잉어사료내 Magnesium Hydrogen Phosphate 의적정첨가수준 47. ( %) Ogino and Takeda (976), (available phosphorus: AP) % (Schaefer et al., 995; Kim et al

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1 한수지 50(2), 46-52, 207 Original Article Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 50(2),46-52,207 잉어 (Cyprinus carpio) 사료내돈분뇨유래 Magnesium Hydrogen Phosphate (MgHPO 4 ) 의적정첨가수준및인요구량 윤태현 원승건 이동훈 2 정관식 3 최정우 라창식 김정대 * 강원대학교동물자원과학대학, 대구대학교동물자원학과, 2 경기도해양자원연구소, 3 전남대학교수산해양대학 Phosphorus Requirement and Optimum Level of Dietary Supplementation with Magnesium Hydrogen Phosphate (MgHPO 4 ) Recovered from Swine Manure for Juvenile Carp Cyprinus carpio Tae-Hyun Yoon, Seung-Gun Won, Dong-Hoon Lee 2, Gwan-Sik Jeong 3, Jung-Woo Choi, Chang-Six Ra and Jeong-Dae Kim* College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 2434, Korea Department of Animal Resources, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea 2 Gyenoggi Province Maritime and Fisheries Research Institute, Yangpyeong 253, Korea 3 College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59784, Korea A growth trial was conducted to determine the optimal supplement of dietary magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP, MgHPO 4 ) which was manufactured from swine manure and phosphorus (P) requirements of juvenile carp Cyprinus carpio. Graded MHP of 0.5,.0,.5 and 2.0%, each was added to the basal diet (control) in lieu of cellulose to become the range of available P from 0.4 to 0.7%. The lowest weight gain (WG) and highest feed conversion ratio (FCR) were found in the control group (P<0.05). The group fed a diet supplemented with 2.0% MHP showed the highest WG, which was not significantly different from those of fish groups that received.0% and.5% MHP (P>0.05). The lowest FCR was observed in fish groups fed.5% and 2.0% MHP. Plasma inorganic P was significantly higher (P<0.05) in all fish groups fed MHP-supplemented diets than in control group. A second-order regression analysis on WG revealed that the optimum dietary MHP level and the available P (AP) requirement were found to be.85 and 0.66%, respectively. Expressed in terms of g AP intake per kg BW 0.8 per day, the AP requirement was found to be approximately g/kg BW 0.8 /d. Key words: Cyprinus carpio, Magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP), Weight gain, Feed conversion ratio, Available P requirement 서론 (P),.,,,,, (Lall, 99)., mg/l (Lall, 99)., (Auer et al., 986). (total phosphorus).. NRC (20) % Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 50(2) 46-52, April 207 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received 5 December 206; Revised 2 March 207; Accepted 23 March 207 *Corresponding author: Tel: Fax: address: menzang@gmail.com Copyright 207 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 46 pissn:0374-8, eissn:

2 잉어사료내 Magnesium Hydrogen Phosphate 의적정첨가수준 47. ( %) Ogino and Takeda (976), (available phosphorus: AP) % (Schaefer et al., 995; Kim et al., 998; Sugiura et al., 2000; Nwanna et al., 200; Xie et al., 20). (monocalcium phosphate, MCP), (dicalcium phosphate, DCP) (tricalcium phosphate, TCP). (Shu et al., 2006).,.., (Liu et al., 20).,. Yoon et al. (204, 205) magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP, MgHPO 4 ) MCP. MHP 2.0% MCP (Yoon et al., 206). MHP AP.. 재료및방법 인산공급제의제조. MHP. 400 L Pilot 3. ph 8-9, CO 2 ph., (molar ratio) (struvite). MgCl 2 Mg P.2:. X-ray (Rigaku, Model D/Max-2500V, Japan) struvite. Struvite (MHP) 실험사료의제조 20%, 40%, 5%, 27.8%, 2%, 2% 2% 00%, MHP MHP 0.5,.0,.5 2% % (Table ). 42.5% 6.5%. 00 mesh V- (Hangjin Co., Korea) 500 kg. twin extruder (model ATX-2, Fesco Precision Co., Korea).5 mm 2.5 mm. 0 kg.0%. 20% 성장실험및소화율평가 5 g (Cyprinus carpio) 5, ( 6.6 g) ( cm, 66 L) 30. 9, (08:30, 7:30) 4% 6., , 22.2 and 8.5 o C mg O 2 / L, 5 L mm, mm. 3. (weight gain, WG), (daily feed intake, DFI), (feed conversion ratio, FCR), (specific growth rate, SGR), (protein efficiency ratio, PER) (survival rate, SR) (30 L)

3 48 윤태현ㆍ원승건ㆍ이동훈ㆍ정관식ㆍ최정우ㆍ라창식ㆍ김정대 7. (08:30, 6:30),. 7, (-20 ). Maynard and Loosli (969) AP, MHP AP (98%) Yoon et al. (206). 시료채집및성분분석 24, AQUI-S (New Zealand Ltd., Lower Hutt, NZ). 2 AQUI-S,., AOAC (995) 05 dry oven 24, (N 6.25) Kjeldahl, Soxhlet (ether ),.25% H 2 SO 4.25% NaOH Cr Bolin et al. (952) 440 nm spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, UV-20-2). ( 5 ) (USEPA, 996), (ICP-MS) (Perkin-Elmer, NexION 300D, Waltham, MA, U.S.A.). (whole blood) (PCV, %) microhematocrit method (Brown, 980), (Hb, g/dl) Drabkin s cyan-methemoglobin (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Missouri; total hemoglobin procedure No. 525). (blood plasma) (3,500 g, 5 min, 4 ) (-80 ). (Inorganic phosphorous, Pi) kit (Clinimate IP, Sekisui medical co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) (HITACHI , Hitachi High- Technologies co. Ltd., Japan). 통계처리 (,,,,,,, ), SPSS Version 0 (SPSS, 999) (one-way ANOVA). (homogeneity of variance) Cochran s test (Sokal and Rohlf, 994)., Duncan s multiple range test (Duncan, 955). MHP 2 5% (P<0.05). 결과 42.5% 6.5%..08%, MHP.6 (MHP0.5).42% (MHP2.0). AP 0.38%, MHP AP % (Table ). 9, Table g (P<0.05), MHP g. 6. ( ) 7.5 g (MHP2.0) MHP (P<0.05), MHP. (DFI) % MHP.5 MHP2.0 (P<0.05). (WG) 85 ( ) 237% (MHP2.0) MHP.0% (P>0.05). (FCR) MHP.5 MHP (P<0.05). (PER) MHP.5 MHP ,.76. (SGR) MHP MHP.0 MHP.5 (P>0.05). 9., 0.37%, MHP %. PCV 25.8 ( ) 29.5% (MHP.0) (P<0.05), Hb 7.7 ( ) 8.7 g/dl (MHP2.0) (P>0.05). (4. mg/dl) MHP2.0 (7.0 mg/dl) MHP (P>0.05). 2 MHP.85% (Fig. ) AP 0.66% (Fig. 2). 고찰 9 WG, FCR, PER FCR

4 잉어사료내 Magnesium Hydrogen Phosphate 의적정첨가수준 49 Table. Ingredient and chemical composition of the experimental diets Ingredient (%) CON MHP 0.5%.0%.5% 2.0% Fish meal Soybean meal Corn gluten M Wheat flour Soya oil Fish oil Vitamin mix Vitamin mix Lysine-HCl DL-methionine Choline-HCl Antioxidant Cellulose MHP (Magnesium hydrogen phosphate) Total Composition (%, DM) 4 Crude protein Crude lipid Crude fiber Crude ash Ca P AP MHP, magnesium hydrogen phosphate; DM, dry matter; AP, available P. 2 Vitamin added to supply the following (per kg diet): vitamin A, 4,000 IU; vitamin D 3, 800 IU; vitamin E, 50 IU; vitamin K 3, 20 mg; thiamine HCl, 25 mg; riboflavin, 50 mg; D-Ca pantothenate, 00 mg; biotin, mg; folic acid, 20 mg; vitamin B 2, 0.2 mg; niacin, 200 mg; pyridoxine HCl, 20 mg; ascorbic acid, 500 mg; inositol, 200 mg; BHT, 5 mg; BHA, 5 mg. 3 Mineral added to supply the following (per kg diet): copper sulfate (25.4% Cu), 30.5 mg; zinc sulfate (22.7% Zn), 230 mg; manganous sulfate (32.5% Mn), 00 mg; cobalt chloride (24.8% Co), 20 mg; potassium iodide (76.4% I), 6.5 mg; sodium selenite (45.6% Se), 2.2 mg; sodium fluoride (45.2% F), 8 mg. 4 Values are means of 2 determinations. 5 Available phosphorus calculated based on P availabilities of control diet (35.2%) and MHP (98.0%). MHP. MHP.0% WG SGR, FCR PER MHP.5% 2.0%. MHP.0% (Yoon et al., 205)., (Yoon et al., 206) MHP 2.0% MCP, MHP.5% 2.0%.. Kim et al. (998) (Cyprinus carpio) MCP 0-5% 2%. (Oncorhynchus mykiss) % MCP (Hernandez et al., 2005)., (Carassius auratus) MCP 2% % (Liu et al., 202). Nwanna et al. (2009)

5 50 윤태현ㆍ원승건ㆍ이동훈ㆍ정관식ㆍ최정우ㆍ라창식ㆍ김정대 Table 2. Growth performance of carp Cyprinus carpio fed diets with graded levels of magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP) for 9 weeks Parameters Diet CON MHP0.5 MHP.0 MHP.5 MHP2.0 Initial wt (g/fish)) 6.53±0.05 ns 6.6± ± ± ±0.06 Final wt (g/fish) 8.64±0.37 c 20.6±0.2 b 2.0±0.05 b 22.24±0.6 a 22.52±0.37 a Feed intake (g DM/fish) 6.09±0.4 b 7.3±0.07 a 7.34±0.03 a 7.32±0.07 a 7.52±0.4 a DFI ±0.03 a 2.02±0.02 a 2.00±0.0 a.90±0.0 b.90±0.0 b WG ±8.02 c 2.79±2.95 b 225.8±.98 a ±6.39 a 237.3±7.3 a FCR 4.33±0.05 a.24±0.0 b.9±0.0 b.±0.02 c.±0.02 c PER 5.76±0.06 d.87±0.02 c.97±0.0 b 2.2±0.04 a 2.6±0.05 a SGR 6.66±0.04 c.80±0.0 b.87±0.0 a.92±0.03 a.93±0.03 a SR ±0.00 ns 00.00± ± ± ±0.00 P in whole body (%) 0.37±0.02 b 0.39±0.02 b 0.43±0.02 ab 0.44±0.0 a 0.45±0.02 a Values (means±se of triplicates) with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different (P<0.05); ns=nonsignificant. 2 Daily feed intake (%/av. wt/d)=dry feed intake (g/fish)/[(initial wt+final wt)/2]/experimental days Weight gain (%)=(final weight (g)-initial weight (g)) 00/initial weight (g). 4 Feed conversion ratio=dry feed intake/wet weight gain. 5 Protein efficiency ratio=wet weight gain (g)/ protein intake. 6 Specific growth rate (%)=[Ln final weight (g)-ln initial weight (g)]/experimental days Survival rate (%)=final fish number/initial fish number 00. Table 3. Hematocrit (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and plasma inorganic phosphorus (Pi) levels of juvenile carp Cyprinus carpio fed the experimental diets for 9 weeks Parameters Diet CON MHP0.5 MHP.0 MHP.5 MHP2.0 PCV (%) 25.8±.47 b 27.7±2.58 ab 29.5±.87 a 27.0±2.37 ab 28.0±2.37 ab Hb (g/dl) 7.7±0.66 ns 8.4± ± ± ±0.46 Pi (mg/dl) 2 4.±0.93 b 5.9±.7 a 5.5±0.54 a 6.9±0.78 a 7.0±.83 a Values (means±se of triplicates, n=6) with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different (P<0.05); ns=nonsignificant. MHP, magnesium hydrogen phosphate. (Clarias gariepinus) DCP 3-4%. MCP AP (Ogino et al., 979),.. MHP.85% (Fig. ),.62% (Yoon et al., 205).. MHP, AP (Table 3). Na 2 HPO 4 KH 2 PO 4, WG,,, Weight gain (%) y = x x y' =237.5 r² = MHP level (%) Fig.. Polynomial regression analysis on weight gain (WG, %) of juvenile carp Cyprinus carpio to dietary magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP) levels. (Antony Jesu Prabhu et al., 203).

6 잉어사료내 Magnesium Hydrogen Phosphate 의적정첨가수준 5 Weight gain (%) y = x x y' = r² = AP level (%) 0.66 Fig. 2. Polynomial regression analysis on weight gain (WG, %) of juvenile carp Cyprinus carpio to dietary available phosphorus (AP) levels.. (Yoon et al., 206) MHP AP. AP. MHP cellulose. AP 0.38 ( ) 0.7% (MHP2.0) MHP0.5 MHP.0 (P>0.05). AP. 9 WG SGR AP 0.53%, WG AP 0.66% (Fig. 2)., (Yoon et al., 206) WG 278% (237%) 4%,. 25%, 20%. (Gatlin et al., 2007). AP, (Antony Jesu Prabhu et al., 203). WG (Salmo sala) 0.6% (Ketola, 975), 0.9% (Asgard and Shearer, 997). WG % (Ketola and Richmond, 994; Rodehutscord, 996; Sugiura et al., 2007). (Schaefer et al., 995; Kim et al., 998; Nwanna et al., 200; Xie et al., 20) WG %. Sugiura et al. (2000) g %. (Kim et al., 998), Melanogrammus aeglefinus (Roy and Lall, 2003) (Yoon et al., 205). Antony Jesu Prabhu et al. (203) AP (g AP intake per kg BW 0.8 per day) WG g/ kg BW 0.8 /d. (Yoon et al., 205) g g/kg BW 0.8 /d. 사사 206 ( : ). References Antony Jesu Prabhu P, Schrama JW and Kaushik SJ Quantifying dietary phosphorus requirement of fish- A meta-analytic approach. Aquac Nutr 9, AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) Official Methods of Analysis. 6 th ed. Arlington, VA, U.S.A., 298. Asgard T and Shearer KD Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo sala L. Aquac Nutr 3, Auer MT, Kiesser MS and Canale RP Identification of critical nutrient levels through field verification of models for phosphorus and phytoplankton growth. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 43, Bolin DW, King RP and Klosrerman EW A simplified method for the determination of chromic oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ) when used as an inert substance. Science 6, Duncan DB Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, -42. Gatlin DM, Barrows FT, Brown P, Dabrowski K, Gibson T,

7 52 윤태현ㆍ원승건ㆍ이동훈ㆍ정관식ㆍ최정우ㆍ라창식ㆍ김정대 Hardy RW, Herman E, Hu G, Krogdahl A, Nelson R, Overturf K, Rust M, Sealey W, Skonberg D, Souza EJ, Stone D, Wilson R and Wurtele E Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant protein products in aquafeeds: A review. Aquac Res 38, Hernandez A, Satoh S and Kiron V Effect of monocalcium phosphate supplementation in a low fish meal diet for rainbow trout based on growth, feed utilization, and total phosphorus loading. Fish Sci 7, Ketola HG.975. Requirement of Atlantic salmon for dietary phosphorus. Trans Am Fish Soc 04, Ketola HG and Richmond ME Requirement of rainbow trout for dietary phosphorus and its relationship to the amount discharged in hatchery effluents. Trans Am Fish Soc 23, Kim JD, Kim KS, Song JS, Lee JY and Jeong KS Optimum level of dietary monocalcium phosphate based on growth and phosphorus excretion of mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture 6, Lall SP. 99. Digestibility, metabolism and excretion of dietary phosphorus in fish. In: Nutritional Strategies and Aquaculture Wastes. Cowey CB and Cho CY, eds. University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, Liu LW, Su J and Luo Y Effect of partial replacement of dietary monocalcium phosphate with neutral phytase on growth performance and phosphorus digestibility in gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch). Aquac Res 43, Liu YH, Kumar S, Kwag JH, Kim JH, Kim JD and Ra CS. 20. Recycle of electrolytically dissolved struvite as an alternative to enhance phosphate and nitrogen recovery from swine wastewater. J Hazard Mater 95, Maynard LA and Loosli JK Animal nutrition. 6 th ed. Mc- Graw-Hill, New York, U.S.A., 63. NRC. 20. Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, U.S.A., 376 p. Nwanna LC, Kuehlwein H and Schwarz FJ Phosphorus requirement of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L) based on growth and mineralization. Aquac Res 4, Nwanna LC, Adebayo IA and Omitoyin BO Phosphorus requirements of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, based on broken-line regression analysis methods. Sci Asia 35, Ogino C and Takeda H Mineral requirements in fish-iii calcium and phosphorus requirements in carp. B Jpn Soc Sci Fish 42, Ogino C, Takeuchi L, Takeda H and Watanabe T Availability of dietary phosphorus in carp and rainbow trout. B Jpn Soc Sci Fish 45, Rodehutscord M Response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growing from 50 to 200 g to supplements of dibasic sodium phosphate in a semipurified diet. J Nutr 26, Roy PK and Lall SP Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.). Aquaculture 22, Schaefer A, Koppe WM, Meyer-Burgdorff KH and Guenther KD Effect of P-supply on growth and mineralization in mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). J Appl Ichthyol, Shu L, Schneider P, Jegatheesan V and Johson J An economical evaluation of phosphorus as struvite from digester supernatant. Bioresour Technol 97, Sokal RR and Rohlf FJ Biometry: The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. WH Freeman & Company, New York, U.S.A., Sugiura SH, Dong FM and Hardy RW A new approach to estimating the minimum dietary requirement of phosphorus for large rainbow trout based on nonfecal excretions of phosphorus and nitrogen. J Nutr 30, USEPA (US Environmental protection agency) Acid digestion of sediments, sludge, and solids, Method 3050B, Revision 2 (December 996)[Internet]. Retrieved from https: // 3050b.pdf on March 5, 206. Xie NB, Feng L, Liu Y, Jiang J, Jiang WD, Hu K, Li SH and Zhou XQ. 20. Growth, body composition, intestinal enzyme activities and microflora of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of dietary phosphorus. Aquac Nutr 7, Yoon TH, Lee DH, Won SG, Ra CS and Kim JD Effects of dietary supplementation of magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MgHPO 4 ) as an alternative phosphorus source on growth and feed utilization of juvenile far eastern catfish (Silurus asotus). Asian Australas J Anim Sci 27, Yoon TH, Lee DH, Won SG, Ra CS and Kim JD Optimal incorporation level of dietary alternative phosphate (MgHPO 4 ) and requirement for phosphorus in juvenile far eastern catfish (Silurus asotus). Asian Australas J Anim Sci 28, -9. Yoon TH, Won SG, Lee DH, Choi JW, Ra CS and Kim JD Effect of a new phosphorus Source, magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP) on growth, utilization of phosphorus and physiological responses in Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish Aquat Sci 9:

58 윤태현ㆍ이초롱ㆍ차지훈ㆍ김주민ㆍ신승준ㆍ이경준ㆍ김정대 5.9% (KOSIS, 207). 25,652 92%, 70,000 (Kim, 207). Choi et al. (2005) 4 g % % (Kim, 204), 2.,. 55%,. 재료

58 윤태현ㆍ이초롱ㆍ차지훈ㆍ김주민ㆍ신승준ㆍ이경준ㆍ김정대 5.9% (KOSIS, 207). 25,652 92%, 70,000 (Kim, 207). Choi et al. (2005) 4 g % % (Kim, 204), 2.,. 55%,. 재료 한수지 5(2), 57-62, 208 Original Article Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 5(2),57-62,208 육성넙치 (Paralichthys olivaceus) 사료내인공급제의첨가가성장률, 사료이용효율, 혈액성상및어체내광물질조성에미치는영향 윤태현 이초롱 차지훈 김주민 신승준 이경준 김정대 * 강원대학교동물생명과학대학, 제주대학교해양생명과학과