11-05 김기철

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1 Original Article Early Experiences and Complications of Hip Arthroscopy Ki-Choul Kim, MD, Kyung-Hag Lee, MD 1, Yong-Chan Ha, MD 2, Deuk-Soo Hwang, MD 3, Jung-Taek Kim, MD 4, Hee Joong Kim, MD 4, Kyung-Hoi Koo, MD 4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pohang St. Mary s Hospital, Pohang, Korea Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea 2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea 3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 4 Purpose: To report our early experience of hip arthroscopy. Materials and Methods: Forty one patients (45 hips) who underwent hip arthroscopy from November 2007 to February 2009 were enrolled in the study. The population was divided into 3 groups in sequence. The operation time, fluoroscopic time, traction time, and complications were analyzed. Results: There was no significant difference in operation time and traction time between the three groups. The fluoroscopic time decreased from 41 minutes in group I to 11 minutes in group III (p<0.01). There were four cases of nerve palsy; 2 pudendal nerve palsy in group I, 1 pudendal nerve palsy in group II, and 1 peroneal nerve palsy in Group III. All cases recovered completely within few days after surgery. Iatrogenic labral injury occurred in 4, 3 and 0 hips in group I, II and III, respectively. Iatrogenic cartilage damage to the femoral head occurred in 2, 3 and 1 hip in group I, II and III, respectively, which did not affect the outcomes. Conclusion: Definite improvement in the hip arthroscopy technique was observed in the fluoroscopic time. No serious complications, such as death or permanent nerve palsy, were encountered. Key Words: Hip joint, Arthroscopy, Early experiences, Complication 서 고관절관절경은고관절질환의진단및치료에매우중요한역할을하고있으며 7) 기존의고식적술식에비하여덜침습적이고회복이빠른장점이있다 8). 최근의많은기술적인발전에도불구하고고관절의관절경은고관절의해부학적특성및좁은시야등으로인하여기술적으로어 Submitted: August 18, st revision: September 8, nd revision: October 13, nd revision: October 21, nd revision: October 29, 2009 Final acceptance: November 30, 2009 Address reprint request to Kyung-Hag Lee, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam , Korea TEL: FAX: hagine@daum.net 론 본논문의요지는 2009 년도춘계고관절학회에서발표되었음. 려운수술로알려져있으며 19) 실제적으로처음고관절관절경을시작하는정형외과의에게진입장벽이높은수술로알려져있다. 또한, 가파른학습곡선을보이는교육을받지않은의사는시행하지말아야할수술로알려져있다 17). 이러한기술적어려움에도불구하고최근고관절관절경에대한관심이점점높아지고있다. 그러나고관절관절경을시작하는초기에경험하게되는학습곡선및합병증에대한보고는거의없으며우리나라에서의보고는전무한상태이다. 이에저자들이경험한초기 45 예의고관절관절경수술을분석하여고관절관절경수술의초기경험및합병증에대하여보고하고자한다. 대상및방법 2007 년 11 월에서 2009 년 2 월까지 41 명의환자 ( 고관절 45 예 ) 에서실시한고관절관절경을대상으로후향적으로연구하였다. 25 명은남성, 16 명은여성이었으며평균연 345

2 령은 37.8 세 (12~70 세 ) 였다. 수술전영상진단으로골반전후면촬영, 측면촬영 (frog leg lateral), 고관절조영술후컴퓨터단층촬영을실시하였다. 수술전진단은고관절충돌증후군 20 예 (44%), 비구순파열 15 예 (44.4%), 고관절내유리체 3 예 (6.7%), 화농성관절염 3 예, 활액막연골종증 2 예 (4.4%), 원인대파열 1 예 (2.2%), 비구순의석회화 1 예 (2.2%) 였다. 수술은전신마취하에서환자를고관절견인장치위에놓고앙와위에서실시하였으며정확한측정은할수없었으나비구순의손상을입히지않으면서관절경의삽입이가능할정도 (8~10 mm) 의견인을투시경의감시하에실시하였다. 25 예에서는 Byrd 의방법 6) 을 (Fig. 1), 20 예에서는변형된 Philippon 의방법 18) 을 (Fig. 2) 사용하였다. 최초삽입구는투시경의관찰하에관절내로삽입하였다. 고관절관절경및탐침을이용하여고관절내부를검진하였으며관절내병변에따라비구순절제또는골극제거등을실시하였다. 모든수술은슬관절관절경의경험이있는단일수술자에의해시행되었으며수술시간, 견인시간, 투시검사시간및합병증을기록하였다. 45 예의수술에대하여순서에따라 15 명씩 3 개의군 ( 제 1 군, 제 2 군, 제 3 군 ) 으로나누어분석하였다. 수술자는관절경수술을시작하기전국내연수를수료하였으며 1 군과 2 군사이에는국외연수를수료하였고 3 군이후비구순의봉합을시작하였다. 각군의결과중범주형변수는 Fisher s exact test 를, 연속형변수에대해서는 ANOVA 를실시하였다. 모든자료의통계처리는 SPSS (15.0 for windows) 통계프로그램을사용하였으며, P-value 가 0.05 미만인경우통계적으로유의하다고판단하였다. 결 각군의성별, BMI, 진단명등에서통계적으로유의한차이는없었으나연령은차이가있었다 (p=0.02) (Table 1). 수술시간, 견인시간은통계적으로유의한차이가없었으나투시검사시간및수술명은차이가있었다. 특히평균투시검사시간은 1 군에서 41.2 분, 2 군에서 26.8 분, 3 군에서 10.8 분으로각군에서의미있는감소를보였다 (p<0.01) (Table 2). 합병증의발생빈도는통계적으로유의한차이를보이지는않았으나전체적으로빈도가감소하는경향을보였으며특히 3 군에서는합병증의발생율이급격히감소하였다. 견인손상은 1 군에서 2 예, 2 군에서 1 예, 3 군에서 1 예발생하였다 (p=0.59). 이중회음신경마비는 1 군에서 2 예, 2 군에서 1 예발생하였으며 3 군에서는나타나지않았다. 비골신경마비는 3 군에서 1 예발생하였으며수술직후환측발등의감각이상, 발목관절의족배굴곡의장애를보이는양상으로나타났으나수술후 1 일째완전히회복되었다. 관절경손상은 1 군에서 6 예, 2 군에서 6 예, 3 군에서 1 예발생하였다 (p=0.03). 이중비구순손상은 1 군에서 4 예, 2 군에서 3 예발생하였으나 3 군에서는발생하지않았고대퇴골두연골손상은 1 군에서 2 예, 2 군에서 3 예, 3 군에서 1 예발생하였다 (Table 3). 고 1931 년 Burman 3) 에의해최초로기술된고관절관절경은 1977 년 Gross 15) 에의해처음으로임상보고가되었으 과 찰 Fig. 1. Three portals utilized in Byrd s method. (A) Anterior, (B) anterolateral and (C) posterolateral portal illustrated on right hip. (black arrow : cranial direction, white arrow : anterior direction) Fig. 2. Three portals utilized in modified Philippon method. (A) Anterior, (B) anterolateral and (C) distal lateral accessory portal illustrated on right hip. (GT: greater trochanter, black arrow : cranial direction, white arrow : anterior direction) 346

3 Ki-Choul Kim et al.: Early Experiences and Complications of Hip Arthroscopy 나고관절에대한해부학적이해가깊어지고안전한삽입구의확립이이루어진 1980 년대가되어서야고관절질환의진단과치료에유용한수단이되었으며 11) 현재점차그중요도가점차확대되고있다. 고관절관절경은 1987 년미국정형외과학회의편집자논평에서 기술적으로어렵고, 몇가지위험을고려해야하며, 고도로훈련된경험이많은관절경전문집도의에의해서만실시되어야한다 12) 는평가가있듯쉽지않은수술로알려져있다. Sampson 19) 은고관절의관절경이어려운이유로 5 가지를열거하였는데고관절이깊고두터운연부조직으로덮여있으며, 구형관절 (ball and socket joint) 의특성상관절내에서의기구의조작이어렵고, 관절내로기구가들어가기위해서는관절낭에견인을해야하고, 새로운기구가필요하며, 수술을준비하는시간이길고많은기계의사용으로인하여수술실이복잡해지는것등을기술하였다. 이러한어려움이있음에도고관절관절경의학습곡선에대한연구는 Lo 등 16) 이보고한 73 명에대한학습곡선에대한보고외에는거의없는실정이며우리나라에서의보고는전무하여고관절관절경을시작하는의사들에게 도움이될수있는자료가없는것이현실이다. 또한상당수의논문에서고관절관절경의부작용을보고하지만 5,7,17,20), Byrd 5) 에의하여언급된바와같이부작용의가장큰부분을차지할가능성이높은의인성관절경손상 (scope trauma) 에대한보고는없어고관절관절경을시작하려는의사들에게혼란을주고있다. 이에본연구에서는고관절관절경의수술시간, 견인시간, 투시방사선촬영시간등의학습곡선상에서의변화와함께합병증특히의인성관절경손상에대해서기술하고자하였다. 결과에서연령이각군에서차이를보이는이유는 1 군에서고령의환자를수술한이후불량한결과를보임에따라 2 군이후에는 60 세이하의환자에서만관절경을실시하였기때문이다. 수술시간, 견인시간은군간에차이가없었으나투시검사시간은시간이지남에따라통계적으로유의하게감소하였다. 수술시간이감소하지않은것은초기에는비교적쉬운융기부제거술 (bumpectomy), 비구순절제술, 활액막제거술등을실시하였으나 3 군이후에는비교적난이도가높은비구순봉합을실시한것이원인이되었다. 투시검사시간의감소는투시촬영이삽입구를만들때주로사용되고고관절관절경에서제한된 Table 1. Demographics of Three Groups. Variables Group I Group II Group III P-value Age (Years) (Mean±SD*) 044.5± ± ± Gender (Man/Woman) 9/6 12/3 6/ BMI 23.0± ± ± Diagnosis 0.15 FAI Labral Tear Septic Arthritis Loose Body Synovial Chondromatosis Ligamentum Teres Rupture Labral Calcification * SD: Standard Deviation, BMI: Body Mass Index, FAI: Femoroacetabular Impingement Table 2. Operation Time, Fluoroscopic Time, Traction Time, Operation Name of Each Group. Group I Group II Group III P-value Operation Time (Min) 164.0± ± ± Traction Time (Min) 91.2± ± Fluoroscopic Time (Min) 041.2± ± ±4.65 <0.01 Operation Name Bumpectomy Labral Resection Synovectomy Loose Body Removal Labral Repair

4 개수의삽입구만이사용됨을감안할때경험이쌓일수록삽입구를만드는기술이향상되고한번뚫은삽입구를지속적으로사용할수있게됨을알수있다. 또한의인성관절순손상이나관절연골손상이삽입구를만들때주로발생하는것을고려할때 5) 투시검사시간의감소는이러한손상의빈도를줄일수있을것으로예상할수있으며실제로 3군으로갈수록관절경손상이유의하게감소하는것을알수있다. 전체적인합병증의빈도는통계적인유의성이높지는않으나줄어드는양상을보였으며사망이나영구적인신경손상과같은심각한합병증은나타나지않았다. 고관절관절경의합병증은크게견인으로인한손상과관절경손상으로나뉘며 14) 견인손상은수술시고관절에대한견인력이과도하게크거나지나치게긴시간동안의견인으로인하여신경의손상이발생하는것으로대부분회음신경이나좌골신경의일시적인신경진탕 (neuropraxia) 의형태 1,2,4) 로나타나는것으로알려져있다. 견인은고관절의관절내부를관찰하기위해서는필수적인과정으로 10) 고관절의관절경을시작하는경우반드시숙지해야할부분중의하나이다. 본연구에서는회음신경마비가 1군에서 2 예, 2군에서 1예발생하였으며이들은모두수일내에완전회복되었다. 회음신경마비의예방을위하여 3군이후고관절견인장치의회음부기둥 (perineal post) 을충분한솜으로감고고관절내전의정도를줄였으며이후에회음신경마비는발생하지않았다. 3군에서발생한비골신경마비는수술과정및견인시간상특별한이상이없이나타났으며수술당일발목의족배굴곡마비및발등감각마비증상을보였으나다음날완전히회복되었다. 이러한결과는견인으로인한신경손상은대부분일시적인신경진탕의형태로나타난다는대부분의다른연구들과일맥상통하는결과를보이는것이다. 관절경손상은크게비구순손상, 연골손상으로나뉜다. 관절경으로인한비구순손상을예방하기위하여 Byrd 5) 는진공현상 (vacuum seal), 공기조영술 (air arthrogram) 을이용하는방법을제안하였고 Dienst 등 9) 은말초삽입구 (peripheral portal) 을먼저뚫어예방하는방법을제시하였다. 본연구에서는 Byrd 의방법을충실히지켰음에도 1, 2 군에서비구순손상이발생하였으며, 모두최초삽입구를만들때발생하였고, 3 군에서는발생하지않았다. 견인간격이일정함에도불구하고비구순손상이감소한것은어느정도수술자의경험이중요한부분을차지한다는것을의미한다. 관절경에의한비구순손상에대해서손상부위를포함한비구순절제술을실시하였다. 관절연골손상은각군에서비슷하게나타났으며모두관절내의관찰과정에서또는다른삽입구를통해기구삽입시나타났으며최초삽입구를만들때는발생하지않았다. 이는최초삽입구를만들때투시경상명확이보이는골두의경계는피하게되는것에기인한것이다. 손상된연골에대해서는주변부를부드럽게다듬어주었다. 이러한관절경손상의장기적예후에관하여서는알려진바없으나이러한것들이피할수있는의인성손상이라는것을감안할때이들을예방하기위한모든노력이기울어져야할것이다. 본연구는진단및수술의다양성으로인하여수술시간, 견인시간의단축등일반적인학습곡선에관한논문에서보여주는결과를도출하지못한문제점이있다. 또한이전의수술경험이새로시도하는수술에영향을주는것으로알려져있어 13) 다른관절의관절경의경험없이고관절관절경을실시하는경우에관절경자체에대한학습곡선을고려해야한다는문제점도있다. 그러나수술초기에발생할수있는합병증과그예방법에대해서기술함으로써고관절관절경을시작하는의사들에게도움이될것이라생각한다. 결 고관절관절경은다른수술에비해진입장벽이높은어려운수술로잘알려져있다. 초기경험에서투시검사시간의감소가가장분명히나타났으며심각한합병증은나타나지않았다. 고관절관절경을시작하는의사는합병증의예방을위하여최선을다해야할것이며많은교육에 론 Table 3. Complication of Each Group. Group I Group II Group III P-value Traction injury Pudendal Nerve Palsy Peroneal Nerve Palsy Scope Injury Labral Damage Cartilage Damage Hemarthrosis Total

5 Ki-Choul Kim et al.: Early Experiences and Complications of Hip Arthroscopy 참가하고기초적인관절경적기법과주의사항을잘지킨다면빠른시간내에학습곡선을극복할수있게될것이다. REFERENCES 01. Bartlett CS, DiFelice GS, Buly RL, Quinn TJ, Green DS, Helfet DL. Cardiac arrest as a result of intraabdominal extravasation of fluid during arthroscopic removal of a loose body from the hip joint of a patient with an acetabular fracture. J Orthop Trauma, 12: , Brumback RJ, Ellison TS, Molligan H, Molligan DJ, Mahaffey S, Schmidhauser C. Pudendal nerve palsy complicating intramedullary nailing of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg, 74-A: , Burman MS. Arthroscopy or the direct visualization of joints: an experimental cadaver study Clin Orthop Relat Res, 390: 5-9, Byrd JW, Jones KS. Prospective analysis of hip arthroscopy with 2-year follow-up. Arthroscopy, 16: , Byrd JW. Avoiding the labrum in hip arthroscopy. Arthroscopy, 16: , Byrd JW. Hip arthroscopy utilizing the supine position. Arthroscopy, 10: , Clarke MT, Arora A, Villar RN. Hip arthroscopy: complications in 1054 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 406: 84-88, DeAngelis NA, Busconi BD. Hip arthroscopy in the pediatric population. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 406: 60-63, Dienst M, Seil R, Kohn DM. Safe arthroscopic access to the central compartment of the hip. Arthroscopy, 21: , Dorfmann H, Boyer TH, Henry P, DeBie B. A simple approach to hip arthroscopy. Arthroscopy, 4: , Funke EL, Munzinger U. Complications in hip arthroscopy. Arthroscopy, 12: , Glick JM, Sampson TG, Gordon RB, Behr JT, Schmidt E. Hip arthroscopy by the lateral approach. Arthroscopy, 3: 4-12, Grantcharov TP, Bardram L, Funch-Jensen P, Rosenberg J. Learning curves and impact of previous operative experience on performance on a virtual reality simulator to test laparoscopic surgical skills. Am J Surg, 185: , Griffin DR, Villar RN. Complications of arthroscopy of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg, 81-B: , Gross R: Arthroscopy in hip disorders in children. Orthop Rev, 6: 43-49, Lo YP, Chan YS, Lien LC, Lee MS, Hsu KY, Shih CH. Complications of hip arthroscopy: analysis of seventy three cases. Chang Gung Med J, 29: 86, McCarthy JC, Lee JA. Hip arthroscopy: indications, outcomes, and complications. Instr Course Lect, 55: , Philippon MJ, Stubbs AJ, Schenker ML, Maxwell RB, Ganz R, Leunig M. Arthroscopic management of femoroacetabular impingement: osteoplasty technique and literature review. Am J Sports Med, 35: , Sampson T. Complications of hip arthroscopy. Clin Sports Med, 20: , Villar R. Arthroscopic debridement of the hip: a minimally invasive approach to osteoarthritis. J Bone Joint Surg, 73- B: ,

6 국문초록 고관절관절경의초기경험과합병증 김기철 이경학 1 하용찬 2 황득수 3 김정택 4 김희중 4 구경회 4 포항성모병원정형외과, 분당서울대학교병원정형외과 1, 중앙대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 2, 충남대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 3, 서울대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 4 목적 : 고관절관절경의초기경험에대하여기술하고자한다. 대상및방법 : 2007년 11월에서 2009년 2월까지고관절관절경을시행받은 41명 (45예) 의환자를대상으로연구하였다. 연구집단을 3개의군으로나누었으며 (1군: 증례 1~15, 2군 : 증례 16~30, 3군 : 증례 31~45) 수술시간, 투시검사시간, 견인시간, 합병증유무및종류에대하여분석하였다. 결과 : 3개의군에서수술시간및견인시간은통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 투시검사시간은 1군에서 41분, 3군에서 11분으로감소하였다 (p<0.01). 신경손상은총 4예가발생하였으며회음신경마비는 1군에서 2예, 2군에서 1예발생하였고비골신경마비는 3군에서 1예발생하였으며모두수일이내에완전회복되었다. 의인성관절순손상은 1군에서 4예, 2군에서 3예가발생하였으나 3군에서는발생하지않았다. 의인성대퇴골두손상은 1군에서 2예, 2군에서 3예, 3 군에서 1예발생하였으나모두수술결과에영향은없었다. 결론 : 고관절관절경을숙달하는학습과정에서투시검사시간의감소가가장명확하게나타났다. 사망이나영구적인신경손상과같은심각한합병증은발생하지않았다. 색인단어 : 고관절, 관절경, 초기경험, 합병증 350

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