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1 Research in Vestibular Science Vol. 9, Suppl. 1, June 2010 Symposium pissn , eissn 양성돌발성두위현훈의진단과치료 경희대학교의과대학이비인후과학교실 변재용, 류은웅 Diagnosis and Treatment of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Jae Yong Byun, MD, Eun Woong Ryu, MD Department of Otolaryngology, KyungHee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 서 양성돌발성두위현훈증 (Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo) 은어지럼중가장흔한질환으로팽대부릉은정상적인상태에서내임파액과동일한중력 (gravity) 를갖기때문에회전가속도 (angular acceleration) 에서만반응하던반고리관이생리학적변화를일으켜팽대부릉과내임파액의중력의차이가발생하여선형가속도에서반응하게된병적상태를말한다. 역사적으로고찰하면 1921년에 Robert Barany 에의하여 머리를움직인후에나타나는돌발적인어지럼이고중력에반해머리를움직일때발생하므로이는이석의병으로인한다 라고기술하며임상적특징이정리되었고, 년 Dix-Hallpike 2 가양성돌발성두위현훈증 (Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, BPPV) 라고명명하고잠복기, 피로현상, 일과성을보임을보고하였다. 이후 Schuknecht 3 는 1969년에난형낭반의퇴화후떨어져나온이석 (otoconia) 이팽대부릉정에침착하여내임파액보다무거워져반고리관이하방에위치하게될때팽대부릉정이난형낭에서멀어져가는모양이되어 (Utriculofugal) 동측의후반고리관이흥분하게 론 Corresponding Author: Jae Yong Byun, MD Department of Otolaryngology, KyungHee University School of Medicine, Esat-West neo medical Center, Sangil-dong, Gangdong-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: Fax: otorhino512@naver.com 된다는팽대부릉정이석설 (cupulolithiasis) 을제시하였다. 하지만이가설은 Dix-Hallpike 검사에서앉은자세로의전환시안진이역전되는것과잠복기등을설명할수없었는데 1979년 Hall 등 4 이 BPPV가피로성이있는종류와피로성이없는두종류로분류할수있고피로성있는종류는난형낭반의이석부스러기가반고리관의막성관내에서자유로이떠다니며회전성어지럼을일으키는것이라는반고리관의관내이석설 (canalolithiasis) 을제시하여이를설명하였다. 아울러 Schuknecht의부릉정이석은피로성이없는종류에속한다고하였다. 현재 BPPV는팽대부릉정이석과관내이석의두가지의형태로존재한다는양가설은모두상호보완적으로 BPPV를이해하는데정설로받아들여지고있고이두개의가설을근간으로 BPPV를진단하고치료하는방법의개발이이루어지고있다. BPPV는양측 6개의반고리관에위의두가지가설인팽대부릉정이석 (cupulolithiasis), 반고리관이석 (canalolithiasis), Epley 5 가제시한반고리관막힘 (canalith jam) 까지고려하면 3가지의병변이발생할수있다고보면 18가지의조합된병변을생각할수있다. BPPV의적절한재활치료방법의선택을위해서는이러한점을고려하여정확한임상적진단과정이선행해야하며, 자세한문진을통해특징적인소견이나타나는지를알아보고안진의관찰을통해결석의위치를확인하는것이선행되어야할것이다. 본글에서는 BPPV환자에서이환된반고리관에따른진단과재활치료방법에대해정리하고자한다. Copyrightc 2010 by The Korean Balance Society. All rights reserved. S55

2 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 9, Suppl. 1, Jun 후반고리관양성돌발성두위현훈 1. 임상양상어지럼의발현은잠자리에서돌아눕거나, 누웠다일어날때앉은상태에서일어날때나앉은상태에서누울때흔하게유발된다. 이는후반고리관에같은면에서후반고리관이회전되어자극되기때문이며, 병변측에따라특정한머리의위치나움직임에의해유발된다. 또한어지럼증상은아침에심하며, 활동이후인오후에는경해지고, 쓰러질것같은느낌, 떠다니는느낌, 구역질나는느낌이동반될수있다. 보통어지럼은 30초에서 1분정도지속된다. 하지만일부환자에서는수분이상지속되는어지럼을호소하는경우도있으며, 이는비회전성인경우가흔하다. 아울러 50% 정도의환자가전형적인 BPPV발작사이에주관적인불균형을호소할수있으며어지럼증상양상은병의시기에따라변형될수있다. 전체적으로보면약 30% 정도의환자는비전형적인증상을호소하므로 Dix-Hallpike 검사로확인하는것이중요하다. 2. 진단후반고리관 BPPV의진단은상기와같은중력에대한두위의변환시어지럼이유발되는병력의환자가 Dix-Hallpike 검사시특징적인안진이유발될때진단할수있다. 2 Dix-Hallpike 검사법은후반고리관형 BPPV를진단하는가장추천되는검사법이며, 환자가중력에대한두위의변화에따라어지럼이발생하고, 2 아울러 Dix-Hallpike 검사시특징적인안진이관찰된다. Dix-Hallpike 검사전에는환자에게심한어 지럼이발생할수있음을설명하고검사중에는되도록중앙을응시한채눈을뜬상태를유지하게한다. 검사는앉은자세에서환자의머리를환측으로 45 돌린상태로환자를눕히고, 머리를뒤로 20 정도낮게유지한후안진을관찰한다. 후반고리관환자에서 Dix-Hallpike 검사시유발되어나타나는안진의특징은잠복기는대부분 2~20초정도이나드물게는 1분정도걸리는경우도있어안진이나타날때까지자세를유지하고관찰하는것이좋다. 안진의방향은상향이고안구의최첨부가바닥으로향하는회전양상의혼합성안진이관찰된다. 또한안진의강도는시작은약하게점차강도가증가하다다시약해지며사라지는안진 (crescendodecrescendo) 이특징이다. 안진이발생하면환자는주관적인어지럼을느끼게된다. 일어나앉을때반대방향의안진의역전과어지럼이흔하게동반되며, 체위변환검사가반복될시안진의강도가약해지고, 결국은관찰되지않는피로현상이관찰된다 (Figure 1). 하지만환자의불편을고려하여피로현상을확인하려들필요는없다. Dix-Hallpike 검사는양측성병변과병변의국소화를위해반드시양측을시행하고진단의확정과위음성을피하기위해환자의재방문시재차시행할수있다. Dix-Hallpike검사는후반고리관 BPPV의최적의진단검사이나경추협착증 (cervical stenosis), 경추강직, 몽고증, 류마티스관절염, Paget병척추손상환자들은주의하거나검사를시행하지않기를권장하고있다. 6 이러한일부제한된환경에서 Side-lying 검사를시행할수있다. Side-lying 검사는환자를앉은상태에서머리를환측의반대방향으로 45 돌린후환측으로빠르게눕혀환측의후반고리관을 frontal plane에위치시켜자극하여안진을관찰한다. Side-lying 검사시에도안진은후반고리관의흥분 Figure 1. Dix-Hallpike maneuver (right ear). The patient is seated and positioned so that the patient s head will extend over the top edge of the table when supine. The head is turned 45 toward the ear being tested (position A). The patient is quickly lowered into the supine position with the head extending about 30 below the horizontal (position B). The patient head is held in this position and the examiner observes the patient eyes for nystagmus (from Furman JM, et al. The New England Journal of Medicine (21), ). S56

3 변재용외 1 인. BPPV 의진단과치료 걱정해하며심각한두려움을느끼게된다. 따라서, 우선적으로환자에게병의양호한예후및경과에대해자세하게설명하여야한다. 과거치료는어지럼을유발하는자세를피하고, 증상조절을위한약물치료가주가되었지만, Brandt와 Daroff에의해 BPPV가후반고리관의팽대부이석에의해발생한다는가정하에이석을잘게부수는방법이소개되었고, 11 Semont에의해팽대부릉정으로부터이석을떼는방법이고안되어시도되었다 년 Epley에의해반고리관내이석이 BPPV의원인이라는가설을바탕으로한이석치환술이개발되어, 5 현재까지널리사용되고있으며, 치료효과를높이기위하여다양하게변형되어사용되고있다. 13 일반적으로 Semont 결석유리술과 Epley 치환술은 1회의치료만으로도 50~80% 의관해율을보이며수차례반복시대부분 90% 이상의관해율을보인다고한다. Figure 2. Side-lying test (right ear). The subject head is turned with the nose pointing 45 away from the side to be tested (The head is turned left). Then, the subject is briskly laid on the side being tested. The examiner is not shown, but supports the subject head. Arms are crossed to prevent the patient from inadvertently stopping the motion (from Cohen S, Otol Neurotol 25: , 2004). 으로동측의상사근과반대측의하직근이수축되어상방향으로향하는상향안진이특징적으로나타나며, 안구의최첨부가바닥으로향하는회전성안진이동반된다 (Figure 2). 7 후반고리관의팽대부릉정이석의경우에는 Dix-Hallpike 검사시잠복기가짧고안진이비교적오래지속되며피로성도비교적약하게보이는경향이있어진단에도움이된다. 간혹전형적인증세를보이는환자에서 Dix-Hallpike 검사에서회전성의어지럼을호소하고, 잠복기, 일시성, 피로성을보이지만안진이나타나지경우가있는데이를 주관적 BPPV (subjective BPPV) 라한다. 이경우안진이없더라도두위변환성어지럼을진단할수있으며, 이석치환술로어지럼이좋아진다면진단은더확실해진다 미세한안진을검사자가발견하지못하거나, 이전의반복검사로인한피로현상이생기는경우, 어지럼은유발하지만전정안반사를자극하지못할정도로경증일경우 Dix-Hallpike 검사로안진이유발되지않을수있다 치료 처음으로회전성어지럼을경험한환자의경우불안하고 1) Brandt-Daroff 습관화운동 (Brandt-Daroff habituation exercise) 앉은자세에서어지럼이유발되는쪽으로갑작스럽게쓰러지고, 어지럼이없어진후 30초정도더누워있다가앉는다. 약 30초후반대쪽으로같은운동을반복하며이와같은운동을하루수차례반복시행한다 (Figure 3). 습관화운동은반복된운동으로점차유발되는증세가약화되어연속해서이틀간증세가유발되지않을때까지시행한다. 습관화운동에의해어지럼이약화되는기전은후반고리관의 Figure 3. Brandt-Daroff exercises. Start sitting upright. Then move into the Side-lying position, with the head angled upward about half-way. Stay in the Side-lying position for 30 seconds, or until the dizziness subsides, then go back to the sitting position. Stay there for 30 seconds and then go to the opposite side and follow the same routine (from Helminski, JO, et al. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;131: ). S57

4 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 9, Suppl. 1, Jun 이석이작게부스러지거나, 반복되는자극에의한중추적응에의한것으로설명되고있으나, 아직까지정확하게밝혀지지않았다. 특히팽대부릉정이석으로인해이석치환술의효과가크지않거나, 이석치환술로안진은없어졌지만주관적인어지럼을계속느끼고있는경우위운동으로환자의증상을호전시킬수있다. 11 2) Semont 이석유리술 (Semont liberatory maneuver) 환자는앉은자세에서환측의반대쪽으로얼굴을갑작스럽게환측으로고개를들고눕고, 5분이지난후반대쪽으로얼굴이아래를향하여귀가닿도록빠르게눕는다. 이자세를 5~10분간유지한후앉은자세로서서히돌아온다. 대개일회의운동으로 80~90% 정도의효과를보고하고있지만, 이석치환술에비하여더높은효과를기대하기는어렵다. 또한유리술이후 48시간동안누울수없고, 노인및비만인사람에게는적용하기어려운점이있다 (Figure 4). 3) 이석치환술 (Modified Epley Maneuver) 과거치환술은 BPPV 원인이팽대부릉정의이석이라는가정하에고안되었으나, Epley 5 는어지럼은후반고리관내떠다니는이석조각에의해일어나며, 이에일련의동작을통하여이석조각을난형낭내로치환시키는운동을개발하였다. 이후실제적으로후반고리관 BPPV 환자에적용하여높은치료율을보고하였다. 처음고안된 Epley의이석치환 Figure 4. Semont liberatory maneuver (right ear). (A) The patient is sitting with the head turned horizontally 45 to the healthy (left) ear. (B) Moving to right Side-lying position. (C) Moving to left Side-lying position (from Semont A, et al. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 1988;42:290-3). 술의경우이석을부양시키기위해진동기 (vibrator) 를사용하였고시행전환자에게안정제를투여하였다. 하지만이후 Parnes 등 13 은안정제와진동기를사용하지않고 3가지자세를한번만시행하는변형 Epley 이석치환술을제안하였고, 현재많은 Clinic에서변형된 Epley 방법으로치환술이이루어지고있다. 변형 Epley 이석치환술은앉은자세에서환측으로 Dix-Hallpike 자세를취한후안진을관찰한다. 이후천천히머리를반대쪽으로 90 돌리고, 고개는최대한신전된상태를유지한다. 이어서몸전체와머리를 90 반대쪽으로돌리고, 안진을확인하다. 이때관찰되는안진이초기 Dix-Hallpike 시와동일하다면, 이석이공통각을통하여난형낭으로가고있음을유추할수있고치료가성공적임을추정할수있다. 하지만이때안진이역전되는경우는이석들이팽대부쪽으로흐르거나팽대부릉결석을의미하므로치료의결과가현저히나쁘다는보고도있다. 14 이러한경우는 Brandt-Daroff 운동이추천되어진다. 이후환자를앉도록한다. 각단계별로자세를 1~2분정도유지하거나, 안진이사라지는시점까지자세를유지시키는것이좋다. 보통한번의치료가 5분정도의시간이걸리며, Semont의요법과마찬가지로치료후 24~48시간동안눕지않을것을권고하였으나, 최근연구를통하여엄격한체위유지가치유율에는영향을주지않는다고보고하고있어, 환자의상태에따라적용하는것이권장된다 (Figure 5). 15 국내보고에따르면변형된 Epley 이석치환술을통하여 96~100% 의치유율을보고하고있으며, 16,17 그외에도많은연구에서이석치환술의효과를입증한바있다. Epley 치료법을시행한군과관찰만한군을비교한연구에서보면치유율이 90% 대 27.3% 로현저한차이를보였다. 치료의횟수에따른치료효과는보고자마다차이가있으며, 1회만시행하고이석치환술시행중이차안진이나타나지않는경우와앉은자리로되돌아왔을경우역안진이나어지럼이나타나는경우선별적으로재시행하는방법등이제시되었다. 치료를끝내는시점은검사에의한안진및어지럼증세가완전히사라졌을때이다. 13 이후항어지럼약물투여군, 이석치환술만행한군과약물투여와이석치환술을동시에행한군을비교한연구에서이석치환술군과약물과치환술을동시에행한군이약물만투여한군보다유의성있게치유율이더좋았으며치환술만행한군과약물과치환술을동시에행한군사이에는치유율의차이에유의성이없었다는보고가있다. 18 S58

5 변재용외 1 인. BPPV 의진단과치료 가쪽반고리관양성돌발성두위현훈 1. 임상양상 후반고리관의 BPPV보다증상이심하고눕거나일어날때보다는누운자세나심하면선자세에서도고개를좌우로돌릴때증상이생겨날수있다. 2. 진단 Figure 5. Modified Epley maneuver (right ear). The patient is seated on a table as viewed from the right side. (A) Patient in normal Dix-Hallpike head-hanging position. The patient head is then rotated toward the opposite side with the neck in full extension through position (B) and into position (C) in a steady motion by rolling the patient onto the opposite lateral side and then the patient sits back up to position (D) (Furman JM, et al. The New England Journal of Medicine (21), ). BPPV 양상의어지럼을가지고있는환자가 Dix-Hallpike 검사상뚜렷한어지럼이나안진이관찰되지않는다면가쪽반고리관 BPPV를의심할수있으며, 머리회전검사 (Head roll test) 를시행하여진단에도움을받을수있다. 하지만아직뒷반고리관에서 Dix-Hallpike 검사처럼 Gold-standard 검사는아니고민감도와특이도에대한연구도부족한상태이다. 6 머리회전검사는누운자세에서고개를좌측혹은우측으로 90 회전시키거나, 누운자세에서고개를우측에서좌측으로혹은좌측에서우측으로회전시킨후안진을관찰한다. 보통관내이석의경우약간의잠복기이후 1분정도로지속되는향지성 (geotropic) 수평안진이나타나며, 안진소실이후안진역전이나타나는경우가있다 (Figure 6). 이경우병변측의결정은 Ewald's 2법칙에의해안진의강도가강한쪽을병변부위로판단한다. 또한 Rahko와 Kotti 20 의 walk-rotate-walk test를통하여진단에도움을받을수있다. 전방으로몇걸음걸은후한쪽다리를축으로 180 회전하고, 이후다시제자리로걸어오는검사방법으로병변방향으로의회전시균형감을잃거나어지럼을호소하게된다. 또한머리를앞으로숙이는움직임이나앉은자세에서앙와위로자세를변화할때일시적으로수평안진이관찰될수있다. 21 Brandt-Daroff습관화운동과 Epley 치환술, Semont 유리술을비교한연구가있어소개하면치료 7일경과시점에서각각 24%, 71%, 74% 라는하지만 3개월째에 Brandt-Daroff 습관화운동의경우 60% 까지관해율을보인다는보고가있다. 아울러적은연구이긴하지만재발율을줄인다는보고도있다. 19 Figure 6. Mechanism of nystagmus of right lateral semicircular canal canalithiasis in head roll test (from Lee SC, J Clinical Otolaryngol : ). S59

6 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 9, Suppl. 1, Jun Figure 7. Mechanism of nystagmus of right lateral semicircular canal cupulolithiasis in head roll test (from Lee SC, J Clinical Otolaryngol : ). 팽대부릉정결석의경우머리회전검사시잠복기가없는원지성 (ageotropic) 수평안진을보이며, 고개를돌리고있는상태에서수분이상지속된다. 이때병변방향의결정은반고리관결석과반대로안진의강도가약한쪽을병변측으로판단한다 (Figure 7). 고개의위치변화없이누운자세에서도병변측의수평안진이관찰될수있으며, 일정각도로고개를병변측으로돌릴경우, 안진이소실되는 null point를관찰할수있다. 또한앉은자세에서머리를숙일경우, 반고리관결석과반대로건측을향하는수평안진이관찰될수있다. 가쪽반고리관 BPPV은양측향지성안진을보이는관내이석의경우가가장많고, 다음으로양측원지성안진을보이다 Dix-Hallpike 검사이후양측향지성, 즉관내이석으로바뀌는부릉정이석형, 이석치환술에도변함없는양측원지성안진을보이는부릉정이석형이가장드물게나타난다. Figure 8. Lempert positional maneuver for treatment of right lateral semicircular canal canalithiasis. This figure shows the barbecue rotation for right-sided HBPPV. Each 90-degree head rotation is performed rapidly within a half second. Head positions are maintained for between 30 and 60 seconds until all nystagmus has subsided. (A) Starting position: supine, (B) head rotation toward the unaffected side, (C) body turn from supine to prone while head position is maintained, (D) head rotation to nose-down position, (E) final head turn affected side to down position, (F) sitting up position (X: affected side, RS: right shoulder, from Lee SC, J Clinical Otolaryngol : ). 3. 가쪽반고리관반고리관결석 (canalithiasis) 의치료 1) Forced prolonged position 치료법 (Vannucchi) 누운자세에서머리또는몸전체를건측방향으로 90 돌린상태의자세를 12시간동안유지하여비팽대부릉쪽반고리관내의이석이중력에의해전정으로빠져나가도록유도하는방법으로 3일이내 90% 이상의증상호전을보고가있다. 이중일부는치료후후반고리관으로전환되어 Epley 이석치환술을통하여회복되었다. 22 2) Lempert 방법과 Barbecue rotation (Casani) 가장널리쓰이는방법으로누운자세에서고개를건측으로빠르게 (0.5초이내 ) 90 회전시킨후안진이소실될때까지 30~60초간자세를유지하고이후 90 씩 270 까지머리를회전시켜, 이석이팽대부릉정의반대방향으로가쪽반고리관으로빠져나가게하는방법이다 (Figure 8). 23 바비큐회전 Figure 9. Barbecue maneuver in patient with right lateral semicircular canal canalithiasis. (from Lee SC, J Clinical Otolaryngol : ). 법은 Lempert와달리머리를 360 회전시키며각단계별로머리자세를 30~60초간유지한다. 이러한방법으로안진이소멸될때까지계속하여 1주이내에 75% 의치유를보였다 S60

7 변재용외 1 인. BPPV 의진단과치료 는보고가있으며, 이석치환술을시행하지않은경우 52% 에서 1~5개월간증상이지속되었다는보고가있다 (Figure 9). 24 3) Appiani 방법머리를똑바로세우고앉은자세에서, 건측으로매우빠르게몸을옆으로눕힌후안진이소실된후 1분간자세를유지하고, 다시머리를 45 하방으로돌리고 2분간자세를유지한후천천히일어나앉는다. 팽대부릉정결석의경우환측으로매우빠르게몸을옆으로눕힌후안진이소실된후 1분간자세를유지하고, 다시머리를매우빠르게상방 45 로돌리고 2분간자세를유지한상태에서천천히일어나앉는다 (Figure 10). 25 가쪽반고리관 BPPV는후반고리관 BPPV에비해체위변환을통한이석치환술의효과가적은것으로알려져있다. 이는가쪽반고리관의이석의밀도가높고, 이석응고가덜유동적이거나팽대부릉정에잘붙고, 병변이있는측이정확하게진단되지않고, 체위변환시가쪽반고리관을완전히수직으로유지하지못하기때문이다. 이석치환술이실패한경우유리이석의확산과제거중추의습관화를목적으로 Brandt-Daroff법을시도해볼수있다. 4. 가쪽반고리관팽대부릉정결석 (cupulolithiais) 의치료 1) 팽대부릉정결석 Appiani 방법치료대에머리를똑바로세운자세로앉은자세에서, 환측으로매우빠르게몸을옆으로눕힌후안진이소실된후 1분까지자세를유지한다. 다시머리를매우빠르게 45 상방으로돌리고 2분간자세를유지한후천천히일어나앉는다. 26 2) 가쪽팽대부릉정결석 Casini 방법치료대에앉은자세에서환측방향으로빠르게옆으로누운후, 머리를하방으로 45 돌린자세를 2~3분간유지하여팽대부릉정에유착된이석을유리시키는방법이다. 24 3) Brandt-Daroff법두부와몸통을좌우측면으로눕히는동작을 30초간격으로반복함으로써유리이석의확산과제거및중추의습성화 (Habituation) 을유도하는방법이다. 일회성치료보다는지속적인치료가필요한방법이다. 4) 그외에팽대부릉정에유착된이석을유리시키는목적으로누운자세에서머리를좌우로반복회전시키거나진동기를이용할수있다. 이후머리회전검사를통하여이석의유리여부를확인한후반고리관내이석으로변환된경우에는이에준하는치료를하면된다. 상반고리관양성돌발성두위현훈 Figure 10. Four positions of Appiani liberatory maneuver for treatment of left lateral semicircular canal canalithiasis. HC, horizontal canal (from Lee SC, J Clinical Otolaryngol : ). 상반고리관 BPPV는후및가쪽반고리관 BPPV에비하여드물게나타난다. 상반고리관의흥분은동측의상직근과반대측의하사근을흥분시킨다. 따라서우측상반고리관 BPPV의경우좌측 Dix-Hallpike 검사시하향수직안진을보이는회전안진을보인다. 동공의상극이우측을향하면우측상반고리관에좌측을향하면좌측상반고리관에발생하는 BPPV를진단할수있다. 후반고리관에비해상반고리관 BPPV의회선성분은상대적으로약하여거의관찰되지않는경우도있다. 이는상반고리관의경우해부학적으로사상면 (sagittal plane) 에서 41 기울어져있고후반고리관과수직적인위치에놓이긴하지만, 후반고리관흥분에의해수축하는상직근자체가사상면과 23 정도를이루어회선성분의유발이적기때문이다. Dix-Hallpike 검사시머리를얼마나기울이는가에따라안진의정도가다른데, 이는누 S61

8 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 9, Suppl. 1, Jun 운자세에서상반고리관의팽대부의위치가약간위를향하고있어부릉정의공통각방향으로굽어흥분하는것을방해하지만, Dix-Hallpike 검사시에는상반고리관의팽대부는아래로향하게되어흥분할수있기때문이다. 따라서 Dix-Hallpike 검사시앉은자세에서바로머리를침상밑으로내리며이때머리를낮게내릴수있는만큼내리는것이결석의움직임을크게유발시킬수있다. 27 Rahko는후반고리관 BPPV 환자에서이석치환술이후상반고리관으로들어간것이의심이되면, 환자를 60 앞으로굽히고눈을감은채로머리를빠르게바로하는검사법을고안하였다. 28 이때환자가옆으로움직이게되면상반고리관이석을진단할수있고, 몸이움직이는방향이병변측이라할수있다. 1. 치료상반고리관 BPPV의치료로 reverse Epley 방법이제안되었다. 29 이는우측상반고리관은좌측후반고리관과같은평면상서로상보적인관계에있으므로우측상반고리관 BPPV의치료로좌측 Epley 방법을시도하는것이다. 하지만병변측으로머리를돌리는정도가후반고리관과같은정도가되게되면결석이다시상반고리관으로들어갈가능성이존재한다. 이에 Rahko에의하여새로운방법이고안되었으며, 이방법은환자의건측방향으로머리를돌린상태에서앙와위에서머리를과신전하여뒤로떨어뜨린후 ( 하방 45 ) 다음으로머리를수평으로유지하고다음단계에서 45 를상방으로올린후일어나앉게하는데각단계는 30 초정도유지하면된다. Rahko는이방법을통하여 53명의상반고리관 BPPV 환자가모두치료되었다보고하였다. 28 또한누운자세에서과신전 30분정도과신전자세를유지한후바로누운자세에서 60 의경부굴신을하루간유지하는방법을통하여치료되지않은상반고리관 BPPV를치료할수있었다는보고도있다. 30 이러한이석치환술의시행에도불구하고, 증세가 1달이상지속되고하향안진이관찰되는경우에는뇌병변유무를확인하기위하여뇌 MRI 혹은 CT 등의영상학적검사가필요하다. 2. 양성발작성두위변환현훈증에서전정기능검사와방사선학적검사 BPPV환자에서진단이모호하거나 BPPV와무관한증상 이있지않으면전정기능검사와방사선학적검사는필요치않다. 단지비정형 BPPV나뇌신경기능이상이동반되거나심한두통이있는경우, 중추질환이의심될때시행할수있다. 중추이상으로어지럼이오는경우는드물다는것을반드시기억해야한다. 체위변환현훈과안진이나타날수있는중추질환은 8th 뇌신경이상, 청신경초종, Arnold Chiary malformation, 소뇌질환등이다. 전정기능검사역시비용을고려하면추천되지않는다. 다만비정형안진, 동반된다른전정병변, 치료에반응하지않는경우, 잦은재발을보일때고려할수있다. 6 그외양성발작성두위변환현훈증의치료법 1. 수술적인치료법양성돌발성체위성현훈의경우는예후가양호하며, 치료에따라높은치유율을보인다. 하지만중추적인문제가없음에도이석치환술등의비수술적치료가효과가없거나자주재발하여환자의생활이어려울경우, 수술적치료법을고려할수있다. 1) 단신경절제술 (Singular neurectomy) 후반고리관으로부터중추신경으로자극을전달하는유일한신경인후팽대부신경을자르는방법으로 1970년대고안되었으나, 31 접근이어렵고감각신경성난청등의합병증을고려하여현재는후반고리관폐쇄법으로대체되고있다. 2) 후반고리관폐쇄법 (Posterior semicircular canal occlusion) 1990년 Parnes 등 32 에의해제안된방법으로후이개방법으로단순유양돌기절제술을통하여후반고리관에접근한후골분 (Bone dust) 및 fibrogen glue 등으로후반고리관을막는방법이다 반고리관이막히게되면내림프의순환이차단되어팽대부릉정이효과적으로고정되어정상적인회전운동및이관내유리된이석혹은팽대부릉자체에이성에의해서도팽대부릉정이움직이지않게되며, 이는단신경절제술에비하여감각신경성난청을거의일으키지않는것으로알려져있다. 수술후간혹환자가어지럼및평형장애를호소하나대게는술후수일내에회복되며, 전정운동은회복기간을단축시킬수있다. 과거연구를통하여후반고리관폐쇄법의높은치유율및안정성이입증된바있다. S62

9 변재용외 1 인. BPPV 의진단과치료 3) 고실내 Gentamycin 주입술 (Intratympanic injection of gentamicin) 후반고리관의팽대부릉이난원창과가까이위치해있어, 고실내 gentamycin 투여로체위성현훈을치료하려는시도는있었으나, 효과에대해서는아직논란이있다. 35 현재메니에르병과동반되어있는체위성현훈에대하여메니에르병의조절을위해사용되고있다. REFERENCES 1. Barany R. Diagnose von Krankheitserscheinungen im bereische des Otolithenapparates. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1921;2. 2. Dix MR, Hallpike CS. The pathology, symptomatology and diagnosis of certain common disorders of the vestibular system. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1952;61: Schuknecht HF. Cupulolithiasis. Arch Otolaryngol 1969;90: Hall SF, Ruby RR, McClure JA. The mechanics of benign paroxysmal vertigo. J Otolaryngol 1979;8: Epley JM. The canalith repositioning procedure: for treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992;107: Bhattacharyya N, Baugh RF, Orvidas L, Barrs D, Bronston LJ, Cass S, et al. Clinical practice guideline: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008;139(5 Suppl 4):S Cohen HS. 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