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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 17, No. 2 pp , ISSN / eissn 홍승만 1, 김용성 1, 정창원 1* 1 서울과학기술대학교 NID 융합기술대학원나노 IT 융합프로그램 Glass Antenna Using Transparent IZTO/Ag/IZTO Multilayer Electrode Seungman Hong 1, Youngsung Kim 1, Chang Won Jung 1* 1 Graduate School of NID Fusion Technology, Seoul Natiional University of Science and Technology 요약통신의흐름은빠르게변하고있으며, 최근에는스마트안경과스마트시계와같은인간의삶을윤택하게하는다채로운웨어러블 (Wearable) 기기들이출현하고있다. 웨어러블기기에는필수적으로통신을지원하는안테나가설치되어야한다. 본논문은스마트안경에적용할수있으며투명한소재로제작하여광투과성이우수한특성을지닌웨어러블안테나에관하여연구한논문이다. 투명한안테나는차기웨어러블기기인스마트유리에도적용이가능하며, 투명한장점을활용하여시야를가리지않으면서통신을지원할수있는장점이있다. IZTO/Ag/IZTO(IAI) 다층구조의투명전극박막은단일구조의박막보다전기전도도가높으며광투과성이우수하다. 이러한다층구조의투명전극박막을활용하여제작한안테나는우수한전기전도도로인하여안테나로활용이가능하다. 본논문에서는다층구조의투명전극박막을활용하여투명한소자가적용가능한깨끗한안경렌즈에부착하여안테나의성능을측정하였다. 안테나는여러기판위에올려진것을가정하여시뮬레이션되었으며, 안테나의폭과길이를적절히활용하여안테나의임피던스를매칭하였다. 제작한안테나의전기전도도와투명도는각각홀효과측정기 (HMS-3000) 과광투과율측정기 (UV-Spectrometer) 로측정하였으며, 안테나의성능을비교하기위하여은 (Ag) 을 40 nm 두께로증착한안테나를대조군으로사용하었다. 제작한안테나는일반웨어러블안경에서지원하는 Wi-fi 통신대역인주파수 2.4~2.5GHz 범위에서사용가능하며, 최대이득 2.89 dbi, 효율 34% 의성능을보인다. Abstract Communication flow is changing rapidly. Recently, a range of wearable devices such as wearable glasses and wearable watch, have been launched. These kinds of wearable devices help people to live a more comfortable life. Wearable devices most have an antenna for wireless communication. This paper reports a transparent antenna that is made of an optically transparent material for wearable glasses. Transparent antenna can be applied to smart windows and will not disturb the view of user. IZTO/Ag/IZTO multilayer electrode has higher electrical and optical properties. This antenna is available because of its good electrical properties. This study measured the performance of the proposed transparent antenna, which is made of a multilayer electrode, applied to a lens. The proposed antenna was simulated with several substrates. The antenna impedance was matched with length and width of the antenna. The antenna's conductivity and transparency was measured using a HMS-3000 and UV-spectrometer. A 40nm thick Ag single layer antenna was fabricated on a flexible polyimide substrate for comparing the antenna performances. The fabricated antenna is useable at a frequency of GHz, which is suitable for Wifi communications and has peak gain of 2.89dBi and an efficiency of 34%. Keywords : TCO, Transparent antenna 이연구는서울과학기술대학교교내연구과제로수행되었음. * Corresponding Author : Chang-Won Jung(SNUT) Tel: changwoj@seoultech.ac.kr Received November 3, 2015 Accepted February 4, 2016 Revised (1st December 2, 2015, 2nd December 7, 2015) Published February 29,
2 1. 서론 유비쿼터스무선환경시스템은컴퓨터기술의발전과함께주변에서쉽게접할수있는환경이되었다. 이와함께두가지종류의웨어러블디바이스 (Wearable Device) 들이출현하였다 [1]. 하나는액새서리형 (Accessory) 디바이스 [2] 로스마트시계, 스마트목걸이, 스마트안경등이대표적이며, 다른하나로는부착형 (Attachable) 디바이스로스마트스킨 [3] 이나스마트렌즈가대표적이다. 새로운웨어러블기기의흐름에따라최근구글글래스와함께애플와치가출시되어많은사회적이슈를몰고왔다. 이러한흐름으로미루어스마트안경과스마트시계는새로운종류의웨어러블디바이스로중요한역할을하게될것으로전망된다. 스마트시계와안경은무선통신을지원한다. 투명안테나는이러한기기들의디스플레이나유리같은투명한부위에부착되어무선통신을지원할수있다. 이와같은기술확보로기존안테나가들어갔던위치에대한공간확보가가능하며, 더나아가투명안테나는스마트유리와같은완전투명한제품들을만드는데적용할수있다. 이러한이유들로투명안테나는지속적으로꾸준히연구가되었다 [4]-[8]. 초기투명안테나는자동차와핸드폰통신용으로제작된바가있다. 한국에서는 KAIST에서개발한차체유리실장형투명안테나가제작되어뉴스로보도된바있다 [4]. 이보다먼저세계최초의투명안테나가개발되어사용된것은통신용패치안테나로서, 이에대한특허역시제출된바가있다 [5][6]. 이와함께투명안테나는계속해서개발되어최근에는 AgHT-8 투명고분자화합물을이용한투명 UWB(Ultra Wide Band) 안테나까지개발되었다 [7]. 하지만 AgHT-8 소자의경우전기전도도가낮아효율이낮았다. 투명전극은디스플레이산업에서투명하고깨끗한디스플레이를만드는데가장많이사용되는물질이다. 일반적으로투명전극의전기전도도와투명도는반비례관계에있으며, 이를적절히조정하여최적화한디스플레이를생산한다. 투명전극으로서가장많이상용화된 Indium Tin Oxide(ITO) 의경우깨지기쉬우며연약하다는단점이존재한다. 이러한문제를해결하기위하여 ITO 대신 Indium Zinc Tin Oxide(IZTO) 를활용하였다. (d) Fig. 1. Antenna design and dimension. Proposed antenna. Fabricated antenna. Antenna Dimension. (d) Antenna structure. IZTO는유연한소재의산화물로, ITO보다충격에대한내성이강하며심지어구부러지더라도유연하게휘어지는것이가능하다. 이와함께 IZTO의전기전도도를개선하기위하여 IZTO/Ag/IZTO(IAI) 의다층구조투명박막을채택하여활용하였다. IZTO층사이의 Ag층이 10nm의두께로들어가게될경우투명전극은투명도를가지며, 이는가시광대역에서평균 80% 이상의투과도를보인다. 이러한다층구조의투명전극의경우단일구 373
3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 2 호, 2016 Table 1. Standard Antenna Length on Substrate. Materials Substrate Antenna Length (mm) S11 (db) Resonance Frequency (GHz) PEC None Acrylic C Ag None Acrylic C IAI None Acrylic C 투명전극을이용한안경부착형안테나설계 2.1 안테나설계 Fig. 1은안테나의제안도를보여준다. Fig. 1 는안경부착형안테나의모습이다. 제작된안테나의사진은 Fig. 1 에도시하였다. Fig. 1 는안테나의정확한크기를표시한다. Fig. 1 (d) 는테나의구조이다. 안테나 Table 2. Simulated Antenna Length with Materials. Antenna Design Materials Antenna Length (mm) S11 (db) Resonance Frequency (GHz) Type A PEC Ag IAI Fig. 2. Simulated S11 of proposed antenna made of Ag and IAI. 조의 IZTO 보다약 20배에가깝게전기전도도가개선된다. 이러한다층구조의투명전극의경우투명안테나로활용된사례가있다 [8]. 위성안테나로서 Saberin이안테나로적용하였으며, ITO/Cu/ITO의다층전극구조로만들었다. 본연구에서우리는안테나를시뮬레이션하여제작하고측정하였다. 안테나는 IAI의다층구조로제작하였으며, 안테나의성능을비교하기위하여적절한전기전도도를가진 40 nm 두께의은 (Ag) 안테나를대조군으로활용하였다. 안테나의방사패턴을고려하여안테나는세가지디자인으로결정하였으며, 제작한안테나의성능, 이득, 반사계수를비교하였다. 시뮬레이션작업은 ANSOFT사의 HFSS(High Frequency Structure Simulator) 를사용하였다. Fig. 3. Simulated radiation pattern of proposed antenna made of Ag and IAI. XZ plane. YZ plane. XY plane 374
4 mm 27 mm이다. 안테나의크기는 W2 L2 = 2 mm 23.4 mm이다. 안경렌즈의크기는 Google Glass의등록제원중 Thin 모델의렌즈사이즈를따랐으며, 그라운드의크기는 Google Glass의 FCC 등록제원을따라결정하였다. 안경렌즈는한국에서상용으로많이사용되는 C58 LENS를사용하였다. Fig. 4. Measurement of the antenna Return loss measurement of the antenna. Radiation pattern measurement of the antenna. Side view of the radiation pattern measurement. 2.2 제작과정안테나는다층구조의투명전극으로제작되었다. 본논문에서는 Fig.1 (d) 에서도시한것처럼, IZTO/Ag/IZTO의다층구조의투명전극필름으로안테나의방사체부분과그라운드를제작하였다. 제조공정은 Torr 이하의초기조건하에서아르곤 5 mtorr 와 3% 의산소분압의진공조건을유지하여증착하였으며, 제작된투명전극은폴리이미드 (Polyimide) 기판위에증착하여안경렌즈에투명접착제를활용하여부착하였으며, 제작된안테나의빛에대한투과율은가시광대역 ( 광파장 380 nm 750nm) 에서평균 80% 의투과율을보였다. 투과율은 UV-Spectrometer로측정하였으며, 제작된투명안테나는 Fig.1 에서확인할수있다. Fig. 5. Measured S11 of proposed antenna made of Ag and IAI. Table 3. Measured result of proposed antenna Performances Value Peak gain (dbi) 2.89 Efficiency (%) Return loss (db) Resonance frequency (GHz) 2.47 는 IZTO/Ag/IZTO의다층전국구조와 Ag 단일구조의두가지로제작을하였다. 안테나안의길이는 GHz 대역의주파수에공진점을맞추도록결정되었다. 안테나렌즈의크기는 L1 W1 = 54 mm 36 mm이며, 안테나의그라운드의크기는 W3 L3 = 설계시뮬레이션 Table. 1은기본적인공진주파수에맞춘안테나의길이시뮬레이션결과를표로요약하였다. PEC(Perfect Conductor), Ag(Silver), IAI의세가지물질을각각의다른기판위에서시뮬레이션한결과안테나의길이는다음과같이변하였다. 이는기판의유전율과안테나의물질특성인유전율과투자율에따른결과이다. Table. 2는세가지물질 (PEC, Ag, IAI) 로시뮬레이션한안테나의반사계수 (S11) 와길이, 공진주파수를보여준다. 이를통하여비교하여보면 PEC와 Ag의경우그차이가미비한것을확인할수있다. IAI의경우안테나의길이가짧아지고반사계수역시더큰값을가짐을알수있었다. 이는 IAI물질이본래가지고있는물질의전도도 (Conductivity) 때문인것으로보인다. 각각의안테나에대한반사손실값은 Fig. 2에도시화하였다. 주파수 2.45 GHz에서반사손실은안테나 Type A의경우각각 Ag가 15.7 db, IAI가 13.4 db를보였으며 Type B의경우에는 Ag가 18 db, IAI가 14 db를보였고 Type C의경우에는 Ag가 15dB, IAI가 9 db의값을보였다. 시뮬레이션은 Ansoft사의 HFSS 375
5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 2 호, 2016 는 Fig. 4 에도시하였다. 안테나의측정을위하여 Ag 40nm두께의안테나가대조군으로사용되었으며총 2종류의안테나가제작및측정되었다. 측정된안테나의반사계수결과는 Fig. 5에도시하였다. 측정결과 Ag 안테나의경우 Return Loss 값이 22 db까지떨어졌으며, IAI 안테나의경우시뮬레이션과마찬가지로 15 db정도의값을가지는것으로파악되었다. 시뮬레이션과측정결과모두 Ag와 IAI의경우비슷한경향성을지닌다. 안테나의방사패턴측정결과는 Fig. 6에도시하였다. 방사패턴측정결과에대하여좌측은 XZ평면, YZ평면, XY평면으로나타내었다. 시뮬레이션과비교하여안테나의방사패턴은도넛모양의방사패턴을가지며, 빔은유사한형태로방사됨을확인할수있다. 안테나의측정결과는한눈에볼수있도록표3으로정리하였다. 본측정결과에따르면웨어러블기기에적용이되는투명안테나에적용되어사용되어질수있는가능성이충분히있으며, 임피던스매칭, 안테나의전기전도도개선을통한물질의특성조율을통하여더나은안테나의성능과효율을얻을수있을것으로사료된다. 4. 결론 Fig. 6. Measured radiation pattern of proposed antenna made of Ag and IAI. XZ plane. YZ plane. XY plane v12.1로실행되었다. X-Z, Y-Z, X-Y plane에서의안테나의방사패턴에대한시뮬레이션결과는 Fig. 3에도시하였다. 방사패턴은설계한대로전형적인모노폴안테나의방사패턴의값을가진다. 3. 안테나측정결과 본논문에서는투명전극박막증착기술을이용하여폴리이미드 (Polyimide) 기판위에다층구조로증착한 IZTO/Ag/IZTO 투명전극안테나를안경렌즈에적용하여제작하여측정하였다. 안테나의동작범위는 GHz 대역으로 Wi-fi 무선통신대역을만족하며, 이는웨어러블글래스로상용화를이룬구글글래스의통신제원과일치한다. 제작한안테나는우수한광학적특성및전기적특성을지녔으며, 안경렌즈의굴곡진면에부착이가능한유연성까지지니고있다. 측정된세종류의안테나는최대 34% 의효율을가지며 2.89 dbi의최대이득을갖는다. 본논문에서소개된투명전극을활용한안경부착형안테나는우수한전기적, 광학적특성을지니기때문에스마트유리와같은전방향투명제품에적용가능성이클것으로예상된다. 제작된안테나의반사계수와방사패턴측정사진은 Fig. 4 와 Fig. 4 에도시하였다. 방사패턴의측면도 376
6 References [1] F. Viani, M. Salucci, F. Robol and A. Massa, "Multiband fractal Zigbee/WLAN antenna for ubiquitous wireless environments," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol. 26, pp , DOI: [2] Y. Lai, Y. Ma, Y. Huang, J. Chen and S. C. Mukhopadhyay, "Ubiquitous motion sensing service using wearable shoe module and mobile device," in 2013 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), pp , [3] C. Pang, C. Lee and K. Suh, "Recent advances in flexible sensors for wearable and implantable devices," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 130, pp , DOI: [4] T. Yasin, R. Baktur and C. Furse, "A study on the efficiency of transparent patch antennas designed from conductive oxide films," in 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI), pp , DOI: [5] R. N. Simons and R. Q. Lee, Feasibility study of optically transparent microstrip patch antenna, in Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, IEEE., 1997 Digest, vol. 4. IEEE, pp , DOI: [6] R.N. Simons and R. Q. Lee, U.S. Patent #5,872,542, Optically Transparent Microstrip Patch and Slot Antennas, Date Issued: Feb. 16, 1999, [7] T. Peter and R. Nilavalan, "Study on the performance deterioration of flexible UWB antennas," in Antennas & Propagation Conference, LAPC Loughborough, pp , DOI: [8] J. R. Saberin and C. Furse, "Challenges with optically transparent patch antennas," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 54, pp , DOI: 김용성 (Youngsung Kim) [ 정회원 ] < 관심분야 > 나노 IT 융합기술및전자신소재 1996 년 2 월 : 성균관대학교금속재료공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1997 년 3 월 ~ 2000 년 3 월 : 일본 Tohoku Uni. 및 NRIM 근무 2000 년 3 월 ~ 2010 년 2 월 : 성균관대학교연구교수 2010 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 서울과학기술대학교 NID 융합기술대학원교수 정창원 (Seungman Hong) [ 정회원 ] 2001 년 12 월 : University ofsouthern California, 전자공학 ( 석사 ) 2005 년 6 월 : University ofcalifornia, Irvine, 전자공학 ( 박사 ) 1997 년 1 월 ~ 2000 년 6 월 : LG 정보통신, 연구원 2005 년 7 월 ~ 2005 년 10 월 : University of California,Irvine, Post Doctor 2005 년 11 월 ~ 2008 년 4 월 : 삼성종합기술원, 전문연구원 2008 년 5 월 ~ 현재 : 서울과학기술대학교, NID 융합기술대학원, 교수 < 관심분야 > 안테나, RF, EMI/EMC, RF-MEMS, 센서 홍승만 (Seungman Hong) [ 준회원 ] 2014 년 2 월 : 강릉원주대학교전자공학과 ( 공학사 ) 2014 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 서울과학기술대학교 NID 융합기술대학원석사과정 < 관심분야 > 안테나및전자신소재 377
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