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1 RESEARCH PAPER 2013;9:33-39 ISSN Copyright c 2013 Korean Academy of Audiology 어음잡음하에서자모음비에따른감각신경성난청인의 무의미음절인지도 ABSTRACT 다산청능재활연구원 1 ᆞ 한림대학교일반대학원언어청각학과 2 ᆞ 한림국제대학원대학교청각학과 3 공혜경 1,3 ㆍ주연미 2 ㆍ이경원 3 Nonsense Syllable Recognition Scores as a Function of Consonant-to-vowel Ratios in Speech Noise for Sensorineural Hearing Loss Hye Kyoung Kong 1,3, Yeon Mi Joo 2 and Kyoung Won Lee 3 1 Dasan Aural Rehabilitation Lab, Seoul, Korea 2 Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Hallym University Graduate School, Chuncheon, Korea 3 Department of Audiology, Hallym University of Graduate Studies, Seoul, Korea Several studies in English language reported that consonant-to-vowel ratio (CVR) could significantly affect non-sense monosyllabic recognition for listeners with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). This study aimed to examine the consonant-vowel (CV) Korean syllable recognition as a function of CVRs with or without background noise. Eighteen listeners with SNHL participated in this study (average age of 66.4 years). The target CV syllables consist of combinations between five consonants of /s/, /tɕ h /, /K h /, /t h /, and /p h / and a vowel /a/. The ratios of the CV syllables were adjusted to be 0, +6, and +12 db, and the target syllables were presented at listeners most comfortable level without or with noise (at signal-to-noise ratios of +6 db, 0 db and 6 db). Results showed that the recognition scores of CV syllable increased with greater SNRs. The recognition score was significantly greater with CVR of 0 db compared to CVRs of +6 and +12 db. Only at 0 db SNR condition, syllable recognition increased as a function of CVR. In conclusion, an increase of CVR may be beneficial to non-sense syllable recognition of hearing-impaired listeners especially in noise. This finding may be informative to select compression ratio, compression threshold, attack time, and release time of non-linear hearing aids. KEY WORDS : Word recognition score, Consonant-to-vowel ratio, Signal-to-noise ratio, Nonsense syllable, Sensorineural hearing loss, Release time INTRODUCTION 1) 감각신경성난청 (sensorineural hearing loss, SNHL) 인은와우내유모세포의손상으로청력역치 (hearing threshold level, HTL) 가상승하며이로인해역동범위 (dynamic range) 가감소하여다양한소리의청취에어려움을겪는 논문접수일 : 2013 년 04 월 27 일논문수정일 : 2013 년 06 월 04 일게재확정일 : 2013 년 06 월 07 일교신저자 : 이경원, 서울시강남구대치동 한림국제대학원대학교청각학과전화 : (02) , 전송 : (02) leekw@hallym.ac.kr 다. 또한중추청각처리시스템의기능저하로인하여시간 (temporal) 및주파수 (spectral) 해상도가저하되어단어인지도 (word recognition score, WRS) 가감소하며특히잡음으로부터목표어음을분리하고인지하는데어려움이있다 (Dreschler & Plomp, 1985; Shobha et al., 2008; Tyler et al., 1982; Van Tasell, 1993). 이러한이유로인해 SNHL은청력손실이심하거나주변에잡음이존재할때어음청취능력은더욱어려워진다 ( 박철호외, 2008; Cahart & Tillman, 1970; Wilson & McArdle, 2005). 그리고어음의청취능력에있어서 SNHL은모음보다는자음의인지에어려움을보이는데그이유로 SNHL의청력역치가저주파수에비해서고주파수에서더높게나타나는 33

2 34 AUDIOLOGY 청능재활 2013;9:33-39 것과자음, 특히무성자음의에너지가모음에비해서고주파수대역에서약한강도로나타나는음향학적인패턴과관련이있다 (Byrne et al., 1994; Macrae & Dillon, 1996). 또한정보전달측면에서자음은짧은시간내에정보를전달하며특히초성자음의경우는단어의단서 (cue) 를제공하지만소음속에서는모음에비해주변소음에의해쉽게차폐되는현상이있기때문이다 (Dubno & Schaefer, 1995; Greenberg, 1996). 그동안서구에서는영어를중심으로 SNHL의자음청취력을개선하기위한다수의연구가있었는데보편적인방법으로상향차폐 (upward spread of masking) 를막기위해서저주파수의이득을줄이는주파수반응곡선의조절 (Verschuure et al., 1994), 약한자음의에너지를증가시키는자모음비 (consonant-to-vowel ratio, CVR) 의조절 (Jenstad & Souza, 2005; Souza & Turner, 1996) 을들수있다. 이중에서 CVR은광역동범위압축 (wide dynamic range compression) 방식과같이낮은압축역치 (compression threshold) 를사용하는비선형 (nonlinear type) 증폭기의압축시간 (attack time) 및해제시간 (release time) 을한개음절의길이보다빠른 60 msec 이내로빠르게조절하면에너지가약한자음부분을증폭하여 CVR을개선할수있으며, 이를통해서자음청취력의향상을기대할수있다 ( 이경원 & 김진숙, 2009; Hickson et al., 1999; Jenstad & Souza, 2005). CVR은한개의음절에서자음과모음을구성하는에너지의비율을의미하는데자음과모음의종류에따라그비율이다르게나타나기때문에 CVR은한개의음절에서자음과모음의에너지비율을조절하지않은원래의상태를 0 db CVR로정하여사용한다. SNHL인의 CVR에따른인지도와관련된연구를살펴보면국외의경우 Gordon- Salant(1986, 1987), Montgomery et al.(1987), Kennedy et al.(1998), Hickson et al.(1999) 등은조용한환경에서, Jayan & Pandey(2012) 등은잡음이있는환경에서 CVR을 +6에서 +12 db 증가했을때자음이포함된단음절어의인지도가증가하였다고보고하였다. 국내에서는 SNHL인이대상인이소예 & 이경원 (2010), 인공와우착용아동이대상인신유정 & 이경원 (2011) 의연구에서는 잡음이없는환경에서 CVR이 +6 db 증가할때자모음절 (consonant-vowel syllable) 의인지도가향상되었다고보고하였다. 반면에영어권에서는 Hickson & Byrne(1997), Sammeth et al.(1999), Jenstad & Souza(2005) 등의연구에서는 CVR의증가가어음의인지도에영향을주지않는다고보고하여차이를나타냈다. 상기의선행연구에서알수있듯이 SNHL의 CVR에따른자음의인지도의결과는다양하게나타나결론을내리지못하고있으며, 잡음하에서 CVR에따른자음의인지와관련된연구가많지않은편인데 SNHL이소음환경하에서어음변별이어렵다는점을감안했을때다양한신호대잡음비 (signal-to-noise ratio, SNR) 에서 CVR의변화에따른 CV음절인지도의변화를살펴볼필요가있다. 이에따라본연구에서는조용한상황그리고어음잡음 (speech noise) 내의조용한곳 (quiet) 그리고 +6, 0, -6 db의 SNR에서한국어무성자음을 0, +6, +12 db의 CVR로변환하여 CVR에따른무의미자모음절인지도의변화를 SNHL인을대상으로알아보고자하였다. 이를통하여비선형증폭기의압축역치와압축비율 (compression ratio) 그리고압축시간과해제시간을효과적으로결정하기위한기초자료로활용하고자하였다. MATERIALS AND METHODS 연구대상본연구의대상자는이과질환병력이없으며육안으로관찰했을때외이도와고막에이상소견이없는 SNHL인이었다. 대상자수는 18명 ( 남성 9명, 여성 9명 ) 으로평균연령은 66.4세 ( 표준편차 ; 10.1 세 ) 이었다. 대상자중 2명은양측의청력이달라서양측모두검사음을제시하였다. 대상자의 500, 1,000, 2,000 Hz의평균순음청력역치는 45.3 db HL( 표준편차 ; 17.8 db HL), WRS의평균은 76.0%( 표준편차 ; 16.4 db HL) 이었으며, 청력손실기간, 보청기착용경험유무등은고려하지않았다. 대상자의주파수별 HTL과 WRS의평균과표준편차는 Table 1에제시하였다. Table 1. 대상자의각주파수별 HTL 과 WRS 의평균그리고표준편차 (SD) Frequency(Hz) ,000 2,000 4,000 8,000 WRS(%) HTL (db HL) SD

3 HK Kong et al. : CVR Effects in Speech Noise 35 검사장비각주파수별 HTL과 WRS 검사는 Starkey 사의 AA50과 Interacoustic 사의 GSI 61를사용하였다. 검사어음으로무의미자모음절은노복임 & 이재희 (2012) 의연구에서녹음한것으로주로고주파수대역에분포하며, 자음의분리가용이한한국어의무성자음 / ㅅ /, / ㅊ /, / ㅋ /, / ㅌ /, / ㅍ / 과이소예 & 이경원 (2010) 의연구에서인지도가가장높게나타난모음 / ㅏ / 를결합한 5개의 CV 음절 (/ 사 /, / 차 /, / 카 /, / 타 /, / 파 /) 을사용하였다. CVR의조절은 Adobe Audition(version 3.0) 프로그램을사용하였으며, 검사어음은 mp3(iriver-inp400) 에저장한다음청력검사기와연결하여 TDH-39 헤드폰을통하여제시하였다. CVR 및 SNR의조절녹음된자모음절의표본화 (sampling) 주파수와비트 (bit) 는각각 44,100 Hz와 16 비트이었으며, 녹음한각각의자모음절은동일한실효치 (root-mean-square) 를갖도록 Adobe Audition 상에서조절하였다. 그후 5개의자모음절은 Adobe audition 상에서파형과스펙트로그램을육안으로관찰하여규칙적인모음의펄스가시작되는지점을찾아자음과모음을분리하였다. 분리위치를선택한후자음의파형만선택하여 Figure 1과같이진폭을 0, +6, +12 db로각각증폭하여총 15개의자모음절을제작한후건청인에게듣게하여자모음절의자연스러움과왜곡의발생여부를확인하였다. SNR의조절은 quiet 그리고한국어스펙트럼과특성이비슷하게제작한어음잡음 (speech noise) 과혼합하여 +6, 0, -6 db의 SNR로제작하였다. 재생시각음절간존재하는휴지 (silence) 부분 의간격은대상자가제시음을받아쓰게하기위해서 3.5 sec(±0.5초 ) 로유지하였다. 연구절차연구절차는이과적병력등에대한배경정보와육안관찰을통해외이와고막의상태를확인한후, 순음청력및 WRS 검사를실시하였다. 양귀에모두신호음을제시한 2명을나머지대상자는청력과 WRS가더좋은귀를선택하여신호음을제시하였다. 신호음은 mp3에저장한후청력검사기에연결하여자모음절앞에녹음된 1 khz의보정음 (calibration tone) 으로청력검사기를보정한후 TDH- 39 헤드폰을통하여쾌적수준 (most comfortable level) 으로제시하여받아적게하였다. 이때피검자가보청기를착용하고있는경우는보청기를제거하도록지시하였으며, 본실험에소요된시간은평균 20분이었다. 통계분석 4 가지조건의 SNR에서 CVR의변화에따른자모음절인지도의차이는반복측정이원분산분석 (2-way ANOVA with repeated measures) 을통하여알아보았다. 그리고각 SNR 조건과 CVR 조건간의자모음절인지도의차이, CVR과 SNR 변수간의상호작용을확인하기위하여 Bonferroni 사후분석검정을실시하였다. 추가적으로각각의 SNR에서 CVR에따른인지도의변화를일원분산분석을실시하였으며, SNR의조건이 4개임을감안하여조정 p값 (adjusted p-value) 은.01을 4로나눈.0025를적용하였다. 통계분석은프로그램은 SPSS(version 12.0) 를이용하였다. 0 db CVR +6 db CVR +12 db CVR Figure 1. 0, +6, +12 db 의 CVR 로조절한 / 사 /(/S h a/) 의파형 ( 위 ) 과스펙트로그램 ( 아래 ) 의예

4 36 AUDIOLOGY 청능재활 2013;9:33-39 RESULTS 본연구에서는 0, +6, +12 db의 CVR로조절한자모음절 / 사 /, / 차 /, / 카 /, / 타 /, / 파 / 를어음잡음과혼합하여 quiet, +6, 0, +6 db의 SNR로조절한후 SNHL인에게제시하여자모음절인지도를알아보았다. 1) SNR에따른자모음절인지도소음제시조건인 quiet, +6, 0, -6 db SNR 간에유의미한차이가나타났음을확인하였다 [F(1.87, 35.6) = 12.03] (p <.001). 4가지조건에차이가있는지알아보기위해사후분석을실시한결과는 Figure 2에나타내었으며, 자모음절인지도는 -6 db SNR에서 40.3% 로소음이제시되지않은조건의 66.3%(p <.01), +6 db SNR의 63.0% 그리고 0 db SNR의 56.7%(p <.001) 에비해서유의하게낮았음을확인하였다. 또한 +6, 0, -6 db SNR 간에도유의한차이가나타났음을확인하였다 (p <.001). (**p <.01, **p <.001)( 오차막대 : standard error) Figure 2. SNHL인의 Quiet, +6, 0, -6 db SNR 에따른자모음절인지도 2) CVR에따른자모음절인지도 Figure 3에서자모음절인지도는 0, +6, +12 db의 CVR 조건에따라유의하게달랐음을확인하였다 [F(2, 38) = 12.30] (p <.001). Figure 3에서 CVR 조건간사후분석을실시한결과자모음절인지도는 CVR이 0 db 에서 +6 db로증가했을때 47.3% 에서 59.0%(p <.01) 그리고 0 db에서 +12 db로증가했을때 47.3% 에서 63.5%(p <.001) 로각각증가하여차이를나타냈다. 그러나 6 db CVR에서 12 db CVR로증가시자모음절인지도는유의미한차이가나타나지않았다 (p >.05). 3) 각 SNR에서 CVR에따른 SNHL인의자모음절인지도각각의 SNR에서 0, +6, +12 db CVR에따른자모음절인지도는 quiet에서 64.0%, 71.0%, 64.0%, +6 db SNR에서 56.0%, 62.0%, 71.0%, 0 db SNR에서 40.0%, 60.0%, 70.0% 그리고 -6 db SNR에서 29.0%, 43.0%, 49.0% 로각각나타났다 (Figure 4). 일원분산분석을추가로실시한결과 0 db SNR에서 CVR 간유의미한차이가나타났으며 [F(2, 38)=13.04] (p < ), quiet[f(2, 38)=1.75], +6 db SNR[F(2, 38)=2.7], -6 db SNR[F(2, 38)=13.04] 에서는 CVR 간에유의미한차이가나타나지않았다 (p >.0025). 0 db SNR에서 CVR 조건에따른사후분석을실시하였을때 CVR이 0에서 +6 db(p <.01) 그리고 0에서 +12 db(p <.001) 로증가했을때차이가유의미하게나타났다. 그리고각 SNR과 CVR 조건간이원상호작용이있었는지를분석하였으며결과적으로유의한것으로나타났다 [F(6, 114)=3.20] (p <.01). Figure 4에서확인할수있듯이자모음절인지도는 +6, 0, -6 db SNR에서는 CVR을 0, +6, +12 db로증가시켰을때증가하는경향이있었으나조용한상황인 (*p <.01, *p <.001)( 오차막대 : standard error) Figure 3. SNHL 인의 0, +6, +12 db CVR 에따른자모음절인지도 (**p <.01, **p <.001)( 오차막대 : standard error) Figure 4. Quiet, +6, 0, -6 db의 SNR 에서 0, +6, +12 db CVR 에따른자모음절인지도

5 HK Kong et al. : CVR Effects in Speech Noise 37 quiet 조건에서는 CVR이 +6 db에서 +12 db로증가할때감소하였다. 4) 자모음절에따른인지도 Figure 5에서각 SNR에서의 CVR에따른 5 개자모음절인지도는 / 자 / 와 / 차 / 가비교적높게나타났으며, / 파 / 가가장낮게나타났다. 자모음절 / 사 /, / 차 /, / 타 / 는 SNR 낮아질때자모음절인지도가감소하였으나 / 카 / 의경우는 SNR이 0 db 까지증가할때자모음절인지도또한증가하였다. 각각의 SNR에서 CVR에따른인지도의변화를살펴보면 / 파 / 를제외한나머지자모음절은대부분의 SNR에서 CVR이증가할때인지도가증가하는것으로나타났으나 / 사 / 와 / 파 / 의경우는 quiet 조건에서 CVR이증가할때의인지도는오히려감소하는것으로나타났다. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 본연구에서는 5 개의자음 / ㅅ /, / ㅊ /, / ㅋ /, / ㅌ /, / ㅍ / 에모음 / ㅏ / 를결합한자모음절에서자음의진폭을 0, 6, 12 db를증폭한다음어음잡음과혼합하여 quiet, -6, 0, +6 db의 SNR의조건에서 CVR에따른자모음절인지도를 SNHL을대상으로살펴보았다. 4개의 SNR 조건에서 CV음절의 CVR을변화하였을때 SNHL의자모음절인지도는 0 db SNR에서 CVR이 0 db 에서 +6 db(p <.01), 그리고 +12 db(p <.001) 로증가 했을때유의미한차이가나타났다. 조용한곳에서 CVR의증가에따른자모음절인지도의변화를살펴본연구에서 Hickson et al.(1999) 은선형및비선형증폭기를통하여 CVR을증가했을때고주파수청력손실을가진 SNHL은자음중일부의인지도를개선할수있다고보고하였다. Kennedy et al.(1998) 의연구에서도무의미자모음절의자음을증폭하여 CVR을증가했을자모음절인지도가개선되었다고보고하였다. 그리고국내에서는이소예 & 이경원 (2010) 의연구에서는무성자음에 / ㅜ /, / ㅏ /, / ㅣ / 를결합한자모음절의전체적인인지도가 +6 db, +9 db의 CVR에서상승하였으나무성자음에 / ㅏ / 를결합한자모음절은 CVR에따른자모음절인지도의변화가없는것으로보고하여본연구와일치성을나타냈다. 또한 Hickson & Byrne(1997), Sammeth et al.(1999) 은조용한환경에서 CVR의증가는자모음절인지도에영향을주지않는다고보고하였으며, Jenstad & Souza(2005) 에서도비선형증폭기의압축비율과압축역치에따른 CVR의효과및자모음절인지도를살펴보았는데조용한곳에서 CVR의변화는어음인지도에영향을주지않는다고보고하여본연구와일치성을나타냈다. 잡음이있는환경에서 CVR과관련된연구에서 Shobha et al.(2008) 은 /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/ 의 6개의무성또는유성파열음과 /a/, /ɛ/, /o/ 의모음이연결된총 18개의자모음절로구성된무의미자모음절을사용하여 NM, +6 db, +12 db SNR의세가지조건에서 0, +3, +6, +12 db의 CVR을적용하였을때 +12 db SNR에서 Figure 5. Quiet, +6, 0, -6 db 의 SNR 에서자모음절의 0, +6, +12 db CVR 에따른자모음절인지도 (%)

6 38 AUDIOLOGY 청능재활 2013;9: % 의정보전달점수그리고 19% 의자음인지도의상승으로최대어음인지도의개선효과를나타내었다고하였다. 본연구의실험조건에서도잡음이있는경우가장높은 +6 db SNR의조건일때최대의어음인지도결과가나타나일치성을나타냈지만, CVR에따른자모음절인지도의상승효과는잡음이대화음수준과비슷한 0 db SNR에서나타나 Shobha et al.(2008) 의연구에서차이를보였는데, 이는본연구에서는모음 / ㅏ / 한개만을사용하여선행연구와비교하는것은무리가있다. 본연구에서 SNR과 CVR 간에이원상호작용이있었는데자모음절인지도는 +6, 0, -6 db SNR에서는 CVR을 0, +6, +12 db로증가시켰을때증가하는경향이있었으나조용한상황인 quiet 조건에서는 CVR이 +6 db에서 +12 db로증가할때감소하였다. 그이유는소음이있는환경에서의낮은 CVR은자음의에너지가잡음에비해서낮기때문에잡음에의한자음의차폐효과가컸기때문이며, quiet 에서 +12 db CVR의자모음절인지도가낮게나타난것은자모음절이 SNHL에게왜곡되어들릴수있기때문이다. 그리고각자모음절중 / 파 / 의인지도가가장낮게나타났다. 조용한상황에서자모음절인지도를연구한이소예 & 이경원 (2010) 의연구에서는 /t/ 의인지도가가장낮게나타나본연구와차이를나타냈다. 그이유로 Smits et al.(1996) 의연구에서 /k/ 는자음성분단독으로도구분이가능하지만 /p/ 와 /t/ 는그렇지못하다고보고하였으며, 또한 /p/ 는포먼트의전이만으로도구분이가능하였는데본연구에서사용한어음잡음이 / 파 / 의자음성분과포먼트의전이를차폐하였기때문에자모음절의인지를방해한것으로생각한다. 또한본연구의 quiet 조건에서 CVR에따라인지도가증가한자모음절은 / 차 /, / 카 /, / 타 / 로나타났는데이는 / 차 /, / 카 /, / 파 / 가 CVR에따른인지도의향상효과가있었다고보고한이소예 & 이경원 (2010) 의연구와부분적으로일치성을나타냈다. 상기의연구결과를종합해볼때 CVR에따른효과는 CVR이 0 db에서 +6 db로증가할때그리고말소리의강도와비슷한 0 db SNR에서나타났다. 이결과는과도한 CVR의증가그리고너무조용한환경이나잡음이심한환경에서는 CVR의증가가자모음절인지도에도움을주지않을것으로추측할수있다. 따라서비선형보청기에서압축역치를 40 db SPL 내외그리고압축시간및해제시간을빠르게설정하면에너지가약한자음의진폭을증가시킬수있으므로 ( 이경원 & 김진숙, 2009) 소음상황에서 SNHL의자모음절인지도를개선할수있을것이다. 그러나다양한청취환경에서 CVR에따른자모음절인지도 를확인하기위해서향후의연구에서는난청의정도와형태를감안하여야하며 Jenstad & Souza(2008) 도지적했듯이다양한배경소음등어음의인지에영향을주는다양한조건에서 CVR을적용하는것이무의미자모음절의인지측면에서새로운결과를나타낼것으로보인다. 그리고향후 CVR과관련된구체적이고다양한연구는비선형보청기의압축역치, 압축비율, 압축시간, 해제시간등의효과적인결정에도움을줄수있을것으로기대한다. 중심단어 : 단어인지도, 자모음비, 신호대잡음비, 무의미음절, 감각신경성난청, 해제시간 REFERENCE 노복임 & 이재희. (2012). 고주파수및수평형난청인의무의미단음절어의인지와오류유형에관한연구. 청능재활, 8, 박철호, 이성희, 심현준, 이승주, 윤상원, & 이경원. (2008). 정상인과난청인에서다화자잡음을이용한소음환경하에서의 50% 인지신호대잡음비의비교. 대한이비인후과학회, 51(10), 신유정 & 이경원. (2011). 한국어의자모음비에따른인공와우착용아동의무의미음절의인지도변화. 청능재활, 7, 이경원 & 김진숙. (2009). 보청기적합공식과한국의연구고찰. 청능재활, 9(5), 이소예 & 이경원. (2010). 한국어의자모음비 (CVR) 에따른무의미 CV 음절인지도의변화연구. 청능재활, 6, Byrne, D., Dillon, H., Tran, K., Arlinger, S. et al. (1994). An international comparison of long term average spectra. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 96(4), Carhart, R. & Tillman, T. W. (1970). Interaction of competing speech signals with hearing losses. Archives Otolaryngology- Head & Neck Surgery, 91(3), Dreschler, W. & Plomp, R. (1985). Relations between psychophysical data and speech perception for hearing impaired subjects II. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 78, Dubno, J. R. & Schaefer, A. B. (1995). Frequency selectivity and consonant recognition for hearing-impaired and normal-hearing listeners with equivalent masked thresholds. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97, Gordon-Salant, S. (1986). Recognition of natural and time intensity altered CV's by young and elderly subjects with normal-hearing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 80(6), Gordon-Salant, S. (1987). Effects of acoustic modification on consonant recognition by elderly hearing-impaired subjects. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 81(4), Greenberg, S. (1996). Auditory processing of speech. In Lass NJ editor. Principles of experimental phonetics. (1st Ed.) (pp. 399) St. Louis: Mosby Year Book. Hickson, L. & Byrne, D. (1997). Consonant perception in quiet: ef-

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