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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 16, No. 6 pp , ISSN / eissn 인체부착용방사패턴재구성안테나의 SNR 및 BER 성능분석 이창민 1, 정창원 1* 1 서울과학기술대학교 NID 융합기술대학원 Performance analysis of SNR and BER for radiation pattern reconfigurable antenna Chang Min Lee 1, Chang Won Jung 1* 1 Graduate School of NID Fusion Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology 요약본논문은생체신호 ( 체온, 혈압, 맥박등 ) 를측정하는웨어러블 (Wearable) 디바이스에장착된인체부착용방사패턴재구성안테나의통신성능비교에관한논문이다. 제안된안테나의동작주파수는블루투스 (Bluetooth) 통신대역의 GHz 이며, 안테나의최대이득은 1.96 dbi 이다. 제안된안테나는두개의 RF 스위치 (PIN diode) 를이용하여서로반대방향의빔을생성하여전자기파신호를효율적으로송수신한다. 또한제안된안테나는탑로딩 (Top Loading) 을이용세가지의각도변경 (30, 90, 150 ) 을통해각방사패턴의지향성변화를조사하였다. 본논문에서는방사패턴재구성안테나를통해전파간섭이없는전자파차페실의이상적인전파환경과실제전파간섭이존재 (Universal Software Radio Peripheral, USRP) 하는스마트하우스내에서웨어러블디바이스안테나의신호대집음비 (Signal-to-Noise Ratio, SNR) 및비트에러율 (Bit Error Rate, BER) 성능측정을진행하였다. 두경우의측정비교시 SNR은평균적으로 5 db의성능저하를보이며, BER은최대 10배증가하여수신에러율 (Error rate of receiving signal) 이높아지는것을확인하였으며, 본논문에서측정한 SNR과 BER 의측정결과로전자파기기의방해전파로인한성능저하를수치상으로예측하였다. Abstract This paper presents the communication performance for the radiation pattern reconfigurable antenna in the wearable device measuring bio signal (temperature, blood pressure, pulse etc.) of human body. The operational frequency is GHz, which covers Bluetooth communication bandwidth. The maximum gain of the antennas is 1.96 dbi. The proposed antenna is efficiently transmitting and receiving signal by generating two opposite beam directions using two RF switches (PIN diode). Also, we investigated how radiation pattern changes according to three angles (30, 90, 150 ) of Top Loading. In this paper, we measured and compared the SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) and BER (Bit Error Rate) performances of the proposed antennas in the condition between an ideal environment of anechoic chamber and smart house existing practical electromagnetic interferences (Universal Software Radio Peripheral, USRP). Throughout the comparing the results of the measurement of two cases, we found that the SNR is degraded over 5dB in average and BER is increased over ten times in maximum, therefore, it is confirmed that the error rate of receiving signal is increased. The measured results of SNR and BER value in this paper able to expect the performance degrading by the interference from the electromagnetic devices. Key Word : Radiation pattern reconfigurable antenna, Fitbit Flex, Bluetooth, SNR, BER 이연구는 MKE/KEIT의 IT R&D 프로그램과제 [ , Self-Organized Software-platform (SOS) for welfare devices] 사업의지원으로수행되었다. * Corresponding Author : Chang Won Jung(Seoul National University of Technology and Science) Tel: changwoj@snut.ac.kr Received February 25, 2015 Accepted Jnune 11, 2015 Revised (1st April 30, 2015, 2nd May 8, rd May 12, 2015) Published June 30,

2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 6 호, 서론의료시장의규모가커짐에따라, 일상생활에적용되는의료기기들이빠른속도로상용화되고있다. 무선신체영역네트워크 (Wireless Body Area Network, WBAN) 는인체내부또는외부에서형성되는근거리통신방식으로, 이러한의료기기들의인체내외통신방식을표준화한다. IEEE에서는 WBAN을인체내부및인체로부터 3미터이내의무선통신으로정의하고있다. WBAN 통신이쓰이는곳은치료의목적으로인체내부에서쓰이는심장박동기도있는반면에, 최근의복, 신발및액세서리등에적용하여일상생활에서자주볼수있는웨어러블기기들이출시되고있다. 현재지역별로 WBAN 주파수이용대역은온바디 (On-body) 통신을위한대역으로 MHz가모든국가에허용되었다. 또한최근헬스케어분야에핵심적으로응용이되는네트워크인 WBAN에대해서 IEEE Working Group을중심으로물리계층 (PHY) 및네트워크계층 (MAC) 에서표준화가이루어지고있다. 본논문에서는팔목부착형태로생체신호를측정하여정보를제공하는무선기기의안테나의성능을향상시킨방사패턴재구성안테나를설계, 제작, 및측정하였다 [1,2,3,4,5], 방사패턴재구성안테나는하나의안테나로도높은이득과전방향의전파를수신할수있다는장점이있다. 본논문에서제작된안테나는기존팔목부착용안테나보다방사패턴과이득면에서성능이향상됨을보였다. 또한제안된안테나는두개의빔을통하여전방향의신호를감지한다. 방사패턴재구성안테나를이용한무선제품의통신효율을측정하기위해 SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) 및 BER (Bit Error Rate) 을측정하였으며, 그결과를분석하였다. 주파수대역은블루투스통신대역 2.4 ~ 2.5 GHz이다. 모노폴상부에위치시킨탑로딩 (Top Loading) 을추가하여리액턴스의변화에의한안테나소형화가가능하며, 또한제안된안테나에탑로딩각도에따른방사패턴의변화를알아보기위해세가지각도 (30, 90, 150 ) 를정하여방사패턴의지향성변화를조사하였다. 또한루프와모노폴이교차하는지점에두개의 RF 스위치 Pin Diode (MPP4203) 을사용하여빔을재구성하도록하였다. Table 1에서와같이제안된안테나는두개의스위치 SW1과 SW2를통하여이들의 on/off 상태에따라두가지경우 (CASE1, CASE2) 에서서로다른지향성방향을갖게된다. 제안된안테나의반사계수 (S11) 시뮬레이션결과를 Fig. 2에나타내었다. 공진주파수에서세가지탑로딩각도에서모두반사계수 (S11) 가 6 db 이하의값을갖는다. 또한, 두가지경우 (CASE1, CASE 2) 의방사패턴시뮬레이션결과를 Fig. 3에나타내었다. CASE1의경우SW1이단락되고 SW2가개방되며 SW2 방향에있는루프는반사기 (reflector) 로써동작한다. 이를통해서방사패턴은 방향으로지향성을가지게되며이를 Fig. 3 에서확인할수있다. 마찬가지로, CASE2의경우 SW1는개방되고, SW2는단락되어방사패턴은 방향으로지향성을갖게되며이를 Fig. 3 를통해서확인할수있다. Fig. 4은방사패턴재구성안테나의실제제작된샘플의사진이다. RF 스위치는 MPP4203이 Pin Diode이사용되었으며, RF block 인덕터 (SAMSUNG s 0603) 의인덕턴스값은 0.27 μh 이다. RF block 인덕터의역할은안테나에입력되는고주파전류를막기위해사용된다. 2. 안테나설계 Fig. 1은본논문에서제안된방사패턴재구성안테나의형상을보여준다 mm 2 의크기를가진 FR-4 기판에하나의모노폴형태의안테나로두가지 (CASE1, CASE2) 의방사패턴을형성하기위해설계되었다. 루프와모노폴로결합된형태로결합되는부위를통해안테나의빔을제어하게된다. 제안된안테나의규격은 a = 12.8 mm, b = 18.5 mm, c = 8 mm이며, 공진 Fig. 1. The antenna geometry 4126

3 인체부착용방사패턴재구성안테나의 SNR 및 BER 성능분석 Table 1. The classification of the proposed antenna based on the cases CASE1 CASE2 DC SW1 On Off V SW2 Off On 1.2 V 3. 안테나측정결과 Fig. 5는제안된안테나의반사계수측정값이며 CASE1 과 CASE 2에서모두블루투스대역인 GHz대역에서 6dB (VSWR 3:1) 이하를만족하는것을보인다. Fig. 2. Simulation result of (S11) CASE1 CASE2 Fig. 5. Measurement result of (S11) of the radiation pattern reconfigurable antennas CASE1 (c) CASE2 Fig. 3. Simulation result of radiation pattern of the proposed antenna at 2.4GHz CASE1 CASE2 Fig. 6 와 의경우는각각 CASE1과 CASE2의방사패턴측정결과를나타낸다. Theta가 90 인경우에최대이득 1.96 dbi의결과를나타내며, 서로다른두가지의방사패턴을통해전방향의신호를탐지할수있다. 본논문에서제안된안테나가기존웨어러블디바이스내안테나에비해최대이득면에서우수함을보인다. Fig. 6. Radiation pattern of the proposed antenna simulation result at 2.4 GHz CASE1 CASE2 4. SNR / BER 성능측정결과 Fig. 4. The photographs of fabricated radiation pattern reconfigurable antennas 제안된안테나의실제환경에서의통신효율을알아보기위해신호대잡음비 (Signal to Noise Ratio, SNR) 4127

4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 6 호, 2015 와비트에러율 (Bit Error Rate, BER) 을측정하였다. SNR은공기중존재하는노이즈전력대비신호전력의크기를나타내며, BER은수신한데이터가송신한데이터에비해오류가발생하는비율을나타낸다. 다음두파라미터는통신시스템의정확성을판별하는중요한요소이다. 실험을수행한장소로이상적인전파환경을위한실내챔버와가정내전파간섭이존재하는스마트하우스내에서실험을수행하였다. 실내챔버는외부전파의간섭을최소화시키기위해전자파차폐실을이용하였다. 스마트하우스의전파환경은일반적인가정실내환경과동일한환경을구축하기위해실험기기주변에무선랜, 전자레인지, 디지털무선전화기등을설치하였다. 실험의구성으로두대의노트북컴퓨터와 USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) 를이용하였다. 각노트북컴퓨터는각자 USRP에연결되며, USRP1과 USRP2로이름지었다. USRP1은신호를보내는송신부이며, USRP2는신호를탐지하는수신부역할을한다. USRP1 과 USRP2 사이의거리는 3 m로지정하였다. Fig. 7 는챔버및스마트하우스내에서 3 m 떨어진두대의 USRP 사이의거리를 3 m 로고정해놓고통신효율을측정하는모델이다. 또한 Fig. 7 는사용자측인 USRP2가 USRP1으로부터 3 m 떨어진거리에서수직으로 3 m를 15초동안이동하면서통신효율을측정하게된다. 실제실험측정을하면서인체의한부위인팔목에제안된안테나를착용후 USRP1로부터 3 m에해당하는거리밖에서정지혹은이동하면서측정하였다. 이때사용한변조방식은 O-QPSK (Offset Quadrature Phase-shift house Tx static Tx moving (c) Rx static (d) Rx moving keying) 이다. Fig. 7. SNR/BER measurement environment in chamber and smart house static state moving state (c) 4128

5 인체부착용방사패턴재구성안테나의 SNR 및 BER 성능분석 (d) Fig. 8. SNR/BER measurement result in chamber Tx static Tx moving (c) Rx static (d) Rx moving (d) Fig. 9. SNR/BER measurement result in smart Fig. 8은실내챔버환경에서 SNR 및 BER의측정결과를보여준다. 측정주파수는 2412 MHz이다. 측정은 Tx 신호세기의범위를 0 db에서 30 db로변화시키면서 SNR과 BER을측정하였다. SNR의측정결과로 Tx 및Rx 신호의세기를크게할수록 SNR이커지는경향을보인다. 이때 Tx를크게함에도불구하고 SNR값이작아졌다가커지는경우를볼수있는데, 이는외부기기에의한원인으로볼수있다. 반면에 BER은작아지며사용자가움직이지않을시에는약 % 으로수렴하며, 움직일시에는 0.05 % 로움직이지않을때보다높은에러가발생됨을보인다. 마찬가지로 Fig. 8의 와 (d) 을통해볼수있듯이, 움직이지않을때보다움직일때 SNR과 BER의변동폭이크게측정되었다. Fig. 9은실제환경과동일한환경인스마트하우스내에서 SNR 및 BER 의측정결과를보여준다. 실제환경과동일한환경에서는무선랜, 전자레인지, 무선전화기전파의간 4129

6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 6 호, 2015 섭등으로, BER 및 SNR의측정결과에영향을미친다. 스마트하우스내에서도실내챔버환경과마찬가지로 Tx신호와 Rx신호의범위를 0 db에서 30 db로변화시키면서 SNR과 BER을측정하였다. SNR의측정결과로 Tx 및 Rx신호를크게할수록움직일때보다 BER의값은커지는것을확인할수있었다. 이와같은결과를통해유해전파가없는전자파차폐실에서실행된 SNR과 BER의실험결과 Fig. 8 보다스마트하우스에서실행된실제전파환경에서의실험결과 Fig. 9에서볼수있듯이, SNR은평균적으로 5 db의성능저하를보이며, BER 은최대 10배증가하여에러율이높아지는것을확인하였다. 따라서본실험을통해일상생활에서웨어러블기기가실제전파환경에서받는영향을수치화할수있었다. [2] W. Kang and K. W. Kim, A beam pattern-reconfigurable antenna using PIN diodes, Antenna and Propagation Society International Symposium., vol. 40, no. 23, pp. 1 4, July [3] J. Y. Kim, B. J. Lee and C. W. Jung, Reconfigurable beam steering antenna using double loops, Electron. Lett., vol. 47, Issue. 7, pp , Mar DOI: [4] K. Bahng, C. W. Jung, and K. Kim, Design and measurement of beam reconfigurable antenna based on folded dipole structure, Electron. Lett., vol. 45, Issue. 3, pp , Jan DOI: [5] S. Lim and H. Ling, Design of electrically small, pattern reconfigurable Yagi antenna, Electron. Lett., vol. 43, no. 24, pp , Nov DOI: 5. 결론본논문에서는손목부착형태의방사패턴재구성안테나를설계제작및측정하였으며하나의안테나에서두개의 RF 스위치를이용하여서로다른방사방향의두개의빔을갖는빔스티어링기술을통해전방향의빔을생성하게된다. 동작주파수는블루투스대역의 GHz이며최대이득은 1.96 dbi 이다. 또한실제환경에서통신효율을측정하기위해 USRP를통하여 SNR 및 BER 측정을수행하였다. 이때통신환경구축을위해실내전파영향이없는실내챔버 (Chamber) 와실내전파영향이있는스마트하우스두곳에서실험을수행하였으며, 두대의 USRP사이의 Tx와 Rx 신호크기에대한 SNR 및 BER의결과를분석하였고스마트하우스에서 SNR은평균적으로 5 db의성능저하를보이며, BER은최대 10배증가하여에러율이높아지는것을확인하였다. 따라서본실험을통해일상생활에서웨어러블기기가실제전파환경에서받는영향을수치화할수있었다. References [1] K. Bahng, C. W. Jung, and K. Kim, A compact beam reconfigurable antenna for symmetric beam switching, Progress In Electromagnetics Research., vol. 129, pp. 1 16, DOI: 이창민 (Chang Min Lee) [ 준회원 ] < 관심분야 > 안테나, RF 2014 년 2 월 : 강릉원주대학교전자공학과 ( 공학사 ) 2014 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 서울과학기술대학교 NID 융합기술대학원석사과정 정창원 (Changwon Jung) [ 정회원 ] 2001 년 12 월 : University of Southern California, 전자공학 ( 석사 ) 2005 년 6 월 : University of California, Irvine, 전자공학 ( 박사 ) 1997 년 1 월 ~ 2000 년 6 월 : LG 정보통신, 연구원 2005 년 7 월 ~ 2005 년 10 월 : University of California, Irvine, Post Doctor 2005 년 11 월 ~ 2008 년 4 월 : 삼성종합기술원, 전문연구원 2008 년 5 월 ~ 현재 : 서울과학기술대학교, NID 융합기술대학원, 교수 < 관심분야 > 안테나, RF, EMI/EMC, RF-MEMS, 센서 4130

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