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1 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 216 Aug.; 27(8), ISSN (Print)ISSN X (Online) Measurement and Analysis of Radar Shielding and Doppler Effects by the Wind Farm 김민 강기봉 박상홍 정주호 Min KimKi-Bong KangSang-Hong ParkJoo-Ho Jung* 요약.,... Abstract To cope with the rising cost of the fossil fuel and the need of renewable energy, many wind farms are being constructed along the coasts of Korean peninsula. However, construction of these wind farms may cause negative influences by the shielding effect and the Doppler frequency from the wind turbine on the military radars operated in the nearby region. Therefore, the analysis of electromagnetic phenomenon with the real wind turbine is required. This paper compare the measured electromagnetic shielding effect and Doppler effect with theoretical shielding effect according to obstacle in literature and the extracted Doppler frequency through signal modeling. Key words: Wind Farm, Wind Turbine, Shielding Effect, Doppler Modulation, Measurement. 서론.,.,., (Doppler modulation). 21 () (No.21R1A1A1A99). (Department of Electronic Engineering, Pukyong National University) * (Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology) Manuscript received October 2, 21 ; Revised January 19, 216 ; Accepted July 26, 216. (ID No ) Corresponding Author: Joo-Ho Jung ( jungjooho68@gmail.com) 742 c Copyright The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science. All Rights Reserved.

2 . [1] [2]., creeping wave multi-path,.. 본론 2-1 풍력발전기차폐현상및관련이론 (Fresnel zone clearance).,..6, [1]. (2) (3) Knife edge (2), (3) R (dimensionless quantity) [1]. 2-2 레이다신호모델링을바탕으로한시변도플러주파수분석이론 (Linear Frequency Modulation: LFM),. [3].,,,, 1. (4) (1),,,., 1.. knife edge, 2,. 그림 1. Knife edge Fig. 1. Ray path for knife edge diffraction. 그림 2. Fig. 2. Diffraction due to cylinder. 743

3 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 27, no. 8, Aug. 216., (slow-time). [4]., (fast time), /.., sinc (range profile) []. sin. sin,. (7)., [6],. (8) (8),. (8) (Fourier-transform). () (6) (7) STFT(Short-Time Fourier-Transform) 1. exp (9) (side lobe) (window), (slow-time). [7],[8]. [2].. 측정결과 3-1 측정시스템및사용된풍력발전기,. 1,6 kw 41 m, 82 m.,,, RF. L 1. GHz, S-Band 3.3 GHz, C GHz [9]. 3, 차폐실험분석결과,,, 4 2 m, 1 m, 1 km L-Band, S-Band, C-Band. 744

4 풍력발전단지에 의한 레이다 차폐 현상 및 도플러 측정 데이터 분석 (a) 2 m 측정에 사용된 장비 및 풍력발전기 그림 3. Fig. 3. Picture of radar and wind turbine. 사용된 장비 및 풍력발전기의 규격 모델명 NM82C Frequency 9 khz 6 GHz band [L,S,C Band] 발전기 유도발전기 Transmitting dbm 회전자 power 직경 82 m Amplifier Gain : 3 4 db 회전면적,281 m Transmit Factor : antenna 24 4 db/m 출력 1.4 VSWR Receive Factor : 2 db/m antenna 허브높이 8 m Continuous 회전속도 14.4 RPM Radar type 표 1. Table 1. Specification of radar and wind turbine. (b) 1 m 2 wave radar [avg] 에 해당하는 측정 결과는 1회 측정한 결과를 평균으로 산정하였다. 실험은 풍력발전기 바로 앞단에서 수신된 전 력세기와 비슷한 수준의 수신전력 세기가 수신되는 지점 을 차폐거리로 하여 실시했으며, 측정은 1 m 간격으로 진 행하였다. 몬트카를로(Monte-Carlo) 시뮬레이션에 의하여 지점오차를 최대한 줄이기 위해 한 측정 지점 당 측정을 128회 시행하여 평균하였다. 실험은 풍력터빈의 앞단 및 후방 m부터 1 m 간격으 로 수신기를 이격시켜 측정하였으며, 그 결과는 그림 와 같다. 송신기와 풍력발전기 사이의 거리가 2 m 및 L-Band로 측정할 경우, 자유공간 전파 손실 모델에 따른.8 db의 손실과 물리적인 가시거리만 확보되었을 경우 발생하는 최대 6 db의 회절손실을 고려하여 풍력터빈 후 방 m 대비 후방 8 m에서 풍력발전기 앞단에서의 수신 전력 세기 수준으로 탐지가 된다. 이는 그림 의 (a)에서 [1] (c) 1 km 송신기와 풍력발전기간 거리 및 송 수신 위치 그림 4., Fig. 4. Location of transmitter and receiver and distance between transmitter and wind turbine. 빨간색 보조선으로 표시되어 있다. 이론적인 차폐거리인 44.4 m에 비하여 근거리에서 신호가 합해지는 것을 알 수 있는데, 이것은 S, C-Band의 경우에도 마찬가지로 이론적 인 차폐거리는 m, m에 비해 각각 후방 m 대비 후방 1 m, 13 m에서 풍력발전기 앞단에서의 수신 전력 세기 수준으로 탐지가 된다. 이론값과 측정값의 오 차가 L, S, C-Band 각각 36.4 m, 12.8 m, m로 발생 했음을 확인할 수 있다. 이는 creeping wave의 영향과 블 레이드에서 반사되는 전파의 세기를 이론값에서 고려하 지 못함에서 기인한 결과이다. 송신기와 풍력발전기간 거리가 가장 단거리인 1 m 일 때, 이론적인 차폐 거리는 L-Band의 경우. m로 최 74

5 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 27, no. 8, Aug (a) L-Band (b) S-Band (c) C-Band 그림. 2 m Fig.. Result of shielding effect when the distance between the transmitter and wind turbine is 2 m., 1 km 4.8 m. 1 m 29 m, 1 km 7 m. 2 m( ) 1 m( 6 (a)(c)) 2.2 db,. 1 km( 6 (d)(f)),., ( 7). 3-3 도플러실험분석결과,,, (mono-static) L-Band, S-Band, C-Band ( 8). 1,. 1 6., 2 m( 8) 9. [2]., cos L-Band 62.8 m/s, 746

6 풍력발전단지에 의한 레이다 차폐 현상 및 도플러 측정 데이터 분석 (a) L-Band 송신기와 풍력발전기간의 거리가 1 1 (d) L-Band (c) C-Band (b) S-Band (e) S-Band 일 때 거리별 수신전력 (f) C-Band 그림 6. 1 m (a) (c) 1 km (d) (f) Fig. 6. Result of shielding effect when the distance between the transmitter and wind turbine is (a) (c) 1 m, (d) (f) 1 km. 송신기와 풍력발전기간 거리 및 송 수신 위치 그림 8., Fig. 8. Location of transmitter and receiver and distance between transmitter and wind turbine. 송 수신기간 거리가 일 경우의 산악지형 그림 7., 1 km Fig. 7. Mountainous terrain when the distance between the transmitter and receiver is 1 km. 예상치는 L-Band에서 314 Hz이고, 최대 도플러 천이의 측 정치는 평균 32 Hz로 6 Hz의 오차가 발생하였지만, 수신 기의 RBW(Resolution Bandwidth)가 1 Hz임을 감안하면 충분히 유사한 도플러 편이가 측정됨을 확인할 수 있다. 같은 조건에서 S-Band, C-Band의 경우도 마찬가지로 최 대 도플러 예상치가 각각 평균 69.1 Hz, 1,46.7 Hz이 747

7 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 27, no. 8, Aug 며, 최대 도플러 측정치는 68 Hz, 1, Hz로 최대 도플 러 예상치와 측정치의 오차가 각각 1 Hz, 4 Hz로 1 Hz 를 벗어나지 않으므로 유사한 도플러 편이가 측정되었다. Ⅳ. 결 (a) L-Band (b) S-Band 론 본 논문에서는 이론적인 차폐거리 및 등방성 점산란원 으로 구성된 풍력발전기 블레이드에 대해서 레이다 신호 모델링을 통하여 얻어진 풍력발전기 도플러 주파수와 실 제 운용되는 풍력발전기에서 측정된 전자기적 차폐 현상 및 도플러 주파수 비교를 수행하였다. 측정 실험 결과, 차 폐의 경우 이상적인 차폐거리에 비하여 creeping wave의 영향으로 인해 송, 수신기 사이의 거리가 2 m일 경우, L-Band에서 8 m, S-Band에서 1 m 그리고 C-Band에서 13 m로 비교적 짧은 거리로 차폐거리가 측정되었고, 풍력발 전기 블레이드의 등방성 점산란원 모델링 및 실제 풍력 발전기 블레이드의 산란원 차이로 인해 형태가 다른 시 변 도플러 영상을 얻을 수 있었으며, 이론을 통해 계산된 최대 도플러 주파수와 매우 유사한 최대 도플러 주파수 를 측정할 수 있었다. 하지만 저속으로 비행하는 표적의 경우, 풍력발전기에 서 발생한 도플러 성분이 표적의 추적에 부정적인 영향 을 미칠 수 있기 때문에 실제 운용 중인 군사레이다와 비 슷한 사양의 레이다를 이용해 추가 연구를 통하여 확인 할 필요가 있다. 추후 다양한 풍력발전단지에서 이와 관 련한 측정 실험에 수행될 예정이며, 얻어진 데이터는 풍 력발전단지 주변의 레이다 영향 분석에 기초자료로 활용 될 예정이다. References (c) C-Band 시변 도플러 영상 그림 9. Fig. 9. Time varying Doppler image. 748 [1] Edmund A Williams, National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook, 1th Edition, National Association of Broadcasters, pp , 27. [2] J. H. Jung, U. Lee, S. H. Kim, and S. H. Park, "MicroDoppler analysis of Korean offshore wind turbine on the L-Band radar", Progress in Electromagnetics Research, vol. 143, pp , 213. [3] S. -H. Park, M. -G. Joo, and K. -T. kim, "Construction

8 of ISAR training database for automatic target recognition", Journal of Electromagnetic Wave and Applications, vol. 2, Nos , , 211. [4] L. C. Potter, D. M. Chiang, R. Carriere, and M. J. Gerry, "A GTD-based parametric model for radar scattering", IEEE Transations on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 43, no. 1, , Oct [] B. Mahafza, MATLAB Simulations for Radar Systems Design Using MATLAB, Champman & Hall/CRC Press LLC, 2. [6] M. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, McGraw- Hil, 21. [7] S. -H. Park, K. -K. Park, J. -H. Jung, H. -T. Kim, and K. -T. Kim. "Construction of training database based on high frequency RCS prediction method for ATR", Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol. 22, no. -6, , 28. [8] D. Klement, J. Preissner, and V. stein, "Special problems in applying the physical optics method for backscatter computations of complicated objects", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 36, no. 2, , Feb [9],,,,, " ",, 2(4), pp , : ( ) 21 3: [ 주관심분야 ],, EMI/EMC 21 2: ( ) 21 3: [ 주관심분야 ],, EMI/EMC 24 2: () 27 2: () 21 2: () 21 9: [ 주관심분야 ], EMI/EMC,,, : ( ) 199 2: ( ) : () 27 2: () 213 2: (MBA) 213 3: 216 1: [ 주관심분야 ] EMI/EMC, RCS,, R/D 749

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