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1 Research in Vestibular Science Vol. 12, No. 1, March 2013 Review pissn , eissn 양성돌발체위현훈에서안진의병태생리 순천향대학교의과대학부천병원신경과 이태경, 성기범 Pathophysiology of Nystagmus in Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Tae-Kyeong Lee, Ki-Bum Sung Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea Received Feb 16, 2013 R evised Feb 18, 2013 Accepted Feb 18, 2013 Corresponding Author: Tae-Kyeong Lee Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon , Korea Tel: Fax: xorudoc@schmc.ac.kr Copyright c 2013 by The Korean Balance Society. All rights reserved. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is easily diagnosed when the specific pattern of nystagmus is demonstrated by adequate provoking maneuver. Therefore, recognizing the pattern of nystagmus is important to determine the affected ear and whether the otoconia is free-floating in the canal or attached to the cupula. However, the latency and the duration of nystamus can be various depending on the type of otoconia and even the direction of nystagmus is atypical in some cases. In addition, not all the positionally-induced nystamus are ascribed to benign semicircular canal pathology. Atypical pattern and refractory for the canalith repositioning maneuver can raise the possibility for the central positional vertigo or nystagmus. Physicians are often perplexed if the pattern of nystagmus by positioning maneuver is not the expected one. For those account, physicians should be well equipped with the knowledge of the pathophysiology of nystamus in BPPV. The pathophysiology and the various patterns of nystagmus in BPPV are discussed in this review. Research in Vestibular Science 2013;12(1):1-15 Key Words: Positional vertigo; Nystagmus; Pathophysiology 서론양성돌발체위현훈 (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, BPPV) 은이석기관 (otolithic organ) 인타원낭 (utricle) 에서주로기원하는유리된이석 (otoconia) 이세반고리뼈관 (semicircular canal) 으로유리되어떠다니거나, 세반고리뼈관의감각기인팽대부정 (cupula) 에달라붙어발생한다. 유리된이석이체위의변화에의해이동함으로인해세반고리뼈관에서내림프의흐름이교란되거나팽대부정이자극되어특징적인안진과현훈이발생하며, 각각의세반고리뼈관을자극하는방법에따라특징적인안진을관찰함으로써쉽게진단된다. 그러나안진의강도, 기간, 방향등이항상일정한것은아니며, 유리된이석의성상과위치에따라안진의유형이달라질 수있다. 또한, 체위의변동에의해유발되는안진과현훈이항상이석에의한양성질환을의미하는것은아니며, 비정형적안진이나치료에도반응하지않는안진의경우중추체위현훈 / 안진 (central positional vertigo/nystagmus) 을고려하여야한다. 따라서 BPPV를정확히진단하고, 위험할수도있는중추체위현훈을감별하기위해의사는 BPPV에서보이는안진의병태생리와그유형에대하여잘알고있어야한다. 본고에서는 BPPV의전형적인안진의발생기전과비정형적안진에대하여기술하였다. BPPV 에서발생하는안진의기전 BPPV에의한안진은 1921년 Barany에의해처음으로기 1

2 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 12, No. 1, Mar 술되었고, 1952년 Margaret Dix와 Charles Hallipike가 100명의환자를대상으로체위안진의유발방법과안진의방향, 잠복기등을정의하며 양성체위형어지럼에의한체위안진 ( positional nystagmus of benign positional type ) 이라고표현하였다. 그러나그때까지는세반고리뼈관의역할을제대로알지못하였고, 체위안진의원인을이석기반 (utricular macula) 에의한것으로생각되었다. 1 세반고리뼈관의역할에대해서는 19세기말까지도정확히이해되지못하였다가 1892년 Ewald 가비둘기의세반고리뼈관에양압과음압을가하여발생하는안구의움직임을관찰함으로써알려지게되었다. Ewald 는그실험을통하여두가지의중요한점을주장하였는데, 첫째는유발되는안진은자극되는세반고리뼈관이위치한평면에서일어난다는것이고, 둘째는수평반고리뼈관에서는내림프가팽대부릉 (crista ampullaris) 쪽으로흐를 (ampullopetal flow) 때반응이가장크고, 수직반고리뼈관에서는팽대부릉반대쪽으로흐를 (ampullofugal flow) 때반응이크다는것이다. Ewald의이두가지원칙은 BPPV의안진을이해하는데아직까지도가장중요한사실로받아들여진다. 그러나그당시만하여도부동모 (stereocillia) 와운동모 (kinocillia) 의역할과배열에대한이해가부족하여체위안진이세반고리뼈관에의해발생한다는것을알지못하다가 1960년대에이르러서야비로소세반고리뼈관의감각수용기와외안근의작용에대하여알게되었다. 2,3 인간에서 BPPV가타원낭에서유리된결석 (otolith) 에의해발생한다는것은 1969년 Schuknecht 4 가 BPPV환자의부검을통해후반고리뼈관의팽대부정에달라붙어있는이석을관찰함으로써증명되었고, 그후 BPPV의병태생리적원인은팽대부정결석이론 (cupulolithiasis) 에의한것으로여겨져왔으며, 이를토대로다양한방법의이석유리술 (otolith liberatory maneuver) 이시행되었다. 그러나이이론만가지고는 BPPV 에서보이는안진의잠복기 (latency), 피로도 (fatigability) 등의다양성을완전히설명하지는못하다가안구운동의정밀한기록방법과신경생리학적발전의결과로 1992년에이르러 Epley 5 에의해서관내결석이론 (canalolithiasis) 이기술되었고, 이두가지이론은 BPPV에서발생하는안진의두가지대표적인병태생리학적기전으로받아들여진다. BPPV에서발생하는안진의기전에대하여알기위해서는우선전정안구반사 (vestibulo-ocular reflex, VOR) 와그에따른안구의운동에대한이해가필수적이다. BPPV는반고리뼈관내에서이석에의해발생한내림프 (endolymph) 의이동 ( 관내결석이론 ) 또는이석이팽대부정에부착되어직접자 극되는것 ( 팽대부정결석이론 ) 에의해전정안구반사가발생하여비정상적으로편위된안구를중추신경계에의해교정하려는안진이발생하는것이다. 따라서각각의세반고리뼈관이자극되었을때발생하는안구운동을잘알고있어야체위변동으로유발되는특징적인안진을파악할수있다. 1. 전정안구반사의기초 전정기관은세반고리뼈관과이석기관 (otolith organ) 으로이루어져있으며, 반고리뼈관은머리의회전운동에대한각가속 (angular acceleration) 을감지하여작동하는반면이석기관은선가속 (linear acceleration) 과중력을감지하는역할을한다. 세반고리뼈관은수평면에위치한수평반고리뼈관 (horizontal semicircular canal) 과수직면에위치한전반고리뼈관 (anterior semicircular canal), 후반고리뼈관 (posterior semicircular canal) 으로이루어져있고, 이석기관은타원낭 (utricle) 과구형낭 (saccule) 으로이루어져있다. 반고리뼈관은한쪽끝에직경이 2배정도큰팽대부릉 (crista ampullaris) 이있고, 이곳에팽대부정 (cupula) 이라는감각수용기가위치하고있어회전에의한내림프 (endolymph) 의움직임을감지한다. 팽대부정은내림프의흐름에의해구부러져그안에있는유모세포가흥분하게함으로써머리의움직임인물리적힘을전기적으로전환하는역할을하는감각수용기이다 (Figure 1). 팽대부정안에있는유모세포에는길이가긴한개의운동모 (kinocillia) 와길이가다른여러개의부동모 (stereocillia) 가붙어있는구조를하고있는데, 부동모가운동모쪽으로휘어지는힘에의해탈분극됨으로써흥분하게된다 (Figure 2). 팽대부릉에서부동모와운동모의배열은수평반고리뼈관과수직반고리뼈관이각각다르다. 수평반고리뼈관은타원낭에 Figure 1. Semicircular canal and its crista ampullaris. Cupula is deflected to the direction of endolymphatic flow caused by head rotation to the opposite direction. CNS, central nervous system. 2

3 이태경외 1 인. 양성돌발체위현훈에서안진의병태생리 가까운쪽, 즉전정측 (vestibule side) 으로운동모가위치하지만, 수직반고리뼈관에서는전정에서먼쪽으로운동모가위치한다. 그러므로수평반고리뼈관은타원낭쪽인팽대부쪽으로흐르는내림프액의운동 (ampullopetal flow) 에의해흥분되며, 두개의수직반고리뼈관은팽대부로부터멀어져가는내림프액의운동 (ampullofugal flow) 에의해흥분된다 (Figure 3). 한쪽의수평반고리뼈관과반대쪽수평반고리뼈관, 한쪽의전반고리뼈관과반대쪽후반고리뼈관, 한쪽의후반고리뼈관과반대쪽전반고리뼈관은각각동일평면상에위치하지만, 운동모와부동모의방향은각각반대방향의배열을가 지고있게되어, 한쪽이흥분하면반대쪽은억제되게되는데이를반고리뼈관의형태적극성 (morphological polarity) 에의한기능적극성 (functional polarity) 의차이라고하며, 흥분하는한쪽의반고리뼈관과같은평면의반대쪽반고리뼈관을기능적쌍 (functional pair) 이라고한다. 예를들어우측후반고리뼈관에서내림프액이팽대부에서멀어져가게흐르면형태적극성에의해좌측전반고리뼈관에선내림프액이팽대부쪽으로흐르게된다. 이때우측후반고리뼈관은흥분되지만, 좌측전반고리뼈관은억압되게된다. 이렇게기능적쌍을이루는반고리뼈관은머리의회전시항상서로반대되는반응을나타내게되는데, 이러한현상을밀고당기기 (push-pull) 반응이라고한다 (Figure 4). 반고리뼈관을자극하면그반고리뼈관이위치한평면상에서의안구운동을일으키는외안근이흥분된다. 이는앞서말한 Ewald의첫번째법칙으로, 수평반고리뼈관이흥분되면작용방향이수평면인내직근이나외직근이흥분되게되고, 전ㆍ후반고리뼈관이흥분되면, 수직운동을담당하는네개의외안근, 즉일측의상직근 (superior rectus muscle) 과반 A B Figure 2. (A) Arrangement of the hair cell in the crista ampullaris of horizontal canal. (B) Hair cell is depolarized when the stereocilia bend toward the kinocilium. Figure 3. Arrangement of the hair cell in the crista ampullaris of each canal. Arrows indicate the directions of the endolymph which stimulate each canal to be excited. Note tall kinocilia are located near the vestibule in the horizontal canal in contrast to the vertical canals of those kinocilia are located far from the vestibule. Horizontal canal excites if the direction of the endolymph towards the vestibule (ampullopetal), while vertical canals excite if the endolymph flows to the opposite direction (ampullofugal). Figure 4. Orientation of the semicircular canals. Unilateral anterior and opposite side posterior canal, and unilateral posterior and opposite side anterior canal acts as a functional pair. HC, horizontal canal; AC, anterior canal; PC, posterior canal. 3

4 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 12, No. 1, Mar Table 1. Relationship of the semicircular canal and its extraocular muscles in vestibulo-ocular reflex Stimulated semicircular canal Excited muscle Inhibited muscle Horizontal semicircular canal Ipsilateral MR Contralateral LR Ipsilateral LR Contralateral MR Anterior semicircular canal Posterior semicircular canal Ipsilateral SR Contralateral IO Ipsilateral SO Contralateral IR Ipsilateral IR Contralateral SO Ipsilateral IO Contralateral SR MR, medial rectus; LR, lateral rectus; SR, superior rectus; IR, inferior rectus; IO, inferior oblique; SO, superior oblique. Figure 5. Torsional-upbeating nystagmus is evocated by Dix-Hallpike maneuver to the left. 대측하사근 (inferior oblique muscle), 일측의상사근 (superior oblique muscle) 과반대측하사근 (inferior oblique muscle) 이흥분되게된다. 한쪽의세반고리뼈관이자극되면두개의외안근은흥분되고, 동시에이들의대항근 (antagonist) 인외안근은억압되게된다. 한쪽수평반고리뼈관의자극을예로들면자극된동측의외직근 (lateral rectus muscle) 과반대측내직근 (medial rectus muscle) 은흥분되고, 그와동시에대항근인반대측외직근과동측의내직근은억제된다. 이는일측의반고리뼈관이흥분되면이와기능적쌍을이루는반대편반고리뼈관은억압된다는사실과도부합된다. 다시말하면한개의반고리뼈관이흥분되면네개의외안근이영향을받게되는데, 두개의외안근은흥분되고, 두개의대항근은억압된다. 이들을정리하면 Table 1과같다. 2. BPPV에서관찰되는안진 1) 후반고리뼈관형 BPPV의안진 BPPV는후반고리뼈관에발생하는것이가장흔하며, 가장먼저알려지게되었다. Figure 6. Rotational axis and action of the right superior oblique muscle. Primary action of the superior oblique muscle is intorsion when the eye is abducted in 39 degrees, and secondary action is depression in adduction (adapted from Sung et al. 11 ). Posterior semicircular canal-bppv (pc-bppv) 는 Dix-Hallpike 수기 (Dix-Hallpike maneuver, D-H 수기 ) 로특징적인안진을관찰함으로써쉽게진단할수있다. D-H 수기는고개를 yaw 평면상에서옆으로 45 돌린뒤상체를뒤로빨리눕혀머리가검사대보다 정도밑으로떨어지도록하는것으로후반고리뼈관을지면에수직으로위치하게함으로써중력에의한이석 (otoconia) 의움직임을유발하여안진및현훈이발생하게하는것이다. D-H 수기를병터쪽으로시행하면병터쪽후반고리뼈관의유리이석 (otoconia) 은중력에의해타원낭의반대쪽방향 4

5 이태경외 1 인. 양성돌발체위현훈에서안진의병태생리 으로흐르게되고, 이로인해내림프액의흐름이생기면플런저 (plunger) 효과에의해팽대부정이타원낭에서멀어져가는방향 (ampullofugal) 으로당겨져병터쪽후반고리뼈관이흥분되게된다. 실제예를들어이를설명하면 Figure 5처럼좌측후반고리뼈관을자극하는 D-H 수기에의해후반고리뼈관이흥분되면동측의상사근과공액근 (yoke muscle) 인우측하직근이흥분되어, 눈은우회편시및하편시가일어나게된다. 이러한안구의편위에대한중추신경계의보상으로나타나는안진은반대방향인좌회편시방향의회선안진과상방안진이복합되어나타나게된다. 이때병터쪽인좌측을바라보게하면, 좌회편시방향의회선성분이강하게나타나고, 우측을주시할때는상방안진이주로나타나게된다. 이렇게안와에서안구의위치에따라다른형태의안진을보이는것은 Figure 6에서보는바와같이상사근의해부학적특징때문이다. 상사근은안구의내회선 (intorsion) 및하전을담당하며도르래 (trochlea) 를통해작용하는데, 도르래의축은 X축과약 51 정도각을이루고있어서안구가 39 정도외전된상태에는힘이가해지는작용선과안구의회전축이직각을이루어순수한내회선을담당하며, 안구가내전된상태에서는순수한하전을담당하기때문이다. 즉병터쪽을주시하게되면우측안구는외전되고, 이때는상사근의주된작용이내회선이므로회선안진이주로나타나며, 정상쪽을주시하면우측안구가내전되고, 이때는상사근의주된작용이하전이므로상방안진이나타나게된다. pc-bppv를일으키는기전도팽대부정결석이론 (cupulolithiasis) 과관내결석이론 (canalolithiasis) 의두가지이론으로다설명할수있지만, 관내결석이론에의한경우가더흔하며, D-H 수기에의한전형적인안진을관찰해보면관내결석이론에의해발생하는경우가더많다는것을알수있다. pc-bppv에서보이는전형적인안진의특징은수초정도의잠복기를가지며, 40초미만으로지속되고, 안진의방향은이마쪽을향하는상방안진과병터귀쪽으로회편시 (cyclorotation) 되는상방-회선 (upbeating-torsional) 안진이다. 또한, 안진이끝난후앉은자세로복귀하면안진의방향이역전되며, 반복하면피로도 (fatigability) 를보인다는것이다. 이러한특징들은팽대부정결석보다는관내결석에의한안진임을시사한다. 먼저수초정도의잠복기가있다는점은이석이관내에서움직여내림프의흐름을유도하기까지의시간이걸렸다는것으로서만일팽대부정결석에의한경우라면잠복기가매우짧거나없을것이다. 지속시간이짧다는점도관내결석이론을뒷받침하는데, 이석혹은응괴가가장낮은 위치로이동되면내림프의흐름이없어져팽대부정이복원력에의해정상위치로돌아가게되므로안진이없어지게될것이다. 만일팽대부정에결석이달라붙어있다면팽대부정이계속편위되어있을것이므로안진의지속기간도길것이다. 유발검사를반복함에따라증상및안진이점차감소하는피로도 (fatigability) 가있다는점도팽대부정결석이론과는잘맞지않는다. 관내결석의경우검사를반복함에따라응괴가부스러지고, 흡수되어점점작아지게됨에따라내림프의흐름을일으키는효과가감소될수있기때문이다. D-H 수기시유발위치로부터앉은자세로다시복귀할때, 안진은다소약하며방향은정반대로향하게된다. 앉은자세로의복귀는우측후반고리뼈관에서내림프가팽대부쪽으로흐르도록하므로, 우측후반고리뼈관이억압된다. 이는기능적극성때문으로, 좌측전반고리뼈관이흥분된것과같은효과를나타내, 좌측상직근및우측하사근이흥분되어안구는우회편시및상편시되고, 안진은반대방향인좌회편시및하편시방향으로나타나게된다. 그러나억압성자극에의한안진이므로, D-H 수기에의해유발되었던흥분성안진보다는작게나타나게된다. 그러나 D-H 수기를시행하여동측의귀쪽으로회선안진이관찰되었다고해서모두그쪽의 pc-bppv라고진단할수없는경우가있다. 6 D-H 수기를정상쪽의후반고리뼈관으로하였을때반대측인병터쪽후반고리뼈관에있던이석이일시적으로팽대부정에달라붙어그쪽의후반고리뼈관을일시적으로억제하는효과를발생시켜정상쪽후반고리관이자극된것과같은안진을발생시킬수있기때문이다. 이때, 원래병터가있는쪽으로 D-H 수기를하면그쪽의 pc-bppv 처럼안진을발생시키므로양측성 pc-bppv라고오진할수있다. 이때발생하는안진의크기는병터가있는쪽에서더크게나타나는데이는일측이억제되어반대측이흥분되어보이는경우는실제병터가있어흥분되는경우보다반응이작기때문으로, 이를나중에자세히설명할 Ewald 제2법칙이라한다. 양측성 pc-bppv 형태의안진을보인환자에서더심한안진이있는쪽에이석치환술을하거나 7 반고리뼈관폐쇄술을하였을때 8 안진이없어졌다는보고들을볼때, 그런경우들은정상쪽에먼저 D-H 수기를했을가능성이있다. 양측성 pc-bppv 처럼보이는경우옆으로눕기검사 (side lying test) 를하면정상쪽에서는안진이발생하지않으므로양측성인지일측성인지감별할수있다. 옆으로눕기검사는비만하거나고령, 경추질환, 근골격계질환이있어 D-H 수기를 5

6 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 12, No. 1, Mar A B Figure 9. Left labyrinth. (A) Sitting with head upright position. (B) Dix-Hallpike maneuver to the left. Arrows indicate the direction of the emdolymphatic flow and the small particles in the canal indicate the otoconia. AC, anterior semicircular canal; PC, posterior semicircular canal; HC, horizontal semicircular canal (adapted from Sung et al. 11 ). Figure 7. Side-lying test for stimulating right posterior semicircular canal. A B Figure 8. Side-lying test for the stimulating right posterior canal. Left and right labyrinth are schematically illustrated. Star indicates the possible otoconia in the left semicircular canal and the small white round indicates the otoconia in the right semicircular canal (adapted from Sung et al. 11 ). 시행하지못할때후반고리뼈관을자극하는방법으로우측후반고리뼈관을자극하기위해서는 Figure 7과같이머리를좌측으로돌린후우측으로옆으로넘어지게하여후반고리뼈관을지면과수직으로위치하게하는것이다. 9 앞선예처럼 pc-bppv로오인될수있는경우에옆으로눕기검사를해보면, 정상쪽의자극에대해서는안진이발생하지않는다. Figure 8에서보듯이만일좌측에별표로표시된이석이있다면 A처럼앉은자세에서좌측으로고개를 45 회전시켜 Figure 8B처럼몸체를병터쪽으로 90 모로눕힐때, 즉우 측후반고리뼈관을자극하는자세를취할때, 좌측의후반고리뼈관은수평면상에위치하게되어이석 ( 별표 ) 이있더라도움직임은일어나지않게되며, 안진이유발되었다면낮은곳에위치한병터쪽, 즉우측반고리뼈관이석 ( 흰색원 ) 의이동에의해서일어나게되었다는것을의미한다. 즉, D-H 수기에서보일수있는위양성을피할수있으므로 D-H 수기에의해양측성 pc-bppv가의심된다면옆으로눞기검사를하여볼필요가있다. 어떤환자에서는 D-H 수기를하였을때순수한회선안진만나타나중추체위안진 (central positional nystgmus) 과감별이어려운경우가있다. 10 만일세개의반고리뼈관모두에이석이존재한다면, 좌측반고리뼈관들을나타낸 Figure 9의 A처럼똑바로서있을때는이석이중력과해부학적구조에때문에아래로가라앉아수평반고리뼈관에있는이석은팽대부에서먼쪽에, 전및후반고리뼈관은팽대부쪽에이석이위치하게될것이다. 이때 Figure 9B처럼, 좌측으로 D-H 수기를시행하면, 중력에의한이석의이동으로내림프가전및후반고리뼈관에서는팽대부에서멀어져가는방향으로이동하여흥분성반응을보이고, 수평반고리뼈관에서는팽대부쪽으로이동하여흥분성반응을보이게된다. 결과적으로세개의반고리뼈관모두흥분되지만, 수직반고리뼈관들내에서의내림프흐름에비해수평반고리뼈관에서의흐름은매우약하여, 전및후반고리뼈관만이흥분된것과같은효과가나타나게된다. 결과적으로안구를위로향하게하는전반고리뼈관과아래로향하게하는후반고리뼈관의수직방향의힘은상쇄되어, 병터쪽으로향하는순수회선안진만이유발될수있을것이다. 11 6

7 이태경외 1 인. 양성돌발체위현훈에서안진의병태생리 Figure 11. Modified Epley s maneuver in the left posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Numbers in the doll indicate the sequential position of the patient. Bottom panel shows the schematic relationship of the semicircular canal and the otoconia. P, posterior semicircular canal; H, horizontal semicircular canal; A, anterior semicircular canal; U, utricle (adapted from Sung et al. 11 ). Figure 10. Liberatory maneuver of Semont (right ear). The top panel shows the effect of the maneuver on the labyrinth as viewed from the frontal and the induced movement of the canalith. While sitting up in step 1, the patient s head is turned 45 degrees toward the left side, and then the patient is rapidly moved to the side-lying position as depicted in step 2. This position is held for 30 seconds or so, and then the patient is rapidly taken to the opposite side-lying position without pausing in the sitting position or changing the head position relative to the shoulder. pc-bppv는여러가지이석치환술 (canalith repositionic procedure, CRP) 에의해쉽게치료되지만 modified Epley방법또는 Semont방법이가장효과적이라고알려져있다. 12 Semont 방법은앉은자세에서건측으로얼굴을돌리고갑작스럽게환측으로눕힌후, 안진이없어질때까지기다렸다가일어나앉히면서다시반대쪽으로얼굴이아래로향하도록빠르게눕히는방법으로이석을없애는방법으로이석유리술 (otolith liberatory maneuver) 라고도한다 (Figure 10). 13 Modified Epley 방법은이석을다시타원낭으로집어넣는방법으로수기의진행은다음과같다. 먼저 D-H 수기를행한후, 안진이없어질때까지기다렸다가고개를반대측 ( 건측 ) 으로 90 돌린후안진을확인하며안진을확인하며 20-30초또는안진이없어질때까지그자세로기다린다. 이어서그방향으로머리를 90 더돌리고 20-30초간머물며안진을확인한다. 이때머리와몸통이함께돌아가므로얼굴은거의바닥을향하고있는데여기서 20-30초간안진을관찰하고환자를일으켜앉힌다. 이러한과정에서이석이성공적으로치료되고있다면이석이지속적으로팽대부에서멀어지고있어야하므로안진의방향은처음과같으나, 만일안진의방향이역전된다 면이석들이다시팽대부쪽으로흐르거나팽대부정결석임을의미하므로치료의결과가나쁠수있다. 14 Figure 11은좌측 pc-bppv를치료하기위한 modified Epley 이석정복술의과정과해당자세에서반고리뼈관과이석의상태를보여주는그림이다. 그림에서볼수있듯이시작위치인 1번을제외한모든자세에서후반고리뼈관의유리이석은팽대부에서멀어져가므로, 후반고리뼈관은정복술내내흥분되게되며, 안진은정복술도중머리의위치에상관없이항상좌측귀쪽으로향하여제대로이석정복술이행해지고있다는것을알수있다. 2) 수평반고리뼈관형 BPPV의안진 Horizontal canal-bppv (hc-bppv) 는전체 BPPV의약 10% 에서 17% 정도로보고되나자연적인치료가잘된다는점과접근성이좋은센터에서의보고에의하면 30% 까지보고되므로실제로는더많을것으로생각된다. 12,15 hc-bppv에서는그병태생리에따라두가지형태의안진을보일수있다. 하나는똑바로누운상태에서좌측혹은우측으로돌아누웠을때안진이아래에위치한귀쪽으로, 즉, 지면을향하는향지성 (geotropic) 아형으로 1985년 McClure 16 에의해처음정리되었다. 이는수평반고리관내에있는이석으로인하여내림프가이동하는관내결석이론으로설명되었고, 그이후안진의방향이위쪽으로향하는, 즉, 하늘쪽을향하는원지성 (apogeotropic) 아형이보고되면서원지성안진은팽대부정에붙어있는결석에의한것으로설명되고있다 그러나원지성아형의일부는 Figure 12에서볼수 7

8 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 12, No. 1, Mar Figure 12. Possible locations of otoconia in right horizontal semicircular canal and its pathophysiology. (1) Head turns to the affected side: ampullopetal flow of the endolymph nystagmus toward affected side (Geotropic type), (2) Head turns to the affected side: ampullofugal flow nystagmus toward the healthy side (Apogeotropic). 있듯이수평반고리뼈관의단완 (short arm), 또는팽대완 (ampullary arm) 쪽에위치한관내결석에의해서도발생할수있다. Figure 12는수평반고리뼈관에서발생할수있는이석의위치에따른안진의병태생리를설명한것으로 1) 에이석이있을경우, 팽대부에서가까워지는쪽으로내림프의흐름이발생하므로향지성안진이발생하고, 2) 와같이이석이팽대부정에붙어있거나, 단완쪽에있을경우내림프의흐름이팽대부에서멀어지는쪽으로흐름으로원지성안진이발생할것이다. 따라서원지성안진을보인다고해서모두팽대부정결석에의한것은아니라는것을알수있다. (1) 향지성 (geotropic) hc-bppv 향지성 hc-bppv는관내결석이론으로설명된다. hc-bppv 에서향지성안진이발생하는기전은다음과같다. Figure 13 에서보듯이환자가 A처럼좌측으로돌아누우면좌측수평반고리뼈관의내림프가팽대부쪽으로흐름에따라좌측수평반고리뼈관이흥분되므로우측외직근과좌측내직근이수축하게되어눈은우측으로돌아간다. 이를교정하기위해안진은좌측, 즉땅쪽을향하게된다. 한편, Figure 13C처럼정상쪽인우측으로돌아누운경우, 좌측수평반고리뼈관의내림프가팽대부에서멀어져가는방향으로흐르게되므로좌측수평반고리뼈관은억제되며, 밀고당기는기전에의해이는반대편우측수평반고리뼈관이흥분된것과같은효과를나타낼것이다. 좌측외직근과우측내직근이수축하여눈은좌편시되고, 안진은우측, 즉, 땅쪽으로향하게된다. 다시말하면향지성아형에선머리를좌측우측어느쪽으로기울여도, 안진은모두아래에위치한귀쪽, 즉, 땅쪽으로유발되게된다. hc-bppv에서는안진의크기와방향으로어느쪽귀에병터가있는지확인하는데, 어떤경우에는안진의크기가비슷 A B C Figure 13. Movement of the otoconia in the left canalolithiasis. Arrows indicate the direction of the endolymphatic flow. Upper panel shows the position of the patient. Bottom panel is schematic drawing of the left semicircular canal. (A) Ampullopetal endolymph flow result in the excitement of the canal. Ampullofugal flow in (C) causes the inhibition of the canal. No endolymphatic flow in (B) (adapted from Sung et al. 11 ). 하여병터의위치를결정하기어려울때가있다. 향지성 hc-bppv의경우에는안진의크기가크게나타나는쪽이병터인데, 21 병터쪽으로머리를돌릴때안진이보다큰이유는같은양의자극을주어도흥분성자극이억제성자극보다더욱큰전정계반응을보이게되는현상인 Ewald의제2 법칙으로설명할수있다. 22 전정신경의모든일차구심성신경섬유는안정상태에서 spikes/sec의안정기방전 (resting discharge) 을가지고있다. 이것은전정신경염 (vestibular neuritis) 처럼한쪽의전정기능이상실된상태에서양측의불균형을초래하여, 한쪽의반응이세게나오는현상을보이게할수있고, BPPV처럼한쪽의자극이셀때도불균형을초래하여안구를편위시키는역할을한다. 물론자극이일정수준이상증가하면포화되어 (350 spikes/sec) 한없이증가할수는없지만, 흥분성자극이강하면강할수록신경섬유의활동성도따라서증가하게된다. 그러나억제성자극은아무리강한자극이라도신경섬유의활동성은 0 spikes/sec 이하로내려갈수는없을것이므로덜효과적이라고말할수있다. 23 병터를결정하는또다른방법으로머리의회전하는각도를달리하여안진의크기를비교해보는방법이있다. 관내결석에의한 hc-bppv에서는머리의회전각도가크면유발되는안진도커지게된다. Figure 13은우측병터에서병터쪽으로머리를돌릴때 (Figure 14A, C) 가정상쪽으로돌릴때보다안진이크며, 병터쪽으로돌리는경우에도, A에서처럼똑바로누운자세에서머리를 45 우측으로회전시켰을때보다, C에서처럼좌측으로 45 돌려져있는상태에서우측으로 45 ( 이때전체회전의각도는 90 ) 머리 8

9 이태경외 1 인. 양성돌발체위현훈에서안진의병태생리 를회전시킬때가더욱큰안진이유발되게된다. 그밖에고개를앞으로숙이거나뒤로젖히는방법에 A B C Figure 14. The amplitude and the direction of the nystagmus are changed according to the direction and range of movement of the head in right horizontal canalolithiasis. Rotation to the lesion side (A and C) evoked the larger amplitude of the nystagmus than the rotation to the healthy side. Larger the angle of rotation, larger the amplitude of nystagmus (amplitude of nystgmus in C is larger than A) (adapted from Sung et al. 11 ). 따라안진의방향이바뀌는것으로병터의위치를결정할수도있는데, 양쪽의안진이비슷한경우바로눕기안진 (lyingdown nystagmus) 을관찰하면원지성 (apogeotropic) 의경우병터측을향하는안진을보이고, 고개를앞으로숙일때보이는안진 (head-bending nystagmus) 에서는향지성의경우병터측을향하는안진이관찰되는것으로결정하기도한다. 바로눕기안진이나고개숙임에의한안진을관찰하는것은수평반고리뼈관의해부학적위치가수평면에서약 30 상방으로기울어져있는것과팽대부정이앞쪽에위치하고있기때문에유발되는것으로 Bow and lean test 라고도한다 (Figure 15). 24 안진의지속시간은전형적인 pc-bppv의안진보다두배정도긴데, 이는수직전정안반사에비해수평전정안반사의속도저장기전이약두배정도크기때문이다. 25,26 (2) 원지성 (apogeotropic) hc-bppv 원지성 hc-bppv는팽대부정결석에의해발생하거나수평반고리뼈관의단완 (short arm) 에발생한관내결석에의해발생한다. Figure 16의 A에서보듯이환자가병터쪽인좌측으로고개를돌리면, 좌측수평반고리뼈관의팽대부정은중력에의해반고리뼈관쪽으로휘어지게되어좌측수평반고리 Figure 15. Nystagmus and head position of horizontal semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in bow and lean test. The affected ear is determined as the same direction as that of bowing nystagmus and the opposite direction to that of leaning nystagmus in canalolithiasis and vice versa in cupulolithiasis (adapted from Lee et al. 24 ). 9

10 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 12, No. 1, Mar A B C Figure 16. The changes of the cupula in the left horizontal cupulolithiasis (adapted from Sung et al. 11 ). 뼈관의기능이억제되며, 이는밀고당기는기전에의해반대편우측수평반고리뼈관이흥분된것과같은효과를나타낼것이다. 즉좌측외직근과우측내직근이수축하여눈은좌편시되고, 안진은우측, 즉땅에서멀어지는쪽을향하게된다. 한편 Figure 16C처럼정상쪽인우측으로고개를돌리면, 좌측수평반고리뼈관의팽대부정은중력에의해타원낭쪽으로휘게되어좌측수평반고리뼈관이흥분되게된다. 즉우측외직근과좌측내직근의수축으로눈은우편시되고, 안진은땅에서멀어지는쪽으로향하게된다. 정리하면원지성아형에선머리를좌우측어느쪽으로돌리더라도모두안진은지면에서멀어지는방향, 즉위쪽귀를향한안진이유발되게된다. 향지성안진에서머리가회전하는각도의크기가클수록안진이커지는현상과는다르게, 원지성안진에서는회전의크기와는관계없이취해진마지막위치에따라유발되며, BPPV 안진중가장길어, 유발자세를유지시키면수분정도지속되는아형이다. 안진의크기는향지성아형과는다르게정상쪽으로머리를돌릴때안진이더욱강하게나타난다. 이는두가지로설명될수있다. 한가지는흥분성자극이억제성자극보다반응이크게나타난다는 Ewald의제2법칙에의해설명되는데, 정상쪽으로고개를돌렸을때는좌측수평반고뼈리관이흥분되어유발되는안진이므로안진의크기가크지만, 병터쪽으로고개를돌렸을때는좌측수평반고리뼈관이억제되어발생하는안진이므로안진이작게나타나는차이를보이는다는것이다. 또다른이유로는 Figure 17처럼병터쪽으로고개를돌리면팽대부정과중력벡터와의각도가작아팽대부정이덜편위되기때문으로 Figure 17. The figure shows the lateral nystagmus observed in the dark, in different head positions in pitch, in a presumed left lateral canal cupulolithiasis. There is a left beating nystagmus while the patient is sitting upright, similar to the nystagmus when supine, and a right beating nystagmus when the head is turned face down. A position where the nystagmus stops can be identified with the head tilted forward. The head models show the orientation of the plane of the left lateral semicircular canal in the different positions. The filled arrows correspond to gravity, the open arrows to the component deflecting the cupula (adapted from Bisdorff and Debatisse 27 ). 설명한다. 팽대부정결석으로인한원지형 hc-bppv 에서는 Figure 18 처럼누운상태에서병터쪽으로고개를천천히 정도돌리면안진이없어지는정지점 (null point) 을보이는경우가있다. 이는병터쪽수평반고리뼈관의팽대부정 10

11 이태경외 1 인. 양성돌발체위현훈에서안진의병태생리 이중력의방향과일치하여안진이유발되지않는상태이며 (C), 이때, 고개를병터쪽으로더돌리면안진의방향이바뀌게된다 (D). 이러한안진의역전현상과정지점은고개를아래위로천천히숙이거나뒤로젖힐때에도발견되며, 수평반고리뼈관이수평면에서 30 정도위로기울어져있고팽 A 대부정이앞쪽에위치하고있는해부학적특성으로인해발생하는현상으로팽대부정에붙어있는이석이고개를숙이거나젖힘에따라중력에의해팽대부정을중력에의해편위시키기때문이다. 27 또한, 머리를바로세우고앉거나서있는자세에서자발안진이관찰되기도하는데이를가성자발안진 (pseudo-spontaneous nystagmus) 라고도한다 (Figure 17). 28 이같은현상을이용하여원지성BPPV에서고개를뒤로젖히면병터쪽으로, 숙이면정상쪽으로향하는안진을관찰할수있다. hc-bppv에서병터의위치를찾는것은이석정복술을정확히행하는데매우중요하다. hc-bppv에서어느쪽귀의문제인지를찾아내는단서는안진의크기, 방향, 머리의위치에따른안진의변화, 정지점과가성자발안진등이있으며, 이를 Table 2에정리하였다. B C D Figure 18. Null point in the horizontal semicircular canal cupulolitiasis. Thin arrow indicates the vector of the gravity and the thick open arrow indicates the vector of the cupula. No cupular deviation in C because the sum of both vectors is zero (adapted from Sung et al. 11 ). (3) 전반고리뼈관형 BPPV의안진 Anterior canal-bppv (ac-bppv) 는매우드물어전체 BPPV 의약 1-3% 정도를차지하며, pc-bppv에서이석치환술도중발생하는경우가많다. ac-bppv는 D-H 수기에의해서자극된쪽으로회선안진과하방안진이나타날때의심할수있다. 이때유발되는안진은 pc-bppv와같이짧은잠복기와지속시간을보이며, 반복된자극에의해안진이작아지거나없어지는피로현상을보이고, 환자를다시앉혔을때안진의방향이바뀌는현상도보일수있지만 D-H 수기를취한자세에서하방안진을보인다는점이다른점이다. ac-bppv에서하방- 회선안진이보이는기전은다음과같다. 이석에의해일측전반고리뼈관이흥분되면동측의상직근과반대편하직근이흥분되게되어안구는병터반대쪽으로회편시 (contralesional rotation) 되면서동시에이마쪽으로편위되게된다. 따라서안진의빠른성분은회선성분은병터쪽으로, 직선성분은아래쪽을향하는회선 -하방안진으로나타나게된다. 이때안진은 pc-bppv에서와유사하게주시하는방향에따라달라지는해리안진 (dissociated nystagmus) Table 2. Method for determining the side of the lesion in horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Evoking method of nystagmus Lateralization Geotropic Apogeotropic Intensity of nystagmus Stronger side Weaker side Lying down nystagmus Usually contralesional Usually ipsilesional Head bending nystagmus Usually ipsilesional Usually contralesional Pweudo-spontaneous nystagmus Usually contralesional Usually ipsilesional Null point - Present in lesion side 11

12 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 12, No. 1, Mar A B Figure 19. Rotational axis and action of the right superior rectus muscle. Primary action of the superior rectus is elevation in 23 degree abducted, and the secondary action is intorsion in adducted position (adapted from Sung et al. 11 ). 의형태를보이는데, 안구가안와에서취하는위치에따라방향이변하는이유는상직근의해부학적특징때문이다. Figure 19과같이상직근은시선방향인 X축과 23 벌어져있으므로, 눈이 23 외전된상태에선순수한상전작용만을하며, 안으로내전되면상극을코쪽으로도는내회선을주로담당하게된다. 안진이유발되었을때, 병터쪽을주시시키면, 상직근의주기능이상전이므로위쪽으로편위되며, 안진은아래로향하는직선성분이더강하고, 정상쪽을주시시키면, 상직근의주기능이코쪽을향하는내회선이기때문에, 안진은병터쪽으로향하는회선성분이더강하게나타나게된다. 전반고리뼈관이흥분하면상직근의해부학적특성으로인해회선성분보다는주로수직성분인상전이일어나안진은주로하방안진이나타나고회선안진은미세하여육안으로관찰하지못할수있으며, 일부의 ac-bppv에선순수한하방안진만을보일수도있다. 29 또한체위변동에의해하방안진을보이는 50명의환자를대상으로한연구에의하면 38명에서중추신경계의병터가발견되었다. 30 따라서체위변동성하방안진을보이는경우에는중추체위현훈을감별하여야한다. C Figure 20. Changes of the position of semicircular canals and movement of otoliths according to the D-H maneuver for stimulating left posterior semicircular canal. Middle column shows the left semicircular canal, and the right column is right semicircular canal. Small dots indicate the possible position of the otoliths and arrows indicate the direction of the endolymphatic flows. AC, anterior semicircular canal; PC, posterior semicircular canal; HC, horizontal semicircular canal (adapted from Sung et al. 11 ). ac-bppv에서는병터쪽으로 D-H 수기를시행할때도안진이유발되지만정상쪽으로할때도유발될수있으며, 31,32 그기전은다음과같이설명될수있다. 11 Figure 20은전, 후반고리뼈관에모두이석이있다고가정한그림이다. Figure 20A와같이머리를똑바로하고앉아있다면, 반고리뼈관결석은중력에의해모두팽대부쪽에위치하게된다. Figure 20B와같이고개를좌측으로 45 정도돌리면, 좌측전반고리뼈관과같은평면상에위치하고있는우측후반고리뼈관은, 원래정면을보고앉은상태에서의 Y 평면상에놓이게되고, 좌측후반고리뼈관과같은평면상에위치하고있는우측전반고리뼈관은, 원래정면을보고앉은상태에서의 X 평면상에놓이게된다. Figure 20C처럼고개를뒤로 120 정도젖히면, 좌측후반고리뼈관내의결석이중력에의해밑으로흘러내려팽대부에서멀어지게되므로좌측후반고리뼈관은흥분되지만, 우측후반고리뼈관은맨우측맨아래그림처럼거의수평면에놓이게되어결석의흐름이일어날수없으므로아무런흥분도일어나지않게된다. 그러나전 12

13 이태경외 1 인. 양성돌발체위현훈에서안진의병태생리 반고리뼈관의경우는양쪽에서모두반고리관내의결석이중력에의해팽대부에서멀어져가는방향으로이동하므로양쪽전반고리뼈관모두가흥분될수있다. 이론상으로는일측 D-H 수기를하였을때, 반대편후반고리뼈관이억제되면비록 Ewald의제2법칙에따라강도는약할지라도 D-H 수기를시행한쪽전반고리뼈관의흥분과같은효과가유발되어하향및수기를시행한쪽으로회선되는복합안진이나타날수있지만, 앞서설명한대로일측 D-H 수기를시행하면반대편후반고리뼈관은거의수평면에위치하기때문에아무런변화도일어나지않으며, 만일중력에의해이석의이동이일어난다고해도언제나팽대부에서멀어지게흐르게되므로반고리뼈관이억압될수는없다. 그러므로만일 D-H 수기에서회선- 하방안진이나타난다면안진의회선방향쪽전반고리뼈관의흥분에의해서만발생한다고할수있는것이다. 그러나 ac-bppv에서뿐만아니라 pc-bppv에서도동측으로의회선안진과일시적인하방안진이관찰될수있는데, 이때에는 D-H 수기를하였을때전형적인 pc-bppv에해당하는안진이발현된뒤시간이경과하면서하방안진이동반될수있다. 이러한현상은중추신경계의적응기전에의한반동 (rebound) 현상때문인것으로생각된다. 33 전반고리뼈관의결석에의한안진의유발방법으로 D-H 수기보다는고개를똑바로한상태에서몸을뒤로젖혀머리를침상보다아래로하는 straight head hanging position이더욱효과적으로안진을유발하는방법이다. 이방법에의하면 D-H 수기보다전반고리뼈관이 20 정도더밑으로위치하게하고, 전반고리뼈관이거의수직면으로놓이게되어중력에의한이석의이동을잘유발할수있기때문이다. 30 따라서수직반고리뼈관의 BPPV가의심되는경우라면 DH수기에서는안진및현훈이유발이되지않더라도 straight head hanging test를해볼필요가있으며, 이때 ac-bppv의안진인하방- 회선복합안진이유발된다면안진의회선방향쪽의 ac-bppv가있을가능성이있다. 3. 중추체위현훈과의감별 중추체위현훈과 BPPV와의감별점은 BPPV에서보이는안진의특성, 즉, 짧은잠복기, 전형적인방향, 피로현상, 반복적인체위자극에대한습관화를보이지않고, 이석정복술에의해잘치료되지않는다는점등이다. 44,45 중추체위현훈에서는흔히뒤로똑바로눕혀고개가침상아래로약젖혀지게하는 straight head hanging position에의해유발되는지속적하방안진이특징적인것으로알려져왔으나 30,39,46 ac-bppv와일부정상인에서도체위성하방안진이발생할수도있다는점에서체위성하방안진만으로는정확히 CPV 를감별할수없다. 47 또한지속적하방안진외에는 CPV에서만특징적으로보이는체위성안진은없으며, 유발시키는자세에따라회선안진, 하방및수평안진, 상방안진등다양한양상을보일수있다 최근의한연구에의하면안진의잠복기, 경과, 지속시간, 피로현상, 현훈, 구토등의어느한가지만으로말초성과중추성체위현훈을구별하는것은불가능하며, 그중에서는유발되는안진의방향이 BPPV에서보이는전형적안진과맞지않는현상을보이는것이 CPV을감별하는데가장중요한점이라고하였다. 45 과거에는누운자세에서양쪽으로고개회전시안진이지면을향하거나 (geotropic) 천장을향하는 (apogeotropic) 방향전환성안진을보일때, CPN으로생각하였으나, hc-bppv에서이석의위치에따라이러한양상의안진이관찰될수있다는점이보고 되면서 27,51,52 방향전환성안진만으로도 CPN 을감별할수는 없다. 결론적으로한가지의임상적인특징에의해 CPV와 BPPV를감별할수는없지만, 가장중요한점은각각의 BPPV 유형에따라유발자세와그안진의방향이특징적으로보이는안진과맞지않는다면 CPV의가능성을생각하여야한다. 53 즉 pc-bppv에서 D-H 수기를시행하였는데, 아래쪽귀를향하는회선안진과상박안진이발생하지않는다던가, hc-bppv에서회선또는수직안진이발생하였다면 CPV의가능성을고려하여야한다. 그러나각각의 BPPV에서보이는전형적인안진에맞지않는다고하여항상 CPN 을의미하는것은아니다. 29,30,51 따라서동반증상이나안진의양상등다른여러상황을항상고려하여야한다. 중추신경계의병터에의해서도체위현훈 (central positional vertigo, CPV) 과안진 (central positional nystagmus, CPN) 을보일수있다. 중추체위현훈은후두와 (posterior fossa) 에발생하는뇌경색, 탈수초성질환, 종양, 퇴행성질환, 그리고드물지만약물이나알코홀에의한독성질환, 편두통등에의해서발생할수있다 결론 BPPV에서적절한유발방법에의해관찰되는전형적인안진을관찰하는것은진단에있어필수적이다. 그러나실제로는전형적인안진외에도다양한형태의안진이발생할수있으며, 또한심각한중추신경계질환에의해서도체위변동 13

14 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 12, No. 1, Mar 에의해유사한양상의안진이나타날수있다. 이렇게다양한체위변동성안진의원인을정확히평가하고적절하게치료하기위해서는안진을유발하는병태생리학적기전을잘이해하고있어야하며, 그렇게함으로써임상에서기대하지않았던양상의안진을접하였을때그기전을유추하여적절한판단을내릴수있다. 중심단어 : 양성돌발체위현훈, 안진, 병태생리 REFERENCES 1. Hornibrook J. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV): history, pathophysiology, office treatment and future directions. Int J Otolaryngol 2011;2011: Wersall J. The minute structure of the crista ampullaris in the guinea pig as revealed by the electron microscope. Acta Otolaryngol 1954;44: Cohen B, Suzuki JI, Bender MB. Eye movements from semicircular canal nerve stimulation in the cat. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1964;73: Schuknecht HF. Cupulolithiasis. Arch Otolaryngol 1969;90: Epley JM. The canalith repositioning procedure: for treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992;107: Steddin S, Brandt T. Unilateral mimicking bilateral benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994;120: Brandt T. Benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 1999;55: Dingle AF, Hawthorne MR, Kumar BU. Fenestration and occlusion of the posterior semicircular canal for benign positional vertigo. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1992;17: Cohen HS. Side-lying as an alternative to the Dix-Hallpike test of the posterior canal. Otol Neurotol 2004;25: Hayashi Y, Kanzaki J, Etoh N, Higashino K, Goto F, Schneider E, et al. Three-dimensional analysis of nystagmus in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. New insights into its pathophysiology. J Neurol 2002;249: Sung KB, Park JH, Im SB. Eye movement in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Korean Balance Soc 2005;4: Fife TD, Iverson DJ, Lempert T, Furman JM, Baloh RW, Tusa RJ, et al. Practice parameter: therapies for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2008;70: Semont A, Freyss G, Vitte E. Curing the BPPV with a liberatory maneuver. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 1988;42: Oh HJ, Kim JS, Han BI, Lim JG. Predicting a successful treatment in posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Neurology 2007;68: Bhattacharyya N, Baugh RF, Orvidas L, Barrs D, Bronston LJ, Cass S, et al. Clinical practice guideline: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008;139: S McClure JA. Horizontal canal BPV. J Otolaryngol 1985;14: Crevits L. Different canalith repositioning procedures for horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;133: Nuti D, Agus G, Barbieri MT, Passali D. The management of horizontal-canal paroxysmal positional vertigo. Acta Otolaryngol 1998;118: Appiani GC, Catania G, Gagliardi M, Cuiuli G. Repositioning maneuver for the treatment of the apogeotropic variant of horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otol Neurotol 2005;26: Lempert T. Canalith repositioning maneuver. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;112: Strupp M, Brandt T, Steddin S. Horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo: reversible ipsilateral caloric hypoexcitability caused by canalolithiasis? Neurology 1995; 45: Cremer PD, Henderson CJ, Curthoys IS, Halmagyi GM. Horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflexes in humans with only one horizontal semicircular canal. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 1988; 42: Goldberg JM, Fernandez C. Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating semicircular canals of the squirrel monkey. I. Resting discharge and response to constant angular accelerations. J Neurophysiol 1971;34: Lee JB, Han DH, Choi SJ, Park K, Park HY, Sohn IK, et al. Efficacy of the "bow and lean test" for the management of horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope 2010;120: Baloh RW, Richman L, Yee RD, Honrubia V. The dynamics of vertical eye movements in normal human subjects. Aviat Space Environ Med 1983;54: Raphan T, Matsuo V, Cohen B. Velocity storage in the vestibulo-ocular reflex arc (VOR). Exp Brain Res 1979;35: Bisdorff AR, Debatisse D. Localizing signs in positional vertigo due to lateral canal cupulolithiasis. Neurology 2001; 57: Lee SH, Kim JS. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Clin Neurol 2010;6: Ogawa Y, Suzuki M, Otsuka K, Shimizu S, Inagaki T, Hayashi M, et al. Positional and positioning down-beating nystagmus without central nervous system findings. Auris Nasus Larynx 2009;36: Bertholon P, Bronstein AM, Davies RA, Rudge P, Thilo KV. Positional down beating nystagmus in 50 patients: cerebellar disorders and possible anterior semicircular canalithiasis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72: Herdman SJ, Tusa RJ. Complications of the canalith repositioning procedure. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 14

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KISEP Otology Korean J Otolaryngol 1999;42: 수평반고리관양성발작성두위현기증 김영기 윤용주 김인 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo of the Horizontal Semicircular Cana

KISEP Otology Korean J Otolaryngol 1999;42: 수평반고리관양성발작성두위현기증 김영기 윤용주 김인 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo of the Horizontal Semicircular Cana KISEP Otology Korean J Otolaryngol 1999;42:836-42 수평반고리관양성발작성두위현기증 김영기 윤용주 김인 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo of the Horizontal Semicircular Canal Young Ki Kim, MD, Yong Joo Yoon, MD and In Kim MD

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