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1 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 17 卷第 4 號 2006 年 4 月論文 병리학적조직진단장치개발에대한타당성분석연구 Feasibility Study for the Development of a Device for Pathological Tissue 고채옥 박민영 김정란 이애경 * 최형도 * 최재익 ** 백정기 Chea-Ok Ko Min-Young Park Jeong-Lan Kim Ae-Kyoung Lee* Hyung-Do Choi* Jae-Ic Choi** Jeong-Ki Pack 요약 본논문에서는병리학적조직의산란특성을이용한유방암탐지기법을제안하고, 암진단장치구현가능성을분석하였다. 이를위해탐지알고리즘을개발하고, 시뮬레이션과측정을통해타당성을검증하였다. 유방암진단방법으로 microwave imaging 기법을사용하였고, 시뮬레이션시각셀의크기는 1 mm로모델링하였고, 직육면체형태의유방조직의크기는 15 cm 15 cm 7 cm이며피부조직의두께는 1 mm, 암조직은각각다른크기의구형태로모델링하였다. 측정을위해유방조직과암조직으로구성된단순한실험모델과초광대역안테나를제작하였다. 측정결과암조직을잘검출할수있음을확인하였다. 본연구를통해암조직진단장치용시스템개발을위해서는반사손실특성이우수한초광대역안테나설계와정확한보정신호가매우중요한역할을하는것을확인하였다. 현재상용화개발을위한연구가추진중에있다. Abstract In this paper, a new method for detecting breast cancer is proposed, which utilizes dielectric characteristics of pathological tissues and time delay of back scattered response, and its feasibility was investigated. We have developed a detection algorithm and verified it by numerical simulation and measurement for a prototype system. For a prototype system, we have fabricated experimental model(artificial breast with a cancer) and UWB(ultra-wideband) antenna. The results of the measurement simulation show an excellent detection capability of a cancer tissue. It is found that a good UWB antenna and a good calibration signal are key elements of such detection system. Further study is ongoing to develop a commercial system. Key words : Microwave Imaging, UWB, Detection, Breast Cancer, Confocal Ⅰ. 서론오래전부터유방암에의한여성의사망률이높아짐에따라유방암진단방법에관한연구가계속진행되어왔다. 유방암진단방법은크게 X선촬상법 ( 뢴트겐조영법, X-ray mammography), 초음파검 사 (ultrasonography), 자기공명영상 (MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging) 등으로나누어진다. 특히, X선촬상법은측정방법이간단하기때문에현재까지가장효과적인방법으로이용되고있으나작은암조직의경우정상조직과의구분이어렵고가슴의압박으로인하여영상이뚜렷하지않은단점을가 본연구는정보통신부및정보통신연구진흥원의대학 IT 연구센터지원사업 (EMERC)(IITA-2005-(C )) 과한국전자통신연구원 < 전자파영향및표준화연구 > 사업의연구결과로수행되었음. 충남대학교전파공학과 (Department of Radio and Science Engineering, Chungnam University) * 한국전자통신연구원전자파환경연구팀 (EME Research Team, Radio Technology Group, ETRI) ** 한국전자통신연구원미래원천연구팀 (Future Fundamental Research Team, Radio Technology Group, ETRI) 논문번호 : 수정완료일자 : 2006 년 4 월 5 일 341

2 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 17 卷第 4 號 2006 年 4 月 진다. 또한환자들은전리성복사인 X선이인체영향을유발할수있는수준의레벨에노출될수있다. 이러한문제점들로인해새로운유방암진단방법에대한연구가현재활발히진행되고있다 [1]. 마이크로파촬상법 (microwave imaging) 은마이크로파주파수를이용하여물체의내부를영상화시키는방법으로그림 1에서보는바와같이마이크로파주파수에서유방과유방암의조직유전율 ( 왼쪽세로축은유방암, 오른쪽의세로축은유방조직에대한유전율과도전율을나타냄 ) 은다른암조직들과달리매우큰전기적특성이상당한차이를보이고있어작은종양이라도다른암조직에비하여감지하기가쉬운장점을가지고있다 [2]. 특히, 비선형역산란과복잡한이미지영상방법을피하고, 물체의크기, 불연속성, 분리정도, 유전율등의주파수에따른특성차이, 물체내에서의다중산란에의한산란파와유전율의비선형적관계등의단점을극복하기위해본논문에서는레이더반사원리를이용한 confocal microwave imaging 을이용하였다. Confocal microwave imaging은별도의송수신안테나를사용하여역산란방법에의해매질의유전율을복원하는방법과달리, 여러위치의안테나를통해 UWB(ultra-wideband) 펄스를송신하고동일안테나로수신된암조직에대한반사파신호의크기와지연시간차이를이용하여암조직의위치를판별하는방법이다 [3]. (a) 유방과유방암의유전율비교 (45 MHz~5 GHz) (a) Permittivity of breast and breast tumor-tissue (b) 유방과유방암의도전율비교 (45 MHz~5 GHz) (b) Conductivity of breast and breast tumor-tissue 그림 1. 유방과유방암의도전율비교 Fig. 1. Comparison of dielectric properties of breast and breast tumor. Ⅱ. 암조직산란신호검출 Confocal microwave imaging 방법을이용하기위해인체의구조를고려하여셀크기는 x= y= z =1 mm로전체크기가 15 cm 15 cm 7 cm인정상유방조직과 1 mm 두께인피부조직, 그리고 4 cm 4 cm 크기의 bow-tie 안테나를모델링하였다. 그림 2의 (a) 는전체를모델링한그림이며 (b) 는안테나의도전율특성그래프이다. 시뮬레이션에사용된 bow-tie 안테나는안테나끝부분의반사를줄이기위해길이방향좌표인 y 의값에따라도전율이변하도록하였으며, 그림 2의 (b) 와같이 y 의값이커질수록도전율값이작아져 y = h 인끝부분 (a) 조직및안테나모델링 (a) Modeling of the tissues and the antenna (b) 안테나도전율 (b) Conductivity of the simulated antenna 그림 2. 시뮬레이션을위한모델링및안테나도전율특성 Fig. 2. Conductivity characteristics of the simulated antenna and its modeling. 342

3 병리학적조직진단장치개발에대한타당성분석연구 표 1. 조직의유전율특성 Table 1. Dielectric properties of simulated tissues. 주파수 정상 Fat 조직피부암조직 ε r σ ε r σ ε r σ 6 GHz 에서 0이된다. 조직의유전율은표 1 [4],[5] 과같으며안테나의전원은안테나급전점에 delta-gap 방법으로 f =6 GHz, τ =0.133 ns, t 0 =4τ인변조된 Gaussian 펄스를인가하였다. V(t)=V 0 sin[2π(t-t 0 )]e -[ (t - t 0)/τ] 2 암조직에의한반사신호값만을얻기위하여유방암조직이있을경우기록된신호에서유방암조직이없을경우기록된신호차이 ( 실제상황에서정상인에대한반사파의평균값을기준신호사용 ) 는암조직에대한반사파특성으로이과정을보정 (calibration) 으로지칭한다. 시뮬레이션결과 bowtie 안테나의보정된반사레벨은 db이고최악의경우 ( 암조직지름 1.76 mm, 깊이 5 cm) 는약 -115 db이다. 즉, 안테나의반사레벨이암조직에대한반사레벨보다충분히낮으므로감지가가능함을알수있으나실제측정에있어서주위잡음과안테나자체반사등을고려했을때최소 -120 db의신호까지감지할수있어야한다. 따라서본연구에서는동적영역 (dynamic range) 이 128 db인회로망분석기 (Agilent, E8358A) 를사용하여측정을수행하였다. Ⅲ. 암조직검출알고리즘및검증 3-1 암조직검출알고리즘 검출된산란신호들은안테나의위치마다수신신호의크기가달라크게는 10배이상차이가생기므로각각의수신신호에서측정된 peak 값으로정규화를하였다. 정규화되고보정된안테나수신신호들은안테나의위치가다르기때문에왕복시간에대하여서로다른지연시간을가지게된다. 이러한지연시간을고려하기위해이미지를형성하고자하는격자의위치에서안테나의위치에도달 (1) 하는시간만큼지연시간을보정 (time lead) 하고, 모든신호에대해일정한시간만큼 shift(time leg) 를시켜신호처리를수행하였다. 이때 shift 되는시간은계산영역내의모든점에대해안테나와최대주파수이하의모든주파수에서의최대왕복지연시간보다크도록설정하여암조직이없는부분의신호가 intensity 함수를구하기위한적분구간에나타날수없는탐지오류 ( 일종의 ghost 현상 ) 현상을방지하였다. 이렇게각각의격자점위치에서보정된안테나신호들의합을이용하여식 (4) 의 intensity 함수에서상대적크기데이터 I( r) 를구하고각격자점위치에대한이미지를형상화하고비교함으로써암조직을검출하게된다. 보정된신호를 Ψ i (t) 라한다면계산될영역의정상조직내부를 x, y, z의격자좌표로나타낼경우 r은격자점의위치, t i, ret ( r,w) 는각격자점위치에대한지연시간을의미하며, 이때 t max 는실제신호처리를위한 shift 시간인 T - shift와입사파의시간폭 T - width(=t) 의합보다커야한다. 본논문에서는 t max 를고정하고입사파의시간폭을조절하여신호들이적분구간밖으로벗어나지않도록한후암조직을검출하였다. 식 (2) 는각격자점에해당하는왕복시간만큼 lead되고일정한시간만큼 shift된신호들이시간영역으로역푸리에변환되는식이며 Ψ added ( r,t) 는 shift 된안테나신호들의합으로서식 (3) 으로주어진다. ψ i (w)exp[jw(t-(t max -t i, ret ( r,w))] (t max T - shift+t - width) Ψ shift i ( r,t) = F -1 { ( ψ i (w) exp[-jw( t max -t i, ret ( r,w)]} Ψ added ( r,t)= N T i =1 Ψ shift i ( r,t) I( r)= 1 T [ψ added ( r,t)] 2 dt 0 ψ added ( r,t) : 지연된시간이보상된신호들의합 r : 격자점의위치 T : 입사파의시간폭 이미지형성을위해앞절에서사용한 4 cm 4 cm의 bow-tie 안테나를사용하고유방조직과피부조직또한그대로사용하였다. 유방암조직을중심 (2) (3) (4) 343

4 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 17 卷第 4 號 2006 年 4 月 (a) 전체구성도 (a) Configuration for simulation 그림 4. 안테나 3 개를이용한유방암조직진단결과 [ 단위 : cm] Fig. 4. Result of detection using 3 antennas. (b) 안테나가 3 개배치된경우 (b) Configuration of three antennas for detection 안테나의크기를고려하여안테나가 3개인경우는 12.5 cm, 7.5 cm, 2.5 cm, 5개인경우는 12.5 cm, 11 cm, 7.5 cm, 4 cm, 2.5 cm 위치에서시뮬레이션을하였다. 유방암조직은 x축과 y축방향의중앙인 7.5 cm, 7.5 cm, 깊이 3.5 cm인지점에직경 4 mm 인구형태인경우를가정하였다. 한번의시뮬레이션에선한개의안테나만을사용하고각각의위치마다암조직이있는경우와없는경우두가지에대해시뮬레이션한후얻어진보정된데이터를사용하여암조직을검출하였다. x =7.5 cm, z=3.5 cm에위치한직경 4 mm의유방암조직에대한각격자점에해당하는이미지크기값인 intensity 값들을그림 4와 5에나타내었다. 수치결과를보면안테나가 5개인경우가탐지능력이 (c) 안테나가 5 개배치된경우 (c) Configuration of five antennas for detection 그림 3. 안테나및암조직의배치 Fig. 3. Configuration of antennas and breast tumor. 으로안테나의위치는대칭이되는점을이용하여가운데안테나를중심으로한쪽만시뮬레이션을수행하였고, 반대쪽의안테나데이터는각위치에대칭이되는시뮬레이션데이터를이용하였다. 그림 5. 안테나 5 개를이용한유방암조직진단결과 [ 단위 : cm] Fig. 5. Result of detection using 5 antennas. 344

5 병리학적조직진단장치개발에대한타당성분석연구 그림 6. 검출결과에따른 x-z 평면상의 z 축방향 intensity 함수값분포 Fig. 6. Value of intensity function along the z axis in the x-z plane. 그림 개안테나의위치및구성도 Fig. 7. Configuration of 25 antennas and their position. 더우수하며, 또한피부조직위에서한축방향으로만측정을하였기때문에유방암조직모양이구모양이아닌약간휘어진타원형모양으로나타났다. 안테나의수에따른탐지정확도를분석하기위해최대값이나온 x축단면 (x=7.5 cm) 에서 intensity 함수값들을그림 6과같이 z축방향의높이에따라나타내어보았다. 그림 6에서알수있듯이안테나가 3개인경우에비해안테나가 5개인경우의 intensity 값들이최대값주위에집중되어있어서탐지정확도가향상된다 차원공간에서의이미지형성유방암조직을그림 7과같이중심이 x=y=7.5 cm, z=3.5 cm에위치하고직경이 4 mm인구형태로모델링하였다. 보다효율적인시스템구성을위해앞서사용된 4 cm 4 cm보다작은 1 cm 1 cm인전체크기 2 cm 안테나를사용하여그림 3과같이 2.5 cm 간격으로 25개의안테나를주사 (scanning) 하여시뮬레이션하였다. 25개의배열안테나로부터동시에암조직을검출할경우에는각안테나의수신신호에제거할수없는커플링신호가포함되므로암조직의정확한위치를탐지할수없다. 따라서실제시스템구현시한개의안테나로만주사하는것이효율적인방법이될것이다. 본논문에서는 25개의안테나를한 그림 8. 수평면에서각각주사한경우의암조직검출결과 [ 간격 : 0.5 cm] Fig. 8. Result of detection for horizontal scanning [spacing: 0.5 cm]. 번에하나씩수평면을각각주사하여시뮬레이션한후얻은산란신호를이용하여검출알고리즘을통해암조직을검출하였으며그결과는그림 8에보인것과같이가장큰 intensity 값이실제암조직이놓여진위치좌표와근접한 7.0 cm, 7.5 cm, 3.0 cm에나타났다. 보다정확한검출을위해수평면과수직면의두단면을각각주사하여얻은보정된산란신호를이용한암조직검출결과는그림 9와같다. 가장큰 intensity 값은실제암조직이위치하는좌표와일치한 7.5 cm, 7.5 cm, 3.5 cm에서검출되고있으며높이방향에대한데이터가추가되었기때문에정확하게높이를탐지하고있음을알수있다. 345

6 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 17 卷第 4 號 2006 年 4 月 그림 9. 두단면에서주사한경우의암조직검출결과 [ 간격 : 0.5 cm] Fig. 9. Result of detection for horizontal and vertical scanning[spacing: 0.5 cm]. Ⅳ. 모의측정실험및타당성검증 4-1 광대역안테나제작및특성측정 정확한암조직감지를위해서는크기가작고, 반사손실특성이우수한광대역안테나가필요하다. 특성이우수하다면작은크기의반사신호까지수신이가능하므로정확성이높아지며안테나가광대역일수록펄스폭이좁아져공간해상도 (resolution) 가좋아진다. 본연구에서는이를만족시킬수있는광대역원형모노폴패치안테나를제작하였다 [5]. S11[dB] (a) 제작된안테나 (a) Picture of the fabricated antenna measurement h=0mm coating? measurement h=0mm Frequency [GHz] (b) 안테나반사손실특성 (b) Return loss characteristics of the antenna 4-2 실험모델제작및측정먼저주파수에따른각조직의유전율특성을이용하여모의팬텀을제작하였다. 표 2는실제조직을통해측정된데이터로주파수 5 GHz에서정상지방 (fat) 조직과암조직의비는 1:6.6이며암조직과피부조직의비는 1.6:1이다. 따라서실험모델에서는이와유사한비율을가지는물질로대체하기위해정상 (fat) 조직은쉽게구할수있고값이비싸지않으며인체에유해하지않은 soybean oil( 유전율 : 2.6) 로하였고, 암조직은 diacetin과 25 증류수를혼합하여유전율이 15.1( 정상지방조직의약 5.8배 ) 이되도록암조직을제작하였으며, 피부층은유전율이 4.4( 정상지방조직의 1.7배 ) 가되는두께가 (c) 안테나패턴측정결과 (3, 5 GHz) (c) Measurement results for the radiation pattern 그림 10. 제작된안테나사진및특성측정 Fig. 10. Photo of the fabricated antenna and its characteristics. 표 2. 조직의전기적특성 Table 2. Electrical properties of tissue. 주파수 정상 (Fat) 조직 피부 Dry (wet) 암조직 ε r σ ε r σ ε r σ 1 GHz (44.9) GHz (39.7) GHz (34.7)

7 병리학적조직진단장치개발에대한타당성분석연구 그림 11. 측정시스템구성도 Fig. 11. Configuration of the measurement system. 것을확인할수있다. 산란파스펙트럼을비교해볼때, 고주파수영역에서는두결과가잘일치하나저주파수영역에서는다소의차이를보인다. 저주파수영역은그림 14(b) 에보인것과같이시간파형에서볼때크기변화가적은부분에해당하며, 이부분은검출알고리즘에큰영향을미치지않는다. 측정된산란신호데이터를사용한암조직검출결과는그림 15와같다. 실제암조직위치는 x=18 그림 12. 모의측정실험사진 Fig. 12. Photo of the measurement system. 그림 13. 측정치로부터의산란신호검출과정 Fig. 13. Detection process for scattered signal from measurement data. 0.5 mm인 unclad FR4 PCB 기판을사용하였다 [6]. 특히공기층과경계면에서의반사를줄이기위하여 soybean oil에안테나가충분히잠기도록하여측정을수행하였다. 측정위치는암조직의깊이가 2 cm일때암조직바로위에놓인안테나를중심으로 2 cm 간격으로 1~9 GHz 대역 S 11 ( 크기및위상변화 ) 를회로망분석기를사용하여측정한후각위치에대칭이되는데이터를이용하였다. 참고로회로망분석기의출력전력은 10 mw이기때문에본진단방법이실제진단장치에사용되더라도인체에는무해할것이다. (a) 중앙위치의산란파형 (a) Scattered data from the antenna at the center position 4-3 측정및검출결과 측정된 S 11 의반사계수크기와위상데이터는그림 13과같은과정을통해실제변조된펄스파 ( 변조된 Gaussian 5 GHz, 펄스폭 =0.4 ns) 에대한등가의산란파형을구할수있다. 그림 14는산란파형에대한측정치와시뮬레이션결과를비교한것으로두값이상당히잘일치하는 (b) 중앙 2 cm 위치의파형 (b) Scattered data from the antenna located at 2 cm from the center position 그림 14. 주파수및시간영역산란파형에대한측정데이터와시뮬레이션결과비교 Fig. 14. Comparison of measured and simulated scattered signals in time and frequency domain. 347

8 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 17 卷第 4 號 2006 年 4 月 그림 15. 측정데이터를이용한암조직검출결과 Fig. 15. Results of tumor detection from measured data. cm, y=18 cm, z=24 cm이며, 검출된위치는각각 17 cm, 18 cm, 22 cm로서실제위치에근접하게검출됨을확인하였다. x축과 z축방향에대해검출오차가존재하는것은실제측정이 x축방향으로만이루어졌기때문이다. 또한그림 15에서 y축과 z축방향에대한공간해상도가떨어지는것도같은이유이며, y축과 z축방향에대해서도안테나를주사하여측정된산란신호를이용하면이를개선할수있다. Ⅴ. 결론 본연구는암조직진단장치의구현가능성에대한연구로서, 레이더반사원리를이용한 confocal microwave imaging을사용하여암조직산란신호를검출한결과동시검출방법이아닌한개의안테나로주사하는방법을이용하면실제암조직의존재및위치를탐지할수있음을시뮬레이션과실제측정을통해검증하였다. 본논문에서는암조직에대한검출알고리즘을제시하였고, 반사손실특성이우수한초광대역안테나를사용하면유방암조직의조기발견이가능함을확인하였다. 먼저시뮬레이션을통해수평면을각각주사한경우에는수직방향에대한탐지정확도에다소오차가있었으나, 수평면과수직면을모두주사한경우에는암조직의위치를정확히탐지함을확인하였다. 제작된안테나및실험모델에대해수평면의 1축방향 (x축) 으로주사하여얻어진산란신호를이용한검출결과암조직의 y축방향위치는정확히탐지하였고, x축및 z축방향에대해서는다소의오차가있었다. 시뮬레이션에서확인하였듯이이결과는수평, 수직면에대해주사를하면실제암조직의위치를정확히탐지할수있음을보인다. 본연구의타당성연구결과암조직의 3차원적인위치를정확히탐지하기위해서는수평면과수직면의주사에의한산란신호가필요함을알수있었다. 또한, 우수한탐지성능을위해서는반사손실특성이우수한초광대역안테나및정확한보정신호가매우중요함을알수있었다. 본연구결과는진단장치시스템개발연구에활용될수있을것이다. 참고문헌 [1] M. Sabel, H. Aichinger, "Recent developments in breast imaging", Phys, Med. Biol., vol. 41, pp , [2] 유돈식, 김봉석, 최형도, 이애경, 백정기, " 종양조직의유전율특성 ", 한국전자파학회논문지, 13 (6), pp , 2002년 6월. [3] E. C. Fear, P. M. Meaney, and M. A. Stuchly, "Microwaves for breast cancer detection", Potentials, IEEE, vol. 22, Issue. 1, pp , Feb.-Mar [4] A. J. Surowise, S. S. Stuchly, J. R. Barr, and A. Swarup, "Dielectric properties of breast carcinoma and the suurounding tissues", IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. Bme-35, pp , Oct [5] W. T. Joines, Y. Zhang, C. Li, and R. L. Jirtle, "The measured electrical properties of normal and malignant human tissues from 50 to 900 MHz", Med. Phys., vol. 21, pp , Apr [6] Hernandez Lopez, Quintillan Gonzales, S. Gonzalez Garcia, A. Rubio Bretons, and R. Gomez-Martin, "Antenna array systems for microwave imaging of breast tumors", URSI 2002, Maastricht, Netherlands, Aug [7] J. Liang, C. C. Chiay, X. Chen, and C. G. Parini, 348

9 병리학적조직진단장치개발에대한타당성분석연구 "Printed circular disc monopole antenna for ultrawideband applications", Electronics. Letters 30th, vol. 40, no. 20, pp , Sep [8] Xu Li, S. C. Hagness, B. D. Van veen, and D. van der Weide, "Experimental inverstigation of micro- wave imaging via space-time beamforming for breast cancer detection", IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest., vol. 1, pp , 고채옥 2004 년 2 월 : 충남대학교정보통신공학부 ( 공학사 ) 2004 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 충남대학교전파공학과석사과정 [ 주관심분야 ] 전자파전파, 전자파산란, 전자파인체영향 김정란 2006 년 2 월 : 충남대학교정보통신공학부 ( 공학사 ) [ 주관심분야 ] 전자파인체영향 박민영 2004 년 2 월 : 충남대학교정보통신공학부 ( 공학사 ) 2004 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 충남대학교전파공학과석사과정 [ 주관심분야 ] 전자파전파, 전자파산란, 전자파인체영향 이애경 1990 년 2 월 : 중앙대학교전자공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1992 년 2 월 : 중앙대학교전자공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2003 년 8 월 : 충남대학교대학원전파공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1992 년 2 월 ~ 현재 : 한국전자통신연구원디지털방송연구단전파기술연구그룹책임연구원 [ 주관심분야 ] EMC 현상의이론적해석, 전자파인체노출량평가등 349

10 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 17 卷第 4 號 2006 年 4 月 최형도 1986 년 2 월 : 고려대학교재료공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1989 년 8 월 : 고려대학교재료공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1996 년 8 월 : 고려대학교재료공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 2004 년 6 월 ~2005 년 12 월 : 한국전파진흥협회부설 EMC 기술지원센터장 1983 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 한국전자통신연구원전자파환경연구팀장 [ 주관심분야 ] 전자파재료, 전자파인체영향, EMI/EMC 백정기 1978년 2월 : 서울대학교전자공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1985년 9월 : Virginia Tech. 전자파전파 ( 공학석사 ) 1988년 9월 : Virginia Tech. 전자파전파 ( 공학박사 ) 1978년 3월~1983년 2월 : 국방과학연구소 1988년 10월~1989년 2월 : 한국전자통신연구원 1989년 3월~1995년 2월 : 동아대학교전자공학과부교수 1995년 2월~현재 : 충남대학교전파공학과교수 2004년 3월~현재 : 충남대학교전자파환경기술연구 (EM- ERC) 센터장 [ 주관심분야 ] 전자파전파, 전자파산란, 전자파인체영향 최재익 1981 년 3 월 : 고려대학교전자공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1983 년 8 월 : 고려대학교전자공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1995 년 2 월 : 고려대학교전자공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1983 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 한국전자통신연구원미래원천기술팀장 2002 년 9 월 ~2003 년 8 월 : UCLA Visiting Scholar [ 주관심분야 ] 초고주파및안테나설계, 전파방송관련무선전송기술 350

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