원저 Lab Med Online Vol. 7, No. 4: , October 혈액은행 ABO-RhD 혈액형검사와비예기항체선별검사를위한혈액은행자동화장비 IH-500 과 VISI
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1 원저 Lab Med Online Vol. 7, No. 4: , October 혈액은행 ABO-RhD 혈액형검사와비예기항체선별검사를위한혈액은행자동화장비 과 의평가 Evaluation of the Automated Blood Bank Systems and for ABO-RhD Blood Typing and Unexpected Antibody Screening 박유미 ¹ 김선영 ¹ 구선회 ¹ 임진숙 ¹ 김지명 ¹ 임영애 ² 권계철 ¹ Yumi Park, M.D.¹, Seon Young Kim, M.D.¹, Sun Hoe Koo, M.D.¹, Jinsook Lim, M.D.¹, Ji Myung Kim, M.D.¹, Young Ae Lim, M.D.², Gye Cheol Kwon, M.D.¹ 충남대학교의과대학진단검사의학교실 ¹, 아주대학교의과대학진단검사의학교실 ² Department of Laboratory Medicine 1, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon; Department of Laboratory Medicine 2, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea Background: The use of automated systems for pre-transfusion tests is increasing in an attempt to reduce workload and the impact of human errors in blood banks. We evaluated the clinical performance of the automated blood bank systems (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Switzerland) and (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, USA) for ABO-RhD blood typing and unexpected antibody screening. Methods: ABO-RhD blood typing was performed for 410 samples, and antibody screening was performed for 332 samples, including 15 antibody-positive samples. The results obtained from the two automated instruments were compared with those obtained using manual methods for ABO-RhD blood typing and a semiautomated method (DiaMed-ID system) for antibody screening. Additionally, both instruments were evaluated in terms of concordance rates, sensitivity, and carryover. Results: The concordance rate of the ABO-RhD blood typing results between the manual methods and the two automated instruments was 100%. For antibody screening tests, the concordance rates between the semiautomated method (DiaMed-ID system) and the automated methods were 100% and 99.7% for the and instruments, respectively. The sole discrepant result was obtained for a sample identified as antibody-positive only on the ; the antibody was identified as anti-le a. The overall sensitivity of the two automated instruments was the same as or higher than that of the semiautomated method. Carryover was not observed in antibody screening. Conclusions: The and instruments showed reliable results for ABO-RhD blood typing and unexpected antibody screening, and can be used clinically, with confidence, for pre-transfusion tests in the blood bank. Key Words: Blood bank, Automation,, 서론 혈액은행에서 ABO-RhD 혈액형검사및비예기항체선별검사 는수혈전검사중가장기본적이고중요한검사로안전한수혈을 Corresponding author: Gye Cheol Kwon Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea Tel: , Fax: , kckwon00@naver.com Received: December 7, 2016 Revision received: January 11, 2017 Accepted: February 15, 2017 This article is available from , Laboratory Medicine Online This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 위해필수적인검사이다 [1]. 이러한혈액은행검사들은다른검사분야와달리수기법에의존하여자동화장비의도입이어려웠다. 그러나최근다양한자동화장비가소개되면서 [2] 자동화장비의도입이수기로인한오류를줄이고검사효율을높이며, 검사건수가많은기관에서는수기법에비해검사소요시간과비용을줄일수있다는경제적이점때문에혈액은행자동화장비의사용이점차증가하고있다 [3-5]. 최근자동화장비에는원주응집법 (column agglutination technique), 고형상적혈구부착법 (solid phase red cell adherence assay), 그리고적혈구자기화법 (erythrocyte-magnetized technique) 을원리로하는다양한기법들이도입되어이용되고있다 [6, 7]. (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Cressier FR, Switzerland) 과 (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Raritan, NJ, USA) 는원주응집법을원리로한혈액은행자동화장비로 은겔 (gel) column을, 는유리미세구기질 (glass microbead ma eissn
2 trix) 을포함하고있는 column을이용하여 ABO-RhD 혈액형검사, 비예기항체선별검사및동정검사가가능하도록개발된자동화장비이다. 그러나, 현재까지국내에서 과 장비에대한평가데이터가보고된바없다. 이에본연구에서는혈액은행자동화장비 과 Vision Max 로 ABO-RhD 혈액형검사와비예기항체선별검사를실시하고, 그결과를현재검사실에서시행중인슬라이드법과시험관법을이용한수기법 ABO 및 RhD 혈액형검사결과및 DiaMed-ID system을이용한반자동화법비예기항체선별검사결과와비교하여임상적유용성을평가하였다. 재료및방법 1. 대상 2016년 3월본원혈액은행에검사가의뢰된검체중무작위선정하여 ABO-RhD 혈액형검사 410건, 비예기항체선별검사는 332건을대상으로시행하였다. 검체는냉장보관하였다가사용하였으며, 즉시검사시행이가능하지않은경우에는 -20 C에냉동보관하였다가검사직전에해동하여사용하였다. 2. 방법기존에시행하던수기법은기존에사용하던첨가제가없는채혈관혈액을이용하였고자동화장비에는같은환자의 EDTA 혈액을사용하였다. 이 EDTA 혈액은같은날환자의일반혈액검사와혈액은행검사가의뢰된경우일반혈액검사를시행하고남은검체를이용하여검사하였다. 모든검체는먼저육안으로결과에영향을줄수있는검체이상 ( 검체량, 고지질, 용혈, 응고 ) 여부를판별한후사용하였다. ABO-RhD 혈액형검사는채혈후 48시간이내, 비예기항체선별검사는 72시간이내에시행하였다. 자동화장비의반응을위한시약과첨가되는검체량, 반응시간등은각장비제조사의지침에따라진행하였다. 비교평가는현재본원검사실에서시행중인방법인, ABO 및 RhD 혈액형검사에서는슬라이드법과시험관법을이용한수기법, 비예기항체선별검사에서는 DiaMed-ID system을이용한반자동화법을기준법 (reference method) 으로설정하여두자동화장비의결과와비교하였으며, 정성검사평가지침인 CLSI guideline EP12- A2에따라각검사의일치율과민감도, 특이도를평가하였다 [8]. 1) ABO-RhD 혈액형검사수기법 ABO-RhD 혈액형검사는 murine 단클론성 IgM anti-a와 anti-b 및 human 단클론성 IgG/IgM anti-d (DiaMed GmbH, Cressier FR, Switzerland) 를사용하여슬라이드법과시험관법을동시에 실시하여 ABO 혈구형검사와 RhD 혈액형검사를시행하고, ABO 혈청형검사는 ID-Diacell A1, B cell (DiaMed GmbH) 을사용하여시험관법으로실시한후결과를판정하였다. 자동화장비 은 ID-Diacell A1, B cell과혈청형및혈구형검사가동시에이루어지는 ID card인 DiaClon ABO/D+ Reverse grouping을사용하여시행하였다. 자동화장비 는 0.8% Affirmagen A1, B cell (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics) 과각각의항혈청시약이들어있는 ABO/Rh Reverse Cassette를이용하여검사하였다. 두자동화장비는모든과정이자동으로진행되었으며반응결과는내장된카메라에찍히고소프트웨어에의해자동으로인식되어반응강도에따라음성, trace, +1, +2, +3, +4의 6단계로해석되어보고되었다. 모든결과는혈구형검사와혈청형검사의결과가일치하는경우에만혈액형을판정하였으며, 기존수기법과자동화장비검사법모두에서판독이가능하고판독된결과가일치한경우만두검사결과가일치한것으로간주하였다. 2) 비예기항체선별검사및동정검사반자동화법으로시행한비예기항체선별검사는 DiaMed-ID system (DiaMed Ag, Cressier FR, Switzerland) 을이용하였으며다특이항글로불린 (anti-igg와 anti-c3d) 이포함되어있는 LISS (low ionic strength saline solution)/coombs card에항체선별용혈구인 ID- DiaCell I, II cell을각각 50 μl씩분주하고환자혈청을 25 μl를첨가하여 37 C에서 15분간항온한후 10분동안원심분리하여반응결과를육안으로판정하였다. 자동화장비 에서는반자동화법과동일하게 ID-DiaCell I, II cell과 DiaMed-ID system (DiaMed Ag) 을이용하였으며, 는 0.8% Selectogen I, II cell (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics) 과 AHG (anti-human globulin) 가포함되어있는 AHG Poly cassette를이용하였다. 자동화장비에서카세트이동, 검체및시약분주, 항온, 원심분리등의검사과정은모두자동으로수행되었다. 두자동화장비의반응결과는내장된카메라에의해읽히고소프트웨어에의해자동으로인식되어반응강도에따라 -, +/-, +, ++, +++, ++++ 의 6단계로해석되어보고되었다. 비예기항체선별검사에서한가지이상양성을보인검체들은비예기항체동정검사를실시하였다. 반자동화법 (DiaMed-ID system) 과자동화장비 에서비예기항체선별검사결과양성인경우 11가지동정혈구패널로구성된 ID-DiaPanel (DiaMed Ag) 로, 에서양성인경우 0.8% Resolve Panel A (Ortho, Raritan, NJ, USA) 로각각항체를동정하였다. 두자동화장비에서비예기항체선별검사및동정검사는모두항글로불린단계까지만시행하였으며, 비예기항체선별검사에서불일치결과를보이는검체에대해제3의기관에의뢰하여효소법을수기로시행하였다. 효소법은 papain 처리된 1.0% 적혈구부유액 11개의 Set ID-DiaPanel P
3 Table 1. Comparison between manual and automated methods for ABO typing ABO type A B O AB Total A B O AB Total Manual method A B O AB Total Concordance rate, % 100 (410/410) 100 (410/410) (DiaMed Ag) 를각각 NaCl/Enzyme card (DiaMed Ag) 에 50 μl씩넣고환자혈청 25 μl를첨가하여 LISS/Coombs 방법과동일한방법으로검사하고판독하였다. 반자동화법 (DiaMed-ID system) 과두자동화장비검사법모두에서판독이가능하고판독된결과가일치한경우만을두검사결과가일치한것으로간주하였으며, 결과분석은본원검사실에서시행하는반자동화법 (DiaMed-ID system) 을기준법으로하고 IH- 500과 검사법을비교법으로하여두자동화장비검사결과의전체적인일치율을구하였다. 3) 비예기항체희석검사비예기항체의검출민감도비교를위해희석검사를시행하였다. 항체동정검사를시행하고남은환자의혈청 (anti-e와 anti-le a ) 및시약용 (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics) 으로나온단클론성 IgG anti- Fy a, 다클론성 IgG anti-c 및다클론성 IgG anti-d 항혈청을사용하였다. 이들원액을생리식염수로 2배씩계대희석 (1:1 1:256) 하여반자동화법 (DiaMed-ID system), 자동화장비 과 로비예기항체선별검사를시행한후응집반응의양성기준을반응강도 trace(±) 이상으로설정하여항체별로검출민감도를비교하였다. 4) 검체간교차오염률시약용으로나온고역가의다클론성 IgG anti-d (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics) 를양성검체로, 생리식염수를음성검체로사용하여비예기항체선별검사를실시하였다. 두자동화장비에서모두양성검체를 4회연속으로검사하고, 이어서음성검체를 4회연속으로검사하여양성검체가음성검체의결과에영향을미치는지확인하였다. 결과 1. ABO-RhD 혈액형검사결과 ABO 혈액형검사는총 410 검체중 A 형은 116 검체, B 형은 119 검 Table 2. Comparison between manual and automated methods for RhD typing RhD Manual method 체, O 형은 125 검체, AB 형은 50 검체였으며, RhD 검사에서는양성 409 검체, 음성 1 검체의분포를보여수기법과두장비모두 100% 일치하였다 (Tables 1, 2). 자동화장비결과의반응강도는수기법과비교하였을때같은 강도를보이거나 ±1 이내의차이로결과에영향을주는의미있 는차이를보이지않아양성, 음성으로만판정하였으며혈구형과 혈청형이서로일치하지않아판독불가로판정된검체는없었다. 2. 비예기항체선별검사및동정검사결과 Positive Negative Total Positive Negative Total Positive Negative Total Concordance rate, % 100 (410/410) 100 (410/410) 비예기항체선별검사 332 건중현재검사실에서시행중인반자 동화법 (DiaMed-ID system) 에서음성은 318 건, 양성은 14 건으로 나타났다. 반자동화법과동일한 DiaMed-ID system 을이용한자 동화장비 의경우수기법과 100% (332/332) 일치하였다. 반 면 의경우는음성 317 검체, 양성 15 검체로반자동화 법 (DiaMed-ID system) 결과와비교하였을때 99.7% (331/332) 일 치율을보였다. 비예기항체선별검사에서불일치결과를보이는 1 검체는항글로불린단계까지만시행한반자동화법 (DiaMed-ID system) 과자동화장비 결과에서는음성이었으나, 자동화 장비 의결과에서는양성으로나타났다. 비예기항체 선별검사에서양성을보인 15 검체를이용하여동정검사를실시한 결과, 반자동화법 (DiaMed-ID system) 과두자동화장비에서모두 양성을보인 14 검체에대해동정된비예기항체는 anti-e 7 건, anti- D 2 건, anti-fy a 2 건, anti-le a 1 건, anti-e+c 1 건, anti-c 1 건이었다. 비 예기항체선별검사에서불일치결과를보이는 1 검체는항글로불 린단계까지시행한비예기항체동정검사에서 에서만
4 Table 3. Comparison between semiautomated and automated methods for antibody screening Antibody screening Positive Negative Total Positive Negative Total Semiautomated method Positive Negative Total Concordance rate, % 100 (332/332) 99.7 (331/332) Sensitivity, % Specificity, % Table 4. Comparison between semiautomated and automated methods for antibody titration Ab specificity anti-le a 로확인되었다. 이불일치결과검체를제 3 의기관에의뢰 하여효소법을수기로추가하여항체동정검사를시행한결과 VI- SION Max 의결과와동일하게 anti-le a 로확인되어 의비예 기항체선별검사결과가위음성인것으로판단되었다. 이에따라 비예기항체선별검사에서 과 의민감도는각각 93.3% (14/15), 100% (15/15) 였으며, 특이도는각각 100% (317/317), 100% (317/317) 였다 (Table 3). 3. 검출민감도결과 비예기항체희석검사는총 5 종의비예기항체 anti-e, anti-le a, anti-c, anti-fy a 및 anti-d 에대해시행하였다. 과 의검출민감도는각각 1:4 (anti-le a, anti-c 및 anti-d) - 1:64 (anti-e), 1:2 (anti-c 와 anti-d) - 1:16 (anti-e 와 anti-le a ) 으로비예기항체종류 에따라다양하게나타났다. 5 종의비예기항체모두자동화장비를 사용한경우에반자동화법에비해같거나높은검출민감도를보 였고, 특히 anti-le a 의경우 에서, anti-e, anti-c, anti-fy a 및 anti-d 경우 에서높은민감도를보였다 (Table 4). 4. 교차오염 (Carryover) 결과 비예기항체선별검사에서교차오염평가결과두장비모두앞 의양성검체가뒤의음성검체의결과에영향을주는교차오염은 없는것으로확인되었다. Semiautomated method Anti-E 1:16 1:64 1:16 Anti-Le a 1:2 1:4 1:16 Anti-c 1:2 1:4 1:2 Anti-Fy a 1:4 1:16 1:8 Anti-D 1:1 1:4 1:2 고찰 본연구에서 ABO-RhD 혈액형검사는두자동화장비모두기존수기법과비교하여 100% 일치율을보였으며, 이는원주응집법원리를사용하는다른자동화장비의일치율과유사하였다 [4, 9]. 항체선별검사에서도두장비모두반자동화법 (DiaMed-ID system) 의결과와의일치율이 99.7% 이상으로우수한결과를보였다. 특히 의경우는비예기항체선별검사에서반자동화법 (DiaMed-ID system) 결과와 100% 일치하였는데이는기준법 (reference method) 인반자동화법과자동화장비 이 DiaMed-ID system이란동일한검사원리를갖는같은제조사의제품을사용하고있기때문에어느정도예상가능한결과였다. 비예기항체선별검사에서불일치결과를나타내는 1검체는항글로불린단계까지만시행한 에서양성으로, 반자동화법과 에서는음성이었고, 에서 anti-le a 로동정되었다. 이검체에대해수기로효소법을추가하여비예기항체동정검사를시행한결과 의결과와동일하게 anti-le a 로확인되었다. Anti-Le a 는대개 IgM 한랭항체로실온에서반응성이가장크며, 용혈성수혈부작용등의문제를거의일으키지않아임상적으로큰의미는없는것으로알려져있으나, 반응온도의범위가넓은 anti- Le a 에의한용혈성수혈부작용사례가드물게보고된바있다 [12, 13]. 에서 anti-le a 의검출은비예기항체희석검사결과에서 는 1:16, 는 1:4의희석배수에서검출되어 의검출민감도가더높은것으로도설명할수있겠다. 비예기항체동정검사에서효소법을추가하였을때 anti-le a 의검출은 Lee 등 [14] 에따르면효소법을추가해서동정이가능한경우는비예기항체그룹에서 Lewis 계열항체가 Rh 계열항체다음으로동정이가능한경우가많았다고보고된바있다. Weisbach 등 [15, 16], Kim 등 [17] 에따르면 Ortho사의 BioVue system이동일한원주응집법을이용한 DiaMed-ID system보다 anti-le a 검출률이높다고보고한바있다. 또한 Lim 등 [18] 의연구에서는 Ortho BioVue system이 DiaMed-ID System과비교하여 LISS 첨가등의과정이추가되어있어서한랭항체를보다민감하게검출하는것으
5 로생각된다고설명하고있다. Park 등 [10] 과 Cid 등 [11] 은원주응집법간의차이를기술적인요소의차이에기인한다고보고하고있다. 원주관의내용물을 DiaMed-ID system은겔 (gel) 을기질로사용하며, Ortho BioVue system은유리미세구 (glass microbead) 기질을사용하는것과그밖에검사에필요한검체량및검사혈구양과항온및원심분리시간의차이로설명하고있다. 하지만이두검사시스템은전반적으로임상적으로중요한항체의선별능에는큰차이가없는것으로보고되고있으므로 [15], 장비선정시에이들을고려할필요가있을것으로여겨진다. 본연구의제한점은 ABO-RhD 혈액형검사에서 ABO 아형이포함되지않았고, Rh 음성검체가 1건으로검체수가적으며, 비예기항체양성검체가 15건으로양성검체수가음성검체수에비해적고제한적이라는점이다. 따라서이것을보완하기위해더다양한종류의항체가포함된충분한수의검체를포함한연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 국내에서도자동화장비의도입이증가함에따라많은자동화장비들의평가가이루어졌고 [4, 9, 17, 19-22], 이들검사결과또한기존수기법과비교하여신뢰할만한일치율을보이고있다. 또한 Song 등 [5] 의연구에따르면일정검체수이상일때자동화장비도입은증대되는업무량의해소와일괄검사시소요시간도단축시킬수있다고보고된바있다. 따라서객관적이고표준화된평가지침이마련된다면자동화장비가수기법을대체가능하다고생각된다. 결론적으로자동화장비 과 의검사결과는기존에사용하던수기법과반자동화법과비교하여높은일치율을보여신뢰할만한것으로생각되었다. 따라서자동화장비 과 는혈액은행에서의수혈전검사에서임상적으로유용하게사용할수있을것으로생각된다. 요약 배경 : 수혈전검사에서자동화장비의사용은혈액은행에서의업무량과인적오류영향을줄이기위해점차증가하고있는추세이다. 이에본연구에서는 ABO-RhD 혈액형검사와비예기항체선별검사에서혈액은행자동화장비 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Switzerland) 과 (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, USA) 의임상적수행능을평가하고자하였다. 방법 : 총 410건의 ABO-RhD 혈액형검사와 15개의비예기항체양성검체를포함한 332건의비예기항체선별검사를시행하였다. 두자동화장비의 ABO-RhD 혈액형검사결과는수기법과비예기항체선별검사결과는반자동화법 (DiaMed-ID system) 과비교하였다. 또한 ABO-RhD 혈액형검사와비예기항체선별검사에서일치율, 비예기항체희석검사, carryover 항목에대해평가하였다. 결과 : 두자동화장비와수기법의 ABO-RhD 혈액형검사결과는 100% 일치하였다. 비예기항체선별검사에서반자동화법 (DiaMed- ID system) 과비교하였을때 과 의일치율은각각 100%, 99.7% 였다. 한개의불일치결과는 에서만항체선별검사양성이었고, anti-le a 로확인되었다. 비예기항체희석검사에서는반자동화법보다자동화장비에서같거나더높은검출민감도를보였으며, 항체선별검사에서검체간교차오염은관찰되지않았다. 결론 : 과 는 ABO-RhD 혈액형검사와항체선별검사에서신뢰할만한결과를보였다. 따라서혈액은행에서의수혈전검사에임상적으로사용할수있을것으로생각된다. REFERENCES 1. Han KS, Park KU, Song EY. Transfusion medicine. 4th ed. Seoul: Korea Medical Book Publisher, 2014: Malomgré W and Neumeister B. Recent and future trends in blood group typing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009;393: Shin KH, Kim HH, Chang CL, Lee EY. Economic and workflow analysis of a blood bank automated system. Ann Lab Med 2013;33: Shin SY, Kwon KC, Koo SH, Park JW, Ko CS, Song JH, et al. Evaluation of two automated instruments for pre-transfusion testing: AutoVue Innova and Techno TwinStation. Korean J Lab Med 2008;28: Song YK, An TK, Hwang JY, Shim HE, Lee DH, Kong SY. Comparison of effectiveness between blood bank automation system and manual method for ABO-RhD blood typing and antibody screening test in a single center. Korean J Blood Transfus 2014;25: Garratty G. Advances in red blood cell immunology 1960 to Transfusion 2010;50: Bajpai M, Kaur R, Gupta E. Automation in immunohematology. Asian J Transfus Sci 2012;6: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). CLSI document EP12- A2. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Park Y, Lim J, Ko YH, Kwon K, Koo S, Kim J. Evaluation of IH-1000 for automated ABO-Rh typing and irregular antibody screening. Korean J Blood Transfus 2012;23: Park JS, Park CM, Chang HE, Kim MJ, Park KU, Song J, et al. Evaluation of the performance of the DG Gel test for unexpected antibody screening and identification. Korean J Blood Transfus 2008;19: Cid J, Nogues N, Montero R, Hurtado M, Briega A, Parra R. Comparison of three microtube column agglutination systems for antibody screening: DG Gel, DiaMed-ID and Ortho BioVue. Transfus Med 2006;16:
6 12. Han KS, Cho HI, Kim SI. A Study on the hemolytic transfusion reactions due to irregular antibodies. Korean J Hematol 1989;24: Höglund P, Rosengren-Lindquist R, Wikman AT. A severe haemolytic transfusion reaction caused by anti-le a active at 37 C. Blood Transfus 2013;11: Lee DD, Oh SH, Shin HJ, Chung JS, Cho GJ, Park TS, et al. Diagnostic usefulness of antibody identification test including enzyme method. Korean J Hematol 2006;41: Weisbach V, Ziener A, Zimmermann R, Glaser A, Zingsem J, Eckstein R. Comparison of the performance of four microtube column agglutination systems in the detection of red cell alloantibodies. Transfusion 1999;39: Weisbach V, Kohnhäuser T, Zimmermann R, Ringwald J, Strasser E, Zingsem J, et al. Comparison of the performance of microtube column systems and solid-phase systems and the tube low-ionic-strength solution additive indirect antiglobulin test in the detection of red cell alloantibodies. Transfus Med 2006;16: Kim SH, Nam DH, Yang JH, Yoon SY, Kim YK, Lee KN, et al. Evaluation of the automatic blood bank instrument AutoVue Innova for antibody screening. Korean J Blood Transfus 2008;19: Lim G, Park KS, Park TS, Lee HJ, Suh JT, Park SY. The frequency and distribution of unexpected antibodies in transfusion candidates with the use of the Ortho Biovue System: recent four year experience. Korean J Blood Transfus 2009;20: Joo SY, Han KS, Kwak YK, Park KU. Evaluation of an automated solidphase cell adherence assay in the Galileo System (Immucor) for routine pretransfusion tests. Korean J Blood Transfus 2011;22: An TK, Song YK, Seo HS, Kim KL, Kim JA, Ko CH, et al. Evaluation of automated blood bank systems AutoVue Innova and QWALYS-3 for ABO-RhD grouping and antibody screening. Korean J Blood Transfus 2012;23: Jang MA, Oh JW, Lee ST, Seo JY, Kim DW. Evaluation of the automated blood bank systems Galileo NEO and QWALYS-3 for ABO-RhD typing and antibody screening. Korean J Blood Transfus 2014;25: Ko YH, Kim JM, Koo SH, Lim J, Park YC, Kwon KC. Evaluation of the automated QWALYS-3 System for ABO and RhD grouping and unexpected antibody screening. Korean J Blood Transfus 2011;22:
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