30 김경남 이우수해서잔디문양효과가뛰어나월드컵축구대회등 TV 중계시시각적인홍보효과를극대화시키는장점도있다 (Kim, 2012; Korea Sport Sci. Institute, 1998). 국내에서는 1990년대중반이후한지형잔디조성이증가하면서켄터키블루그래스초종도점점더많이
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1 Weed Turf. Sci. 3(1):29~40 Print ISSN , Online ISSN Research Article Weed & Turfgrass Science Weed & Turfgrass Science was renamed from formerly both Korean Journal of Weed Science from Volume 32(3), 2012, Korean Journal of Turfgrass Science from Volume 25(1), 2011 and Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science from Volume 26(2), 2012 which were launched by The Korean Society of Weed Science and The Turfgrass Society of Korea found in 1981 and 1987, respectively. 변온조건에서켄터키블루그래스신품종 15 종류의발아특성및일일발아패턴비교 김경남 * 삼육대학교과학기술대학원예학과 Comparison of Germination Characteristics and Daily Seed Germinating Pattern in 15 New Cultivars of Kentucky Bluegrass Grown under Alternating Temperature Conditions Kyoung-Nam Kim* Dept. of Horticulture, College of Science and Technology, Sahmyook University, Seoul , Korea ABSTRACT. Research was initiated to investigate early establishment characteristics and germination pattern of Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.). Fifteen cultivars were evaluated under alternative conditions (8 hours light at 25 o C and 16 hours dark at 15 o C). Significant differences were observed in germination characteristics and germination pattern among KB cultivars. A final germination percentage differed in cultivars, being to 89.50%. The first germination was initiated between 6 and 9 DAS (days after seeding). As for the first germination percentage, Brilliant and Midnight II produced 14.50% and 23.00%, respectively, while the others were most below 5%. Days to 75% germination were between and DAS. Excursion, Midnight II, Odyssey, Midnight and Courtyard were fastest. The slowest cultivar was Voyager II, being over 28 DAS, which were 13 to 14 days slower than the fastest ones. Considering the first germination percentage, days to the first germination, days to 75% germination, and germination pattern, Midnight II, Excursion and Midnight were regarded as excellent cultivars under alternative conditions. From this study, information on differences in germination characteristics and patterns would be practically useful for a golf course construction when established with KB. Key words: Cumulative germination rate, Days to the first germination, Days to 75% germination rate, Poa pratensis Received on Feb. 26, 2014; Revised on Mar. 21, 2014; Accepted on Mar. 25, 2014 *Corresponding author: Phone) , Fax) ; ) knkturf@syu.ac.kr 2014 The Korean Society of Weed Science and The Turfgrass Society of Korea This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License & #160; ( which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, & #160; and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 서론 켄터키블루그래스 (Poa pratensis L.) 는북위 50도유라시아지역이원산지로서현재전세계적으로 temperate 및 subartic 기후대에서많이사용되고있는대표적인초종이다 (Beard and Beard, 2005; Huff, 2003). 생육적지는서늘하고다습한기후대 (cool-humid climate) 지역으로이런기후대에서정원, 묘지, 공원, 경기장및골프장등에광범위하게이용되고있는고품질잔디이다 (Murphy et al., 1997). 일본, 미국및유럽에서는골프장및경기장에켄터키블루그래스또는켄터키블루그래스위주의혼합식재 (mixture) 가일반적으로사용되고있다 (Adams and Gibbs, 1994; Hanson et al., 1969; Kim et al., 1998; KOWOC, 1999). 우리나라에서도골프장및경기장에많이이용되고있는데이는연중지속적으로잔디엽색및품질이양호하며, 디벗 (divot) 피해시회복력이빠르고, USGA 지반등적절한지반에조성시여름고온기에하고현상 (summer drought) 없이유지가가능하기때문이다. 특히잔디깎기후품질 29
2 30 김경남 이우수해서잔디문양효과가뛰어나월드컵축구대회등 TV 중계시시각적인홍보효과를극대화시키는장점도있다 (Kim, 2012; Korea Sport Sci. Institute, 1998). 국내에서는 1990년대중반이후한지형잔디조성이증가하면서켄터키블루그래스초종도점점더많이보급되고있다. 하지만이초종은발아속도가대단히느린특성으로인해성공적인잔디밭조성을위해서는최적의생육환경조건에서모래위주의지반에 4-6개월정도의양생기간이반드시필요하다 (KOWOC, 2000a). 또한 2002년월드컵축구대회를위한경기장조성과최근신설골프장이증가하면서신품종켄터키블루그래스에대한수요가확대되고있는실정이다 (KOWOC, 2000b). 신품종으로조성된켄터키블루그래스잔디밭이증가함에따라이들품종을이용한연구의필요성도점점늘어나고있다. 켄터키블루그래스품종을많이개발하고있는미국에서는품종등록후수년간체계적으로광범위하게연구를진행하면서실무에응용하고있다 (NTEP, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002). 최근들어크리핑벤트그래스 (Agrostis stolonifera L.)(Kim et al., 2010, 2011; Kim and Jung, 2008), 퍼레니얼라이그래스 (Lolium perenne L.)(Kim, 2010, 2013c; Kim and Jung, 2009), 톨훼스큐 (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)(Kim, 2008, 2009) 및화인훼스큐류 (Kim, 2013b; Kim and Park, 2010) 초종을이용한조성관련연구는활성화되고있다. 하지만, 켄터키블루그래스를이용한연구 (Lee et al., 2001a, 2001b; Shim et al., 2000; Shim and Jeong, 2002) 는일부있지만, 신품종을이용한연구논문은아직충분하지않다. 특히성공적인골프장시공을위해필요한조성관련기본특성조사에대한연구는더욱부족한실정이다. 골프장시공시대면적의잔디밭을성공적으로조성하기위해서는종자파종후초기에단기간에균일피복을시키는것이대단히중요하다 (Kim, 2013a). 하지만켄터키블루그래스는한지형잔디중발아속도가가장느린초종이다. 실례로국제종자검정협회 (International Seed Testing Association, ISTA) 에서제시하는변온조건에서수행한연구에서퍼레니얼라이그래스는치상후 1주만에발아율 90% 에도달하였지만, 켄터키블루그래스는 4주지나서야 90% 에도달하였다 (Kim and Nam, 2003). 최근잔디육종기술이향상되고고품질품종이많이개발되면서켄터키블루그래스품종간초기발아및발아세차이도크게나타나고있다 (Bonos et al., 2000). 때문에켄터키블루그래스종자의표준발아환경인변온조건 (Jeon, 1997) 에서이들신품종에대한발아특성및조성관련기본특성조사는필요하다. 본실험은 ISTA 변온환경에서최근국내에많이이용 Table 1. Cultivar and source of turfgrass entries used in the study. Cultivars Awesome Beyond Blacksburg II Brilliant Courtyard Excursion Midnight Midnight II Moonlight Nudestiny Nuglade Odyssey Perfection Rugby II Voyager II Source Turf-Seed, Inc., Hubbard, OR, USA Turf-Seed, Inc., Hubbard, OR, USA Turf-Seed, Inc., Hubbard, OR, USA Turf-Seed, Inc., Hubbard, OR, USA Turf-Seed, Inc., Hubbard, OR, USA Turf-Seed, Inc., Hubbard, OR, USA 되고있는켄터키블루그래스신품종의초기발아특성및발아패턴을파악해서잔디밭조성시실무에응용할수있는기초자료를파악하고자수행되었다. 재료및방법 공시재료공시재료는켄터키블루그래스중국내골프장및경기장에많이사용하고있는 Blacksburg II 및 Midnight 품종과최근많이이용되고있는신품종을포함해서전체 15종류이었으며각품종과구입처는 Table 1과같다. 종자확보는모두외국에서수입직전종자검정결과양호한종자를확인후수입하였다. 국내수입후조성현장에서사용중인종자를확보후종자보관은영하 30 o C로유지되고있는냉동고에저장후실험에사용하였다. 발아실험발아시험은국제종자검정협회요구조건인 ISTA 변온환경에서수행하였다. ISTA 변온환경조건은교호적으로광과온도등의생육환경조절이가능한생육상 (growth chamber) 을이용하였다. 오전 9시부터오후 5시까지 8시간동안광조건으로, 그리고오후 5시부터다음날오전 9시까지 16시간동안암흑조건으로하였다. 이때발아상의온도는광조건시 25 o C, 암흑조건시 15 o C로유지하였다 (Anonymous, 1964).
3 변온조건에서켄터키블루그래스신품종 15 종류의발아특성및일일발아패턴비교 31 잔디종자는샤알레위에여과지 2매를깔고그여과지위에품종별로 100립을치상하였다. 실험에서처리구반복은 4반복이었으며, 전체치상종자는 400립이었다. 본실험에서발아기간은잔디발아시험검정시최대기간인 30일기준으로수행하였다 (The Lawn Institute, 1991a). 발아특성조사발아율조사는치상후 1일간격으로총 30회조사를하였다. 조사시발아기준은지상부엽조직이 10 mm 정도자랐을때를기준으로하였다. 공시품종의최종발아율은치상후 30일째조사한누적발아율을이용하였다. 또한초기발아특성및발아패턴은치상후일일발아율 (daily germination percentage) 및누적발아율 (cumulative germination percentage) 데이터를분석하였고, 이때데이터는품종별 4반복평균값을이용하였다. 발아상의시험구배치는공시 15 종류의품종처리구를난괴법 4반복으로배치하여실험을수행하였다. 통계분석은 SAS (Statistical Analysis System) 프로그램을이용하여 ANOVA 분석을실시하였고 (SAS Institute, 2001), 처리구평균간유의성검정은 DMRT (Duncan's Multiple Range Test) 5% 수준에서실시하였다. 결과및고찰 품종별발아력본실험에사용된켄터키블루그래스종자의발아력을나타내는최종발아율은공시품종에따라통계적으로유의한차이가있었다. ISTA 변온환경에서공시 15 품종의최종발아율은 % 사이로나타났다 (Table 2). 즉공시품종모두켄터키블루그래스종자발아기준인 75% 이상으로 (Turgeon, 2005). 발아력에는이상이없는종자이었다. 종자발아력이가장우수한품종은 Odyssey 품종으로최종발아율이 89.50% 이었다. 반대로최종발아율이가장저조한품종은 Voyger II 품종으로 75.25% 이었다. 또한 Excursion 및 Midnight II 품종도최종발아율이 88% 이상으로 Odyssey 품종과함께우수한품종으로판단되었으며이들초종간에는유의성은없었다. Awesome, Beyond, Midnight, Nudestiny 및 Rugby II 품종의발아율은 84-86% 사이로나타났고, 나머지 Brilliant, Courtyard, Moonlight, Nuglade 및 Perfection 품종은발아율이 81-84% 정도로나타났다. 하지만 Blacksburg II 품종의발아율은이들품종보다유의하게낮은 76.50% 이었다. 본연구에서켄터키블루그래스종자의발아적온인 ISTA 변온환경에서품종간최대 14.25% 정도의발아율차이 가있었다. 공시품종 15종류는모두외국에서수입직전종자검정결과양호해서수입되어실무적으로국내골프장에서많이이용되고있는종자였다. 따라서켄터키블루그래스품종간에나타난다양한종자발아력의차이는잔디종자수입후국내유통및보관과정에따라실무현장에서발아율차이가크게나타날수있는것으로추정되었다. 잔디종자의품종간발아력차이는다양한초종에서보고되고있다. Kim and Jung (2008) 은골프장그린에이용되고있는크리핑벤트그래스종자를이용한실험에서크리핑벤트그래스품종간최대 36.75% 정도의차이를보고하였다. 그리고톨훼스큐 (Kim, 2008) 및퍼레니얼라이그래스 (Kim and Jung, 2009) 에서도품종간각각 10.25% 및 27.75% 정도차이가나타나는것으로알려져있다. 또한 Kim and Park (2010) 은레드훼스큐 (Festuca rubra L. ssp. rubra Gaud.), 쉽훼스큐 (F. ovina L.), 츄잉스훼스큐 (F. rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.), 및하드훼스큐 (F. ovina ssp. longifolia Thuill.) 를이용한화인훼스큐발아특성비교실험에서품종간최대 41.75% 정도발아력차이가있다고보고하였다. 즉외국에서종자생산후종자검정결과발아율이우수한품종일지라도국내실무현장에식재할때는품종에따라종자발아율이크게저하될수있으므로켄터키블루그래스잔디밭조성시점에시공에활용할수있는종합적인발아력검정을실시해서파종하는것이적절하다고판단되었다. 품종별발아특성및발아패턴치상후일별및누적발아율그래프에서 ISTA 변온환경에서자란켄터키블루그래스종자의품종별발아특성및발아패턴을각각비교하면다음과같다. Awesome 품종은치상후 8-9일사이최초발아가시작되어치상후 9일째일일발아율이 1.75% 이었다 (Fig. 1). 이후누적발아율이 50% 에도달한것은치상후 14일과 15일사이였으며, 치상후 20일과 21일째누적발아율은각각 74.50% 및 76.50% 에도달하였다. 즉 ISTA 변온환경에서켄터키블루그래스종자의발아율요구기준인 75% 에도달 (Turgeon, 2005) 한것은치상후 20.25일이었다. 이것은 75% 발아율도달기간이 15.08일로가장빨랐던 Excursion 품종에비해 5.17일늦는것으로전체공시 15 품종중발아속도가중간정도로나타났다 (Table 2, Fig. 2). Beyond 품종은치상후 6-7일사이발아가시작되어치상후 7일째일일발아율이 2.75% 로나타났고, 치상후 11일과 12일사이누적발아율이 50% 에도달하였다. 그리고치상후 21일과 22일누적발아율이각각 74.50% 및 76.00% 로나타났다. 즉종자의발아율요구기준인 75% 에도달한것은치상후 3주가지난 21.33일이었다. 이것
4 32 김경남 은 75% 발아율도달기간이가장빨랐던 Excursion 품종에비해약 1주일정도-6.25일늦는것을의미하며, 전체공시 15 품종중발아속도가중간정도에해당되는것이었다. Blacksburg II 품종의발아패턴은다른품종에비해대단히느리게나타났다 (Fig. 1). 즉최초발아는치상후 7-8일사이에시작되어치상후 8일째일일발아율은 1.00% 로나타났는데이것은최초발아율이 23.00% 인 Midnight II 품종에비해 22.00% 정도상당히낮은수준이었다. 누적발아율 50% 는치상후 17일과 18일사이에도달하였다. 그리고치상후 28일과 29일누적발아율이각각 74.75% 및 76.50% 로나타났다. 즉발아율요구기준인 75% 에도달한것은치상후 4주가지난 28.14일이었다. 이것은 75% 발아율도달기간이가장빨랐던 Excursion 품종에비해 13.06일늦는것으로전체공시 15 품종중발아속도가가장느린품종중하나였다. 이품종은미국동부버지니아주의퍼팅그린에서수집한유전자원으로육성및개발된품종으로고밀도의우수한특성을갖고있다 (Alderson and Sharp, 1995). 하지만본실험결과초기발아특성은 상당히느린품종으로판단되었다. Brilliant 품종은 Blacksburg II 품종에비해발아패턴이좀더빠르게진행되었다. ISTA 변온환경에서치상후 6-7일사이에최초발아가시작되어치상후 7일째일일발아율이 14.50% 로나타났다. Brilliant 품종의누적발아율이 50% 에도달한것은치상후 11일과 12일사이였고, 치상후 3주후인 21일째켄터키블루그래스종자의발아율요구기준인 75% 에도달하였다. 이것은 75% 발아율도달기간이가장빨랐던 Excursion 품종에비해 5.92일늦는것으로전체공시 15 품종중발아속도가중간정도로판단되었다. Courtyard 품종은치상후 7-8일사이최초발아가시작되어치상후 8일째일일발아율이 1.25% 이었고, 누적발아율이 50% 에도달한것은치상후 11일과 12일사이였다. 그리고치상후 16일과 17일째누적발아율은각각 74.00% 및 76.25% 에도달해서치상후 16.44일만에 75% 발아에도달하였다. 즉발아율요구기준인 75% 에도달한것은치상후 2주가조금지나서였다. 이것은 75% 발 Table 2. Germination characteristics of 15 cultivars in Kentucky bluegrass (KB) grown under ISTA conditions. Germination characteristics under ISTA conditions a First germination Cultivars Days Days to the 75% germination Final Days to the Germination Difference to the 50% germination first germination percentage b c (%) (%) germination Days Differenced percentage e (%) KB 'Awesome' de bc f ab KB 'Beyond' de bc ab KB 'Blacksburg II' e a c KB 'Brilliant' b bc b KB 'Courtyard' e cd b KB 'Excursion' c d a KB 'Midnight' cd cd ab KB 'Midnight II' a d a KB 'Moonlight' c bc b KB 'Nudestiny' cd cd ab KB 'Nuglade' de b bc KB 'Odyssey' e cd a KB 'Perfection' de bc bc KB 'Rugby II' e c ab KB 'Voyager II' d a c Range Difference (max- min) a ISTA: alternative conditions of 8hr light at 25 o C and 16hr dark at 15 o C. b Germination percentage on the first day. c Difference from the greatest cultivar in terms of the first germination percentage. d Difference from the fastest cultivar in terms of days to the 75% germination. e Germination percentage at 30 days after seeding. f Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test at P = 0.05.
5 변온조건에서켄터키블루그래스신품종 15 종류의발아특성및일일발아패턴비교 33 Fig. 1. Daily seed germination percentage of 15 cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass (KB) under alternative conditions of 8hr light at 25 o C and 16hr dark at 15 o C. 아율도달기간이가장빨랐던 Excursion 품종에비해 1.36일정도차이를의미한다. Courtyard 품종은전체공시품종중발아속도가우수한품종으로판단되었다. Excursion 품종은치상후 7-8일사이처음으로발아가시작되어 8일째일일발아율이 6.25% 로나타났다. 누적발아율이 50% 에도달한것은치상후 10일과 11일사이였다. 그리고치상후 15일과 16일누적발아율이각각 74.75% 및 77.75% 로나타나서, 켄터키블루그래스종자의발아율요구기준인 75% 에도달한것은치상후 2주가조금지나서였다. 즉 ISTA 변온환경에서치상후 일만에발아율 75% 수준에도달하였고, 전체공시 15 품종중발아속도가가장빠른품종이었다. 이것은동일한 변온환경에서 75% 발아속도가 28.80일로가장느린 Voyager II 품종보다 13.72일더빠른것을의미한다. Midnight 품종은초기발아가대단히빠르게진행되는품종이었다. 치상후 6-7일사이최초발아가시작되어치상후 7일째일일발아율이 4.75% 로나타났고, 치상후 10일과 11일사이누적발아율이 50% 에도달하였다. 치상후 16일, 17일째누적발아율이각각 74.25% 및 76.00% 로나타나서켄터키블루그래스종자의발아율요구기준인 75% 에도달한것은치상후 2주가조금지나서였다. 즉치상후 16.42일만에발아율 75% 수준에도달하였는데, 이것은 75% 발아속도가가장빠른 Excursion 품종보다는 1.34일정도차이가있었지만, 75% 발아속도가
6 34 김경남 Fig. 1. Daily seed germination percentage of 15 cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass (KB) under alternative conditions of 8hr light at 25 o C and 16hr dark at 15 o C. (continued) 가장느린 Voyager II 품종보다는 12.38일빠른것을의미한다. 전체적으로 Midnight 품종은발아속도가우수한품종으로판단되었다. 특히이 Midnight 품종은단위생식으로개발된품종중하나 (apomictic plant) 로조성후시각적잔디품질이대단히우수한품종으로알려지고있다 (Alderson and Sharp, 1995). Midnight 품종의개량종으로최근많이이용되고있는 Midnight II 품종의초기발아패턴은 Midnight 품종과유사하였지만, 발아후기로갈수록 Midnight 품종보다발아속도가좀더빠르게나타났다. 최초발아는치상후 7-8일사이시작되어치상후 8일째일일발아율이 23.00% 로 공시 15 품종중최초발아율이가장높았다. 또한누적발아율 50% 는치상후 10일과 11일사이에도달하였다. 이것은전체공시품종중 Excursion, Midnight 및 Midnight II 세품종의 50% 도달속도가가장빠른것을의미한다. 그리고치상후 15일과 16일째누적발아율이각각 72.00% 및 75.50% 로나타났다. 즉종자발아율요구기준인 75% 에도달한것은치상후 15.85일로 75% 발아율속도가가장빠른 Excursion 품종과비슷게나타났다. 이것은 75% 발아속도가 28.80일로가장느린 Voyager II 품종보다는 12.95일더빠른것을의미한다. 전체적으로 Midnight II 품종은발아속도가우수한품종으로판단되었다.
7 변온조건에서켄터키블루그래스신품종 15 종류의발아특성및일일발아패턴비교 35 Fig. 2. Cumulative seed germination percentage of 15 cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass (KB) under alternative conditions of 8hr light at 25 o C and 16hr dark at 15 o C. Moonlight 품종의경우최초발아는치상후 7-8일사이에시작되어치상후 8일째일일발아율이 6.25% 이었고, 이후누적발아율이 50% 에도달한것은치상후 11 일과 12일사이였다. 그리고치상후 20일과 21일누적발아율이각각 73.50% 및 75.25% 에도달하였다. 즉발아율요구기준인 75% 에도달한것은치상후 20.85일-거의 3주정도소요되었다. 이것은 75% 발아율도달기간이가장빨랐던 Excursion 품종에비해 5.77일늦는것으로전체공시 15 품종중발아속도가중간정도에해당되었다. Nudestiny 품종의최초발아는치상후 7-8일사이에 시작되어치상후 8일째일일발아율이 4.00% 이었고, 누적발아율이 50% 에도달한것은치상후 12일과 13일사이였다. 그리고켄터키블루그래스종자의발아율요구기준인 75% 는치상후 18.00일만에도달하였다. 이것은 75% 발아율도달기간이가장빨랐던 Excursion 품종에비해 2.92일늦었지만, 가장느린 Voyager II 품종보다는 10.80일정도더빠른것이었다. 전체공시 15 품종중 Nudestiny 품종은발아속도가중상수준에해당되는것으로판단되었다. Nuglade 품종의경우치상후 7-8일사이에발아가시작되어치상후 8일째일일발아율은 2.00% 이었고, 누적
8 36 김경남 Fig. 2. Cumulative seed germination percentage of 15 cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass (KB) under alternative conditions of 8hr light at 25 o C and 16hr dark at 15 o C. (continued) 발아율이 50% 에도달한것은치상후 13일과 14일사이였다. 그리고치상후 23일과 24일누적발아율이각각 74.75% 및 75.75% 에도달하였다. 즉발아율요구기준인 75% 에도달한것은 23.25일로치상후 3주조금지나서였다. 이것은 75% 발아율도달기간이 15.08일로가장빨랐던 Excursion 품종에비해 8.17일늦는것으로전체공시 15 품종중발아속도가중하정도에해당되었다. Odyssey 품종은치상후 6-7일사이에발아가시작되면서, 치상후 7일째 0.25% 로최초발아율이낮았다. 이것은최초발아율이가장높은 Midnight II 품종에비해 22.75% 정도낮은것을의미한다. 이후누적발아율이 50% 에도달한것은치상후 11일과 12일사이였다. 그리고치상후 16일과 17일누적발아율이각각 74.75% 및 78.25% 에도달하였다. 즉켄터키블루그래스종자의발아율요구기준인 75% 에도달한것은치상후 16.07일로나타났다. 이것은변온에서 75% 발아율도달기간이 일로가장빨랐던 Excursion 품종에비해 0.99일정도의차이였고, 75% 발아도달기간이가장느린 Voyager II 품종보다 12.73일정도더빠른것을의미한다. 공시 15 품종중 Odyssey 품종은발아속도가우수한품종으로사
9 변온조건에서켄터키블루그래스신품종 15 종류의발아특성및일일발아패턴비교 37 료되었다. Perfection 품종은치상후 7-8일사이발아가시작되어치상후 8일째일일발아율이 1.50% 이었고, 이후누적발아율이 50% 에도달한것은치상후 14일과 15일사이였다. 그리고치상후 21일과 22일째누적발아율이각각 73.50% 및 76.00% 에도달하였다. 즉종자발아율요구기준인 75% 에도달한것은치상후 3주정도지난 21.60일이었다. 이것은 75% 발아율도달기간이가장빨랐던 Excursion 품종에비해거의 1주일정도인 6.52일늦는것으로전체공시 15 품종중발아속도가중간정도로나타났다. Rugby II 품종은최초발아가치상후 7-8일사이시작되어치상후 8일째일일발아율이 0.75% 로나타났고, 이후누적발아율이 50% 에도달한것은치상후 12일과 13일사이였다. 그리고치상후 19일과 20일째누적발아율은각각 74.00% 및 75.50% 에도달하였다. 즉발아율요구기준인 75% 에도달한것은치상후 19.66일이었다. 이것은 75% 발아율도달기간이가장빨랐던 Excursion 품종보다 4.58일늦는것으로전체공시 15 품종중발아속도는중상수준에해당되는것으로판단되었다. Voyager II 품종의발아패턴은 Blacksburg II 품종처럼발아패턴이대단히느리게나타났다 (Fig. 1). 치상후 8-9일사이발아가시작되면서치상후 9일째일일발아율이 3.00% 이었고, 누적발아율이 50% 에도달한것은치상후 21일과 22일사이였다. 그리고치상후 28일과 29일누적발아율이각각 74.00% 및 75.25% 에도달하였다. 즉종자발아율요구기준인 75% 에도달한것은치상후 4주지난시점인 28.80일이었다. 이것은 75% 발아율도달기간이가장빨랐던 Excursion 품종에비해거의 2주정도느린 13.72일차이가있는것을의미하며, 전체공시 15 품종중 Voyager II 품종의발아속도는 Blacksburg II 품종과함께가장낮은수준의품종으로나타났다. 종합적으로켄터키블루그래스종자의발아특성및발아패턴은품종에따라상당히다르게나타났다. 전반적인발아패턴은 ISTA 변온환경에서공시품종모두최초발아는치상후 6-9일사이에시작되었으며, 공시 15 품종의최초발아율은대부분 5% 이내로나타났다. 하지만, Brilliant, Excursion, Midnight II 및 Moonlight 품종의최초발아율은 % 사이로다른품종보다높게나타났다. 특히이중 Brilliant 및 Midnight II 품종의최초발아율은각각 14.50% 및 23.00% 로최초발아력이왕성하게나타났다 (Table 2). 종자파종시초기발아속도가빠를수록잔디밭조성에는대단히유리하다 (Watschke and Schmidt, 1992). 본실험에서발아특성및일일발아패턴의종합분석결과 Midnight Table 3. Classification of 15 cultivars in Kentucky bluegrass grown under ISTA conditions according to the establishment rate during the early growth stage. Turf establishment rate under ISTA conditions a Cultivars Very high Midnight II, Excursion, Midnight High Odyssey, Courtyard Medium to high Nudestiny, Rugby II Medium Awesome, Moonlight, Brilliant, Beyond, Perfection Low to medium Nuglade Low Blacksburg II, Voyager II a ISTA: alternative conditions of 8hr light at 25 o C and 16hr dark at 15 o C. Classification of turfgrass establishment rate was based on the overall consideration of the first germination percentage, days to the first germination, days to 75% germination, and germination pattern in the study. II, Excursion, Midnight, Odyssey 및 Courtyard 품종이실무적으로잔디조성측면에서우수하며, 이중 Midnight II, Excursion 및 Midnight 품종이가장우수한것으로판단되었다 (Table 3). 한지형잔디중켄터키블루그래스의조성속도는가장느린것으로알려져있다 (Beard, 1973; Fry and Huang, 2004). 골프장등실무현장에서켄터키블루그래스의발아는파종후 2주지나발아가진행되면서기준발아율인 75% 발아율은 4-6주정도되어야충족되는것으로인식되고있다 (The Lawn Institute, 1991b). 하지만본실험결과켄터키블루그래스종자의기준발아율인 75% 발아율도달속도는 일사이로품종에따라거의 2주정도차이가나타났다. 켄터키블루그래스잔디밭조성시초기 2주정도의발아속도차이는잔디생장및생육과정에서본엽 2매이상이늦게출현하는것을의미한다. 이것은실무적으로지역및계절에따라차이가있겠지만, 일반적으로 18홀골프장에서잔디밭완공시기가 4-6주정도차이가나타날수있는것을의미한다. 즉본연구를통해밝혀진켄터키블루그래스품종의다양한발아특성및발아패턴은골프장조성시실무현장의컨셉에적합한켄터키블루그래스품종선정시유용하게활용될수있으리라판단된다. 왜냐하면잔디파종후우점및경합정도가다르게나타날수있기때문에개체보다는전체집단적으로최적의효과를얻을수있는시기에비닐및차광막등멀칭제거, 시비, 예초등의후속관리조치가효율적으로이루어지는것이중요하다. 이때초종및품종간최초발아일, 초기발아율과일일및누적발아패턴등의조성특성관련정보가실무에서기
10 38 김경남 초자료로꼭필요하다. 기존의켄터키블루그래스잔디에대한연구 (Kim, 2005; Kim et al., 2003; Kim and Nam, 2003; Kim and Shim, 2003; Lee et al., 2001b) 결과는조사간격이주로 1주간격으로실시된반면, 본실험은신품종을대상으로 1일간격으로조사한결과이기때문에실무응용측면에서훨씬더중요하다. 또한켄터키블루그래스품종별조성속도파악을통해골프장등대규모면적에잔디시공후홀별정확한완공시기예측으로개장일등합리적인운영계획도가능할수있다. 따라서본연구를통해밝혀진켄터키블루그래스의다양한품종의발아특성및발아패턴은골프장조성시개개현장의컨셉에적합한품종선정시실무적인기초자료로유용하게활용될수있을것이다. 요 약 본연구는켄터키블루그래스의발아특성및발아패턴을파악하고자시작하였다. 공시재료는국내에서최근많이이용되고있는 15 종류의신품종을이용하였으며, 발아실험은변온조건에서수행하였다. 켄터키블루그래스종자의발아율, 발아패턴및발아특성은품종에따라유의한차이가나타났다. 최종발아율은 % 사이로품종간최대 14.25% 정도차이가나타났다. 켄터키블루그래스는치상후 6-9일사이에발아가시작되었으며품종간최대 3일정도의차이가나타났다. 최초발아율은 % 사이로품종간차이가컸지만, 대부분 5% 이내였다. 하지만 Brilliant 및 Midnight II 품종은각각 14.50% 및 23.00% 로최초발아율이대단히왕성한품종이었다. 켄터키블루그래스종자의기준발아율인 75% 도달기간은치상후 일사이였다. 기준발아율도달기간이가장빠른종류는 Excursion, Midnight II, Odyssey, Midnight 및 Courtyard 품종이었고, 가장느린품종은 28.80일로나타난 Voyager II 품종이었다. Voyager II 품종의발아특성은가장우수한품종군에비해각각 13-14일정도느린것이었다. 종합적으로발아특성및발아패턴의결과를고려할때 Midnight II, Excursion 및 Midnight 품종이가장우수한것으로판단되었으며, 품종간이러한발아특성비교데이터는골프장등잔디밭조성시실무적인기초자료로유용하게활용될수있을것이다. 주요어 : 누적발아율, 최초발아소요일수, 발아율 75% 도달속도, Poa pratensis Acknowledgements This research was supported by the academic research fund of Sahmyook University in References Adams, W.A. and Gibbs, R.J Natural turf for sports and amenity: Science and practice. Cambridge: CAB International, UK. Alderson, J. and Sharp, W.C Grass varieties in the United States-United States Department of Agriculture, CRC Press, Inc., New York, NY, USA. Anonymous Rules for testing seeds. Proc. Assn. Offic. Seed Analysts 54(2): Beard, J.B Turfgrass: Science and culture. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA. Beard, J.B. and Beard, H.J Beard's turfgrass encyclopedia for golf courses, grounds, lawns and sports fields. Michigan State Univ. Press, East Lansing, MI, USA. Bonos, S.A., Meyer, W.A. and Murphy, J.A Kentucky bluegrasses make comeback on fairways, roughs. Golf Course Mgt. 68: Fry, J. and Huang, B Applied turfgrass science and physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA. Hanson, A.A., Juska, F.V. and Burton, G.W Species and varieties. Agron. Monogr. 14: In A.A. Hanson and F.V. Juska (Eds.), Turfgrass science. ASA, Madison, WI, USA. Huff, D. R Kentucky bluegrass. pp In M.D. Casler and R. R. Duncan (Eds.), Turfgrass biology, genetics, and breeding. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA. Jeon, W.B Regulation for international seed testing association (I). Kor. J. of Turfgrass Sci. 11: (In Korean) Kim, K.N Comparison of summer turf performance, color, and green color retention among cool-season grasses grown under USGA soil system. J. Kor. Inst. Landscape Architecture 33(5): (In Korean) Kim, K.N Germination characteristics and daily seed germinating pattern in coarse-textured tall fescues grown under ISTA conditions. J. Nat. Sci. Sahmyook Univ. 12(2): (In Korean) Kim, K.N Comparison of germination characteristics and daily seed germinating pattern in varieties of coarse-textured tall fescue under alternative and natural room temperature conditions. Kor. J. Turfgrass Sci. 23(1): (In Korean) Kim, K.N Comparison of germination characteristics and
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12 40 김경남 Inc., Beltsville Agric. Res. Ctr., Beltsville, MD, USA. NTEP National Kentucky bluegrass test Progress report NTEP No National Turfgrass Federation, Inc., Beltsville Agric. Res. Ctr., Beltsville, MD, USA. NTEP National Kentucky bluegrass test Progress report NTEP No National Turfgrass Federation, Inc., Beltsville Agric. Res. Ctr., Beltsville, MD, USA. NTEP National Kentucky bluegrass test Progress report NTEP No National Turfgrass Federation, Inc., Beltsville Agric. Res. Ctr., Beltsville, MD, USA. NTEP National Kentucky bluegrass test Progress report NTEP No National Turfgrass Federation, Inc., Beltsville Agric. Res. Ctr., Beltsville, MD, USA. SAS Institute, Inc SAS/STAT User's guide, Version 8.00, SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC, USA. Shim, S.R. and Jeong, D.Y Turfgrass selection for soccer fields-a simulation of the Incheon 2002 world cup stadium-j. of the Kor. Inst. of Landscape Architecture 30(2): (In Korean) Shim, S.R., Jeong, D.Y. and Kim, K.N Planting foundations and turfgrass species adapted to grounds. J. of the Kor. Inst. of Landscape Architecture 28(2): (In Korean) The Lawn Institute. 1991a. Seed. LISTS In E.C. Roberts and B.C. Roberts (Eds.), Lawn Institute Special Topic Sheets, Tennessee Cumberland Printing Corp., Crossville, TN, USA. The Lawn Institute. 1991b. Cultivars. LISTS In E.C. Roberts and B.C. Roberts (Eds.), Lawn Institute Special Topic Sheets, Tennessee Cumberland Printing Corp., Crossville, TN, USA. Turgeon, A.J Turfgrass management. 7th ed., Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA. Watschke, T.L. and Schmidt, R.E Ecological aspects of turf communities. Agron. Monogr. 32: In D.V. Waddington, R.N. Carrow and R.C. Shearman (Eds.), Turfgrass. ASA-CSSA- SSSA, Madison, WI, USA.
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