43(5)-01.fm

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1 Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 43, No. 5, October, 2005, pp { 청정생산을위한생태산업단지구축과주요기술 ly Ç Çl qçm qç s *Ç kq**çl **Çn ***Ç o ***Çmm, e q 31 * ˆ ne kk 5 1 **(t) d l v e 1 *** l l o l e e q 32 ( o 10p r, o 21p }ˆ) Eco-Industrial Park (EIP) Development and Key Technologies for Clean Production ChangKyoo Yoo, Soon-Ki Heo, Dong Joon Yoo, SeungJun Lee, Ji Na Shin*, Yong Joon Park**, Hack Mo Yoon**, Hee Dong Chun***, Jeong Ki Moon*** and In-Beum Lee Department Chemical EngineeringGand School of Environmental Engineering, POSTECH, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang , Korea *Department of Environmental Ecological Engineering, Korea Univ., 1, 5-ka, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul , Korea **Environment & Energy team, POSCO. Ltd, 1, Geodong-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang , Korea ***Environmental Research Lab., Research Institute of Industrial Science & Technology, San 32, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang , Korea (Received 10 October 2005; accepted 21 October 2005) k h l mm qo l p p p ˆr m p v l (sustainable industrial development)p p ep p. p o sl p l v rp e ˆ n l v l q k l v p l p v l v prp pn ˆ l v p r p r rp p lv p. ˆ l v(ecoindustrial park, EIP) l v p l p v, n l v, l v, v, n p prp qpn p f r,, r ppp l p. l n ˆ l vp l m ˆ l v p tn (l v, v qpn, n qpn, m )l l. Abstract Sustainable industrial development which can minimize an ecological effect by the mankind exertion is recently interested due to an environmental contamination and a resource exhaustion problem. An eco-industrial park (EIP) is a community of manufacturing and service businesses seeking enhanced environmental and economic performance through collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues, including energy, water, and materials. EIP developments which improve a production plant within an eco-friendly greenfield and design a new industrial ecosystem are accomplished recently, which can efficiently re-use the waste and resources from each company within EIP. In this review, the outside and domestic case studies of EIP and cornerstone technologies to develop the EIP, such as energy integration, waste reuse, mass flow analysis, water pinch, and life cycle assessment, are summarized. Key words: Eco-Industrial Park (EIP), Heat Pinch, Energy Integration, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Mass Flow Analysis (MFA), Mathematical Optimization, Network Design, Reuse Network, Waste Minimization, Water Pinch To whom correspondence should be addressed. ckyoo@postech.ac.kr 549

2 550 o} Ë Ëo tëpdtëev Ë ntëo Ër Ë r Ëpp 1-1. i s om 1. ˆ l v(eco-industrial park, EIP) l ˆ (industrial ecology)p p p, ~r rp p l,, nm rs/ dlp v p. p nl }p n indigo development ˆ l v l v, n, v p qo r pl p r r/ rr rsl dl~ p ~ rp m [1-5]. l v p l p ˆ rp l l pl, v l vp n mm p o r. p l p rp p p m p rp lp pp, l ll vo p p. ˆ l vp l l p l m p rr vveˆ p. p sp, ~r, mm v, l v p, l p n n l p., ˆ l v po v p ppp o p f p rrp. Fig. 1 p sp l vm ˆ l vp m prp ˆ [3, 5]. sp l v o m r ot l l ˆ l v sp l vl v kp p p l o rp q prp. p rp ˆ l r k m p v rp t p. (1) ˆ l v(eip) l v l l v,, vp qop q np r p r s dl v p. (2) (BPX) l v, n, v p p v k o qop l p q np. l l p mmp eˆ np r n ppp l o, n qop v k. m l, t p ˆ qp p o rv q, k m rr, q p o. (3) ˆ l (EIN) vl p,, rr vv eˆ o l p l p. ˆ l p p o l l o p mll v q p. p o ˆ l v p, rp lp p. m l, p PRIME r l p l v l vlrp p p l, qo q ~ m o p m [1, 3] sp l vl l kp r}p rp rn l, le l e p p r. p ep r p krp p. ql mm } e p p p p k rp n, mmp p l } p p. } ep mml ~rp r m l n, rrp n prp., } e p l t e qo p r l. ˆ l v(eip) p krp m l rl s rp r ep lr, r r l p p v p [1]. lr EIP l l p v l vp p p Fig. 1. The basic concept of eco-industrial park[3]. o43 o k

3 p, q np, rl p } p r l np r p t., ˆ l v p ll } o,, ˆ, r edš p p d r. l np p l p rr pp eˆ p. ˆ l v le p p ˆp vll tn lr p p r. r EIP qlqo n p mm/ p e ˆ np p eˆ, ~r l erp r l p lt. mm v, l v p, n, qo q, np ~ m p ~r rp. EIP lq mq l p tp seˆ l ppp l vveˆ p v re t p. r l l p rr ˆ l v n r r p ˆ p l v ~ p v l p o, vlp } ll l mlp l rp np } p. EIP q p p mm ql p r [1, 3]. 2. i s i ˆ l v p l o, kek, k, r l p v pl l v p ep qk p. t Kalundborg, t p Guigang ˆ l e, P ~ qp dp r qpn l l m l Kalundborgm i (industrial symbiosis) ˆ l v tl q l m l v p p l p Kalundborg l vp. p k 2 p Kalundborg l r l p d p. l Kalundborg ˆ l v l v l vt l ~p. l ~ ˆ l v r s s rp r p n v, Kalundborgp n n rp. l vm l p vl p v l v p q p p. q p qp p o n l o, l v, n, l r p. p p t~ r, ro, l~, rk l~ Kalundborge p [1, 3]. p 1970 l p l oqqp p p lrp 1980 m 1990 ~ or. k 30 p l p p p l p 1972 Statoil ro l m butane gas Gyproc qp pn eq l. l rk q ql m v p p o p d v t p ql n eq, r l p ˆq Kalundborg l v n l p e ql eq Asnaes r rl v ro m rk q, el. p 10 kl s rp p p lvv kk ~r p o ˆ l v tn 551 Fig. 2. Industrial Symbiosis at Kalundborg city ( 2-3 p rp k p lrp pl. p eq l p 10 k o n e q [1, 3, 5]. Fig. 2 Kalundborg l ~p v, n l v p ˆ. Kalundborg vl v lm r t n q 9, l v p 6, q p 7 r~rp ~ q np n p p l p [3]. Kalundborg l ~ e p v l p rr q v q qop k kr. p p llv rr ˆp 1997 tp p l 3 Šp ˆ n r, 60 Šp n r, 13 Šp p ˆ, 3700Šp d r p p. p p rr r l 6} l p 1} p m p eˆ p. nƒ, Kalundborgp rr, rp ˆp eˆ p p [2-4]. Kalundborg l vl r r3ql p rrp p p lvv k, l pl rrp p Ž s q q rp l vm v p p lr. Ž p o n o p p p, nl l p vr r., Kalundborg p tn lp k nl l p ˆ v [3]. Kalundborgp ˆ l v p p p rp p lv o s p p. ~w, l v p l k l r k, el q kk. l k p q l p p r p. w, l l p l p lrp p p p lrk. l Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 43, No. 5, October, 2005

4 552 o} Ë Ëo tëpdtëev Ë ntëo Ër Ë r Ëpp rr p p l l p q r l pv rlv p. w, r lk p q rplk. w, q wkk. w p pp kv n n r l, np r p p. v p v l mq p pp v EIP l srp ov lk [3-9] q m Guitang Group Guigang i t l p 539 p ˆ ql 1,500 Šp ˆp m v k t p ˆ lp e qr l e. r eql t ˆp p p p ˆ ll qr p pp. Guigang vlp t ˆ p 40Í p p p ˆ q p qp l ež. p rr l np mm vp p l ˆ lp p mm vp mm lp k r m [1, 3]. Guitang p p vll p 1954 t p o ˆ lp ˆ q o 14,700 hap vm, 3,800 p vop o p. Guitang p ˆ qp l p kp mm vp, Guitang Groupp Guigang vlp l lp l p p f mm v p tp ˆ l v m. l vl k m q, rv q, v q, ˆ d q, e q, r p l p s p qpnp l mm mm } np tp p. Fig. 3l Guigang ep ˆ l v p v p ˆ. pl ˆ qp p Guitang ep ˆ l vl l pn pp, ˆ qv l p p r m lp p l ˆ p o d l ~r p o n p [1, 3] z mm m l m n mmk } P ~ qp opp p r~ ~ r p tn p, ~ r pnl rp k s p n p pl p q np p p. r~ l ˆ, tvˆ, s o,,, v, k p pl d r~ p l v p d p p. s l l r~ m l pp p p Fig. 4l r l p [9]. l P ~ qp q o dp l v q nl m q. P ~ q p p ql r~ e p l v d. n, ˆp l d rl COG(coke oven gas), dm ~ p l qp l p rl BOG(blast furnace oven gas), p os p sr p r rl LDG(linze donawitz gas) kp ~ er rl COG(corex oven gas) p p. p d o dp l p p k l e k. p l p l j l p l l rq l n ql n p. p p l } l vv l tn l n p ( l ). d n qp r~ r rl lp plk o q pv, q p n p r~ p r v rp d v k ( r ) el p kp p k(q n ) p n. pp r~ qp r nn l l d q prp r r p. tlv p dp, dp l, r p l n o, r p r n r~ p r, dž n p p. r dp l p pn v l e l p p. Efflu = Gas( R, T) XPRT (,, ) Heat( R) (1) T R P P R Efflu dp l p ˆ. l Rp d, P r, T e p Heat(R) d Rp l p ˆ. Gas(R,T) n k dp kp, X(P,R,T) r l n d kp, P R p d Rp n r P ˆ. l r k dp r Fig. 3. Ecological cycle of Guitang Group[1]. o43 o k Fig. 4. Waste reuse networking of the steel company among industries[9].

5 , r p r dž p. r p pr p k e. qp p q p l el d eˆ n v p rp k. r m o r r~ p q tl d n qp o e l kp d n vl r kkk p ˆp qp p pp n p rp m l rp r l k dp kp l v k. p r slp r o r p pn k om p r r (MILP: mixed integer linear programming)p pn p. dp n q p kp 2t l r l dp p m r nn p t lrp 2t dp p dp r m r p nn p k re r p l p [11]. p p q o d e r m rl rp q n p r d l n l ož Ž r d rp d m r s, rkv rp l n p. v v ˆ l v nl l l ˆ l v p tp er s tp. m l p p m l ˆnn 6 v, p Ž l l l v n 11 vl p 3 vl, m p p n 8 v, o pp p m md kp dž k q v n 20l v p ˆ l vp k r m [3, 5-10]. 3. i s i k qk k Lowe[1] p l q s ˆ l vp p ˆp ˆ l v tn r p qlrp edšp, l v, v qpn, v m, vl p p r m. rl p ˆ l v p tn r p o tn n (l v, v qpn, n qpn, m )l l i s }l l i oorr r p p l v rp ƒ v p q l pl p l v l np v rm. l v np r v pm p l vp tp, Œp l v n o p l v l q n l v l (energy/heat exchange network, HEN)p l. v l v p p e k r lp e k r p l l l v p ož Ž np r p. p l v p p r rl s q e er rl pp l k 20-30Íp l v r p r m ~r p o ˆ l v tn 553 p l p l v l m. l v p l kl q t p p p (heat pinch) p. p Linhoff[12]l p }pp pp l p p rp l p l, p rp, r r ep l p l l p [12-20] l p l p o n r p r pn l edšp k. v o~ p lr p pl o o~ m p r m p plk p pn l edšl ~ lk l rl lk rp. l v p rp l q rp. Fig. 5 composite T-Q p p l l m p T-H (temperature-enthalpy) p ˆ, m m l p l p m l T-H s l e p [14, 16, 17]. p p l t~ l pp rp l p. l vp l p lp q n rp r(pinch point)l. Fig. 5 T min p p p r m T min p l v n p k l v np p, lr p p v Œq kv. p T min p rp l tep r p m ml(above the pinch zone, AP) r p m ml(below the pinch zone, BP)p lv. p mll p lˆ v n p pn s l p } p r s r l pv kk s p r p rn v tlv l eˆ p p k r l l np p. p o edšl ~ lk l r lk rp. p l Fig. 5. Composite curve which contains super hot stream and super cold stream[16]. Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 43, No. 5, October, 2005

6 554 o} Ë Ëo tëpdtëev Ë ntëo Ër Ë r Ëpp l rp v l v r p k l r l p p ll [16]. p ll r o l r p rp p p, r r p n p q pp rp k p. v sp l v r p np l v p l v rp (retrofit)l kv p r r l pv kp erp. l v p pn l v [16], l p ˆp qr [17], n l v p [18], s p r [16] p q pl l v q np [18-20] p l p [16-20]. p nr l l p vre ˆ l vp k l r l v, v l n p l ˆ l v p lp k p l v p tp p kp l v mml p lk p s m k }l l s (mass flow analysis) MFAp : rp v v (system) l vm vp p p. ˆk rl m p v k p v n p l v op o l (open system) pp, v p l v n m r v p v k (closed system) p. p rl p v p v p s l pp qo Ž p e p rm l qop p p s rr r, p v p v l v rp v r p. MFA(material flow analysis) v vl lp r v np p p p [22] MFAp l r p Adriaanse [21]p l qo (Resource Flows) r rp q kp MFA l p ~rp pd eq [23]. p p l v tn r (EU l p, ) p qo p l op, o qo p GDP TMR(total material requirement)[24] DMI(direct material input)p p p ltl. p q ˆ p qop rr p p p rp p r} p p v p. v p l l (industrial metabolism)p v o (output)l MFAp r v p [24], mmp e e p v tep mmr (detoxification and pollution reduction)l r l p v q s (dematerialization and ecorestructuring) r p l m. v, p v r p rp rp lk r p p. MFA rl tn v (indicator) p p pd r, MFA l l t n v p [25]. o43 o k Input indicators DMI(direct material inputs) o (domestic extraction) + p TMR(total material requirements) n o + p + n v kp o (unused extractions) Output indicators DPO(domestic processed output) l qp r l p TDO(total domestic output) DPO + n v kp o (unused domestic extractions) Consumption indicators DMC(domestic material consumption) DMI TMC(total material consumption) TMR ( + rrp ) NAS(net additions to stock) rp n rp q Fig. 6p EU p tn m n p MFAp ˆ p. Fig. 6p p qol TMR, GDP DMI, o NAS v p p p l v on r}p re p. v, GDPm TMR, DMI p p l l r qop p,, qp l l r}p k v rk pp p [22] MFAp sp op MFA l vl op MFA p v p. t o m York v lp t p n pe vp kp p p m ˆ o r p f York vlp v r v r l m p l dš l (Stockholm environment institute at York)l p e l [26]. p l l York t p l n p p p kp p v l p ep r - vlp ~ p - q nl p l v rk -, r rq r -, nv p l v p ov n o p kp Š (ton) o p l. rp York e p p o v o 1p l 19Šp o vp n p o p v vl r k 70Í p ˆ ml p plk p ˆ., v r p ov o Yorkel qop pr pn vl rr o p r r}p n p p l o s p ˆp v e m re lp p. (1) l v e m - lighting efficiency scenario: CFLs(compact fluorescent lights) GLS(incandescent) 5 p pp v el l GLS CFLs ~. CFLp 50Í r p n n 2010

7 ~r p o ˆ l v tn 555 Fig. 6. MFA indicators of the EU compared with selected member states and other countries[22]. v k 1,793 hap ˆml p. - space heating and water heating sufficiency scenario: 80Íp York rl pt} p q m 50Í p p rp 84Í p p p p 7,200 ha, v 30Í r p ˆml p. (2) j } e m j } e ml q np o j p s el seˆp f j l n ˆ mlp p. - curb-side collection recycling scenario: p q n e m p 2010 v 4,787 ˆ mlp v p pv, sp j } l ˆ ml v k 63,000 ha r p ˆ mlp v p. - o s p } e m: prp q n j kp 2010 v k 10Íp ˆ ml pp p. p p p Ontariol 1 l v v j p k 42Í eˆ rm MFA EIP ˆ l vp r p o v l v p r p rrp rp l n tn pp l sp erp MFA p Š p EIPl rn prp rp EIP np p [27]. ˆ l v l qp l v p e r~, k p lp prp v p l p., s MFA l n v le EIP l l l rn pp p., l o k v o MFAl l v pl EIPlp rnl p p p. Yorkep MFA l k p EIP l p v p l v vl p v l q l l rr l pl q n p v v rp r qo n k l e m q p r}rp n p. MFA l p vp l n e p n rp pv p kp v MFA l s j pp p. kn kp v EIP MFAp l p e m q l p r}rp v pl tp p ˆ p (eco-efficiency)l v p tn p p [26-30] k }l l water pinch l } l qpn sp l l r l n rk el rp rp ~ rp p l n p pn p s p f pnp p p p q n qpn p p ep p. o (water pinch technology)p r Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 43, No. 5, October, 2005

8 556 o} Ë Ëo tëpdtëev Ë ntëo Ër Ë r Ëpp Fig. 7. Source and sink composite curves of water pinch[31, 43]. p q p r l op ln tp el qpn p np r~ n n p tp p p tp r rp p rp rn qpn pp p p k r [31, 32] o p n qpnp o rp r p o }ov n qpn o pn p. p ppv, rp p o p o } q l el p }. k em qp n v rp } } e l n } qp ql n e dšp p o p. p rl n pn ep qpn(reuse), q qpn(regeneration), q qpn(regeneration recycle) p [31, 32, 43]. o p rp p sourcem sink pp tn p mm p r l r q p. Sourcem sink pp r~rp p pinch point }k l r s l p n p qpn rp rp }k p p. Fig. 7l n p source ~r p ˆ n mm l p mmp p l ˆ. rp n r n p rp v mm p p l p r p ~r rr p ˆ. p p r p l sourcem sinkp r p m m p p l p n p mm v p. p l rp mm rp r op r p q f n p [31, 34-36, 43, 44]. p r~ rp o l rn p l r pp n qpnp (process integration) p. r p r mm p s l p l e e p rp. r p r p mm s Žk l v composite curve mm p p k p. m m p p l Žk r l p mm l r p p. p r p o43 o k v, o p k mm vl p n q v p. p rp l p mm l p r n. p r~ r o l s lk [43]. kl o p rp l p p l v mm vp l. pl n qpn o,,, o r r r p rk l [45-49]. rp p q r, o r, mm vp p (nonlinear programming)l p p f qpn p p. rl rl r q lp q ˆ l sp llk.p o m r r p rp m qrp p. lv l nq op v p n p k r p. p p p rp v ƒ r r r eq l p l l o p n l e p. v v p r p m e o q r p r p mp [43, 46-49](o p n qpn o p q p p [49]p s) o EIP o p ˆ v n qpn p ~ rp v p p p r, r m er rne m k p re pp p m p. l v n qpn p e sp p qp o p vr rn rrp ˆ p m p [49]. m l l v l n qpn p n r l p r } qp sq l r r l o q n r p e (uncertainty) v, ˆ l v l p p trade off r p r. p o o r k q / l n qpnp o ~ r o l l m p n [49] m k m i (life cycle assessment, LCA) LCAp n LCA r p p p (life cycle)p o p } / / r p /o / n/ /q n l qo m pl m p r rp l p rl p p l r t ~ p p rp o p. n lp r ( d)p p p k r rp p f rp ˆ l p p v p p., q p r p l m l r r/r r r pp f p ˆl p [50-60]. ˆ l v, v, l v qpn e qpnl m r rp rk l kl r r p l v r p e p o

9 ~r p o ˆ l v tn 557 Fig. 8. LCA frameworks[50]. ˆ l vp r l n p. LCA p p n p p o, 1980 l o l SETAC(society of environmental toxicology and chemistry)p rp l p p lr. o l do, dod,, p, d l l l, Leiden Universityl o SETACp p r [50, 51]. p p p 1993 l ISO/TC207( )l LCAp t ql p eq l, 1997 l ISO14040p rr l. n l LCA p q p pr r pv p v p k r p q, n l l nš r vr (ISO/TR14025, Type III) o e p [51, 54] LCA r LCA r s o r(goal and scope definition), (inventory analysis), m (impact assessment), (interpretation) p tn, p l, Š, p n p (Fig. 8). v tn l r p [51, 52] r s o r LCAp rp l r, s o, o (functional unit) p ep r, n r p p p. p ep l p r pol r k, s o re p v l o tp n ~r p p p l, o v n n p l v l l e np pp rr rp p l s o sr p n. o p p edš(r, d, r )p p d o p rp v rp o(m, r r 1 MWh, qp r 1 ton ) r n [50, 51] p l LCAp r ( edš)p p ep l ~ rl Œp v l v, r,, v, Škp v l vl p v, (inventory data)l p q., r p rs, n, p (foreground data) p rp LCA q vr v v, o l v qop } n, r p (background data) s LCA p s l. l v p r s om k, p rl p r ( )p m n r~ p l l p k [51] m l p n l m p tn. p m t(impact category) m p p p p r, l (equivalency factor) l p m p p m t o l p. k m t t (weighting factor) l s rp m p p v p. r rp m t ms Ž, v m, p, ˆ,, d, qo,, mk p p [51-56] r LCAp r s ol m p p p l q/ kp re p EIPl m LCA nl rv l[52-54], v[55], oq redš[56], q n[58-60] p rn p. v vp LCA rn l l, r p p p l r p n k o p },, p } rl p k pl., r l v l vp p p p l d p l o p },, p } l tp pp p. (closed-loop system) p l q np r r e q n v l vp k v l vp v p lk q nl r r n [58]., p qo d l p n p q } q n p n rl p m m vp edšp vr l l v } n. l s p q p q n l n k } np q n vp kp r e p nl q } v p p q n/ p n r LCA l rp q n kp r lk [58-60]. 4. EIP } n ~ ˆ l v s l v k p l r ~ rp vl m s p v qo l vp. l 1 kp e ll pl o rp 15 kp ˆ l v lp v p. ˆ l v l pn tn p kl np nl v l l v r o, m~, l p r rp l, v l mp p p l v lk [3]., EIP e sp r r p r m rp v l p t v p lp e s Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 43, No. 5, October, 2005

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