大행放射絲쩔쩔 e~ 第 26 卷第 6 號 pp , 1990 Jou rnal 01 Korean Radiological Society, 26(6) , 1990 방광암명기결정에서전산화단층촬영소견의고찰 조선대학교의과대학진단방사선과 - Abst

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1 大행放射絲쩔쩔 e~ 第 26 卷第 6 號 pp , 1990 Jou rnal 01 Korean Radiological Society, 26(6) , 1990 방광암명기결정에서전산화단층촬영소견의고찰 조선대학교의과대학진단방사선과 - Abstract- 선민숙 한보석 김선주 정석진 신승준 오재흐 1. 김영숙 김영칠 The Evaluation of Computed Tomographic Finding in Staging of Vesical Cancer Min Sook Sun, M.D., Bo Serk Han, M.D., Seon Ju Kim, M.D., Suck Jin Chung, M.D., Seung Joon Shin, M.D., Jae Hee Oh, M.D., Young Sook Kim, M.D., Young Chul Kim, M.D. Department o[ Diagnostic Radiology, College o[ Medicine, Chosun University Hospital Correct staging of the vesical cancer is very important in assessing of prognosis and therapy planning For evaluation of significancy and accuracy in determination of staging by computed tomography. authors performed comparative study between preoperative computed tomographic staging using TNM classification and pathological staging in 20 cases of pathologically proven vesical cancer. The overall accuracy of CT staging using TNM classification in 20 cases with pathologically confirmed vesical cancer staging was 80 % and detecting rate of Iymphadenopathy was 90 %. sensitivity was 85.7 %. and specificity was 92.3 %. The rate of overstaging by CT scan was 15 % (3 / 20) and understaging was 5 %(1 / 20) The causes of overstaging were misinterpretation of the previous inflammatory process or postbiopsy perivesical fibrosis as perivesical tumor growth and dilated and engorged vessels as Iymphadenopathy. Non-detection of small sized Iymph node was the cause of undestaging The major role of CT was in demonstrating extension of tumor outside the urinaiγ bladder. so CT scan should be performed before biopsy and additional CT scan with position change is also helpful in equivocal case Index Words : Bladder. CT Bladder. neoplasm Pelvic Iymph node. CT 이논문은 1990 년 7 월 2 1 일접수하여 년 11 월 1 3 일에채택되었유

2 - 大韓放射線醫學會註 : 第 26 卷第 6 號 1990 적병기와비교분석하였다 ( T a b le 1). 1. 서르르 방광암은비뇨기계종양중가장높은비중을차지하 고매년발생빈도가증가되고있으며치료방침및예 CT 기제는 Hitachi CT W ' 500을이용하였고촬영 6 시간전부터금식을시켰으며 CT 절단은복부는 15 mm 간격으로, 골반구부터회음부까지는 10 m m 간격으로하였으며절단두께는 5 mm 혹은 10mm 로하였다. 후결정에가장중요하다. 촬영전에정맥내로 Angiografin 11' 을 50 cc 정도일시에 방광암의진단은임상소견과방광경검사로충분하 주입하였고촬영중에 100 cc 를정맥점주하였다. 또한 지만병기결정에는쌍수진법, 동맥촬영법, 분할방광 조영술, 경요도절제술을이용한생검, 임파조영술퉁 이이용되며최근전산화단충촬영 1 ) 이나경요도방광 내초음파촬영 2 ) 의도입으로종양의위치, 침습정도, 임파결절의전이여부도정확하게가릴수있게되었 다. 저자들은전산화단층촬영 ( 이하 CT 로약함 ) 을이용 하여 UICC ( 분류에의한 TNM 병기 l 이하임상병기로 칭함 ) 방법에따라골반강내임파절전이및주위장기 의침습정도를중점으로수술전병기결정과수술후확 진된 P T NM( 이하병리적병기로칭함 ) 병기와비교하 여임상병기결정의정확도와과병기및저병기결정 의원인분석과방광외침습시 C T 소견에관해문헌고 찰과함께보고하는바이다. 2 % Gastrografin 1, 000 cc 를촬영 1 시간전부터경구 투여하였으며여자의경우주위조직과경계를인지하 기위해서질내에 T a mp on 을삽입하고경우에따라서 직장내로희석된조영제를투입하였다. 병기결정은 UICC 분류에의한입상병기를이용 하였으며 4 ) ( F ig. 1), CT 의소견만으로는병기 0, I, II 를서로구별할수없기때문에병소가방광벽 에국한되고주위임파절종대가없는경우를임상 병기 1I, 혹은그이하로하였고 ( Fi g. 2), 방광벽 외연의불규칙한음영이나방광주위연부조직혹은 방광주위지방변의소실, 소실소견이 정상연부조직면경계의 있을때를임상병기 m 으로하였으며 (Fig 3 ) 주위장기의침범이있거나임파절종대나 원격전이가있는경우를임상병기 (F ig. 4 ). W 로정하였다 II. 대상및방법 m. 성적 년 1 월부터 년 12 월까지 36 개월간조선대 학교병원비뇨기과에내원하여방광암으로의심된환 자에서골반강 CT 를시행하여 UICC 분류에따른임 상병기결정을한후수술이시행된총 20 예에서병리 수술후확진된방광암은모두 20 예이었으며수술방 법으로는전체적방광절제술후요관회장피부루설 치술이나 Kock Pouch 또는 Mainz P o u c h 를시행한 Table 1. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumor Stage Stage group Classification of uicc Discription of Tumor o Tis. No. Mo Tis In s itu: f1at tumor' Ta. No. No Ta P a pilllaηr non-invasion T l. No. Mo Tl Subepithelial connective tissu e II T2. No. Mo T2 Super cial muscle (inner half) III T3a. No. Mo T3a Deep muscle (outer half) T3b. No. Mo T3b Perivesical fat IV T4. No Mo T4 Prostate. uterus. vagina. pelvic wall. abdominal wall Any T. Nl-3 Mo Nl Singl e 드 2 c m Any T. a ny N Ml N2 Single ) 2 cm. 드 5 cm. Multiple :'Õ5 cm N3 ) 5 cm

3 선민숙외 : 방광암병기결정에서전산화단층촬영소견의고찰 - Perivesical 와 40 대로각각 5 예. 4 예였으며평균연령은 세이 Deep Muscle T3A Superficial Muscle T2 Adjacent rgan T4A 었다. 임상병기에따른분류상병기 n 이하로생각된 7 예 중 6 예, 병기 m 으로생각된 4 예중 3 예, 병기 N 로생 각된 9 예중 7 예에서병리적병기와일치하였으며그정확도는 80 % 로나타났다 (T able 2). INTRAVESICAL EXTRAVESICAL Fig. 1. Carcinoma of the bladder (UICC Staging. 1974) Fig. 3. Stage III bladder cancer CT scan shows protruded mass in left lateral bladder wa Jl with obliteration of perivesical fat plane High density area within the mass is from partial volume effect of normal bladder Fig. 2. Stage II B1adder cancer CT scan shows protruded soft mass in the night posterolateral bladder wall without perivesical extens \On. 경우가 8 예, 부분적방광절제술을시행한경우가 6 예, 경요도절제술을시행한경우가 6 예이었으며 20 에중 19 예는이행세포암으로대부분을차지하였으며 1 예는편평세포암이었다. 환자의성별비는남자가 17 예, 여자가 3예이었으며연령분포는 50 대가 7 예로가장많았으며다음이 60 대 Fig. 4. Stage IV bladder cancer CT scan shows large funga ting mass with perivesical thickening in the left posterolateral wajl and enlarged left internal iliac nodes (arrow h ead) Table 2. Accuracy of CT staging in cases of surgically confirmed bladder cancer P- TNM Stage CT TNM Stage Correct Incorrect Accuracy rate( % ) No. of cases Stage II or less Stage III Stage IV Total

4 大韓放射線醫學會誌 : 第 26 卷第 6 號 임상병기 n 로생각되었던 1 예에서병리적병기 W 로, 임상병기 m 의 1 에에서는병리적병기 H 로, 임상병기 N 의 2예에서는병리적병기 H 와 m 으로판명되었다. 저병기로판명되었던 1 예의원인을보면임파절종대가 15 mm 이하여서 CT상정상으로간주하였기때문이었고과병기로판명되었던 3 예의원인은방광외벽의침윤이없이유착만을보인경우 (F i g.5) 와방광벽주위의지방연만을침범하고임파절전이가없었으나이완된혈관을임파절로오인한경우 (F i g. 6 ) 둥이 었다. 임파절전이의경우 CT 상양성으로판단된 7 예중 6 예에서진양성이었고음성으로판단된 13 예중 1 2 예에 서진음성으로나타났으며그정확도는 90 %, 민감도 는 3) %, 특이도는 % 로나타타났다 (Tab l e Table 3, Accuracy of CT scan in pelvic lymphadenopathy True positive 6 False negative True Negative 12 False positive Sensitivity=TP I TP+FN=85. 7 % Specificity= TN / TN+ FP=92.3 % Accuracy =TP +TN/TP+FN 十 TN+FP=90. 0 % N. 고잘 방광암의병기결정에는 Jew e tt 와 Strong 에의해병 기결정의기준이형성된이후 M ar s h a ll 에의해변형 되었으며요즈음에는 UICC (Intern ational Union Against Ca n cer ) 의 T NM 병기가도입되어 J ewett'strong-marshall Syste m 과함께사용되고있다 3, 4, 5 ) Fig.5. Stage 11 bladder cancer, overstaged as s tage III On CT scan, invasion of perivesical fat plane with obliteration of seminal vesicle a ngle was suggested but it was due to adhesive fibrosis (arrow head). 방광암의병기결정을위해서여러가지방법이사용되었으나 6, 7 ) 만족할만한것은없고 Morgan 퉁 8 ) 은 CT 로서는방광암병기 0, 1, II 를구별할수가없고정 난등방광주위조직의침윤이나골반강임파절및후복막강임파절의전이는알수있으나방광벽근육조직에의침윤유무는알수없다고하였다. Seidlemann 9 ) 동은 75 명의방광암환자에서 CT 로병기를결정하여 81 % 의정확도를보고하였고이동 1 0) 은 72 % 의정확도를보고하여저자들의경우와유사한결과를나타냈다. 방광암의병기결정에있어서중요한요점은첫째전이된임파절종대를평가하는것이고둘째방광주위의지방면소실을구별하는것이라고하였다 11 ) Fig. 6. Stage III bladder cancer, overstaged as stage rv. Dilated and engorged venous plexuses (arrow head) were mistaken to lymphnode. 골반강내임파절중외측장골임파절은 3 개의사슬을갖는데첫째외측사슬은외측장골동액의외측을따라 3-4 개의결절을갖고둘째중간사슬은외측장골정맥의내측을따라 2-3 개의결절을가지며셋째내측사슬은외측골반벽을향하여외측장골정맥아래에 3-4 개의결절을갖는다 12 ) 또한서혜부임파절은대

5 - 선민숙외 : 방광암병기결정에서전산화단충촬영소견의고찰 - 퇴삼각부상부에위치하여표재성서혜부와하부서혜부로나힌다 1 3 ) CT 상비정상적인임파절을발견하는기준은첫째골반강내혈관즉내, 외측장골혈관이나대퇴혈관의비대칭성둘째골반외측벽을따라원형종괴의분리, 셋째골반내지방에의해서원발종양으로부터분리되는종괴를그기준으로삼는다 14 ) 종양이침범된 15 mm 이하의임파절을 CT 가인지하지못하므로임파절조영술보다는민감도가떨어져위음성이많으나병기의결정, 골반강내종괴를직접볼수있으며재발된암종의발견, 횡격막각후절, 신문부, 비장문부동의임파절발견이가능하며 1 5 ) 방사선치료의계획, 면역요볍, 화환요법후추적검사에더유용한것으로되어있다. 염파절전이발견의정확도를보면임파절조영술의경우 16 ) %, CT 를이용한경우 Kos s 동 1 1 ) 은 92 %, Lee l 7) 퉁은 73 %, 이퉁 10 ) 은 88 %, 이퉁 1 8 ) 은 72 한다 9 ) 방광벽과방광주위조직에암의침윤정도나암의크기를더욱잘보기위해서또는과병기결정을방지하 기위해서 Foley 도뇨관을통해서 O. 7 % 로희석된조 영제를방광내로주입하므로하부요로나방광요관이행부에생긴방광암의병기결정에많은도움을준다고한다 7) 저자들의경우에있어서병기결정오진의원인을보면이완된혈관이임파절로오인된경우및섬유화에의한방광주위지방면과정낭각의소실로오인된경우가있었다. 방광주위조직의침윤을잘보기위해서희석된조영제, 이산화탄소, 올리브유등을방광내로투입하거나 6, 7, 19 ) 정낭침범여부를가릴때환자의체위를변화시킴으로써침범여부판정에많은도움을주며 9 1 (Fig. 7) 앞으로도고해상력 CT 나경요도초음파촬영 % 를보였으나저자동의경우 90 % 의정확도를보였다. 방광암의병기결정에있어서주의할사항은방광주위조직의침윤을확인하는것이중요하며이는주위연조직이상소견특히방광주위지방면소실을발견하는데있다. 즉지방면이유지되고연조직침범이없는경우병기 H 혹은그이하로결정하며방광벽외연의불규칙한음영, 방광주위연부조직혹은방광주위지방면에비정상조직의출현, 정상연부조직면경계의소실소견이있을때를임상병기 m 로결정한다. 그러나과거에수술을받았거나방사선치료를받은결과주위장기와유착이나섬유화를초래한경우, 방광주위조직특히정낭, S자결장, 자궁경부, 전립선, 요로퉁에있어서고유의 Houn s field 번호가종괴와비슷하므로주의를요한다. 방광으로부터정상구조물을분리하기위해서환자의체위를바꿔서촬영함으로써병기결정에많은도움을준다고하였으며정낭각은앙와위에서는열려있으나복와위를취하는경우닫혀진 다고한다. 경우에따라서는측와위를취함으로써정 낭침습유무를잘관찰할수있다. 또한직장에조영 제를과다하게주입한경우정낭을압박하여마치정낭이침습된것처럼보이기도하며 S 자결장은방광을따라위치하게되므로방광벽비후나종괴의신장으로오인되는경우도있고전립선비대나촬영시 Gantry각에의해서도위양성으로보일수가있으므로주의해야 Fig. 7. a. On supine CT scan, protrued vesical mass with hematoma which has invaded to perivesical fat and soft tissue nodularity is suggested as stage III b. On left lateral decubitus scan. clearly defined periureteric and perivesical fat plane is noted and the tumor was stage

6 술및자기공명영상과의비교연구가필요할것으로 사료된다. 저자들은 년부터 츠료 V. 결 大韓放射線짧學會誌第 26 卷第 6 號 년까지만 3 년동안조선 대학교병원비뇨기과에서수술로서확진된 20 예의방 광암에있어서 T NM 분류에따른임상병기와병리적 병기를비교분석하여다음과같은결론을얻었다. 1. CT 병기의정확도는 80 % 였고임파절발견정확 도는 90 %, 민감도는 85.7%, 특이도는 % 이었 다. 2 저병기결정은 1 예로그원인은 15 mm 이하의 임파절을인지하지못한데있었다. 3. 과병기결정은 3 예로그원인은정낭의침범이 없이과거의수술과염증에의한섬유화로인한유착 과이완된정맥을임파절종대로관찰한데기인하였 다. 4. CT 는종괴및방광주위로종양의침습유무를보 는데매우유용하다 그러나경요도생검시섬유화로 인해방광주위종양의신장으로오인할수있으므로 생김전에 CT 를시행함이 바람직하고필요할때는체 위를변화시켜 CT 를시행함으로써정확한병기결정 을할수있을것으로생각된다. REFERENCES Report of 21 patients with surgical confirmation. AJR 1978 ; 130: Hamlin DJ. Cockett ATK. Modification for computerized tomographic staging of infiltrative bladder carcinoma. J Urol 1980 ; 123 : Morgan CL. phil M and Calkins RF et al. Computed tomography in the evaluation. staging and theraphy of carcinoma of the bladder and prostate_ Radiology : Seidelmann FE. Cohen WN. Bryan PJ. Computed tomographic staging of bladder rieoplasm. Radio Clin North Am 1977: 15 : 이경수, 최병인, 한만청. 전산화단층촬영을이용한 방광암의병기결정대한방사선의학회지 1985 ; 21 : Koss JC. Arger PH. Coleman BG et al. Computed tomographic staging of bladder carcinoma. AJR : Herman PG. Benninghoff DL. Nelson JH Jr et al. Roentgen anatomy of the iliopelvic lymphatic system. Radiology 1963; 80: Gray H. The lymphatic system. Anatomy of the human body. 28th ed. Phila d elphia : Lea and Febiger. 1966: Walsh JW. Amendola MA. Konerding KF et al. computed tomographic detection of pelvic and inguinal lymph node metastasis from primary and recurrent pelvic malignant disease. Radiolo- 1. Stanley RJ. Computed tomography of the genit- gy 1980 ; 137 : ourinary tract. J Urol : Sagel SS. Siegel MJ Stanley RJ. Detection of 2. Nakamura S. Niijima T. staging ofbladder cancer retroperitoneal hemorrhage by computed tomby transurethral intravesical scanning. J Urol ography. AJR 1988 ; 229: ; 124: Johnson KE. Kaesler KE. Kaminsky S et al. 3. Hermanek P. Sobin LH. TNM classification of Lymphangiography as an aid in staging bladder malignant tumor. 4th ed. Berlin: springe. carcinoma. South Med J 1976 : 69: r- Verlag : Lee JKT. Stanley RJ. Sagel SS et al Accuracy of 4. Hodson NJ. Husband JE. Macdonald Js. The role computed tomography in det.ecti.ng intraabdof computed tomography in the staging of blad- ominal and pelvic lymph node metastasis from der cancer. Clin Radiol 1979; 30: pelvic cancer. AJR 1978 ; 13 1 : Moss AA. Gamsu G. Genant HK. Computed 18 이춘근, 송한준, 임재훈등. 방광암병기결정에있 tomography of the body. 1st ed. philadelphia: 이서전산화단충촬영술의정확도대한방사선의학회 saounders. 1983: 지 1988 ; 24 : S eidelmann FE. Cohen WN. Bryan PJ et a l. 19. Hamlin DJ. Cockett ATK. Computed tomogra- Accuracy of computed tomographic staging of phy of bladder cancer using low density opacibladder neoplasm using the gas 띠 l e d method fication technique. Urology 1979; 13:

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