대한간호학회지제 40 권제 2 호, 2010 년 4 월 J Korean Acad Nurs Vol.40 No.2, DOI: /jkan 개두술을받은환자의수술부위감염관련요인분석 차경숙 1 조옥희 2 유소연 3 1 가톨릭대학
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1 대한간호학회지제 40 권제 2 호, 2010 년 4 월 J Korean Acad Nurs Vol.40 No.2, DOI: /jkan 차경숙 1 조옥희 2 유소연 3 1 가톨릭대학교성빈센트병원감염관리실간호사, 2 혜천대학간호과전임강사, 3 가톨릭대학교성빈센트병원감염관리실파트장 Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infections in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy Cha, Kyeong-Sook 1 Cho, Ok-Hee 2 Yoo, So-Yeon 3 1 Registered Nurse, Department of Infection Control, St. Vincent s Hospital, Suwon 2 Full-time Lecturer, Department of Nursing, Hyechon University, Daejeon 3 Unit Manager, Department of Infection Control, St. Vincent s Hospital, Suwon, Korea Purpose: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for postoperative surgical site infections (SSIs) after craniotomy. Methods: This study was a retrospective case-control study of 103 patients who had craniotomies between March 2007 and December A retrospective review of prospectively collected databases of consecutive patients who underwent craniotomy was done. SSIs were defined by using the Centers for Disease Control criteria. Twenty-six cases (infection) and 77 controls (no infection) were matched for age, gender and time of surgery. Descriptive analysis, t-test, c 2 -test and logistic regression analyses were used for data analysis. Results: The statistical difference between cases and controls was significant for hospital length of stay (>14 days), intensive care unit stay more than 15 days, Glasgrow Coma Scale (GCS) score ( 7 days), extra-ventricular drainage and coexistent infection. Risk factors were identified by logistic regression and included hospital length of stay of more than 14 days (odds ratio [OR]=23.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]= ) and GCS score ( 7 scores) (OR=4.71, 95% CI= ). Conclusion: The results of this study show that patients are at high risk for infection when they have a low level of consciousness or their length hospital stay is long term. Nurses have to take an active and continuous approach to infection control to help with patients having these risk factors. Key words: Craniotomy, Risk factors, Health care-associated infections 서론 1. 연구의필요성의료관련감염 (Health care-associated infections) 이란병원에입원할당시에는없었고잠복기에도있지않았던감염이입원기간중에발생한것 (Garner, Jarvis, Emori, Horan, & Hughes, 1988) 으로의료기술의발전과침습적인처치들의시행, 항암제나면역억제제등의사용으로면역력이저하된환자 가증가하는등의료관련감염에취약한대상자의수가점차늘어남에따라의료관련감염관리의필요성이대두되고있다. 의료관련감염은 1996년국내 15 개종합병원을대상으로실시한감염률조사연구에서전체입원환자의약 3-5% 에서발생하였으며, 이중수술부위감염은요로감염과폐렴에이어세번째로흔하게발생하는것으로나타났다 (Kim et al., 1997). 그러나수술부위감염은병원특성, 환자특성등으로인해차이는있으나국내의경우수술 100건당 2.7건에서 15.5건 (Kim et al., 1997; Lee, Kim, Lee, & Lee, 2007; Park et al., 2005) 주요어 : 개두술, 위험요인, 의료관련감염 Address reprint requests to : Yoo, So-Yeon Department of Infection Control, St. Vincent s Hospital, 93-6 Ji-dong, Paldal-gu, Suwon , Korea Tel: Fax: icpyou@hanmail.net 투고일 : 2010년 2월 4일심사의뢰일 : 2010년 2월 5일게재확정일 : 2010년 4월 16일 298
2 299 발생하는것으로보고되고있어수술환자에게가장흔하게발생하는의료관련감염으로분류되고있다. 수술부위감염은다른의료관련감염과다르게적극적인감염관리활동을통해약 35% 까지감염을예방할수있어, 명확한위험요인을파악한후감염관리활동을시행하는경우좀더효과적인의료관련감염예방효과를얻을수있다. 이러한이유로수술부위감염의위험을증가시키는위험요인분석연구가꾸준히시행되고있으며, 일반적으로고령, 비만, 기저질환수등의환자특성과수술종류, 수술창상종류, American Society of Anesthesiologists score (ASA score), 수술시간등수술관련특성이언급되어왔다 (Korean Association of Infection Control Nursing [KAICN], 2006). 수술부위감염이발생하는경우수술부위에국한된국소감염에서부터사망에이르게하는전신감염까지일으킬수있으며, 특히개두술 (craniotomy) 등중추신경계와관련된신경외과수술의경우감염위험이적은청결창상으로다른수술에비해수술부위감염률은낮지만, 감염이발생하게되면장기간의항생제치료를필요로하기도하고, 사망에까지이르는심각한합병증이나중증의후유증을유발하는등예후가매우불량하다 (Lietard, Besson, & Lejeune, 2008; Reichert, Medeiros, & Ferraz, 2002). 이를예방하기위하여무균술및수술기술의개발, 예방적항생제사용등의노력을기울이고있으나여전히추가재원일수발생과의료비상승은물론수술후이환률과사망률증가의주요한원인으로남아있어예방책마련이절실한상황이다 (Mangram, Horan, Pearson, Silver, & Jarvis, 1999). 외국의경우에는다양한종류의수술을대상으로수술부위감염위험요인에대한연구가활발하게시행되고있는데, Lietard 등 (2008) 은 844명의개두술환자를전향적으로조사한결과뇌척수액누출, 신경외과수술의난이도등이수술부위감염위험요인이라고보고하였으며, Korinek 등 (2005) 은수술시진단명, 수술의사, 예방적항생제사용여부등을, Kourbeti, Jacobs, Koslow, Karabetsos와 Holzman(2007) 는수술방법, ASA score, 두개내압측정일수등이개두술수술부위감염의위험을증가시키는잠재요인이라고하였다. 이에반해국내연구는일반외과환자 (Ahn & Sohng, 2005), 복부수술 (Jeong et al., 2008) 및인공관절치환술환자 (Choi et al., 2008) 를대상으로수술부위감염관련요인을분석한연구와심혈관계수술환자의환자위험지수환자분류 (National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance risk index, NNIS risk index) 에따른수술창상감염분석연구 (Choi et al., 1998) 등이 시행되었으나, 개두술환자를대상으로한연구의경우수술부위감염으로발생하는문제의심각성에비해부족한실정이다. 이에본연구자는신경외과수술중개두술을받은환자를대상으로수술부위감염의위험요인을분석하여, 수술부위감염의예방및효과적인관리를위한기초자료를제공하고자한다. 2. 연구목적본연구의구체적목적은다음과같다. 첫째, 개두술을받은환자중수술부위감염군과비감염군간의일반적특성의차이를파악한다. 둘째, 개두술을받은환자중수술부위감염군과비감염군간의수술부위감염과관련된특성의차이를파악한다. 셋째, 개두술을받은환자의수술부위감염과관련된위험요인을파악한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계본연구는개두술을받은환자의수술부위감염관련요인을파악하여수술부위감염의효과적관리를위한기초자료를제공하기위해시행된후향적비교조사연구이다. 2. 연구대상본연구의대상자는 2007년 3월부터 2008년 12월까지경기도소재일개대학병원신경외과에서미국의보건의료재정청 (Health Care Financing Administration) 의 International Classification of Diseases-9-Clinical Modification code (ICD-9-code) 에따라개두술로분류된수술을시행한후 48 시간이상입원한환자중만 20세이상이고수술시간이 1시간이상 9시간미만인자를대상으로하였다. 감염군은미국질병통제센터 (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC) 의정의에따라수술후수술부위감염이발생한환자이고, 비감염군은수술부위감염이발생하지않은환자중감염군의성별, 연령 (±5) 을짝짓기변수로이용하여선정하였다. 각집단별표본수는 Korinek 등 (2005) 의연구에서개두술후수술부위감염률이수술환자 100명대비 6.6건으로 95% 신뢰구간, ±5% 의표본오차를갖도록할때집단별 25명이상으로산출되어연구기간동안대상자기준에적합한감염군 26명
3 300 차경숙 조옥희 유소연 을선정한후감염군의약 3배인 77명을비감염군으로추출하였다. 3. 연구도구본연구의자료는선행연구를참조하여다음의도구를이용하여수집하였다. 1) 수술부위감염판정의무기록지및미생물배양검사결과지등을확인하여 1996 년 CDC에서제시한수술부위감염기준 (Garner, Jarvis, Emori, Horan, & Hughes, 1996) 에따라수술후 30 일까지조사하였다. 2) 일반적특성일반적특성은연령, 성별, 키, 체중, 비만정도, 흡연력, 기저질환, 수술전재원일수, 수술후재원일수, 중환자실재원일수, 총재원일수, 중환자중증도, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, 스테로이드투여, 수술전수혈유무를포함하였다. 비만정도는체질량지수 (Body mass index, BMI) 를이용하였으며 ( 키-100) 0.9로표준체중을계산한후, [( 실제체중-표준체중 )/ 표준체중 ] 100으로산출하였고, +20% 이상인경우를비만으로하였다. 중환자중증도는 9개항목 (Vital sign, Monitoring, Activities of Daily Living, Feeding, IV Therapy & Medications, Treatments, Procedures, Medication, Respiratory Therapy, Teaching, Emotional Support) 을점수화하여 6개군으로분류한병원중환자간호사회의중환자중증도분류 (Cho et al., 2005) 를이용하였고군이높을수록중증도가높음을의미한다. 본연구의중환자중증도는중환자실입실다음날을기준으로하였다. GCS score는 motor, verbal, eye opening을측정하며최저 3점에서최고 15점으로점수가높을수록의식상태가좋은것을의미한다. 본연구의 GCS score는수술후중환자실입실일평균점수로하였다. 방적항생제종류, 기타의료관련감염여부를포함하였다. 수술창상종류는 2004년 CDC 정의 (Mayhall, 2004) 에따라청결창상 (Clean), 청결-오염창상 (Clean-Contaminated), 오염창상 (Contaminated), 불결-감염창상 (Dirty-Infected) 으로분류하였다. ASA score는미국마취의사협회의분류법을사용하여 class 1-5까지로분류하였으며점수가높을수록환자의상태가중증인것을의미하였다. NNIS risk index (Mayhall, 2004) 는수술당일환자기록지를참고하여, ASA score, 수술창상종류, 수술시간을확인한후점수화하여 0-3점으로분류하였으며, 점수가높을수록위험이많은것을의미하였다. 기타의료관련감염은 CDC 정의 (Mayhall, 2004) 를적용하여진단하였다. 4. 자료수집방법연구시행전본연구가이루어진병원의임상연구심의위원회의승인을받았다. 연구대상병원의전산시스템을이용하여의료관련감염으로등록되어있는환자중연구대상에합당한감염군명단을작성한후동일기간수술환자명단을확인하여조건에부합하는비감염군을선정하였다. 구조화된조사지에감염관리전문간호사자격증을소지한 2인의연구자가의무기록지및병원전산시스템을이용하여관련자료를수집하여기록하였다. 5. 자료분석방법감염군과비감염군간의일반적특성, 수술부위감염관련요인에대한차이는 Fisher exact test와 Wilcoxon rank sums test로분석하였다. 수술부위감염의위험요인분석은먼저단변량분석을실시하고의미있는위험인자들에대해로지스틱회귀분석으로다변량분석을실시하였다. 통계분석은 SAS 통계프로그램 (ver 8.2) 을이용하였다. 3) 수술부위감염관련요인수술창상종류, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, 환자위험지수환자분류 (NNIS risk Index), 수술소요시간, 신경외과수술과거력, 응급수술여부, 뇌실외배액관 (Extra-Ventricular Drainage, EVD) 유무, 수술후수술부위감염일, 예방적항생제투여여부 ( 절개전 1시간이내 ), 예 연구결과 1. 수술부위감염군과비감염군간의일반적특성대상자중비만한사람은감염군 4명 (15.4%), 비감염군 9명 (11.9%) 으로유의한차이가없었으나, 흡연력이있는경우는감
4 301 염군 13명 (50.0%), 비감염군 21명 (27.3%) 으로유의한차이가있었다 (p=.033). 수술전 7일이상재원한경우는감염군 1명 (3.9%), 비감염군 10명 (13.0%) 으로비감염군이많았으나통계적으로유의한차이는없었고, 수술후재원일수는감염군의경우중앙값 58일 (10-154), 비감염군 15일 (2-76) 로감염군이유의하게길었다 (p<.001). 중환자실재원기간은감염군의경우 7일이하가 50.0% (13명), 15일이상이 23.1% (6명) 을차지한반면비감염군의경우 7일이하가 72.7% (56명), 15일이상이 6.5% (5명 ) 로두군간유의한차이가있었다 (p=.033). 총재원일수가 15일이상인경우는감염군의경우 25명 (96.2%), 비감염군의경우 54명 (70.1%) 으로감염군에서유의하게높았다 (p=.007). 중환자중증도는 5군이상인경우가감염군 21명 (80.8%), 비감염군 52명 (67.5%) 으로감염군에많았지만유의한차이는없었다. GCS score는감염군의경우 7점이하가 14 명 (53.9%) 으로가장많은반면비감염군은 14점이상이 31명 (40.2%) 으로가장많아감염군의의식상태가유의하게낮은것으로나타났다 (p=.047) (Table 1). 인반면감염군의경우청결창상 84.6% (22명), 청결-오염창상 15.4% (4명) 로유의한차이가있었다 (p=.001). ASA score가 2 점이상인경우는감염군 84.6% (22명 ), 비감염군 87.0% (67 명 ) 로유의한차이가없었으며, 환자위험지수환자분류 (NNIS risk index) 1점이상인경우는감염군이 84.6% (22명) 으로비감염군 67.5% (52명) 보다많았지만유의한차이는없었다. 수술시간이 4시간이상인경우와이전신경외과수술력, 응급수술여부는두군간유의한차이가없었으나, 배액관중뇌실외배액관을사용한경우는감염군이 23.1%, 비감염군이 7.8% 로감염군이유의하게많았다 (p=.036). 절개전 1시간이내에항생제를투여한경우는감염군 3명 (11.5%), 비감염군 14명 (18.2%) 으로유의한차이가없었으며, 예방적항생제종류는감염군, 비감염군모두 3세대세팔로스포린이가장많았다. 기타감염이발생한경우는감염군이 9명 (34.6%), 비감염군이 3명 (3.9%) 으로감염군에서유의하게많았다 (p<.001) (Table 2). 3. 수술부위감염관련위험요인 2. 수술부위감염군과비감염군간의수술부위감염관련특성 수술창상종류는비감염군의경우청결창상이 100.0% (77 명 ) 단변량분석결과수술부위감염의위험은총재원일수가 15일이상인경우 (odds ratio [OR]=10.64, 95% confidence interval [CI]= ) 10.64배증가하였으며, 중환자실재원일수가 7일이하인경우보다 15일이상인경우 (OR=5.17, 95% Table 1. General Characteristics of the Patients Characteristics Total (n=103) n (%) or median (range) Infection (n=26) n (%) or median (range) Non-infection (n=77) n (%) or median (range) p Age (yr) 55 (22-77) 53 (24-77) 55 (24-77).545 Gender (M) 57 (55.3) 15 (57.7) 42 (54.6).780 Height (cm) 164 ( ) 161 ( ) 164 ( ).971 Weight (kg) 62 (42-88) 64 (46-76) 60 (42-88).657 Obesity (yes) 13 (12.6) 4 (15.4) 9 (11.7).812 Smoking (yes) 34 (33.0) 13 (50.0) 21 (27.3).033 Underlying disease (yes) 46 (44.7) 11 (42.3) 35 (45.4).780 Duration of preoperative stay in hospital ( 7 days) 11 (10.7) 1 (3.9) 10 (13.0).192 Duration of postoperative stay in hospital 19 (2-154) 58 (10-154) 15 (2-76) <.001 Length of stay in ICU (days) 7 69 (67.0) 13 (50.0) 56 (72.7) (23.3) 7 (26.9) 16 (20.8) (10.7) 6 (23.1) 5 (6.5).033 Length of hospital stay (>14 days) 79 (76.9) 25 (96.2) 54 (70.1).007 Nursing severity classification ( 5 grade) 73 (70.9) 21 (80.8) 52 (67.5).199 GCS score 7 36 (34.9) 14 (53.9) 22 (28.6) (30.2) 7 (26.9) 24 (31.2) (34.9) 5 (19.2) 31 (40.2).047 Use of steroid 22 (21.4) 4 (15.4) 18 (23.4).390 Previous blood transfusion (yes) 24 (23.3) 8 (30.8) 16 (20.8).298 ICU=intensive care unit; GCS=glasgow coma scale.
5 302 차경숙 조옥희 유소연 Table 2. Comparison of Surgical Site Infections Associated Variables between Infection and Non-infection Group Characteristics Total (n=103) n (%) Infection (n=26) Non-infection (n=77) n (%) n (%) p Wound class Clean 99 (96.1) 22 (84.6) 77 (100.0.) Clean-contaminated 4 (3.9) 4 (15.4) 0 (0.0) <.001 ASA score (>2) 89 (86.4) 22 (84.6) 67 (87.0).076 NNIS risk index ( 1) 74 (71.8) 22 (84.6) 52 (67.5).094 Duration of operation ( 4 hr) 46 (44.7) 11 (42.3) 35 (45.5).780 Previous history of neurosurgical operation (yes) 11 (10.7) 3 (11.5) 8 (10.4).870 Emergency operation (yes) 51 (49.5) 13 (50.0) 38 (49.4).954 EVD (yes) 12 (11.7) 6 (23.1) 6 (7.8).036 Antibiotic prophylaxis injection before operation 17 (16.5) 3 (11.5) 14 (18.2).430 Antibiotic prophylaxis prescription 1st Cephalosporins 8 (7.8) 3 (11.5) 5 (6.5).406 3rd Cephalosporins 96 (93.2) 23 (88.5) 73 (94.8).267 Other antibiotic 26 (25.2) 6 (23.1) 20 (26.0).769 Other infection (yes) 12 (11.7) 9 (34.6) 3 (3.9) <.001 ASA=American society of anesthesiologists; NNIS risk index=national nosocomial infection surveillance risk index; EVD=extra-ventricular drainage. Table 3. Predictors of Surgical Site Infections using Univariate Analysis Variables OR 95% CI p Length of hospital stay (>14 days) Length of ICU stay (days) GCS score EVD (yes) Other infection (yes) <.001 OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; GCS=glasgow coma scale; EVD= extra-ventricular drainage. CI= ) 5.17배증가하였다. 또한 GCS score가 7점이하인경우 (OR=3.95, 95% CI= ) 가 14점이상인경우보다수술부위감염위험이 3.95배증가하였고, EVD가있는경우 (OR=3.55, 95% CI= ), 기타감염이있는경우 (OR=13.06, 95% CI= ) 가그렇지않은경우에비해각각 3.55배, 13.06배증가하는것으로나타났다 (Table 3). 이중총재원일수 15일이상, GCS score 7점이하, EVD가있는경우를독립변수로하여다변량분석을실시한결과총재원일수가 15일이상인경우 (OR=23.39, 95% CI= ), GCS score가 7점이하인경우 (OR=4.71, 95% CI= ) 에수술부위감염의위험이증가하는것으로나타났다. 즉수술부위감염이발생할확률은총재원일수가 15일이상인경우 23.39배, GCS score가 7점이하인경우 4.71배더높았다 (Table 4). Table 4. Predictors of Surgical Site Infections using Stepwise Logistic Regression Variables OR 95% CI p Length of hospital stay (>14 days) GCS score ( 7) EVD (yes) OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; GCS=glasgow coma scale; EVD= extra-ventricular drainage. 논 개두술은뇌종양및뇌출혈, 뇌동맥류등을치료하기위하여두개골을절개하여두개강내구성물에접근할수있도록하는외과적수술로, 다양한침습적기구의삽입, 방사선치료및면역력을저하시키는약제사용등으로인해감염의위험이높다 (Bruce & Bruce, 2003). 개두술수술부위감염은뇌막염이나경막외또는경막하농흉을일으킬수있으며, 뇌농양과뇌실염등의합병증을유발시킬수있어효과적인감염관리방안이필요하다 (Hwang et al., 1995). 환자의일반적특성중흡연은수술부위치유를늦추고수술부위감염의위험을증가시키는것으로보고되고있어수술부위감염을예방하기위하여수술전적어도 30일이내에는금연하도록권장하고있다 (Mangram et al., 1999). 본연구의경우흡연이수술부위감염의위험요인으로분류되지는않았으나감염군의흡연자비율이비감염군에비해유의하게높았다. 수술전금연은응급으로실시되는수술의경우적용이제한되나미리계획되어실시되는수술의경우에는수술부위감염의위 의
6 303 험을감소시키는효과를얻을수있으므로수술계획시흡연력을사정하고환자에게적절한금연교육을실시하는등의노력이필요하다고생각된다. 이외고령, 비만, 스테로이드투여여부등이수술부위감염발생과연관이있다고보고되고있지만, 수술부위감염의발생에대한독립적위험인자라고규명하기에는어려움이있으며 (Jeong et al., 2008), 본연구에서도수술부위감염의발생과유의한관계는없었다. 의료관련감염을일으키는감염원은우리몸에공생하는내인성균과헤르페스바이러스와같은잠복균, 병원환경의병원소에서전파되는외인성균으로나뉜다 (Korean Society for Nosocomial Infection Control [KOSNIC], 2006). 병원환경에존재하는병원소의경우지역사회와는달리항생제에내성을가지고있거나병독성이강한균주가많으므로병원재원일수의증가특히중환자실재원일수의증가는오염된환경의직접접촉이나손을통한교차감염의위험을증가시키게된다 (Yu, Jeon, Kang, & An, 2006). 또한환자에게혈류감염이나폐렴등기타감염이있는경우내인성균주로작용하여수술부위감염의위험을증가시키게된다 (KAICN, 2006; KOSNIC, 2006). 특히수술환자의경우수술또는침습적기구의사용으로방어기전이손상되어감염의위험이더욱높다. 본연구에서재원일수가 15일이상인경우다변량분석결과독립적인위험인자로확인되어감염의위험이약 23 배증가하는것으로나타났으며, 다변량분석에서는제외되었으나단변량분석결과중환자실재원일수가 15일이상인경우와기타감염이있는경우수술부위감염의위험이증가하는것으로나타났다. 감염군은비감염군에비해더많은침습적처치나항생제투여를받게되며, 이는다시감염의위험을증가시키는요인으로작용하게된다. 이러한악순환의고리를끊기위해기타부위감염이있는장기재원환자를고위험군으로분류하여지속적인감염감시와수술부위감염을포함한총체적인의료관련감염을예방하기위하여포괄적인감염관리적용및적극적관리가필요하다고생각된다. 수술부위는청결창상에비해청결오염창상인경우수술부위오염도가높아감염률이높은것으로알려져있으며 (KAICN, 2006), 본연구에서도비감염군의경우청결창상이 100% 를차지하는데반해감염군의경우청결창상이 84.6%, 청결오염창상이 15.4% 를차지하여유사한결과를나타냈다. 다양한환자상태측정도구가현재사용되고있으며, 본연구에서는 GCS score, ASA score, 중환자중증도를측정하였다. 이중 GCS score 7점이하인경우가다변량분석결과독립된위험인자로확인되어수술부위감염의위험이높은것으로나 타났다. 이는다른측정도구에비해 GCS score가신경계측정에중점을둔도구 (Teasdale & Jennett, 1974) 로개두술환자를대상으로실시한본연구의특성상환자의상태를가장정확하게평가하였기때문으로생각된다. 환자의수술부위감염위험성을예측하기위해 ASA score 3 점이상, 오염이나불결-감염창상, 수술시간이 T-시간 ( 특정수술에소요되는시간의 75% 수준이상인경우 ) 을위험지표로한 NNIS risk index를사용하고있다 (Culver et al., 1991). NNIS risk index의경우점수가증가함에따라수술부위감염이유의하게증가하는것으로알려져있으나 (Choi et al., 1998; Korinek et al., 2005), 본연구에서 NNIS risk index 1점이상인경우는감염군이 84.6%, 비감염군이 67.5% 로감염군이높았으나통계적으로유의하지않았다. 이는 Lietard 등 (2008), Choi 등 (2008) 의연구결과와일치하는것으로이와같은상이한연구결과들이보고되고있는것은 NNIS risk index가모든종류의수술에대해수술부위감염위험을적절하게구별하지는못하고있다는뜻으로 (KOSNIC, 2006), 이러한단점을보완하고예측도를높이기위해다양한수술을대상으로반복적인위험요인분석연구의시행과함께수술환자의위험도를종합하려는노력이필요하다고생각된다. 뇌척수액을뇌밖으로유출시키고두개내압을감소시키기위해사용되는뇌실외배액관을삽입 (Kim et al., 2004) 한경우다변량분석에서는유의한차이가없었으나단변량분석결과수술부위감염위험요인으로나타났다. 이는 Kourbeti 등 (2007), Reichert 등 (2002) 의연구결과와유사한것으로절개부위가까이에삽입되는다른배액관에비해뇌실외배액관은뇌실내에카테터가직접삽입되어있어외부로부터기관또는강 (space) 에균주가침입할위험을증가시켜수술부위감염을발생시킨것으로생각된다. 그러므로이를통한수술부위감염을예방하기위하여뇌실외배액관관리시무균술적용과감염발생유무확인을위한삽입부위및배액된뇌척수액의규칙적인사정이필요하다고생각된다. 수술부위감염은수술시간이길어질수록병원균에의한수술부위오염기회의증가및수술부위출혈과조직손상등으로인한환자의저항력감소로감염의위험이증가 (Haley et al., 1985; Oh, 1993; Park & Yoon, 1986) 하며, 수술시간이평균적으로수행되는수술시간보다길수록감염률이높아지는것으로알려져있다 (KAICN, 2006). 그러나본연구에서는 1995년 NNIS (Martone et al., 1995) 의개두술기준시간인 4시간을기준으로구분하여비교한결과수술시간에따른감염군과비감염군간의유의한차이가없었으며, 이는 Reichert 등 (2002), Lietard
7 304 차경숙 조옥희 유소연 등 (2008), Lee 등 (2004) 의연구결과와일치하였다. 이는새로운수술기술의개발과 Laminar air flow 사용등수술실환경의개선, 무균술과소독제의발달및수술전예방적항생제의투여등수술과정상발생할수있는다양한위험요인에대한개선에따른것으로사료된다. 수술전예방적항균제의사용은수술부위감염의발생을줄이기위한목적으로수술이진행되는동안항균제의효과가지속되어야하므로수술전 1시간이내에투여할것을권고하고있다 (Mangram et al., 1999). 일부연구에서는부적절한항생제의사용을제한하는정책을시행한후수술부위감염률이감소하는결과를보이기도하였다 (Oh, 1993). 본연구의경우두군모두예방적항생제를 100% 사용하고있었으며, 투여된항생제의대부분이 3세대세팔로스포린으로예방적항생제사용과관련된선행연구 (Choi et al., 2008; Korinek et al., 2005; Lietard et al., 2008) 에비하여항생제오용이심각하였다. 또한수술전 1시간이내에예방적항생제를투여하는경우는총 16.5% 로항생제투여지침이대부분준수되고있지않았다. 이를개선하기위하여예방적항생제의올바른사용의중요성에대한인식을높이기위하여적극적인의료인교육과홍보가우선필요하며, 현재사용하고있는항생제관리프로그램의개선과최근관심이커지고있는의료정보학기술을이용한항생제관리프로그램의개발등병원내시스템보완도필요하다고생각된다. 개두술을받은환자의수술부위감염을감소시키기위해서는수술후뇌실액배액관을가지고있는환자의적절한관리뿐만아니라환자에게의료관련감염의위험을증가시키는불필요한재원일수의감소, 기타감염환자의수술부위감염발생감시등수술부위감염과관련된위험요인관리를위한지속적이고적극적인감염감시체계의확립이요구된다. 또한의료관련감염관리의중요성에대한의료진의인식고양및감염관리지침과적절한예방적항생제사용등에대한감염관리교육이필요하며, 체계적인감염관리프로그램의개발과적극적인의료관련감염관리를위한기관의지속적인지원이필요할것으로생각된다. 결론개두술을받은환자를대상으로수술부위감염위험요인을확인한결과의식수준이낮거나재원일수가긴환자의감염위험이높은것으로나타났다. 개두술환자의경우감염발생으로신경학적장애등심각한결과를초래할수있으므로적극적이고지속적인감염감시전략의마련이필수적이며, 이를고위험 군에게적용한다면감염관리효율성까지극대화할수있을것으로사료된다. 이상의연구결과를토대로다음과같은제언을하고자한다. 첫째, 본연구는의무기록에의존한후향적조사연구로의무기록이불완전한경우연구결과에차이가있을수있으므로전향적으로시행되는반복연구가필요하다. 둘째, 연구대상자가일개병원에국한되어표본수가적어일반화시킬수없으므로다기관공동연구가필요하다. 셋째, 선행연구를확인하여변수를선정하였으나신경외과수술의특이성을좀더고려한변수를추가한반복연구가필요하다. REFERENCES Ahn, Y. J., & Sohng, K. Y. (2005). Factors related to surgical site infections in patients undergoing general surgery. Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing, 12, Bruce, J. N., & Bruce, S. S. (2003). Preservation of bone flaps in patients with postcraniotomy infections. Journal of Neurosurgery, 98, Cho, Y. A., Shin, H. J., Cho, J. K., Jung, M. K., Lee, B. N., & Song, K. J. (2005). Development and application of the workload management system for critical care nurses (WMSCN) using WMSN. Clinical Nursing Research, 11, Choi, H. J., Park, J. Y., Jung, S. Y., Park, Y. S., Cho, Y. K., Park, S. Y., et al. (2008). Multi-center surgical site infection surveillance study about prosthetic joint replacement surgery in Korean Journal of Nosocomial Infection Control, 13, Choi, Y. H., Park, E. S., Chang, K. H., Yeom, J. S., Song, Y. G., Chang, B. C., et al. (1998). Surgical site infection rates according to patient risk index after cardiovascular surgery. Korean Journal of Nosocomial Infection Control, 3, Culver, D. H., Horan, T. C., Gaynes, R. P., Martone, W. J., Jarvis, W. R., Emori, T. G., et al. (1991). Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and patient risk index. National nosocomial infections surveillance system. The American journal of medicine, 91, 152S-157S. Garner, J. S., Jarvis, W. R., Emori, T. G., Horan, T. C., & Hughes, J. M. (1988). CDC definitions for nosocomial infection, American Journal of Infection Control, 16, Garner, J. S., Jarvis, W. R., Emori, T. G., Horan, T. C., & Hughes, J. M. (1996). APIC Infection Control and Applied Epidemiology: Principles and Practice. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Haley, R. W., Culver, D. H., Morgan, W. M., White, J. W., Emori, T. G., & Hooton, T. M. (1985). Identifying patients at high risk of surgical wound infection. A simple multivariate index of patient susceptibility and wound contamination. American journal of epidemiology, 121,
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