는연기과학생을대상으로알렉산더테크닉훈련전 후의호흡및음성특성의변화를비교하고자하였다. 첫째, 폐활량검사결과 FVC, FEV 1, FEV 1 FVC는알렉산더테크닉훈련전에비하여훈련후가증가하는양상을보였으나통계적으로는유의한차이는없었다. 한국인의정상폐활량예측연구 (Choi, Baek, & Lee, 2005) 에의하면, 성별에따른폐활량의정상수치가 20-29세의정상성인남성의경우 FVC (5.0 L), FEV 1 (4.42 L), FEV 1/ FVC (87.0%), 정상성인여성의경우 FVC (3.5 L), FEV 1 (3.1 L), FEV 1/ FVC (88.3%) 이다. 본연구에서연기과학생의성별에따른결과에서남녀의 FVC, FEV 1, FEV 1/FVC가모두정상범주에속하였다. 둘째, MPT는알렉산더테크닉훈련전에비하여훈련후가통계적으로유의하게증가하였다 (p<.05). 이는연기과학생들의호흡기능검사에서통계적으로유의한차이가없었던것으로보아 MPT 증가는호흡기능보다성대수준에서의호기류의조절과관련이있다고할수있다. 이는 Choi 등 (2007) 의연구에따라발성시에성문 폐쇄능력의변화를반영해주고성대조절의능력을나타내는 MFR, Psub, GR, VE 등과관련이있다고할수있으며 DQx 감소로인해힘이덜들어가는편안한발성으로효율적인성대접촉을통해알렉산더테크닉훈련을통하여성대의벨빙기능이향상되었다고해석할수있다. 본연구에서 MFR, Psub은알렉산더테크닉훈련전에비하여훈련후가통계적으로유의하게감소하였다 (p<.05). 이는 Psub 감소, MFR 감소, VE 증가로인해성대수준에서더효과적으로기류를사용한다고해석할수있다. Psub은성대가진동하기전성대아래에서성대를움직이기위해요구되는압력을말하고, MFR은성대가진동할때흘러나오는공기의흐름을나타내는수치이므로이둘은발성에관여하는호흡능력을반영해준다 (Lee, Lee, & Hwang, 2012). 또한작은 Psub과적은 MFR로큰음의강도를산출할경우 VE가높다고할수있다 (Kim, 2014). 그러므로 VE 증가로발성할때폐에서올라온기류를한번에많은양을내보내지않고효율적으로사용한다고볼수있으며 MPT 증가를설명해준다고해석할수있다. 본연구에서 GR과 VE가알렉산더테크닉훈련전에비하여훈련후가통계적으로유의하게증가하였다 (p<.05). GR은발성시성문폐쇄력의변화를반영하므로후두조절상태를알아볼수있는지표로널리사용된다 (Nam & Choi, 2007). 또한본연구에서

6 Mi Geum Lee, et al. Respiration and Phonation after Training the Alexander Technique Psub에비해상대적으로 MFR의수치가더크게감소함으로써 GR 의수치가증가한것으로해석할수있다. 이는발성할때더효율적인기류사용으로초당더적은기류를사용하면서 GR도높아진것으로판단된다. 셋째, 음향학검사결과성별에따른 F 0 는남녀모두통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 또한연기과학생전체의 jitter, shimmer는알렉산더테크닉훈련전에비하여훈련후가감소하는양상을보였으나통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. Jitter와 shimmer 모두값이커질수록비주기적인성대진동이일어났음을의미한다 (Choi et al., 2007). 그러므로알렉산더테크닉을통해긴장이완화되면서본연구의공기역학적검사결과와비교하였을때 MFR이낮아지고 VE가증가하면서발성을더효율적으로사용한다는결과로생각할수있다. 이는효율적인발성으로성대진동에영향을주면서 jitter와 shimmer 역시감소하는결과를보인것으로판단된다. 본연구에서 NHR은알렉산더테크닉훈련전에비하여훈련후가통계적으로유의하게감소하였다 (p<.05). NHR는음질의지각적인평가와높은상관성을보여주며성대의불완전한내전으로인해거칠고쉰목소리를수량적으로측정하는데유용하다 (Ko, 2003). 이는연기과학생들이알렉산더테크닉훈련전에나타난거칠고쉰목소리의정도가훈련후효율적인성대내전과발성으로인해줄어들면서 jitter, shimmer의감소와더불어음질이개선되었다고판단된다. 이는알렉산더테크닉을통해긴장이완화되면서발성을효율적으로사용하게되고이를통해음질이개선되었다고판단할수있다. 넷째, 전기성문파형검사결과성별에따른 DFx와 CFx은남녀모두통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 또한연기과전체를대상으로 DAx는통계적으로유의한차이는없었으나 CAx는알렉산더테크닉훈련전에비하여훈련후가통계적으로유의하게감소하였다 (p<.05). 이는전체적으로평균기본주파수와강도분포는큰변화가없었으나, 강도불규칙성이유의미하게감소한것으로보아알렉산더테크닉훈련을통하여음성의강도를좀더안정적으로조절해주는것으로보인다. 본연구에서 DQx은알렉산더테크닉훈련전에비하여훈련후가통계적으로유의하게감소하였다 (p<.05). 이는연기과학생들이알렉산더테크닉훈련전에는성대에약간의힘을주어발성하는양상을보였으나, 훈련후에는이완이되면서힘이덜들어가는편안한발성으로성문폐쇄율이낮은경향을보이는것으로판단된다. 다섯째, GRBAS 평가결과 grade가알렉산더테크닉훈련전에비하여훈련후가통계적으로유의하게감소하였다 (p<.05). 또한대상자의특성을보았을때 rough, breathy, strained가통계적으로 유의한차이는없었으나, 알렉산더테크닉훈련전에비해서훈련후가감소하는양상을보였다. 이는효율적인발성으로인해연기과학생들이알렉산더테크닉훈련전에나타났던거칠거나쉰소리, 긴장해서발성했던양상이효과적으로줄어든것으로판단된다. 본연구에서 K-VHI 평가결과총합계와신체적영역 (P) 이알렉산더테크닉훈련전에비하여훈련후가통계적으로유의하게감소하였다 (p<.05). K-VHI의신체적인영역의문항은타인이느끼는자신의음성변화가아닌본인이직접신체적으로음성변화를느끼는정도를평가하는것이다. 이는알렉산더테크닉훈련후에대상자가직접신체적인변화를더많이느끼는것으로해석할수있으며, 타인에의한것보다대상자가직접적으로느끼는본인의만족도가비교적높은것으로판단된다. 본연구는알렉산더테크닉을훈련한후음성변화에대한객관적및주관적인수치를국내외에서처음제시함으로써알렉산더테크닉을통한호흡및음성변화에효과가있음을객관적인자료로제시하였다는점에의의가있다. 본연구의제한점과후속연구를위한제언으로는대상자 8명을대상으로하여연구결과가전체집단을대표할수없고, 성별에따른신장, 체중을통제하지못하였다. 또한총 6회기 18시간의프로그램으로진행되었으나, 후속연구에서는대상자에따라치료회기를고려하여연구가이루어져야할것이다. 추후연구에서는이들을보완하여알렉산더테크닉효과를더명확히밝힐필요가있다. REFERENCES Austin, J. H., & Ausubel, P. (1992). Enhanced respiratory muscular function in normal adults after lessons in proprioceptive musculoskeletal education without exercises. Chest, 102, Baek, H. S., & Baek, H. S. (2004). Alexander Technique. Seoul: Naturomedica. Boone, D. R., McFarlane, S. C., Von Berg, S. L., & Zraick, R. I. (2010). The voice and voice therapy (8th Ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Choi, J. K., Paek, D. M., & Lee, J. O. (2005). Normal predictive values of spirometry in Korean population. Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases (Seoul), 58, Choi, J. N., Kim, H. H., Nam, J. M., & Choi, H. S. (2007). Characteristics of glottal area waveform and phonation in patients with unilateral vocal fold palsy or sulcus vocalis. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 12, Choi, Y. (2009). Breathing characteristics of adults with unilateral vocal fold palsy. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 14,

7 연기과학생의알렉산더테크닉훈련전 후호흡및발성특성변화비교 이미금외 Franco, R. A., & Andrus, J. G. (2007). Common diagnoses and treatments in professional voice users. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 40, Han, J. Y., & Jeong, O. R. (2002). Voice intervention of professional voice users with a holistic voice management program. Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders, 11, Jain, S., Janssen, K., & DeCelle, S. (2004). Alexander technique and Feldenkrais method: a critical overview. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 15, Kim, H. H. (1996). Perceptual, acoustical, and physiological tools in ataxic dysarthria management: a case report. Proceedings of the 2nd Korean Society of Phonetic Sciences and Speech Technology Semiannual Conference, Kim, J. O. (2009). Acoustic characteristics of the voices of Korean normal adults by gender on MDVP. J Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 1, Kim, J. O. (2014). Korean adult normative data for the KayPENTAX Phonatory Aerodynamic System Model Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 6, Ko, D. H. (2003). A Study of Extracting Acoustic Parameters for Individual Speakers. Speech Science, 10, Ko, H. J., Choi, H. S., Lim, S. E., & Choi, Y. L. (2012). The aspect of voice characteristics change after botulinum toxin-a injection in patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia according to vocal tremor. J Korean Soc Speech Sci, 4, Kristl, M. (2001). The Alexander Technique as a management tool of a connective tissue disorder. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 5, Lee, I. A., Lee, H. E., & Hwang, Y. J. (2012). The study of breath competence depending on utterance condition by healthy speakers: a preliminary study. J Korean Soc Speech Sci, 4, Lee, S. E., Lim, S. E., Choi, S. H., Pyo, H. Y., Choi, J. N., & Choi, H. S. (2003). The analysis of electroglottographic measures from Lx speech studio program in patients with vocal nodules. J Korean Soc Logoped Phoniatr, 14, Murphy, D. R. (2010). The Alexander Technique in the Choral Classroom (Master s thesis). University of Wisconsin, Platteville, WI. Nam, D. H., & Choi, H. S. (2007). Respiration and vocalization. Seoul: koonja publisher. Park, H. S. (2010). A Study on effective physical training teaching method of actor by Alexander Technique (Master s thesis). Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea. Pyo, H. Y. (2011). A qualitative study on voice therapy for professional voice users. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 16, Pyo, H. Y., Choi, S. H., Lim, S. E., Sim, H. S., Choi, H. S., & Kim, K. M. (1999). The Correlation between GRBAS Scales and MDVP Parameters on the Pathologic Voices of the Patients with Vocal Polyps. J Korean Soc Logoped Phoniatr, 10, Schneider, S. L., & Sataloff, R. T. (2007). Voice Therapy for the Professional Voice. Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 40, Yun, S. Y., & Kwon, D. H. (1998). Acoustic characteristics of normal children s voice of 5 to 11 years old. Journal of speech & hearing disorders, 7, Yun, Y. S., Kim, H. H., Son, Y. I., & Choi, H. S. (2008). Validation of the Korean Voice Handicap Index (K-VHI) and the Clinical Usefulness of Korean VHI-10. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 13,

8 Mi Geum Lee, et al. Respiration and Phonation after Training the Alexander Technique Appendix 1. 알렉산더테크닉프로그램 회기수 프로그램내용 1 주 (1, 2, 3) 1) 알렉산더테크닉의이해 : 기본적인원리에대한설명 2) 그라운딩기술을통해서기 3) Semi-supine 자세 : 자연스러운호흡및발성 4) 지시어 2 주 (4, 5, 6) 1) 서기및 Semi-supine 자세 : 지시어를통해이완되고자연스러운몸의흐름과호흡에대해각자느낀점말하기 2) 중추조절을통해앉기 3) 상대방의호흡에대해관찰하고설명 : Semi-supine 자세및앉은상태에서 Whisper ah 를통한몸의이완을느끼기 : 늑골의움직임을느끼며호흡을훈련 3 주 (7, 8, 9) 1) Semi-supine 자세 : 지시어를의식하면서 Whisper ah 를통한호흡 : 아, 에, 이, 오, 우 발성 2) 다양한자세에서자연스러운움직임을느끼고긴장할때와이완될때의차이점을느끼기 3) 어깨, 고관절이완 4) 앉기 : 호흡및발성 4 주 (10, 11, 12) 1) 앉기, 서기, Semi-supine 자세 : 지시어를의식하면서호흡 : 아, 에, 이, 오, 우 발성 2) 읽기 : 평상시습관대로읽는경우와바른자세에서읽는경우를비교 : 상대방의모습을관찰하고피드백하기 3) 바르지않은자세에대한습관자제하기 5 주 (13, 14, 15) 1) 앉기, 서기, Semi-supine 자세 : 지시어를의식하면서호흡 : 아, 에, 이, 오, 우, 숫자세기, 안녕하세요. 제이름은 OOO 입니다. 등발성 2) 목주위근육이완 6 주 (16, 17, 18) 1) 이전까지배운자세복습 2) 호흡및발성훈련

9 연기과학생의알렉산더테크닉훈련전 후호흡및발성특성변화비교 이미금외 국문초록 연기과학생의알렉산더테크닉훈련전 후호흡및발성특성변화비교 이미금 1 최홍식 2 최현묵 3 백희숙 3 임성은 2 고상근 4 최예린 1 1 명지대학교언어치료학과, 2 연세대학교의과대학이비인후과학교실, 음성언어의학연구소, 3 한국알렉산더테크닉협회, 4 서울대학교기계항공공학부 배경및목적 : 알렉산더테크닉은머리의위치와목근육의이완으로호흡및음성산출에도움을준다. 본연구의목적은음성을전문적으로사용하는연기과학생을대상으로알렉산더테크닉훈련전 후의호흡및발성특성의변화를알아보고자하였다. 방법 : 연기과학생남자 4명과여자 4명을대상으로알렉산더테크닉전문지도교사의지도하에프로그램에참여하도록하였다. 알렉산더테크닉훈련전 후호흡및발성특성의변화를비교하기위해음성평가는호흡기능검사, 공기역학검사, 음향학검사, 전기성문파형검사, GRBAS, K-VHI를시행하였다. 결과 : 호흡기능검사에서는 FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC은유의한차이가없었다. 공기역학검사에서는 MPT, GR, VE가유의하게증가하였으며 MFR, Psub 는유의하게감소하였다. 음향학검사에서는 NHR 이유의하게감소하였다. 전기성문파형검사에서는 CAx, DQx 가유의하게감소하였다. GRBAS 척도에대한평가에서는 G 척도가, K-VHI 를이용한평가에서는총합계와신체적영역점수가유의하게감소하였다. 논의및결론 : 본연구는알렉산더테크닉을훈련한후음성변화에대한객관적및주관적인수치를국내 외에서처음제시함으로써알렉산더테크닉을통한훈련이호흡및음성변화에효과가있음을객관적인자료로제시하였다는점에의의가있다. 핵심어 : 알렉산더테크닉, 호흡기능검사, 공기역학검사, 음향학검사, 전기성문파형검사, GRBAS, K-VHI 본논문은제1저자의석사학위논문 (2014) 을요약한것임. 참고문헌 고도흥 (2003). 개별화자의음성파라미터추출에관한연구 : 음성파라미터관계를중심으로. 음성과학, 10, 고혜주, 최홍식, 임성은, 최예린 (2012). 음성진전유무에따른내전형연축성발성장애의보툴리늄독소-A 주입후음성특성변화양상. 말소리와음성과학, 4, 김재옥 (2009). 성별에따른한국정상성인음성의음향학적평가기준치. 말소리와음성과학, 1, 김재옥 (2014). KayPENTAX Phonatory Aerodynamic System Model 6600을이용한한국성인의공기역학적변수들의정상치. 말소리와음성과학, 6, 김향희 (1996). 운동실조형마비성구음장애에적용되는지각적, 음향학적, 생리학적도구에관하여. 대한음성학회 2월학술대회지, 남도현, 최홍식 (2007). 호흡과발성. 서울 : 군자출판사. 박현심 (2010). 알렉산더테크닉을활용한효과적인배우의신체훈련지도법에관한연구. 중앙대학교예술대학원석사학위논문. 백희숙, 백현숙 (2004). 알렉산더테크닉. 서울 : 네츄로메디카. 윤선영, 권도하 (1998) 세아동음성의음향학적특성. 언어치료연구, 7, 윤영선, 김향희, 손영익, 최홍식 (2008). 한국어판음성장애지수 (Voice Handicap Index, VHI) 의타당도및 VHI-10 의임상적유용성. 언어청각장애연구, 13, 이성은, 임성은, 최성의, 표화영, 최재남, 최홍식 (2003). Lx Speech Studio를이용한성대결절환자의전기성문파형측정치분석. 대한음성언어의학회지, 14, 이인애, 이혜은, 황영진 (2012). 발화조건에따른정상성인의호흡능력차이비교 : 예비연구. 말소리와음성과학, 4, 최예린 (2009). 정상인과일측성성대마비환자의읽기시호흡특성비교. 언어청각장애연구, 14, 최재남, 김향희, 남정모, 최홍식 (2007). 일측성성대마비와성대구증의성문면적파형과발성특성비교. 언어청각장애연구, 12,

10 Mi Geum Lee, et al. Respiration and Phonation after Training the Alexander Technique 최정근, 백도명, 이정오 (2005). 한국인의정상폐활량예측치. Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases (Seoul), 58, 표화영 (2011). 직업적음성사용인의음성에대한질적연구 (2): 음성치료. 언어청각장애연구, 16, 표화영, 최성희, 임성은, 심현섭, 최홍식, 김광문 (1999). 성대폴립환자를대상으로한 GRBAS 척도와 MDVP 측정치간의상관관계연구. 대한음성언어의학지, 10, 한지용, 정옥란 (2002). 총체적음성관리프로그램을통한직업적음성사용자의음성중재. 한국언어치료학회, 11,

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