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1 J. of the Chosun Natural Science Vol. 1, No. 3 (2008) pp 식물형태학에서사용하는종자식물의생식구조에관한한글용어의분석 ³ Analysis of Some Korean Terminologies on the Reproductive Structures of Seed Plants in Plant Morphology Kyu Bae Lee ABSTRACT Some Korean terminologies on reproductive structures of seed plants in plant morphology, written incorrectly in many books, were analysed to propose accurately expressed terminologies. 31 books in areas such as general biology, plant biology, plant morphology, and biological dictionaries and glossaries were selected to analyse the accuracy of the terminologies for reproductive structures in gymnosperms, e.g., cone or strobilus, seed (or ovulate) cone and pollen cone, and conifer(s) or coniferous plants, and for flower structures in angiosperms, e.g., corolla, anther, filament, pistillate (or female) flower and staminate (or male) flower, apocarpous, and syncarpous. The definition and etymology of the terminologies were traced in 4 textbooks of plant anatomy and 2 dictionaries of biology and botany written in English. On the basis of the definition, etymology, and principles for terminology formation according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 704:2000), reasonably expressed Korean terminologies were proposed. All of the 8 terminologies examined in this study were included in the glossary of biological terminologies, published by the Korean Association of Biological Sciences in 2005, and designated as an editorial source for science and biology textbooks for middle and high schools by Ministry of Education in However, the only 1 of the 8 terminologies described in the glossary were consistent with the proposed expression in the present study. These inconsistencies indicated the need for a reassessment of this glossary of biological terminologies. The newly proposed terminologies would facilitate mutual understanding between teachers and students of plant biology. Key words : corolla, pistillate (or female) flower and staminate (or male) flower, apocarpous, reproductive (flower) structures, terminology analysis 1. yw k t m w, w ƒ m yw w wš, ù ƒ w y w w w» w w [1]. ù w w xkw p w wù ƒ t» ƒ w w (Department of Biological Science Education, College of Education, Chosun University) Corresponding author: leekb@chosun.ac.kr (Received : September 23, 2008, Accepted : December 15, 2008) w w y jš. w w š yw š m w, ù ƒ w ƒ w ù w k, ù ƒ w w ƒ [21, 36]. p x w yw m w yw w w t y y v w [17]. ù š w w w w w ƒ. [16] š w w ù 195

2 196 ³ t»w ƒ %, w 103 ( 1.8%) ƒ w 2ƒ t» š, r m ³e ƒ 47 (0.62%) r w mƒ v w w. ½ [6] 5 š w w w w ƒ w l w ywš w w w ù w. wr w w w w w w, [9] š w w w m w w 40.9%. û [7], w w w ƒ ƒƒ 3 ü 506 ƒ ù t» ƒ 160 (31.6%). š ½ [4] w 3 w w m w w 67.4% š w. w xkw w w š k w, w t»ƒ ww wš. s s [10], [11], [12], [13] w yw w w š q w w. w w w ƒ, wù š wù ƒ 2ƒ t» wš, ƒ w, w w w š w ü ƒ, xkw ƒ wù ƒ 2ƒ w t» w. q l q kw. w 6, w w, w, w, w 10, xkw 9, š w 3 w 3 w w (t 1). w t(*) w, ƒ ó xw r t w w ƒ ƒ ƒ ù 2 ƒ w t»( ) š, ƒ š ( œ) ( ) w. p ù w wš, 2007 Áš w w v r w ( 2q)(w wxz, 2005) w t»ƒ t» ƒ w w. w w w t» w y w» w, ù q w (w wxz, 1998) w ( w r z, 2003;, 2008) w (w wxz, 2004, 2005) [18] q Œª w w. yw y wš w» [26] w Henderson s dictionary of biological terms A [33] dictionary of botany [27] Plant Biology šw. w ƒ w w y wš q w» w, (œ ) An Introduction to Plant Structure and Development [19], Anatomy of Seed Plants [22], Plant Anatomy [23, 29], š Plant Biology [33] šw. w w»p w» w, x q ƒ { ƒ l q t [2] š ªª [8] šw. [14], 2.3. w t»» wù ƒ 2ƒ w t»( ) w 1«3y, 2008

3 xkw w w w 197 t 1. w w t» q q x r 1) w ½ w- x v , 308, 309 w(*) w(*) ƒ , 713 Ÿ w- w(*) y Ÿ w(*) š , 567, 722 w w( 7q)(*) v , 592, 587, 589 y û w: ( 6q)(*) v , 345, 448 2) w š w(*). e , 22, 25 y m w w û w q , 13, 14, 48 (*) , 354, 357 k w: mw q , 64, 67, 172, 206, 522 ( 2q)(*) x w q 2002 w Online q , 441, 442, 443 š w w , 88, 148 š w w , 360 w x w ƒ ) xkw ½ xkáw w e , 219, 231 ³ xkw v , 232, , 125, 137, 274, 275, 280, 283, 296, 324, 325 x xkw q 1997 xkw e , 244, 248, 251 w xkw(*) , 310, 312 xkw(*) y , 4077, 412, 440 xkw p , 226, 235, xkw x q , 210, 214, 217,19 y» q ) w w ( t w e 2008 r ) y xkw 2003 w r z w e 2003 w wxz (a) w e w wxz w e 2004 w wxz w ( 2q) e (b) (*) w w. (a) (b) w 35, 271, 279, 410, 411, 417, 420, 428, , 201, 1517, 1681, 1837, , 76, 77, 93, 99, 108, 114, 116, 126, 128, 161, , 60, 196, 197, 204, 319, , 309, 311, 323, , 25, 78, 82, 130, 132, 215, 283, 350, 355, , 133, 209, 326, 343, 392, 422, 518, 524, 535, q Œª 4 w Áš w w w v r. J. Chosun Natural Sci., Vol. 1, No. 3, 2008

4 198 ³ ƒ w t»» w w w w š q w t» w. w ywš w t»w» w ƒ š p p š w, j w ƒ t» w. t» ƒƒ w w w (1), p, v ( œ) ù w wš, (2) ƒ ( ) ù wš q w. (3) wù ƒ w t»( )w ¼ y w» w ƒ w w t» ƒ mwš, (4)» w» š w ƒ š xk ( ) šw w t»w. w (5) x kw p š w t» ƒ e w ù ù ww» š q w» š w w t»w. š (6) w t» w ƒ w w w t»w t y» x w w t»» w w, t y» (International Organization for Standardization, ISO) 704: e (Terminiology work - Principles and methods) ³ w w q w, w w t»ƒ ƒ ywš ww w w. ISO 704:2000 ³ x, t y w wù ƒ wù ( ) w w w, wù w ƒ e w x ƒ j kw w [15]. w ½Ÿ [3] w, w w ü ywš w w w, y ù ƒ k ƒ w. ½Ÿ [3], š [5], š» y [15] w ww, ( w) (x ) e y,,, n,, w. w ü ww. (1) w w ü yw š w w y ( ) g w š, (2) w š p w wù ùký ( ) (ž ) e w. w (3) w p ( w, w w xkw ) w š w ( ) (ž ) e g w. š (4) w (ƒ ) n ( ) wš, (5) w š» w» r w w (~ ) e, (6) w ( ) w w. 3. w xkw w w ƒ, ù cone strobilus, seed cone pollen cone, conifer coniferous plant, š v corolla, anther, filament, pistillate (or female) flower and staminate (or male) flower, apocarpous, š syncarpous 2ƒ w t». w, t y» (ISO) 704:2000 ³ ( w) x ( ) 5, e[3, 15] y w w š q w w ù Cone strobilus (, strobili) w ( ) (, 1992, p. 206;, 1993, p. 244;, 1997, p. 446; Ÿ, 1998, p. 495; w wxz, 1998, p. 309; y, 2002, p. 2; y, 2003, p. 23; w r z, 2003, p. 196;, 2003, p. 360; 2004, p. 711; w 1«3y, 2008

5 xkw w w w 199, 2005, p. 347; w wxz, 2004, p. 78; w wxz, 2005, p. 133; y, 2006, p. 77; Ÿ, 2007, p. 567; y û, 2007, p. 345;, 2008, p. 126) t» š. y(, strobilus) (w wxz, 2004, p. 355; w wxz, 2005, p. 524), y ( ) (, 1997, p. 410;, 2002, pp. 274, 275, 283; y, 2003, pp. 108, 126;, 2006, pp. 442, 443), (½, 2004, p. 308; w, 2006, p. 590; Ÿ, 2007a, p. 327), s û(strobilus) (, 2008, p. 1681), s û ( ž, sporangiate strobilus) (, 1993, p. 244), s ( ž, strobilus: ) ( z ) ( k, 2005, pp. 172, 205, 206, 522) t»w š. Cone Gk( ). konos, cone s û ƒ š w [26] ( 1), strobilus Gk. strobilos, a cone cone [33]. ù ù ù cone strobilus w w. cone ƒ (») l x ( 1B), strobilus x ( 1C). w ù w ù ù ù ƒ š cone ( ) t»wš, w ( ) (coniferous plant) š txwš. w (w wxz, 1998, p. 309) cone ( ) t»wš, ù ù e w w. ù ù, d ù, wù t wš. w y (2006, pp. 76, 77) (, cone strobilus) v (ƒ )ƒ w ù y ƒ r š w š. w t [2] [14] w, (,) ù t wš. ù ù ( ž) v (ªž) ƒ» vš» ( ). 1. ù (Pinus) s û ( ž, cones strobili) (œ ). (A) ƒ s û (megasporangiate cone). w» (Ž, obvule: 1C) š (ovulate cone) ƒ w z ( ž) š ƒ. ƒ s (pollen) w s û (microsporangiate cone) s (pollen cone: 1B). (B) s û s (microsporophyll) s s û(microsporangium). (C) s û ƒ r(ovuliferous scale) s(bract). : Raven, 1992 [32] Fig. 1. (A) Cones or strobili of pine (Pinus) the sites of development of ovules and microsporangia, respectively. Megaspograngiate cones of Pinus in which ovules are produce, and then seeds develop from the ovules. Therefore, the cones are also called seed or ovulate cones. Microsporangiate cones of Pinus in which microsporangia are produced. Pollens are produced in the microsporangia, thus the cones are alternately called pollen cones. (B) Median longitudinal section of a microsporangiate or pollen cone of Pinus showing microsporophylls and microsporangia containing pollen grains. (C) Median longitudinal section of a megasporangiate or ovulate, or seed cone of Pinus showing bracts, ovuliferous scales and daxial ovules. From Raven et al., 1992 [32] J. Chosun Natural Sci., Vol. 1, No. 3, 2008

6 200 ³ ù ( ž, seed)» (, fruit)», ù cone ( ) š t»w. Œª [18] w ù w (w wxz, 1998, p. 309) cone, ƒ x w œ (strobilus) š w...» tx š. ù ù wš conifer, coniferous plant ( ) ( Œ) w w w w. ù ù v e,,, ƒ š strobilus y( ) (w wxz, 2005, p. 524) š w w. w cone strobilus y ( ) t»w k w. p ù cone ù ( ) tx w» w. š t», w z ƒ w s š ù, ù ƒ ovuliferous scale ù x cone ew w ƒ. w ù ù š cone š ew. w,, y, y, t y» (ISO) ³ ( w) x g w y 5, n e[3, 15] e w t» š q. w [27] w w[29] cone strobilus t»wš. w [29] Mauseth The reproductive structure of conifer sporophytes are the microsporangiate strobili (microstrobili or pollen cones ) and the megasporangiate strobili (megastrobili or seed cones ) š wš. w, pollen w cone s û (microsporangiate strobilus microstrobilus) š w seed w cone s û (megasporangiate strobilus megastrobilus) w ( 1). w [19] Beck w, The ovules and microsporangia of extant gymnosperms are produced in female (megasporangiate) and male (microsporangiate) cones (or strobili) respectively š» wš. s û ƒƒ s û s û ƒ š cone strobilus š w. š w, cone s ( ž) ( ) ( )», cone strobilus s ƒ s û ( ž ) š w ƒ yw t». ù strobilus(s û ) s w k e [27]. w w s w w w ù w y k ƒ. w xkw ù w œ wš w w w. cone strobilus s û ( ž ) t»w w, 19 9 ( 47.4%) tw. s û ƒ cone xk, e (s ) (ù ) y ƒ š, wš, š t»ƒ. cone t»( )w ƒ š w q w. cone (œ) ( ) (Œ ) ew [2, 14]. cone w (œ ) t»w. [18], Œª w ù w (w w xz, 1998, p. 309) cone, ƒ x w œ (strobilus) š w...» wš. w t [2] (cone, ) x š wš. cone strobilus s û ( ž ) (œ ) t» wì w ww š Seed cone pollen cone ù seed cone pollen cone w w t»w w 1«3y, 2008

7 xkw w w w 201 wš. s û (megasporangiate strobilus megastrobilus) s û (microsporangiate strobilus microstrobilus) (, 1993, p. 244), y (Ÿ, female cone megastrobilus megasporangiate strobilus) y (male cone microstrobilus microsporangiate strobilus) (, 1997, p. 411;, 2002, p. 280; y, 2003, pp ) t»wš. p y (2003) s ƒƒ w w š wš. w 2ƒ w, ƒƒ s s ( k, 2005, p. 206), (Ÿ, ovulate cone) s û (male strobilus) (w wxz, 2005, pp. 392, ), (staminate cone) (w wxz, 2005, p. 518), y (microstrobilus) (w wxz, 2005, p. 343) t». w w, 2ƒ w ƒƒ ƒ ( w, 2006, p. 591), f f (½, 2004, p. 308), y ( Ÿ, 2007, p. 567), (, 1992, p. 206;, 2003, pp. 13, 14; w r z, 2003, p. 351;, 2004, p. 711; y û, 2007, p. 345) t»wš. w w w t» r, (conifers) [29]», Mauseth megasporangiate strobili (megastrobili or seed cones) microsporangiate strobili (microstrobili or pollen cones) wš ( 1 ). w s û [19] s û. w Beck female (megasporangiate) cone (or strobili) male (microsporangiate) cone (or strobili), Gifford [24] Foster megasporangiate strobilus (seed cone) microsporangiate strobilus (pollen cone) ƒƒ wš. w w, female cone male cone [20, 30, 35], megastrobilus (ovule-bearing cone) microstrobilus (pollen-bearing cone) [30,35], ovulebearing cone pollen-bearing cone [25], ovulate cone pollen cone [31], seed cone pollen [18, 31, 34] cone ƒ t»wš. Raven [32] wù s û w w ovulate cone wš, s û w w pollen-producing cone microsporangiate cone txwš.» cone s û ( ž ) t»w w, female cone megasporangiate cone s û s û t»wš, male cone microsporangiate cone s û s û t»w. w cone (œ ) t»w w, ƒƒ t»w w. w (w wxz, 2005) seed cone w w (Ÿ, ovulate cone) w, pollen cone w w male strobilus s û, š staminate cone ƒ t»wš y. w w,» š w (female) cone (male) cone ( ) w. (2n) s l ¼ (n) s ù s s ƒƒ (female) (male) ( ) (Ž ž, gamete)». ã w, (ù s s) s (cone) ( ) ƒ (Moore, 1995). <3.1.1 Cone strobilus> w, ù ( ) cone š w ù ù š cone š w. f f, sw t» yw». š š ù pollen cone pollen ƒ š t»w w w. w ISO ( w) x y n e w w t» š q. ù sww ù w seed cone w» (Ž, ovule) š ovulate J. Chosun Natural Sci., Vol. 1, No. 3, 2008

8 202 ³ cone t» ƒ w. w t»w š w. w pollen cone j»ƒ j t»w š, seed cone t» megasporangiate strobilus( megastrobilus) s û š w ww t». š pollen cone ƒ (pollen) w ù w w, w ww w t»ƒ»¾ w s t»w w. s w. š seed cone j»ƒ t»w, pollen cone t» microsporangiate strobilus ( microstrobilus) s û t»w w., ù cone strobilus v ƒ, ù» pollen ƒ ( ) š w w yw t»ƒ. ù v pollen( ƒ ) (œ Ž ž ). ù ww» w w w v w, w w» š. ù pollen x w w t» s w. ù pollen ƒ ( ) š w t x w w ƒ ƒ v w, ƒ w w»» w. ù ƒ w w 2007 w wz ü w m ùkù Conifers coniferous plants ( Š) (w wxz, 1998, p. 311;, 2002, p. 55; k, 2005, p. 171;, 2006, p. 441; y û, 2007, p. 344;, 2008, p. 126), ( Œ) (, 1990, 148; w wxz, 1998, p. 311;, 2002, p. 296; w r z, 2003, p. 197; w wxz, 2004, p. 78; w w xz, 2005, p. 133; w, 2006, p. 589;, 2008, p. 126) t». ( Ÿ, 2007, p. 565), (, 1982, p. 306;, 1983, p. 407; ½, 1993, p. 187;, 1997, pp. 271, 279; k, 2005, p. 172;, 2006, p. 441), e (w wxz, 1998, p. 311; w r z, 2003, p. 197; ½, 2004, p. 307; w wxz, 2004, p. 78; w wxz, 2005, p. 133;, 2006, p. 441; w, 2006, p. 587;, 2008, p. 1517) t»w š. Conifer Gk. konos, cone + L. ferre, to carry [26] x š. ù sww t p cone( ). w conifers coniferous plants w. w (, 1990, p. 148) (Coniferae)», y ( ) š, ƒ... y (œ )... tx. w w (w wxz, 1998, p. 311) conifers», y y û( ) y... ƒ. ü. x ù ù w. š Œª [18] conifer t»w š, w Coniferopsida Š š w, Œ(Coniferae), t»wš. w w ù w (w wxz, 1998) conifer e, conifers e wš t»wš. <3.1.1 Cone strobilus>, ù ù l» (, ) š. w k w, conifer coniferous plant ( Œ) š w p t», cone (œ Œ) š w y w t»., š e œm š, cone wš ww w t» q. w 1«3y, 2008

9 xkw w w w 203 ù t» conifer(s) coniferous plant ( ŽŠ) ( Ž Œ) š t»w w.. ù ( ) ù (Ž) ù ƒ j 870 ƒ 600 w ( k, 2005), ù t conifer(s) t š ew w w. Conifers coniferous plants š w ISO ³ ( w) x e y g q. conifers coniferous plants t p cone xk» w (œ Œ) t» w ww. w t ù ( ) ù (Ž) t» t ( ŽŠ) t»w, wì w v Corolla w y ( ) (, 1982, p. 310;, 1983, p. 412;, 1992, p. 214;, 1993, p. 248;, 1997, p. 35; w wxz, 1998, p. 323; s, 2002, p. 74;, 2002, p. 325; y, 2003, p. 161;, 2003, p. 8; w r z, 2003, p. 204;, 2003, p. 223;, 2004, p. 713; w wxz, 2004, p. 82; k, 2005, p. 64;, 2006, p. 154;, 2008, p. 1837) t» š. w y wì š t» ( œ e, 2002, p. 89; Ÿ, 2007, p. 722; ³, 2007, pp. 15, 236). corolla, L. corolla, small crown [26], < 2>, wù 19, [2, 23]. Œª [18] corolla ƒ t». ù corolla y ( ) t»wš, w t» š wš. t [2] [14] y ( ) 2. e (sepal), (petal), (pistil), š (stamen) 4ƒ. (, anther) (filament). wù ƒ g y (, corolla) š w. : Uno, 2001 [35] Fig. 2. Generally a flower has four main parts: sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens. Stamen consists of an anther, which produces pollen grains and is generally on a stalk called a filament. From Uno et al., 2001 [35] t»wš., ù t wš. (y, ) ew û ( ) wv txw w ƒ? ù ªy w. wƒ? ( ) w. š w w wù., y e(,, calyx) x ó l ( Œ, pappus: L. pappus, down) š w, w w l š t»wš. y š t»w ( w) x e w y q. corolla y ( ) t»wš, w w xk tx wš w t»w ww š Anther» ( ) t»w wš (, 1982, p. 312;, 1983, p. 440;, 1992, p. 217; w, 1995, p. 17; w wxz, 1998, p. 71; š, J. Chosun Natural Sci., Vol. 1, No. 3, 2008

10 204 ³ 2001, p. 25;, 2002, p. 137; y, 2003, p. 99; w r z, 2003, p. 51;, 2003, pp. 226, 235;, 2004, p. 329; k, 2005, p. 64). wì w ù w w, ƒ (, 1997, p. 420;, 2006, p. 154; ³, 2007, p. 232), (, 1993, pp. 115, 251; w wxz, 1998, p. 71; x w r z, 2001, pp. 155, 169; «, 2002, p. 244; œ e, 2002, p. 38; s, 2002, p. 77;, 2003, pp. 8, 48; w r z, 2003, pp. 51, 441; w r z, 2003, p. 51;, 2003, p. 185; ½, 2004, p. 309;, 2004, p. 713; w wxz, 2004, p. 21; Ÿ, 2007, p. 722; y û, 2007, p. 448;, 2008, p. 201), y (y û) (, 2005, p. 354). anther Gk. antheros, flowering [26], wù, ƒ w (The part of a stamen which produces pollen) f [19, 22, 23, 26, 27]. ƒ y û(, pollen sac) w t, v wù anther 4 pollen sac ( 3).» pollen sac ¾ ƒ w anther (,, locule) (loculus of anther in which 3. w (Lilium) w (, anther) z 2 4 ƒ (y û, pollen sac). : Raven, 1992 [32] Fig. 3. Transverse section of lily (Lilium) immature anther showing the four pollen sacs containing microsporocytes which produce pollen grains. From Raven et al., 1992 [32] pollen is produced) f. w, anther ƒ (pollen sac) y (y û) w yw t»ƒ. w t [2] w, anther( ) ó y š y û mp š t wš, ( ), s( ) t wš. (filament) ó anther ƒ w 4 ƒ (pollen sac) sww f. Œª [18] anther ƒ t»., anther ƒ (, pollen sac) w ƒ z sw, 2ƒ w w. wr, anther w w š t»w w š ù, t»ƒ w. w ƒ š w, (xk, )w y wš w ƒ y» ¾ w w w w š q. Anther ( ) ƒ ù y (y û) š w ( w) x y g q. p t» y n g q. anther ( ) t»w w Filament» y ( ) (, 1982, p. 312;, 1983, p. 83;, 1992, p. 217;, 1997, p. 35; w w xz, 1998, p. 522; š, 2001, p. 21; y, 2003, p. 162; w r z, 2003, p. 319;, 2003, p. 226; w wxz, 2004, p. 132;, 2005, p. 354; k, 2005, p. 64; w wxz, 2005, p. 209; w, 2006, p. 592;, 2008, p. 1838) t»wš. y wì w ù w w, (, 1997, p. 420;, 2003, p. 185;, 2006, p. 154; ), ( œ e, 2002, p. 123;, 2003, p. 8;, w 1«3y, 2008

11 xkw w w w , p. 713;, 1993, p. 251; w r z, 2003, p. 441; y û, 2007, p. 448; w, 2006, p. 592; Ÿ, 2007, p. 722; ³, 2007, p. 232), v p (w wxz, 1998, p. 522; w r z, 2003, p. 319; w wxz, 2004, p. 132; w wxz, 2005, p. 209). filament, L. filum, thread, < 1> (, anther) w [19, 26, 27]. m y ( ) t»wš w w wì w» w. Œª [18] filament t» wš. (,, stigma) w y (, style) w w š t»wš. w ( ) w y ( ) w w š w š w w š q. ( w) w (» w) w š w w v w». filament y ( ) wì w w t»w w w Pistillate flower( female flower) staminate flower( male flower) ƒƒ (, 1990, p. 78; ½, 1993, p. 219;, 1997, p. 417;, 2002, p. 324; š, 2001, p. 22; y, 2003, p. 128 p. 93; w wxz, 2004, pp. 130, 283 pp. 215, 350; k, 2005, p. 63; w wxz, 2005, p. 422 p. 518;, 2005, p. 357), y(ÿ ) [2], (Ÿ ) y(œ ) (, 1992, p. 210) t». wù (pistil) ƒ š ù» ƒ š pistillate flower, carpellate flower f š w, wù (stamen) ƒ š ù» š staminate flower š w [19, 26, 27, 32]. Œª [18] ƒƒ Ÿ œ t», ù ( y, 2003, p. 128; ½, 1993, p. 219) y y ƒƒ wš < Seed cone pollen cone> w, (pistil) (gynoecium) (Ÿ ), (stmen) (androecium) (œ ) e š. ù w 2n s ( ž ) s» ( ) ƒ. w n (Ž ž ) ( ). 2 (Ž ž, gamete), w, ù s(, egg cell) s(, sperm cell) ƒƒ (Ÿ, female) (œ, male)«ƒ, ƒƒ (Ÿ Ž ž, female gamete) (œ Ž ž, male gamete) w. y y t» ( w) x e ƒ y g q.» v( ) š pistillate flower y(ÿ ), y(ÿ ) (female flower) š w, y š w w. w» ƒ š f staminate flower y(œ ), y(œ ) (male flower) š w, y š w yw t» Apocarpous v (, 1982, p. 314), v( Š ª) (, 1983, p. 416; ½, 1993, p. 231; y, 2003, p.114;, 2003, p. 226), v(ž ª) (, 1997, p. 428;, 2002, p. 125; k, 2005, p. 67), v (apocarpous) (w wxz, 2004, p. 25; w wxz, 2005, p. 55), v (apocarpy) ( w r z, 2003, p. 60),»(ž Ÿ, apocarpous pistil) (, 1992, p. 219), (apocarpous pistil) (, 1990, p. 88) t» š. apocarpous Gk. apo, away ; karpos, fruit [26], (Ÿ, pistil) v J. Chosun Natural Sci., Vol. 1, No. 3, 2008

12 206 ³ ( ª, carpel)ƒ» ( Ÿ, compound pistil) v ww š (ž)» ( ) ƒ k 22, [19, 23]. Apocarpous ¾ v x (pistils) (gynoecium) w w [27]. Apocarpous gynoecium w t» v ( ªŸ ) (, 1982) e w vƒ wù ( Ÿ, simple pistil) w y š w. w vƒ v t» (, 1983), vƒ ( Š) w l ( ) ƒ,.»(ž Ÿ ) (, 1992) (, 1990) apocarpous v w carpous w t»ƒ sw, wš yw w wš. apocarpous pistil w ã v š w yw. Apocarpous v ( Ÿ, compound pistil) w, w apocarpous (pistils) ( ) (gynoecium) û ( ) w w. apocarpous pistils apocarpous gynoecium š w t» w ƒƒ v v yw. w t» t y» (ISO) ³ ( w) x y 5, n e[3, 15] g q. apocarpous vƒ» w v(ž ª) w ƒ w š Syncarpous w v (, 1982, p. 314), w v(œª ª) (, 1983, p. 416; ½, 1993, p. 231; y, 2003, p. 116;, 2003, p. 226), w v(ª ª), 1997, p. 428;, 2002, p. 125; w r z, 2003, p. 827; w w xz, 2004, p. 364; k, 2005, p. 67; w wxz, 2005, p. 535), w v w v (syncarpy) ( w r z, 2003, p. 827), w»( ªŸ, syncarpous pistil) (, 1992, p. 219), w (syncarpous pistil) (, 1990, p. 88) t». syncarpous Gk. syn, with ; karpos, fruit [26], (pistil) v(carpel) ƒ» ( Ÿ, compound pistil) v w(ª)» ( ) ƒ 22, k [19, 23]. w syncarpous gynoecium syncarpous ¾ w v( ª ª) (, 1982) š w v ( ) ( Ÿ, compound pistil) w yw t» š. w v(œª ª syncarpous gynoecium) syncarpous w v t»w, t [2] w(œª) ù ù wš û» ww. w v( v) w wù v w v š w w vƒ ww ƒ» w w. w ( w r z, 2003) 2ƒ syncarpous(w v ) syncarpy(w v ) ƒƒ w v w v w v t»w š y. w, syncarpous pistil w»( ªŸ ) (, 1992) w (, 1990) t»w, syncarpous carpous w t» v t»ƒ, w wš. syncarpous pistil syncarpous gynoecium w txw ƒƒ w v w v š t»w yw. w ( w) x e y n q. syncarpous vƒ w w ù w (pistil) ( ) (gynoecium) w 1«3y, 2008

13 xkw w w w 207 t 2. 11ƒ w ƒ t» w (w ) t» w Œª * w ** w t» w t» w t» w w (w ) t» 1) ù Cone œ (strobilus) strobilus Seed( ovulate) cone Pollen cone Conifers coniferous plants 2) v Corolla Anther Filament Pistillate flower staminate flower Apocarpous Syncarpous (cone, 16***), y(strobilus, 2) y (4), (3), s û (1), s û(strobilus, 1), s (1) s û (1), (1) f (1), s (1), (2) (5), y (3) ƒ (1), s û (1), f (1), s (1), (6), (1), y (3), s û (1), y (1) (6), (8), (1), (6), e (8) y ( )(17), (3) ƒ (3), (16), ( )(12), y (y û)(1) (3), (9), v p(4), y ( )(15) (10) y(ÿ )(1) y y(1) v(1), v(4), v(4) w v(1), w v(4), w v(6), w v w v (1) ( : Š, Œ(Coniferae), ŽŠ) (cone) y(strobilus) (Ÿ ) (ovulate cone), (male strobilus) s û, (staminate cone) e, s û ( ž ), (œ ) s û,, s û, s,, ( ŽŠ) y y ( ),, ( ) y, v p y ( ) œ Ÿ y y v v w v (ž ª) w v (ª ª) *** ž (2003). ***w xz(2005). ( x 2007 Áš w w v r.) *** y w ùký. w, w v(ª ª) t»w yw. w ù w t», Œª w t», ù w w t», š w w (w ) t» J. Chosun Natural Sci., Vol. 1, No. 3, 2008

14 208 ³ wì w w <t 2>. <t 2> w w 11ƒ w t» 2007 Áš w w w v r w ( 2q) (w wxz, 2005) t» w, 5ƒ ew. corolla(y ), anther( ), filament(y ), apocarpous( v), syncarpous(w v) ew ù 6ƒ t». wr q Œª [18] w w ù w (w wxz, 1998) w 11ƒ ƒ 5ƒ cone ( ), conifers(, e ), corolla(y ), anther(, ) š filament(y, v p), ƒ 2ƒ w t» w ew ù ew. w w w (, 2008) w, w w ( w r z, 2003) w 2ƒ v(apocarpous) w v(syncarpous) ƒ š w t» w. w xkw w w ƒ, 2ƒ t»w w 11ƒ k w, y wš w š q w t» w. ù s û( ž ) ( ) x cone strobilus s û ( ž ) (œ ) t»wš, ƒ pollen cone' w j»ƒ j seed( ovulate) cone s û, s w seed cone j»ƒ pollen cone s û, x f conifer(s) coniferous plants ( ŽŠ) t»w yw. wr v wù ew corolla y ( ) t»wš, ó ƒ w anther ( ), w ¼ filament y ( ) t»w w.» š ƒ j pistillate ( female) flower y(ÿ ), š» š ƒ j staminate ( male) flower y(œ ) t»w ww. w vƒ ƒƒ» apocarpous ¾ v(ž ª) t»wš, vƒ w» syncarpous w v(ª ª) š t»w yw. x ù w w,, r, ù t cone š l ¼ seed cone pollen cone š conifers coniferous plants cone ( ), pollen ¾ ƒ, conifers t»w wš. w t» q Œª [18] w, š ù w w ù w (w wxz, 1998) w j. w w ù q w ( w r z, 2003) w (, 2008), š w (w wxz, 2004, 2005) w. ù ù v, ( ) ù¾ ƒ, w w w ù w w. wr, 11ƒ w t» ƒ 45.5% w w 5ƒ 2007 Áš w w w v r w ( 2q)( w wxz, 2005) ew. e w t» w sƒ m w w. yw w w ù w t» w wš vw, w œ w yw t» w. w š w š w w w e. w 1«3y, 2008

15 xkw w w w 209 šw ù w t» w š w w m w. š x [1] xy. t y w x.» œr, 2, œw x l. pp. 1-28, [2]. t ( 08_new/index.jsp). : [3] ½Ÿ. û w [4] ½. š w II w w. š w w w. pp. 1-74, [5] š, x,, ª. : xy. kw [6] ½,. w ù w w. w wz. 25: , 1997 [7] û. xw w w w. w w w w. pp. 1-69, [8] ªª ( : ƒ, ). ªª. w [9]. w š w w w w w. w w w w. pp. 1-35, [10] x, ³. w xkw w s ww. w wz. 35: , [11] ³. w xkw w w w. w x w wz. 1: 71-80, 2007a. [12] ³. w xkw w w w. w w wz. 27: , 2007b. [13] ³. w xkw w w w. w wz. 36:, [14]. ( 3q, q) [15]», y. 5: Á z. œw l [16]. Á Áš w. w w w w. pp. 1-87, [17] w w wz. w t y - v ( : [18] ž,,, ž Š. Œ ª ( 4 ).. ž [19] Beck, C. B. An Introduction to Plant Structure and Development. Cambridge University Press [20] Berg, L. Introductory Botany: Plants, people, and the environment (2nd ed.). Thomsom Brooks/Cole [21] Cardinal, L. A. Using explication to improve vocabulary aquisition. The American Biology Teaching, 54(3), , [22] Esau, K. Anatomy of Seed Plants (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons [23] Fahn, A. Plant Anatomy (4th ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd [24] Gifford, E. M and Foster, A. S. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants (3rd ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company [25] Graham, L. E., Graham, J. M., and Wilcox, L. W. Plant Biology. Prentice Hall, Pearson Education [26] Holmes, S. Henderson s dictionary of biological terms (9th ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold Company [27] Little, R. J. and Jones, C. E. A Dictionary of Botany. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company [28] Nabors, M. W. Introduction to Botany. Pearson BenjaminCummings [29] Mauseth, J. D. Plant Anatomy. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc [30] Moore, R., Clark, W. D., and Stern, K. R. Botany. Wm. C. Brown Publishers [31] Northinton, D. K and Schneider, E. L. The Botanical World (2nd ed.). Wm. C. Brown Publisher [32] Raven, P. H., Evert, R. F., and Eichhorn, S. E. Biology of Plants (5th ed.). Worth Publishers [33] Rost, T. L., Barbour, M. G., Stocking, C. R., and Murphy, T. M. Plant Biology. Wadsworth [34] Stern, K. R. Introductory Plant Biology (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill [35] Uno G., Storey R., & Moore, R. Principles of Botany. McGraw-Hill Company [36] Yager, E. E. The importance of terminology in teaching K-12 science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 20(6), , J. Chosun Natural Sci., Vol. 1, No. 3, 2008