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1 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 6 卷第 9 號 2005 年 9 月論文 자기아파인프랙탈구조를이용한 CPW 급전크로스안테나 A CPW-Fed Self-Affine Cross Shape Fractal Antenna 김태환 이재욱 조춘식 이윤현 Tae-Hwan Kim Jae-Wook Lee Choon-Sik Cho Yun-Hyun Lee 요약 본논문에서는처음으로, CPW(CoPlanar Waveguide) 급전을이용한자기아파인 (self-affine) 프랙탈안테나를제시한다. 제시된새로운구조는비등방성축척대칭성으로인해자기상사 (self-similar) 구조를이용한프랙탈안테나보다더작은크기로낮은주파수대역에서공진을일으키도록설계할수있다. 반복계수가증가할수록임피던스정합조건이향상되고, 표면전류가흐를수있는새로운통로를만들어다중대역특성을보이게되며, 또한첫공진주파수의위치를낮은쪽으로이동시킨다. 복사패턴은목표치인단순모노폴안테나특성과유사하며반복계수가 3일때의이득은 940 MHz에서측정치 2.27 dbi로최대이다. FDTD 알고리즘에기반을두고있는 CST Microwave Studio를이용한모의실험결과와 RT/Duroid 5880 기판을이용하여제작한안테나의측정결과를싣는다. Abstract In this paper, a new CPW-fed cross shape fractal antenna having a self-affinity is presented. This novel configuration, which has anisotropic scaling symmetry, makes smaller profile characteristic compared to the fractal antenna using a self-similarity. Increase of the iteration coefficient, which leads to decrease of the fundamental resonant frequency, shows a good impedance matching condition and multi-band characteristics due to new surface current paths. The radiation patterns are similar to those of monopole antennas. In the K3 stage of iteration, the proposed antenna shows a measured maximum gain 2.27 dbi at 940 MHz. A commercially available software based on the FDTD algorithm has been used to obtain the predicted results. In addition, an RT/Duroid 5880 substrate has been employed for the experimental results. Key words : Self-Affine, Fractal Antenna, CPW Ⅰ. 서론최근들어, 프랙탈구조를이용한안테나설계가활발히연구되고있다 []~[5]. 부누아멘델브로트 (Benoit Mandelbrot) [6] 가 975년에자연의해안선이나수목의모양, 강의모양등을수학적으로이상화하기위해처음으로프랙탈이라는개념을제안한이래로자기상사성 (self-similarity) 에중점을둔복잡한프랙탈구조가많은분야에응용되고있고, 특히자 기아파인성 (self-affinity) 을이용한프랙탈구조는영상, 신호처리, 물질공학분야에널리이용되고있다 [7]~[9]. 비용측면과응용분야를고려하여크기가작고다중대역특성을보이는안테나는큰매력을가지고있다. 프랙탈구조를이용한안테나의장점은축소사상들을만들면서, 전체적인안테나의크기를줄이고다중대역특성을나타낼수있다는것이다 [0]. 따라서프랙탈안테나는비용과응용분야를고 한국항공대학교항공전자및정보통신공학부 (School of Electronics, Telecommunication and Computer Eng., Hankuk Aviation University) 논문번호 : 수정완료일자 : 2005 년 8 월 6 일 949
2 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 6 卷第 9 號 2005 年 9 月 려할때훌륭한대안이될수있다 []. 프랙탈구조의주요한특징인자기상사성이나자기아파인성을만족하려면반복계수가무한히증가해야한다. 하지만, 이것은물리적설계가불가능하므로, 반복계수를크게하여원시프랙탈 (prefractal) 을만들고, 이것을안테나설계에이용한다. 지금까지안테나설계에있어응용된프랙탈구조는대부분자기상사성으로인한등방성축척대칭성을가지고있었다. 본논문에제시한안테나는비등방성축척대칭성 (anisotropic scaling symmetry) 을갖는자기아파인 (self-affine) 프랙탈구조를이용한안테나설계에관한것으로자기아파인프랙탈을기본구조로하였고, CPW(CoPlanar Waveguide) 급전방식의안테나를제안하였다. CPW(CoPlanar Waveguide) 급전방식은분산특성에덜민감하며, 신호선과접지면이동일평면에있기때문에표면에실장되는소자들이위쪽에모두장착되고, 접지면에 via-hole을사용하지않는장점으로 MMIC(Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits) 에널리이용된다. 또한 CPW 급전방식은일반적으로마이크로스트립안테나보다대역폭이넓은특징을가지고있는것으로알려져있다 [2]. 본논문에서는자기아파인크로스프랙탈구조를이용한 CPW 급전안테나의구체적인구조를 Ⅱ 장에서기술하고, Ⅲ장에서는모의실험과안테나를제작, 측정한결과를토대로안테나특성을해석하였다. Ⅱ. 안테나구조 2- 자기상사크로스프랙탈구조프랙탈도형의주요한특징은자기상사성 (selfsimilarity) 인데, 이것은등방성축척변환을하여, 어떤도형의부분이전체도형의축소된상이되어있는것이다. 그림 은반복 (iteration) 을할수록크로스모양으로변하는일반적인자기상사성프랙탈구조이다. 기본구조는사각형모양의최초자 (K0) 로시작하여, 반복을할수록최초자의크기를수직, 수평방향으로각각 /3로축소한다음주어진 ±x 방향과 ±y 방향으로한개씩더하여만들어진형태이다. 그림. 반복에의해크로스모양으로변하는자기상사성프랙탈구조 Fig.. Self-similar fractal structure forming crosses by iteration. 위의과정을 IFS 변환 (Iterated Function System Transformation) [3] 이라하고아래의행렬식들로표현된다. w ( x y ) = ( ab cd)( x y ) + ( e f ) w (x, y )=(ax + by + e cx, + dy + ) f () (2) w 는평면 R 2 에서 R 2 로의변환사상으로그집합을 w, w 2, w 3,, w n 이라하고, A를변환과정을거치기전의구조라하면 [3], 제시된자기상사구조에서변환과정을수행했을경우아래의식으로표현된다. W ( A )=w (A ) w 2 ( A ) w 5 ( A ) 여기서 w ( x, y = ) ( 3 x, 3 y ) w 2 ( x, y = ) ( 3 x + 3, 3 y ) w 3 ( x, y = ) ( 3 x + 2 3, 3 y ) w 4 ( x, y = ) ( 3 x + 3, 3 y + 3 ) w 5 ( x, y = ) ( 3 x + 3, 3 y - 3 ). 이다. 이에반해다음에제시할구조는자기아파인성 (self-affinity) 을이용한구조이다. 자기아파인성 [9] 이란반복을할때비등방성축척대칭성을갖는것이다. 즉, 축척비율 (scaling factor) 이수평과수직방향에서서로다르다. 그림 2는자기아파인성을이용한구조이다. 이구조는반복을할때마다최초자의크기를수직, 수평방향으로각각 /5로줄이고, ±x 방향으로발생자를한개씩더하고 ±y 방향으로발생자를두개씩더하여만들어진형태이다. 즉비등방성축척에대한대칭성을갖고있는것이다. 이러 (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 950
3 자기아파인프랙탈구조를이용한 CPW 급전크로스안테나 그림 2. 자기상사프랙탈구조의 K0 에서 K 으로변환 Fig. 2. Transformation from K0 to K of self-similar fractal structure. 그림 4. 자기아파인프랙탈구조의 K0 에서 K 으로변환 Fig. 4. Transformation from K0 to K of self-affine fractal structure. 표. 자기아파인변환변수들의값 Table. The values of self-affine transformation coefficient. 그림 3. 자기아파인프랙탈구조의여러단계 Fig. 3. Various iteration stages of self-affine fractal structure. 한과정을유사변환 (affine transformation) 식으로표현하면다음의식으로표현된다 [4]. W ( A )=w (A ) w 2 ( A ) w 7 ( A ) 여기서 w ( x,y )= ( a x,d y ) w 2 ( x,y )= ( a 2 x + e 2,d 2 y ) w 3 ( x,y )= ( a 3 x + e 3,d 3 y ) w 4 ( x,y )= ( a 4 x + e 4,d 4 y + f 4 ) w 5 ( x,y )= ( a 5 x + e 5,d 5 y + f 5 ) w 6 ( x,y )= ( a 6 x + e 6,d 6 y + f 6 ) w 7 ( x,y )=( a 7 x + e 7,d 7 y + f 7 ). (9) (0) () (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 으로표현되며, 각각의유사변환식변수값을표 에정리하였다. 최초자로부터발생된프랙탈에서수평방향의축소사상들을 x축방향으로 /3, 수직방향의축소사상들을 y축방향으로 /5로각각축소한다음전체적으로 5배확대하면최초자와같은모양이발생된다. 다시말해서, 비등방성축척대칭성이발생한것이다. 보통의도형차원은 과 2, 혹은 3이라고하는자연수이지만, 프랙탈의차원은정수가아닌분수 a b c d e f w w w w w w w (fraction) 라는의미에서프랙탈이라는이름의유래가발생됐다. 프랙탈을형성시킬때발생자를구성하는최초자의수를 E라하고발생자와최초자의단위길이의축척비 (scale factor) 를 S라하면, k 세대에서의프랙탈의기본구성요소의수는 N(k)=E k 이고길이단위의축척비는 S k 이되므로프랙탈의차원 [6] 은 d f =- ln (E ) ln (S ) (7) 으로정의된다. 예로서, 그림 에제시된자기상사프랙탈의차원은 d f =- 이된다. ln (E ) ln (5) =- ln (S ) ln (/3) = 자기아파인크로스프랙탈안테나 (8) 그림 5(a)~(d) 는 K0~K3까지제안된 CPW 급전자기아파인프랙탈안테나의구조이다. 급전부분 95
4 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 6 卷第 9 號 2005 年 9 月 이된다. 따라서그림 에제시된자기상사구조는반복계수가증가할수록패치의면적이 5/9로감소하는반면, 본논문에서제안된자기아파인구조는반복계수가증가할수록패치의면적이 7/25로감소하기때문에안테나의면적을더욱줄일수있는장점을갖는다. (a) K0 (c) K2 (b) K (d) K3 그림 5. CPW 급전자기아파인프랙탈안테나의구조 (a=60 [mm]) Fig. 5. The geometry of the CPW-fed self-affine cross shape fractal antenna(a=60 [mm]). 에서거리 y만큼떨어진곳에서부터패치가위치하며, 급전선의중앙으로부터대칭된구조이다. a와 b 는각각패치의세로와가로의길이이고, 여기서는 a와 b의크기는같다고가정하였다. 처음사각형의한변의길이가 a라면패치의넓이는 a 2 이된다. 제시된자기아파인프랙탈에서반복계수 (iteration coefficient), k가증가할수록패치의면적은감소한다. A k 를반복계수가 k일때의면적이라고하면, A 0 = a 2 A = ( 5 ) 2 7 a 2 A 2 = ( 5 ) a 2 A k = ( 5 ) 2k 7 k a 2 이고, 반복계수가 k+ 일때의면적은 A k + =7 ( 5 ) 2 A k (9) (20) Ⅲ. 모의실험및측정결과안테나제작에있어 RT/Duroid 5880 기판 (h =0.787 [mm], ε r =2.2) 을사용하였다. 입력측의 50 Ω 임피던스정합을위하여급전부분에서스트립폭은 w=3 [mm], 갭폭은 g=0.32 [mm] 로하였으며급전부분과패치와의연결부분의길이 h=5 [mm], 수직한급전선로의길이는 y=33 [mm] 로최적화하였다. 이때한쪽접지면의치수는 [mm] 33 [mm] 이다. 모의실험은 FDTD 알고리즘에기반을둔 CST Microwave Studio [5] 를이용하여수행하였다. 그림 6은 K0에서 K3까지제시된안테나의공진주파수변화를나타낸것이다. 반복계수가 일때의첫번째공진주파수는 GHz 부근으로그전단계의공진주파수위치와비슷하다. 반복계수가증가할수록다중대역특성을보이는데, K2와 K3 단계에서의공진주파수는 GHz, 3 GHz, 4 GHz, 그리고 7 GHz 부근으로 K 단계의공진주파수를포함하고있다. 그림 7은제안된안테나의 K0에서 K3까지첫공진주파수를비교한것이다. 여기서한가지흥미로운사실을알수있는데, 반복계수가증가할수록첫공진주파수의위치는거의변화가없고, 오히려감소한다는것이다. 일반적으로안테나의크기가감소하면공진주파수가증가해야한다. 안테나설계에많이연구되고있는 Koch 프랙탈의경우도반복계수가증가할수록패치의면적이증가하기때문에공진주파수가감소하였다 [6]. 이에반해제안된안테나는비등방성축척대칭성으로인하여반복계수가증가할수록 ±x 방향의길이는감소하였으나급전부분에서부터표면전류의진행방향인, ±y 방향의길이는변화가없다. 즉, 전체적인모양은모노폴안테나처럼변하지만공진높이 (resonant height) 는큰변화가없기때문에첫번째공진주파수의위치는반복계수 952
5 자기아파인프랙탈구조를이용한 CPW 급전크로스안테나 가증가해도거의변화가없고, 오히려반복계수가증가하면모노폴양쪽의기생패치수가증가하게되고, 이기생패치의증가는전체적인공진높이의증가로이어져첫번째공진주파수가감소하였다. 또한반복계수가증가할수록첫번째공진주파수의감소율이작아졌는데, 이것은반복계수가증가할수록모노폴양쪽에발생하는기생패치의증가율이감소하기때문이다. 그림 8은제시된자기아파인크로스프랙탈안테나의 K0에서 K3까지의표면전류분포를보여준다. K0의표면전류분포를살펴보면, 급전선로와패치가연결될때의급격한수평방향의길이변화는저조한임피던스정합특성을만들며, 이로인해표면전류가패치의아랫부분에집중하는결과를초래한다. 그러나반복계수가증가할수록임피던스정합조건이개선되고, 구조적으로전류가흐를수있는새로운통로가생기므로다중대역특성이나타나게 그림 6. K0 에서 K3 까지반사손실에대한공진주파수비교 Fig. 6. The return loss as a function of frequency according to iteration stages(k0, K, K2, and K3). (a) K0 (b) K 그림 7. K0 에서 K3 까지첫번째공진주파수를비교한모의실험결과 Fig. 7. The simulation results for fundamental frequencies according to the various iteration stages (K0, K, K2, and K3). (c) K2 (d) K3 그림 8. 제시된안테나의 K0 에서 K3 까지표면전류분포비교 Fig. 8. Surface current distributions of the proposed antenna according to iteration stages. 953
6 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 6 卷第 9 號 2005 年 9 月 된다. 그리고급전부분을중심으로하여수직방향으로패치를절단했을경우절단면양쪽의수평방향의전류분포는서로반대가되어상쇄되기때문에패치의수평방향의길이는첫공진주파수에영향을미치지않고, 오직수직방향의길이가첫공진주파수에영향을미친다. 따라서기생패치로의전류흐름은수직방향의전체적인공진높이를증가 그림 0. K3 단계일때의최대이득 Fig. 0. The measured maximum gain of the proposed antenna at K3 stage. 시켜첫공진주파수의위치를낮추게된다. 그림 9는 K3 단계에서첫공진주파수인, 0.93 GHz에대해복사패턴을나타낸것이다. 실선은측정값이고점선은모의실험값이다. x-y 평면을살펴보면 θ=90 와 θ=-90 에서널 (null) 이발생하고, x-z 평면은전방향 (omni-directional) 모양임을알수있다. 그림 0은 K3 단계일때각평면에대한최대이득을측정한결과로제시하고있다. 최대이득은 940 MHz에서 2.27 dbi이다. Ⅳ. 결론본논문에서는비등방성대칭성을갖는 CPW 급전자기아파인크로스프랙탈안테나를제시하였다. 제안된안테나는비등방성축척대칭성으로인해자기상사성을이용한안테나보다패치의면적이더감소하였고, 반복계수의증가는임피던스정합조건을향상시키고, 안테나표면에전류가흐를수있는새로운통로를만들어다중대역특성이나타나도록한다. 또한기생패치의증가는전체적인공진높이를증가시켜첫공진주파수의위치를감소시킨다. 본논문에서는반복계수가 3일때 940 MHz 에서 2.27 dbi의측정최대이득을얻었고, 전체적으로모노폴안테나의복사패턴과유사한특성을얻을수있었다. 그림 9. K3 단계일때의첫공진주파수에대한복사패턴 Fig. 9. The radiation patterns of K3 stage in the fundamental frequency of K3 stage. 참고문헌 [] P. Dehkhoda, A. Tavakoli, "Circularly polarized mi- 954
7 자기아파인프랙탈구조를이용한 CPW 급전크로스안테나 crostrip fractal antennas", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium, vol. 4, pp , Jun [2] O. Ban-Leong, "A modified contour integral analysis for Sierpinski fractal carpet antennas with and without electromagnetic band gap ground plane", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 52, pp , May [3] G. F. Tsachtsiris, C. F. Soras, M. P. Karaboikis, and V. T. Makios, "Analysis of a modified Sierpinski gasket monopole antenna printed on dual band wireless devices", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 52, pp , Oct [4] C. Xuan, L. Yaxun, and S. Safavi-Naeini, "Printed plane-filling fractal antennas for UHF band", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium, vol. 4, pp , Jun [5] P. Dehkhoda, A. Tavakoli, "A crown square microstrip fractal antenna", IEEE Antenna and Propagation Society Symposium, vol. 3, pp , Jun [6] B. B. Mandelbrot, The Fractal Geometry of Nature, Freeman, 983. [7] D. Dasgupta, G. Hernandez, and F. Nino, "An evolutionary algorithm for fractal coding of binary images", IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, vol. 4, pp. 72-8, Jul [8] B. Wohlberg, G. D. Jager, "A class of multiresolutioin stochastic models generating self-affine images", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 47, pp , Jun [9] F. Lapique, P. Meakin, J. Feder, and T. Jossang, "Self-affine fractal scaling in fracture surfaces generated in ethylene and propylene polymers and copolymers", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 86, pp , Feb [0] E. Parker, A. N. A. El Sheikh, "Convoluted array elements and reduced size unit cells for frequency selective surface", IEE Proceedings-Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol. 38, pp. 9-22, Feb. 99. [] J. M. Gonzalez-Arbescu, J. Romeu, "On the influence of fractal dimension on radiation efficiency and quality factor of self-resonant prefractal wire monopoles", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium, vol. 4, pp , Jun [2] L. T. Wang, X. C. Lin, and J. S. Sun, "The broadband loop slot antenna with photonic bandgap structure", IEE International Conference on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2, pp , [3] H. O. Peitgen, H. Jurgens, and D. Saupe, Fractals for The Classroom, New York, Springer-Verlag, Inc., 992. [4] A. Kimura, T. Watanabe, "An extension of the generalized Hough transform to realize affine-invariant two-dimensional(2d) shape detection", IEEE International Conference on Pattern Recognition, vol., pp , Aug [5] "CST Microwave Studio, Release 5.0", Tech. Rep., [6] C. Borja, J. Romeu, "On the behavior of Koch island fractal boundary microstrip patch antenna", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 5, pp , Jun
8 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 6 卷第 9 號 2005 年 9 月 김태환 2004 년 2 월 : 한국항공대학교정보통신공학과 ( 공학사 ) 2004 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 한국항공대학교항공전자및정보통신공학부정보통신공학과석사과정 [ 주관심분야 ] 안테나, RFIC/MM- IC, 발진기 조춘식 987년 2월 : 서울대학교제어계측공학과 ( 공학사 ) 995년 2월 : 미국 South Carolina 대학교전기및컴퓨터공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 998년 2월 : 미국 Colorado 대학교전기및컴퓨터공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 2004년 3월~현재 : 한국항공대학교항공전자및정보통신공학부교수 [ 주관심분야 ] RFIC/MMIC, 전력증폭기, 믹서, 발진기, 안테나, 전자장수치해석 이재욱 992년 2월 : 한양대학교전자공학과 ( 공학사 ) 994년 2월 : 한국과학기술원전기및전자공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 998년 2월 : 한국과학기술원전기및전자공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 998년 3월~2004년 2월 : 한국전자통신연구원디지털방송연구단전파기반연구그룹 2004년 3월~현재 : 한국항공대학교항공전자및정보통신공학부교수 [ 주관심분야 ] 마이크로파및밀리미터파능, 수동소자해석및설계, EMI/EMC 대책기술, 고출력증폭기및고출력안테나설계 이윤현 965 년 2 월 : 한국항공대학교전자공학과 ( 공학사 ) 976 년 8 월 : 정보통신기술사 985 년 2 월 : 경희대학교전자공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 980 년 ~ 현재 : 한국항공대학교항공전자및정보통신공학부교수 988 년 2 월 : New York State University at Buffalo 교환교수 [ 주관심분야 ] RF 회로설계, 마이크로웨이브및광통신, EMI 956
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Jun.; 27(6),
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2016 Jun.; 27(6), 495 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2016.27.6.495 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Design
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