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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Journal of Breast Cancer J Breast Cancer 2011 February; 14(S): S37-43 DOI: /jbc S.S37 유방암환자에서적정감시림프절의개수 : 방사성동위원소를이용한 1,026 예감시림프절생검의경험 최정은ㆍ박신영ㆍ전명훈ㆍ강수환ㆍ배영경 1 ㆍ이수정 영남대학교의과대학외과학교실, 1 병리학교실 Optimal Sampling Number of Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Invasive Breast Cancer: Results of 1,026 Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsies Done by Radioisotope Jung Eun Choi, Shin Young Park, Myung Hoon Jeon, Su Hwan Kang, Young Kyung Bae 1, Soo Jung Lee Departments of Surgery, 1 Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea Purpose: For isotope mapping, many authors have defined the sentinel lymph node (SLN) as the one containing isotope counts higher than the axillary background. However, no study has sought to define an optimal guideline, and the number of SLNs needed for precise detection of metastatic SLNs is still a subject of debate. Accordingly, we set out to determine the optimal sampling number of SLNs. Methods: Between January 2005 and December 2008, we enrolled 1,026 patients with primary invasive breast cancer. These patients had received sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) using radioisotopes at Yeungnam University Hospital. During SLNB, ex vivo isotope counts were measured for each SLN. And, the number and metastatic status of harvested SLNs were investigated. We defined SLNs as lymph nodes that show an isotope count 10 times that of the axillary background. Each SLN was labeled as S1 (highest isotope count), S2 (second highest), or S3 and so on, in descending isotopecount-order. If an SLN was positive for metastasis, completion axillary lymph node dissection was performed. Results: The mean age of patients was 48.9 years (ranges, years). The mean number of removed SLNs was 2.8 (ranges, 1-11). Of the 1,026 patients enrolled, 311 (30.3%) had SLN metastasis: S1 was positive (S1+) in 258 patients (82.9%), S2 was positive (S1-, S2+) in 40 patients (12.3%), and S3 was positive (S1-, S2-, S3+) in 13 patients (3.9%). There was no metastasis in SLNs defined as S4, S5 and so on. The average number of sampling SLNs until detecting metastasis in S1, S2, and S3 was 1.24 (1-4), 2.45 (2-4), and 3.46 (3-5). Conclusion: During SLNB done using radioisotopes, for accurate axillary lymph node staging, up to the 3rd isotope-count-order of SLNs should be removed. The average number of SLNs needed for detecting metastasis in S3 is four. Key Words: Breast neoplasms, Radioisotopes, Sentinel lymph node biopsy 중심단어 : 유방신생물, 방사성동위원소, 감시림프절생검 서 론 책임저자 : 이수정 대구광역시남구대명5동 317-1, 영남대병원외과 Tel: , Fax: crystallee@med.yu.ac.kr 접수일 : 2010년7월 9일게재승인일 : 2011년1월 28일본논문은 2010년춘계유방암학회에서구연발표되었음. 현재유방암의액와부병기설정에있어감시림프절생검술은표준술식으로인정되고있다. 액와부림프절의전이가확인된환자와염증성유방암, 임신등의몇몇특수한경우를제외하면대부분의유방암환자에게감시림프절생검술이시행되고있으며 S37
2 S38 Jung Eun Choi, et al. 이는액와부림프절의전이상태를정확히반영하는것으로보고되고있다.(1) 그러나, 감시림프절생검술시너무많은감시림프절이발견되어이를모두제거하는과정에서감시림프절생검술의장점이퇴색되는경우를임상에서종종접하게된다. 1985년 Kjaergaard 등 (2) 은감시림프절생검술의개념이정립되기이전에이미부분액와림프절곽청술시최소 3개의림프절을생검하여병리학적검사상전이가없는것이확인되었을때액와부병기설정에서적절한위음성률을확보할수있다고보고한바있다. Morton 등 (3) 은감시림프절을원발암에서가장먼저배액되는림프절로정의하였으나발견되는감시림프절의개수는감시림프절생검술의방법과환자에따라매우다양하며감시림프절의평균개수도 1.2 개부터 4.4 개까지보고되고있다.(4,5) 다수의감시림프절이발견될때제거되는감시림프절의개수가많을수록감시림프절생검술의위음성률은감소하지만 (6) 이에따른합병증또한증가한다.(7) 새로개정된 7th American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 에서는 6개초과의림프절생검은이미감시림프절생검술이아닌것으로정의하고있다. 하지만다수의감시림프절이발견될때감시림프절의전이유무및액와부병기를정확히파악하기위해제거해야할감시림프절의적정개수는아직까지논란의대상이되고있다. 이에본저자들은방사성동위원소를이용한 1,026예의감시림프절생검술경험을바탕으로다수의감시림프절이발견되었을때감시림프절의전이유무를파악하기위해절제해야할감시림프절의최소개수를알아보고자하였다. 방법연구대상 2005년 1월부터 2008년 12월까지원발성침윤성유방암으로진단받고본원에서수술을시행한환자중수술전검사상원격전이또는액와부림프절전이가없어감시림프절생검술을시행하고감시림프절을발견할수있었던 1,026명을대상으로하였다. 청색염료만을이용한경우와수술전항암화학요법을시행한환자및과거에동측액와부수술경력이있는환자는대상에서제외하였다. 대상환자의임상적특징, 수술소견및수술후병리조직검사결과에대한조사는의무기록과병원전산화시스템을이용하여후향적으로조사하였으며병기는 6th AJCC 분류를토대로하였다. 감시림프절의위치파악및생검감시림프절을찾기위해수술당일수술시작 30 분에서 3시간전본원핵의학과에서대상환자들의유륜부주위에 2005년부터 2007년까지는 mci의 99m Tc-HSA (human serum albumin), 2008년부터는 99m Tc-phytate를생리식염수 ml 에희석하여피내주사하였다. 피내주사후유방림프관조영술을시행하여감시림프절의개수와위치를확인하였으며감시림프절이있는액와부위의피부에검은색을표시하여수술시도움을얻고자하였다. 수술이시행되기전감마선검출기 (Neoprobe, Dublin, USA) 의탐식자를이용하여방사성동위원소주입부, 유방변연부및액와부의검은색표시부위감마선량을측정하였다. 수술중제거된림프절에대해체외에서감마선량을측정하여유방변연부보다 10 배이상의방사선량을보이는림프절들을감시림프절로정의하였다. 방사선량이유방변연부보다 10 배미만으로측정되거나전혀검출이되지않았지만집도의의촉진및수술경험에의해전이가의심되는림프절은추가로절제하였다. 감시림프절의분류및용어정의감시림프절의구분은절제된감시림프절들의감마선량에따라명명하였다. 즉, 수술중절제된감시림프절들중감마선량이가장높은림프절을 sentinel lymph node 1 (S1), 그다음으로높은것을 sentinel lymph node 2 (S2) 그리고 sentinel lymph node 3 (S3) 등으로세분하였다. 여러개의림프절이서로뭉쳐져있어분리가되지않는경우, 혹은병리학자에의해추가로발견된림프절은한구역 (locus) 의개념으로각각발견된 S1, S2 등에포함시켜분석하였다. 그리고유방변연부에비해 10 배미만의방사선량을보이거나방사선이전혀검출이되지않았지만집도의의촉진및수술경험에의해림프절이의미있게커져있거나, 딱딱하게만져저서전이를배제하지못하여절제된림프절은수술중절제된비감시림프절로정의하였다. 원발종양의조직학적등급의분류는 Scarff-Bloom-Richardson 분류법에따라등급 III인경우를저분화암으로정의하였으며, HER2/neu의양성은면역조직화학염색검사에서침윤성종양세포의 30% 이상이염색된경우또는형광제자리부합법 (fluorescent in situ hybridization) 에서증폭이있는경우양성으로정의하였다. 호르몬수용체에대한검사는면역조직화학염색법을이용하여전체종양세포의 10% 이상이염색되었을때수용체양성으로정의하였다. 감시림프절의병리조직학적검사감시림프절로판명되어절제된림프절의동결절편검사방법은감시림프절의크기가 5 mm 미만인경우는림프절의가장넓은면에대한연속절편을 2개이상얻었고, 림프절직경이 5 mm 이상인경우는림프절장경에직각으로 2 mm 간격으로림프절을절단하여모든절단면에대한절편을 1-2 개얻었다. 이렇게만들어진각절편에대해 Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) 염색을시
3 Optimal Number of Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Invasive Breast Cancer S39 행한후광학현미경하에서전이유무를관찰하였다. 감시림프절에대한영구절편검사는동결절편검사후남은조직으로포르말린고정과파라핀포매를통해영구절편을얻었으며 H&E 염색을시행하였다. 동결절편검사에서전이가없었던것으로판명된림프절에대해서는미세전이유무를알기위해추가로절편을얻어 pancytokeratin (AE1/AE3, 1:60; DAKO, Carpinteria, USA) 에대한면역조직화학염색을시행하였다. 림프절전이의진단기준은 6th AJCC 분류에의해감시림프절내에서전이된종양세포의가장큰군집크기가 0.2 mm보다클때로정의하였으며, 0.2 mm보다작을때는격리종양세포 (isolated tumor cell) 로판단하고전이가없는것으로분류하였다. 통계분석통계처리는 SPSS for Windows version 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) 을사용하였으며, 감시림프절의전이에영향을미치는인자에대한분석은 chi-square test를이용하여분석하였다. 통계학적유의성검정은 p값이 0.05 미만인경우를유의한것으로평가하였다. 감시림프절의개수에따른전이율분석감시림프절의개수에따른전이율분석은감시림프절에전이가있는전체환자중 S1에서전이가발견된경우 (S1[+]), S2에서전이가발견된경우 (S1[-], S2[+]), S3에서전이가발견된경우 (S1[-], S2[-], S3[+]), 그리고 S1, 2, 3에는전이가없었으나 S4 이하에서전이가발견된경우의환자수및백분율로표시하였다. 각각의경우전이가발견될때까지필요로하는림프절의개수도함께나타내었다. 결과대상환자의임상병리학적특징대상환자 1,026명의평균나이는 48.9±10.4세 (22-83세) 이었으며평균종양의크기는 1.9±1.0 cm ( cm) 이었다. 수술방법은유방보존수술이시행된경우가 605 예 (59.0%), 유방절제술이시행된경우가 421 예 (41.0%) 였다. TNM 병기는 I 기가 504예 (49.1%) 로가장많은분포를보였으며 II, III기가각각 449 예 (43.7%), 73예 (7.1%) 의분포를보였다. 유방암수술후조직검사결과는침윤성관암이 977 예 (95.2%) 를차지하였다. 감시림프절은모두동측의액와부에서발견되었으며절제된감시림프절의평균개수는 2.83±1.62개 (1-11개) 였다 (Table 1). 감시림프절의발견율연구기간중림프경로추적물질로방사성동위원소를이용하여감시림프절생검술을시행한환자가운데수술전항암화학약물치료를시행하였거나과거액와부수술을시행한환자를제외한환자수는모두 1,046명이었으며, 이중 20 명에서감시림프절을발견할수없어서감시림프절의발견율은 98.0% 이었다. 감시림프절을발견할수없었던 20 명은대상환자에서제외하였다. 감시림프절의전이및전이에영향을미치는인자전체 1,026명중 338예에서림프절의전이가발견되어액와림프절곽청술을시행하였고이중 311 명은감시림프절단독, 혹은감시림프절과비감시림프절에서전이가확인된경우로감시림프절의전이율은 30.3% 였다 (Figure 1). 감시림프절의전이가있는 311 예와전이가없는 715 예사이의생검된감시림프절개수의차이는없었다 (p=0.85). 감시림프절의전이는종양의크기가클수록, 종양내에서혈관또는림프관침윤이있는경우, 조직학적등급이나쁜경우, 에스트로겐수용체양성인경우에서통계학적으로유의성있게많았으나 HER2/neu 양성유무, 35세를기준으로분석한유방암발견당시의나이, 유방암의조직학적종류는감시림프절의전이에영향을미치지못하였다 (Table 2). Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the patients Characteristic Mean±SD No. (%) Age (yr) 48.9±10.4 Tumor size (cm) 1.9±1.0 No. of SLN 2.83±1.62 T stage T1 676 (65.9) T2 341 (33.2) T3 9 (0.9) N stage N0 690 (67.3) N1 266 (25.9) N2 43 (4.2) N3 27 (2.6) Multiplicity No 875 (85.3) Yes 151 (14.7) Type of operation Mastectomy 421 (41.0) BCS 605 (59.0) Histology IDC 977 (95.2) ILC 36 (3.5) IDC+ILC 13 (1.3) BCS=breast conserving surgery; IDC=invasive ductal carcinoma; ILC=invasive lobular carcinoma; SLN=sentinel lymph node.
4 S40 Jung Eun Choi, et al. 311 patients (30.3%) with SLN metastasis ±non-sln metastasis Table 3. Metastatic status of SLN and the corresponding percentage of patients on the basis of the order of radioisotope count Metastatic status of SLN 338 patients (33.0%) with LN metastasis ALND S1 (S1[+]) 1.24 (1-4) 258 (82.9) S2 (S1[-],S2[+]) 2.45 (2-4) 40 (12.9) S3 (S1[-],S2[-],S3[+]) 3.46 (3-5) 13 (4.2) S4-8 0 (0.0) Total 311 (100.0) SLN=sentinel lymph node. 1,026 patients with SLNB 27 patients (27.7%) with only non-sln metastasis Average no. of harvested SLN (range) 방사성의약품종류에따른감시림프절의개수 감시림프절의개수는 1개부터 11 개까지발견되었다. 1개의감시림프절이발견된예는 23.5% (241/1,026) 였으며, 2개는 24.0% (247/1,026), 3개는 23.4% (240/1,026) 4개는 15.2% (156/ 1,026), 5개이상의감시림프절이발견된예는 13.9% (142/1,026) 였다. 감시림프절을찾기위해주입한 99m Tc-HAS 또는 99m Tcphytate에따른감시림프절발견율의차이는없었다 (p=0.21). 감시림프절의개수와감시림프절전이와의상관관계 688 patients (67.0%) with no metastasis only SLNB Figure 1. Metastatic status of axillary lymph nodes. SLNB=sentinel lymph node biopsy; ALND=axillary lymph node dissection. No. of patients (%) 감시림프절의전이가확인된 311 예중에서, S1 에서전이가발견된경우 (S1[+]) 가 82.9% (258/311), S2에서전이가발견된경우 (S1[-], S2[+]) 가 12.9% (40/311), S3에서전이가발견된경우 (S1[-], S2[-], S3[+]) 가 4.2% (13/311) 로나타났다 (Table 3). 311예중 S1, 2, 3에는전이가없었으나 S4 이하에서전이가발견된경우는한예도나타나지않았다. S3 에서전이를발견할때 (S1[-], S2[-], S3[+]) 까지필요한림프절의개수는평균 3.46개로나타났다. 실제필요한감시림프절의개수는 S1 에서전이가 Table 2. Clinicopathologic factors influencing to metastasis in the sentinel lymph node Patients 715 (69.7) 311 (30.3) Mean no. of SLN Age 0.55 > (69.5) 292 (30.5) (72.9) 19 (27.1) Tumor size <0.01 T1 516 (76.3) 160 (23.7) T2 195 (57.2) 146 (42.8) T3 4 (44.4) 5 (55.6) LVI <0.01 No 489 (86.2) 78 (13.8) Yes 204 (46.8) 232 (53.2) Unknown 22 (95.6) 1 (4.4) HER2/neu 0.18 Negative 550 (68.9) 248 (31.1) Positive 159 (73.6) 57 (26.4) Unknown 6 (50.0) 6 (50.0) ER <0.01 Negative 252 (80.5) 61 (19.5) Positive 462 (64.9) 250 (35.1) Unknown 1 (100.0) 0 (0) Poorly differentiation <0.01 No 343 (70.1) 146 (29.9) Yes 349 (67.9) 165 (32.1) Unknown 23 (100.0) 0 (0) Histologic type 0.99 IDC 681 (69.7) 296 (30.3) ILC 25 (69.4) 11 (30.6) IDC+ILC 9 (69.2) 4 (30.8) SLN=sentinel lymph node; LVI=lymphovascular invasion; ER=estrogen receptor; IDC=invasive ductal carcinoma; ILC=invasive lobular carcinoma. Table 4. The needed number of harvested SLN until identifying metastasis Needed no. of harvested SLN No. of patients in S1 (S1[+]) SLN=sentinel lymph node. Negative SLN No. (%) Positive SLN No. (%) No. of No. of patients patients in S2 in S3 (S1[-], (S1[-], S2[+]) S2[-], S3[+]) p-value Total no. of patients (%) (66.6) (21.9) (8.0) (3.2) (0.3) Total (100.0) 발견된경우에는 S1 의실제병리학적으로확인된개수, S2 에서전이가발견된경우에는 S1 과 S2 의병리학적으로확인된개수의
5 Optimal Number of Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Invasive Breast Cancer S41 합, S3 에서전이가발견된경우에는 S1, S2, S3의병리학적으로확인된개수의합으로나타내었으며 1개가 207 명 (66.6%), 2개가 68명 (21.9%), 3개가 25 명 (8.0%), 4개가 10 명 (3.2%), 5개가 1명 (0.3%) 으로각각나타났다 (Table 4). 수술중절제된비감시림프절의전이수술중집도의의경험에의해전이가의심되어감시림프절이외에추가적으로절제된비감시림프절의절제는전체 1,026예중 827예 (80.6%) 에서시행되었으며 827 예에대한비감시림프절의평균절제개수는 2.46개 (1-9개) 였다. 이중병리조직검사에서전이가확인된예는 112 예였으며나머지 715 예에서는전이가발견되지않아감시림프절생검후집도의의경험에의해추가로절제된비감시림프절의전이에대한양성예측도는 13.5% (112/ ) 였다. 감시림프절의전이없이비감시림프절에만전이가있었던경우는총 27 예였으며감시림프절에전이가없었던 715 예중 3.7% (27/ ) 에서추가로액와부림프절의전이를확인할수있었으며이로인한감시림프절생검술의위음성률은 8.0% (27/[311+27] 100), 정확도는 97.4% ([ ]/ ) 로확인되었다. 비감시림프절에만전이가있었던 27 예에대해측정한감마선량은 27 예모두에서감마선량이전혀검출되지않았다. 고찰유방암수술시액와부림프절전이유무는환자의치료및추후경과에중요한영향을미친다.(8) 감시림프절의정의및개수, 방법에관한여러연구들이보고되었지만 (9-13) 현재까지표준화된지침이없어감시림프절생검술시다수의감시림프절을제거하게되어액와림프절곽청술시나타나는것과동일한합병증이발생하기도한다. 감시림프절의개념에따르면,(14) 암세포의전이는종양에서첫번째로배액되는림프절로암세포가이동한뒤림프배액체계에따라다음단계의림프절로이동하면서발생하게된다. 정의상으로는감시림프절생검시발견되는감시림프절의개수는하나이다. 하지만림프배액경로의정상적인해부학적변이가존재하거나, 청색염료또는방사성동위원소가첫번째감시림프절을지나다음단계로이동한뒤발견되는경우가있어실제임상에서감시림프절생검술시다수의감시림프절이발견되고어느림프절이실질적으로첫번째로배액된감시림프절인지결정할수없기때문에대다수가제거되어동결절편검사가시행되고있다. 본연구에서도 1-11개의감시림프절이발견되었다. 그러나진단의정확성을높이고수술시간및부가비용, 합병증을줄일수있는최상의감시림프절의개수에대해서는논란중에있다. 보고된연구들에따르면적정감시림프절의개수를정하는방법은크게 3가지로나눌수있었다. 먼저감시림프절을발견한순서를토대로첫번째, 두번째로순위를정하여 % 의전이양성감시림프절발견율을만족할때의감시림프절개수를적정개수로정하는방법이보고되었다.(5,6,14,15) 2002년 Schrenk 등 (14) 은감시림프절의전이가있는 105 예를대상으로시행한연구에서평균 1.8개 (1-5개) 의감시림프절을발견하였고 2개의림프절을절제하였을때 99% 의전이양성인감시림프절을발견할수있었다고보고하였다. 또한감시림프절전이양성인 167 명을대상으로시행한 Woznick 등 (5) 의연구에서는평균 4.4 개 (1-21 개 ) 의감시림프절을발견하였고 6개의감시림프절을절제했을때 100% 의전이양성인감시림프절을발견할수있었다. 발견한순서에따라정의된감시림프절에서첫번째감시림프절을생검하였을때는 % 의전이양성인감시림프절발견율을확인할수있었다.(5,6,14,15) 이러한방법을이용한보고에서연구자에따라결과가다르게나타나는이유는감시림프절을찾는방법의차이, 감시림프절생검술을시행하는의사의숙련정도및수술방식과성향의차이등으로유추해볼수있겠다. 두번째로 2008년 Koo 등 (16) 이국내에서보고한연구에서감시림프절결과에무관하게모든환자에게액와림프절곽청술을시행한뒤위음성률을조사하여 0% 가될때의감시림프절의개수를찾아내는방법이있다. Koo 등 (16) 은 74 예의전이양성인감시림프절에서평균 2.7 개 (1-8개) 의감시림프절을발견하였고 4개이상의감시림프절절제시 0% 의위음성률을보고하였다. 마지막으로사용된방법이본연구에서와같이감마선량에따라감시림프절의순위를정하고첫번째감시림프절에서부터몇번째까지생검을시행하여야전이양성인감시림프절의발견율을높일수있는가하는것이다. 이방법은감마선량에따라순위를정한다는점에서비교적객관적으로보일수는있으나감마선량이가장많이검출되는림프절이실제가장먼저배액되는림프절이라는가정이기본바탕을이루고있다. 본연구에서는 S1 에서 82.9% 의감시림프절전이율이나타났으나나머지 17.1% 에서는 S1에는전이가없이 S2, S3에서전이가발견되어모든환자에서기본가정이적용될수없다는점을알수있었다. 이러한이유에대한연구가 2001년 Martin 등 (17) 에의해이루어졌는데, 저자들은림프경로의추적물질로사용되는방사성동위원소가첫번째로배액되는림프절보다두번째림프절에서더많이섭취된경우가발생할수있다는점과첫번째로배액되는림프절자체또는림프경로들이암세포들에의해이미점거되어림프경로의변화를초래하였기때문이라는점을들고있었다. 그러나본연구와 Martin 등 (17) 의연구를통해감마선량의비가높을수록감시림프절의전이율이높은것을알수있었다.
6 S42 Jung Eun Choi, et al. 저자들은이러한기본적인문제를극복하면서적정감시림프절의개수를찾고자하였다. 본원에서 1999년부터 2002년까지 81 명을대상으로 96.3% 의감시림프절을찾을수있었던학습경험 (18) 을토대로감시림프절생검을시행하였고액와림프절곽청술의합병증은줄이면서전이양성인감시림프절의발견율의정확성을높이기위해비교적다수의환자를대상으로유방변연부와비교하여 10 배이상의감마선량을나타내는감시림프절은모두생검하였다. 제거된림프절에서감시림프절생검술을시행한순서와높은감마선량을나타내는순서는항상일치하지는않았고제거된림프절들을체외에서감마선량을다시측정하여순서대로 S1, S2, S3 등으로나열하였다. 그결과세번째로높은감마선량을나타내는림프절까지생검하였을때감시림프절에서 100% 의발견율을확인할수있었다. 따라서방사성동위원소를이용한감시림프절생검술시 S4 이상의감시림프절은추가절제할필요가없었다. 또한 S1, S2, S3에해당되는각각의구체적인림프절수를확인하여 S3 에서전이가발견될때까지의생검되는림프절의개수가평균 3.46개인것을확인하였고 4개의감시림프절을생검하였을때 99.7% (310/ ) 의진단율을확인하였다. 이는방사성동위원소를이용하여감시림프절의순위를정하는것이불가능한경우청색염료를이용하여최소 4개의감시림프절을생검하는것이진단의정확성을높일수있겠다는이전의연구들과유사한결론을보여주었다. 이방법의정확성을높이기위해서는향후액와부국소재발여부를추가로확인할필요가있겠으나본연구결과를토대로하여감마선량이세번째로높은감시림프절까지생검을시행한다면액와림프절곽청술의합병증을피하면서술자의학습경험과비교적무관하게객관성있는결과를얻을수있을것이다. 현재감시림프절생검술시위음성률은 5% 이하가적절한것으로권장되고있다. 그러나다수의연구에서위음성률이 10-19% 까지보고되고있으며,(13,19-23) 본연구에서도 8% 로나타났다. 감시림프절의위음성률은크게세가지로정의되고있으며, 일반적으로받아들여지고있는것이감시림프절에서는전이가발견되지않았으나비감시림프절에서조직학적으로전이가확인된경우를위음성률로정하는것이다. 그외에, 감시림프절생검시술자의판단에의해전이가의심되는비감시림프절을절제하여전이를확인한경우는위음성률에서제외시키는것과실질적으로추적관찰후액와부림프절에재발되는경우만위음성률로정하는방법이있다.(24,25) 2003년 Hoar와 Stonelake(26) 의연구에서는감시림프절생검만시행한경우와감시림프절생검후추가로의심되는림프절을함께절제한경우를비교하여위음성률이 14.3% 에서 3.6% 까지낮아지는것을보고하였다. 본연구에서도위음성률은 8% 로나타났지만감시림프절에는전이가없었던 715 예 중 27예 (3.7%) 에서비감시림프절의전이를확인하였으며, 이는임상적으로전이가의심되는림프절을저자들이의도적으로제거하여액와부림프절전이에대한진단율을높일수있었던경우였다. 이러한비감시림프절의전이는 2006년 Keskek 등 (27) 이보고한도약전이및미세전이로인해발생할수있다. Keskek 등 (27) 은액와부림프절 level I에전이없이 level II, III로전이가일어나는도약전이를 3-4%, 연구자에따라 10% 이상으로보고하였으며, 실제연구방법이발전된현재미세전이로인한것이라기보다는실질적인도약전이로확인하였다. 그들의연구에서도약전이의관련인자는확인할수없었으나액와부림프배액경로의해부학적변이또는암세포로인한림프배액관의파괴로인한것으로유추해볼수있으며이러한도약전이가감시림프절과비감시림프절사이에서도발생할수있었을것이다. 또한암세포가감시림프절을지나다음단계의림프절에정착한경우감시림프절생검술시발견되지않을확률이높다. 이로인한위음성률을줄이기위해비감시림프절전이를예측할수있는인자를연구하는것은남은과제중의하나이며임상적으로의심되는림프절은생검하는것이진단의정확성을높이는방법이되겠다. 또한추적관찰을통해실질적인액와부재발여부를확인하는것도필요하다. 감시림프절전이에영향을미치는인자로본연구에서는종양의크기, 종양내의혈관또는림프관침윤유무, 나쁜조직학적등급, 에스트로겐수용체양성인경우가확인되었다. 2008년 Yi 등 (15) 은인종, 종양의위치, 환자의나이, 체질량지수등이추가인자로작용할수있다고보고하고있으며가장중요한인자로는종양의크기를들었다. 합병증을줄이기위해선최소의적정감시림프절수로생검하는것도중요하지만이와같은위험인자를고려할필요성도있겠다. 참고문헌 1. McMasters KM, Tuttle TM, Carlson DJ, Brown CM, Noyes RD, Glaser RL, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer: a suitable alternative to routine axillary dissection in multi-institutional practice when optimal technique is used. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: Kjaergaard J, Blichert-Toft M, Andersen JA, Rank F, Pedersen BV. Probability of false negative nodal staging in conjunction with partial axillary dissection in breast cancer. Br J Surg 1985;72: Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH, Economou JS, Cagle LA, Storm FK, et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 1992;127: McCarter MD, Yeung H, Fey J, Borgen PI, Cody HS 3rd. The breast
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