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1 대한응급의학회지제 24 권제 5 호 Volume 24, Number 5, October, 2013 원 저 전기장판이자동제세동기정확도에미치는연구 연세대학교의과대학응급의학교실 구재은 유제성 주영선 정현수 정성필 이한식 Accuracy of the Automatic External Defibrillator on an Electric Mattress: Simulation Study Jae Eun Ku, M.D., Je Sung You, M.D., Young Seon Joo, M.D., Hyun Soo Chung, M.D., Sung Phil Chung, M.D., Hahn Shick Lee, M.D. Purpose: The accuracy of the automated external defibrillator (AED) is susceptible to environmental factors such as vibration, motion artifacts, and electromagnetic interference (EMI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the EMI produced by an electric mattress can affect the performance of AEDs. Methods: Four commercially available AEDs were evaluated under four ECG rhythm settings (normal sinus rhythm, asystole, ventricular fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia) with or without an electric mattress. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictable value, negative predictable value, and accuracy of AEDs were calculated to differentiate shockable from nonshockable rhythms. Times required to interpret the ECGs were checked with and without an electric mattress. Results: A total of 320 tests were recorded, and each AED was tested a total of 80 times. Depending on the AED model used on an electric mattress, sensitivity ranged from 55% to 90% with a specificity of 100%, and accuracy ranged from 77.5% to 95%. For some AEDs, sensitivity was reduced compared to the control. Although there was 책임저자 : 정성필서울시강남구언주로 211 연세대학교의과대학강남세브란스병원응급의학교실 Tel: 02) , Fax: 02) emstar@yuhs.ac 접수일 : 2013년 8월 13일, 1차교정일 : 2013년 8월 16일게재승인일 : 2013년 9월 28일 본연구는연세대학교의과대학 2013 년도일반교수연구비에의하여이루어졌음 ( ) 607 no significant difference in times required to interpret ECG signals with or without an electric mattress, some AEDs detected a relatively small interference as motion artifacts when an electric mattress was used. All recorded ECG rhythms on an electric mattress showed baseline artifacts and these artifacts lessened with increasing distance from an electric mattress. Conclusion: This study suggests that an electric mattress could affect the shockable rhythm performance of some AEDs. Electromagnetic interference generated by an electric mattress could interfere with the ability of some commercial AEDs to correctly interpret stimulated ECG rhythms and provide appropriate defibrillation. Key Words: Automated External Defibrillator (AED), Electrocardiography, Magnetic Fields Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 서 우리나라는전통적으로온돌문화가발달하여겨울철에난방을위해온돌을많이사용해왔다. 최근에는가정용난방을위해전기장판을사용하는경우가많은데, 전기장판은인체와밀착하여사용하는특성때문에전기장판을이용하는사람은전자기파의영향을많이받을수있다. 2012년국립환경과학원에서는국내시판중인 7종의전기장판에서발생된전자기파에대한현황을조사하였는데, 발생되는전자기파의정도는온도조절기가 강 인조건에서 0.7~71.1 mg, 중 인조건에서 0.7~65.2 mg, 약 인조건에서 0.7~23.3 mg 정도로나타났다고한다 1). 한편자동제세동기 (Automated external defibrillator, AED) 는심정지환자의생존율을높이기위해필수적인장비이다 2). 외국은물론이고국내에서도이미병원이나구급차뿐아니라일반인들의제세동기사용을권장하며공공장소에 AED가보급되고있다 3). AED를사용할때는주변환 론
2 608 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 24 권제 5 호 2013 경에의해발생되는인공음영 (artifact) 이판독에영향을미치지않도록주의할필요가있다. 특히제세동이필요한리듬과그렇지않은리듬을구별하는알고리듬을만들때다양한인공음영이있는조건에서도정확하게 AED가작동하도록제작되어야한다 4). 모든전자기기와마찬가지로 AED 역시주변의전자기파에영향을받을수있으며, 발전소나고압선, 기차나전철, 휴대폰이나무전기등에서발생하는전자기파가 AED 에미치는영향에대한연구가이루어졌다. 또한헬기 14), 구급차량, 그리고배를통하여환자를이송하는과정에발생하는진동이 AED의정확도에미치는영향에대한연구도이루어졌다 5-13,15-17). 저자들은최근전기장판에누워있는환자에게적용된 AED의심전도를분석하던도중인공음영으로의심되는상황에서제세동이시행된경우를인지하게되었다. 그렇지만아직까지전기장판이 AED의정확도에미치는영향을연구한보고가없기때문에이번연구를계획하였다. 따라서저자들은실험실상황에서전기장판의사용이 AED 의정확도에미치는영향에대해알아보고자하였다. 는침대위에침대시트를 1매깔고그위에인체모형을눕힌후, 패드를각각오른쪽빗장뼈아래와왼쪽심장옆에붙이고 AED에연결하였으며, 실험군에서는침대와침대시트위에전기장판 (Reagent electric mattress, Taegu, Korea) 을놓은것외에는대조군과차이가없게설정하였다. AED 종류별로 4가지리듬을난수표에따라각각 10회씩 40회적용하여, 제세동을권고하는지조사하였다. 인체모형과패드를 AED에연결한상태에서 AED의전원을켜거나작동시키면서발생된리듬을인식하는데걸리는시간은표시되는경우화면에나타날때측정하였고, 음성으로나타나는경우음성이들리기시작할때까지의시간을반올림하여 0.1초단위까지측정하였다. 제세동까지소요되는시간은기기마다완전 / 반자동방식에따라다르므로본실험에포함시키지않았다. 전기장판과인공모형에붙인패드사이의거리는 19 cm 였으며, 이거리를 40 cm, 60 cm, 80 cm, 1 m까지떨어뜨리면서거리에따라 AED가간섭받는지심전도의변화를확인하였다. 2. 자료의분석 대상과방법 1. 자동제세동기종류와실험조건국내 AED 판매업체가운데 6곳에연구내용을알리고 AED 및소모품의제공을요청하였다. 심실빈맥을제세동이필요하지않다고판독하는제품을제외하고, Lifepak CRplus (Medtronic, Mineapolis, MN, USA), PowerHeart AED G3 Plus Automatic (Cardiac science, WA, USA), Cardiolife TEC 5521K (Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan), Hearton AED A10 (Mediana, Wonju, Korea) 등 4가지제품을실험에사용하였다. PowerHeart AED G3 Plus Automatic와 Hearton AED10은완전자동이었고, Lifepak CRplus와 Cardiolife TEC 5521K 반자동이었다. 본실험에서사용한 AED는제조사별로표시는하지않고각각을 ABCD로만나타내었다. 인체모형은마네킨을사용했으며, AED의제조사별로제공된제세동패드 (Defibrillation pad) 를부착한다음 SimMan (Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) 을이용하여심실세동 (ventricular fibrillation), 심실빈맥 (ventricular tachycardia), 무수축 (asystole), 정상굴리듬 (normal sinus rhythm) 의 4종류리듬을발생시켰다. SimMan에서발생시킨심전도를확인하기위해제세동기 (HEARTSTART XL, Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, USA) 로실시간관찰하였다. 대조군에서 전기장판의유무와 AED별로분석된심전도에따라제세동권고여부에대한민감도, 특이도, 양성예측도, 음성예측도, 정확도를계산하였다. 또한대조군과실험군에서심전도를분석하는데걸리는시간을비교하였다. 본연구의통계분석은 IBM SPSS Statistics (version 20.0 IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA) 를이용하여, 대조군과실험군에서민감도, 특이도, 양성예측도, 음성예측도, 정확도에대한비교를위해 chi-square 검정을시행하였고, 전기장판유무에따른분석시간의비교는정규성을여부를확인후 Mann Whitney U test를시행하였다. 결과 1. 전기장판이심전도분석에미치는영향전기장판의유무에따라인체모형을놓고패드를붙인다음 ECG stimulator를이용하여심실세동, 심실빈맥, 무수축, 정상굴리듬의 4종류리듬을발생시키고 AED에서심전도를분석하는지확인한실험결과는 Table 1에나타내었다. 민감도는대조군에서 AED C에서만 100% 였으며, 실험군에서 100% 민감도를보이는 AED는없었다. 반면에모든 AED에서특이도와양성예측도는대조군과실험군에서 100% 였다. 실험조건에관계없이모든분석에서제세동이필요하지않은리듬은 AED에서제세동이필요하지않다고해석했
3 구재은외 : 전기장판이자동제세동기정확도에미치는연구 / 609 Table 1. Performances of AEDs according to applying the electric mattress. AED Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) (95% CI*) (95% CI) PPV (%) NPV (%) Accuracy (%) Overall Control ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Electric mattress ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) p value A Control ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Electric mattress ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) p value B Control ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Electric mattress ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) p value C Control ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Electric mattress ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) p value D Control ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Electric mattress ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) p value *: Confidence interval : Positive predictable value : Negative predictable value : p<0.05, compared to control Table 2. The number of no shock advised decision according to AEDs in shockable rhythms. Condition Rhythm AED A AED B AED C AED D Control VF* 8/10 1/10 0/10 0/10 VT 0/10 4/10 0/10 2/10 Electric mattress VF 5/10 2/10 2/10 5/10 VT 0/10 4/10 0/10 4/10 *: Ventricular fibrillation : Ventricular tachycardia : Observed numbers/tested numbers Fig. 1. An example of false negative interpretation. The display panel of defibrillator shows Defibrillation not necessary above the ventricular fibrillation rhythm in the presence of electromagnetic wave from an electric mattress.
4 610 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 24 권제 5 호 2013 다. 그러나대조군에서일부 AED는제세동이필요한리듬을제세동이필요하지않다고해석하는사례가있었으며, 실험군에서는이러한사례가더발생하였다 (Table 2, Fig. 1). AED A는대조군자체의정확도가낮고실험군에서오히려정확도가올라갔지만, AED A를제외한다른 AED B, C, D에서대조군에비해실험군에서전반적인민감도와정확도는낮아졌다. AED B, C, D를모아분석한민감도와정확도는실험군에서의미있는감소를보였으며, 특히 AED D는전기장판에서민감도와정확도가의미있게떨어졌다 (p<0.05). 그러나 4가지 AED에서전반적으로분석한대조군과실험군의민감도, 특이도, 양성예측도, 음성예측도, 정확도를비교했을때에도민감도와정확도는의미있는차이를보이지않았다. 전기장판을켠상태에서심전도의기저선은리듬에관계없이간섭받는것을확인할수있었다 (Fig. 2). 2. 전기장판이리듬분석시간에미치는영향전기장판의유무에따라인체모형에가해진리듬에따른심전도를분석하는데걸리는시간을 Table 3에나타냈다. 전기장판위에서 AED의심전도분석시간은대조군과비교하여일부 AED에서분석이의미있게지연되었으며, AED C는정상굴리듬과심실세동에서분석중에움직임이있다고음성안내하면서심전도분석이지연되는사례도있었다. 그러나 4가지 AED에서전반적으로분석한대조군과실험군사이의분석시간은의미있는차이를보이지않았다. 3. 전기장판의거리에따른간섭효과전기장판이 AED에미치는거리에따른간섭효과를측정한결과, 심전도의인공음영은 40 cm, 60 cm, 80 cm까지는거리가멀어질수록진폭이작아지다가, 1 m 이상멀어지는경우심전도에서인공음영은보이지않았다 (Fig. 3). Fig. 2. Electromagnetic interference by the electric mattress on simulated ECG. (25 mm/sec, 10 mm/mv) (A) shows no artifact in asystole. (B) shows artifact on base line in asystole on the electric mattress. (C) shows no artifact in ventricular fibrillation. (D) shows artifact on base line in ventricular fibrillation on the electric mattress. Table 3. Time to interpret ECG by AEDs according to applying the electric mattress. AED Control (sec) Electric mattress (sec) p value Overall 11.1 ( ) 11.2 ( ) A.9.6 ( ) * 10.0 ( )0 <0.001 B 10.7 ( ) 10.8 ( ) C 11.5 ( ) 11.6 ( ) <0.041 D 21.6 ( ) 21.6 ( ) *: Median (Interquartile range) : p<0.05, compared to control
5 구재은외 : 전기장판이자동제세동기정확도에미치는연구 / 611 고찰 AED는심전도신호를주파수, 진폭, 파형등다양한방법을통해분석하는데, 제조사는주변의간섭을걸러내도록설계해야하고, 사용자는물리적인자극을최소화하도록주의해야한다. AED를분석할때영향을주는요인은다양한데, 전자기파외에도심폐소생술도중가슴압박으로인한움직임, 심정지전후의심정지호흡, 경련등환자로부터발생하는인공음영, 교통수단을통한이송과정에서발생하는인공음영, 그리고전자기파등주변환경으로부터발생하는인공음영이있다. 먼저심폐소생술과정의흉부압박이 AED의정확도에영향을줄수있다. 심폐소생술도중심전도리듬을확인할때에는정확한분석을위해가슴압박을중단하게된다. Berger 등 18) 은심폐소생술을시행하면서가슴압박의중단을최소화하기위해 adaptive noise-canceling technique 에기반을둔 motion artifact reduction system (MARS) 를소개하였다. 다음으로는환자이송과관련된진동에의한인공음영을들수있다. 심정지환자에게 AED를사용할경우운송수단을정지시킨후심전도를분석하도록권장하고있지만, 기존의연구에의하면이송중인헬기의진동이 AED에주 지않는다는보고가있고, 이동중인구급차의진동이 AED 에영향을주지않는다고보고도있으며, 운항중인구명보트와대형상선의엔진으로인한진동도 AED의심전도분석결과에영향을주지않는다는보고가있었다 14-17). AED에영향을줄수있는또다른요인으로는이번연구에서다룬전자기파의간섭이있다. Umberger와 Bassen 19) 은정상굴리듬을발생시킨후 3 Hz 주파수를인위적으로발생시켜 ECG 신호변화와 AED가제세동이필요하다고분석하는결과를얻었다. 그래서위음성의예로서심실세동을정상굴리듬으로판정하여제세동이필요하지만전기충격을시행하지않아치명적인결과를초래하거나, 반대로위양성의예로서정상굴리듬을제세동이필요하다고판정하여불필요한전기충격으로환자에게위험을초래할수있다고지적하였다. 이들은실험을통해아마추어무선라디오 (HAM), 산업, 과학, 의료용기기에서사용가능한주파수대역 (ISM band, industrial scientific medical band), 무선장난감자동차등의주파수가영향을줄수있으므로국제전기기술위원회 (IEC, International Electrotechnical Commission) 에서정한기존의 IEC , IEC 의기준이개정되어야한다고제안했다. 휴대폰과무전기에서발생하는전자기파간섭이 AED에미치는영향에대한연구에서는 AED의정확도에는영향 Fig. 3. Electromagnetic interference by the electric mattress on simulated ECG according to distance. 19 cm, 40 cm, 60 cm, 80 cm, and 100 cm, respectively. (25 mm/sec, 10 mm/mv) (A: Asystole, B: Ventricular fibrillation)
6 612 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 24 권제 5 호 2013 을미치지않으나, 심전도진폭이낮아지고, 해석이지연되거나음성이제대로전달되지않는다는보고가있었고, AED의정확도에는영향이없으나음성이나화면에는영향을준다는보고와, 정확도에는차이가없으나휴대폰벨이울릴때 AED 스피커의잡음이발생하는보고가있었다 11-13). 화력발전소와전력선주위의전자기장이 AED에미치는영향에관한연구는상이하다. 화력발전소의전자기장이 AED에영향을주지않는다고초기연구가있었으나, 이후전력선주변, 발전기와고압선주변의자기장과 16.7 Hz에서상대적으로더부정확하게 ECG를해석한다고보고가있었다 5,6). 또한고압선아래에서발생한전자기파에의해 AED가제세동이필요한리듬을움직임에의한인공음영으로해석하여제세동하지않는사례도있었다 7). Kanz 등 8) 은기차와지하철에서 AED의민감도와특이도가낮아지는결과를보고하면서일부 AED는전자기간섭에취약할수있음을지적하고, 제조사들이현장에있는인공음영등에대해검토해야한다고제안하였다. 전자기간섭 (EMI, electromagnetic interference) 에관한구체적인연구로는, 고압선과변압기에서의 50/60 Hz, 송전선과철도신호발생기에서의 16.7 Hz, 그리고 1 mv 와 8 mv 진폭에의해발생한잡음에의해 ECG신호를감소시켜 AED의정확도가떨어져부정맥을제대로진단하지못하는사례가있었으며, 추가적인외부변수로패드의크기, 패드의위치, 전자기파의강도가신호크기에영향을줄수있다는보고가있다 9). 이는 AED가심전도를분석할때전자기파등의외부간섭을걸러내야하지만어떤전자기파는충분히걸러내지못해원래발생된심전도신호를간섭할수있다고판단된다. 본연구에서전기장판은무수축이나정상굴리듬같은제세동이필요하지않은리듬에서는 AED 정확도에영향을끼치지않는것을보였다. 그러나심실세동과심실빈맥같이제세동이필요한리듬에서는전기장판이 AED의종류에따라정확도에통계적으로의미있는영향력을끼치는것으로나타났다. 이는자기장에서전자기파에의해 AED 가간섭받는다는 Kanz 등 8) 의연구와 Fleischhackl 등 10) 의연구결과와도일치한다. 이러한결과는심실세동의진폭보다전기장판에서발생하는전자기파의진폭이더큰경우외부간섭에의해 AED가심실세동으로인식하지못하는것으로판단된다 (Fig. 2). 그래서본연구에서실험군은대조군에비해제세동이필요한리듬에서제세동을권고하지않는사례가많이발생했다 (Table 2). 외국연구에서는전기장판에관련된심전도나 AED에대한사례를찾을수없었고, 국내에서연구한자료는전기장판에정상인이노출된후에평균심박간격 (Mean RR interval) 이증가했지만, 심혈관계질환과는상관이없다고보고한사례가있었으나, AED에대한연구는없었다 20). 전자기파간섭과 AED의분석시간에관한연구로휴대폰과무전기에서발생하는전자기파간섭에의해심전도의진폭이낮아지고, 해석이지연되거나음성이제대로전달되지않은사례를보고한연구가있다 11). 본연구에서도분석중에움직임이있다고음성안내하면서심전도분석이지연되는사례가있었다. 이는전기장판에서발생한전자기파의영향을 AED에서움직임으로해석한것으로판단된다. 그래서본연구에서일부 AED에서는통계적으로분석시간이길어졌으나 (Table 3), 임상적으로는의미있는분석지연으로해석하기위해서는추가연구가필요할것이다. AED에미치는전자기파간섭이거리에따라달라지는것에관한연구가있다. Trigano 등 13) 은휴대폰을 AED에접촉한상태에서벨이울릴때 AED 스피커에잡음이있었으나, 15 cm 떨어뜨린경우잡음도없었다고보고하면서전자기파간섭이거리가멀어질수록감소함을보고하였다. 국립환경연구원에서도보도자료를통해전기장판으로부터 10 cm 떨어지면전자기파의 90% 까지감소시킬수있다고발표하였다 1). 그러나본연구에서는전기장판으로부터멀어질수록심전도에서인공음영의진폭이낮아지는것을확인했지만, 전기장판과심전도를검사하는부위의간격이 19 cm 정도떨어져있어도전자기파의영향에의한인공음영이심전도에서확인되었으며 (Fig. 2), 1 m 이상떨어졌을때심전도에서인공음영은보이지않았다. 전기장판은인체와밀착하게되므로전자기파를발생시키는다른전자기기에비하여상대적으로높은간섭효과를발휘하는것으로판단된다. 본연구에서전기장판으로부터전자기파간섭을최소화하기위해서는 1 m 이상멀어질때심전도에서보이는간섭효과가나타나지않았는데, 이는전자기파종류와세기에따른전자기파간섭이거리와관련성이높은것을지지하는것으로판단된다. 본연구에는몇가지제한점이있다. 첫째, 인체모형에발생시킨리듬에대해서만실험한것이므로실제심정지가발생한사람을대상으로일반화하여적용하는것은제한이있다. 둘째, 시판되는모든 AED 대상으로분석한것이아니므로실제적용을위해서는확대연구가필요하다. 셋째, 시판되는다른전기장판에서도동일한결과가나타나는지, 또비슷한세기의전자기파를유발하였을때동일한간섭현상이나타나는지를실험한것이아니므로이에대한추가연구가필요하다. 넷째, 외부전자기파를완전히차단한상태로실험이진행된것이아니므로주변의전자기파의영향을받았을가능성도배제할수없다. 다섯째, 분석규모가충분히크지않다. AHA에서는 AED의정확도를평가할때안전성을위해분석해야할심전도와개수등에대한기준으로 3가지리듬 (shockable, nonshockable, intermediate rhythm) 에대해총 505회이상을분석할것을제시하였다 4). 그러나본연구의목적은전기장판에서나오는전자기파가 AED에영향을미치는지를확인하기
7 구재은외 : 전기장판이자동제세동기정확도에미치는연구 / 613 위한것이며, 충분하지않은횟수의실험에서도이미수차례위음성사례가관찰되었다. 결 본연구를통해전기장판에서발생되는전자기파에영향으로일부 AED에서판독의정확도에대한민감도가의미있게낮아지는것을확인하였다. 또한일부 AED에서는전기장판위에서심전도를분석할때가상의움직임을인식하면서분석이지연되는사례가관찰되었다. 향후전자기파가 AED에미치는영향과이를정확히구별할수있는방법에대한체계적인연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 론 감사의글 이번연구를위해 AED와소모품을지원해주신 Hearton AED( 메디아나 ), Lifepak CRplus (Medtronic, 휴메드 ), Cardiolife TEC 5521K (Nihon Kohden, 네오메디컴 ), PowerHeart AED G3 Plus Automatic (Cardiac science, 상정상사 ) 에감사드린다. 또한통계분석에도움주신연세대학교의과대학연구지원부에감사드린다. 참고문헌 01. Available at: 40&command=READ/. Accessed June 24, Field JM, Hazinski MF, Sayre MR, Chameides L, Schexnayder SM, Hemphill R, et al. Part 1: Executive summary: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122(18 Suppl 3):S Caffrey SL, Willoughby PJ, Pepe PE, Becker LB. Public use of automated external defibrillators. N Engl J Med. 2002;347: Kerber RE, Becker LB, Bourland JD, Cummins RO, Hallstrom AP, Michos MB, et al. Automatic external defibrillators for public access defibrillation: Recommendations for specifying and reporting arrhythmia analysis algorithm performance, incorporating new waveforms, and enhancing safety. Circulation. 1997;95: Stolzenberg BT, Kupas DF, Wieczorek BJ, Sole DP. Automated external defibrillators appropriately recognize ventricular fibrillation in electromagnetic fields. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6: Fleischhackl R, Singer F, Nitsche W, Gamperl G, Roessler B, Arrich J, et al. Influence of electromagnetic fields on function of automated external defibrillators. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13: Schlimp CJ, Breiteneder M, Lederer W. Safety aspects for public access defibrillation using automated external defibrillators near high-voltage power lines. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48: Kanz KG, Kay MV, Biberthaler P, Russ W, Wessel S, Lackner CK, et al. Susceptibility of automated external defibrillators to train overhead lines and metro third rails. Resuscitation. 2004;62: Jekova I, Krasteva V. Subtraction of Hz railroad net interference from the electrocardiogram: application for automatic external defibrillators. Physiol Meas. 2005;26: Fleischhackl R, Singer F, Roessler B, Arrich J, Fleischhackl S, Losert H, et al. Automated external defibrillators do not recommend false positive shocks under the influence of electromagnetic fields present at public locations. Anesth Analg. 2006;103: Karczmarewicz S, Janusek D, Buczkowski T, Gutkowski R, Kułakowski P. Influence of mobile phones on accuracy of ECG interpretation algorithm in automated external defibrillator. Resuscitation. 2001;51: Kanz KG, Kay MV, Biberthaler P, Russ W, Lackner CK, Mutschler W. Effect of digital cellular phones on tachyarrhythmia analysis of automated external defibrillators. Eur J Emerg Med. 2004;11: Trigano A, Blandeau O, Dale C, Wong MF, Wiart J. Clinical testing of cellular phone ringing interference with automated external defibrillators. Resuscitation. 2006;71: Je SM, You JS, Chung TN, Park YS, Chung SP, Park IC. Performance of an automated external defibrillator during simulated rotor-wing critical care transports. Resuscitation. 2011;82: Cho JH, Chung SP, Chung HS, Kim SH, Lee HS. Accuracy of automated external defibrillators during ambulance transport: Simulation study. J Korean Soc Emerg Med. 2008;5: de Vries W, Bierens JJ, Maas MW. Moderate sea states do not influence the application of an AED in rigid inflatable boats. Resuscitation. 2006;70: Neubauer B, Green WG. Automated external defibrillators on board merchant vessels?: preliminary report article for discussion. Int Marit Health. 2005;56: Berger RD, Palazzolo J, Halperin H. Rhythm discrimination during uninterrupted CPR using motion artifact reduction system. Resuscitation. 2007;75:
8 614 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 24 권제 5 호 Umberger K, Bassen HI. Radiated radiofrequency immunity testing of automated external defibrillators-modifications of applicable standards are needed. Biomed Eng Online. 2011;10: Lee KS, Kim YS, Song JC, Choi SH, Song JH, An DH, et al. The effects of electromagnetic fields emitting from electric mat on EEG and ECG. Korean Public Health Research. 2007;33:78-85.
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